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Zambia Migration Profile 2019 Migration in Zambia A COUNTRY PROFILE 2019 Migration in Zambia in Migration A COUNTRY PROFILE 2019 PROFILE A COUNTRY Kenya Democratic Republic of the Congo United Republic of Tanzania Angola Malawi Zambia Mozambique Madagascar Zimbabwe Namibia Botswana This publication was made possible with the support of IOM Development Fund South Africa International Organization for Migration P.O. Box 32036 Rhodes Park Plot No. 4626 Mwaimwena Road, Lusaka, Zambia Tel.: +260 211 254 055 • Fax: +260 211 253 856 Email: [email protected] • Website: www.iom.int The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in the meeting of operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Publisher: International Organization for Migration P.O. Box 32036 Rhodes Park Plot No. 4626 Mwaimwena Road, Lusaka, Zambia Tel.: +260 211 254 055 Fax: +260 211 253 856 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iom.int Cover: This map is for illustration purposes only. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the International Organization for Migration or the Government of Zambia. _____________________________________________________ © 2019 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _____________________________________________________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. PUB2019/018/EL Migration in Zambia A COUNTRY PROFILE 2019 FOREWORD The Government of Zambia, with support from the International Organization for Migration (IOM), is pleased to release the country’s first Migration Profile, prepared by the National Technical Working Group on Migration Data, which is co-chaired by senior officials from the Department of Immigration and the Central Statistical Office. Migration Profiles were initially proposed by the European Commission in the Communication on Migration and Development in 2005, and conceived as a concise statistical report, prepared according to a common framework, which could make it easier to understand the migration situation in a particular country. Migration dynamics in Zambia are complex, as it is a country of origin, transit, and destination for men, women and children on the move, including labour migrants, asylum seekers, irregular migrants and victims of human trafficking within the Southern Africa region and beyond. At present, migration data in Zambia analysed and addressed in a fragmented manner and administrative records are not collected for the purposes of measuring migration in its entirety. The development of the Migration Profile takes place at a time when migration is fast gaining regional and global prominence in the development agenda. Migration is featured in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in recognition of the growing impact of migration on development. The United Nations has, for the first time, put migration on its development agenda, through the adoption of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and the Global Compact on Refugees, which calls for States to make concerted efforts in collecting and analysing migration data through various platforms including periodic censuses, surveys and administrative records. The Migration Profile will be integrated in government policy development processes to be used for effective policymaking and as a planning tool. The Government has put in place mechanisms to ensure that the profile is updated every three years to make it relevant to the planning process. Mr Chola J. Chabala Dr Liya Nawa Mutale Permanent Secretary (DPA) Permanent Secretary (CRIAR) Ministry of National Development Planning Ministry of Home Affairs Migration in Zambia: A Country Profile 2019 iii CONTENTS Foreword ............................................................................................iii List of tables ......................................................................................vii List of figures .................................................................................... viii Technical working group members ......................................................xi Abbreviations and acronyms.............................................................. xv Glossary of migration terms and concepts ....................................... xvii Executive summary ......................................................................... xxiii Introduction ................................................................................... xxxi Part A: Migration trends and migrant characteristics ............................1 A.1. Historical overview of migration in Zambia ............................................ 4 A.2. Key driving factors of contemporary migration and general cross-border mobility .......................................................... 5 A.3. Immigration ............................................................................................ 6 A.4. Immigration by employment status ..................................................... 13 A.5. Immigration for study purposes ........................................................... 16 A.6. Involuntary immigration ....................................................................... 17 A.7. Emigration and return migration .......................................................... 23 A.8. Emigration for employment .................................................................. 24 A.9. Emigration for study purposes .............................................................. 25 A.10. Involuntary emigration ........................................................................ 29 A.11. Return migration .................................................................................. 29 A.12. Mixed migration ................................................................................... 32 A.13. Irregular migration ................................................................................ 32 A.14. Stranded migrants ................................................................................ 37 A.15. Human trafficking ................................................................................. 38 A.16. Migrant children ................................................................................... 43 A.17. Internal migration ................................................................................. 45 A.18. Internal displacements ......................................................................... 51 A.19. Tourism ................................................................................................. 52 Part B: Impact of migration ................................................................55 B.1. Migration and population change .......................................................... 55 B.2. Migration and economic development ................................................... 56 B.3. Migration, employment and the labour market ..................................... 61 B.4. Migration and social development ......................................................... 61 B.5. Migration and gender ............................................................................. 64 Migration in Zambia: A Country Profile 2019 v B.6. Human rights and migrant protection .................................................... 66 B.7. Migration and health .............................................................................. 67 B.8. Migration and the environment ............................................................. 74 B.9. Migration and tourism ........................................................................... 75 Part C: Migration governance.............................................................77 C.1. Policy framework .................................................................................... 77 C.2. Laws and regulations (national, regional and international levels) ........ 83 C.3. Institutional framework .......................................................................... 92 C.4. International cooperation ....................................................................... 99 Part D: Summary of key findings .....................................................101 D.1. Main findings on current trends, migration policies and the impact of migration ................................................................. 101 Part E: Recommendations ................................................................107 E.1. Recommendations for the Government of Zambia on the migration governance framework ............................................. 107 E.2. Recommendations on mainstreaming
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