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Tetraphenylporphyrin Dimers Tetraphenylporphyrin dimers An optical and magnetic resonance study CENTRALE I 4360 Promotor: dr. T. J. Schaafsma hoogleraar in de moleculaire fysica ^mzo\ X^ L. Benthem Tetraphenylporphyrin dimers An optical and magnetic resonance study Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouwwetenschappen, , .£. BIBLIOTHEEK op gezag van de rector magnmcus, nKR dr. C. C. Oosterlee, L' ™ ^HOGESCHOOL in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 12 oktober 1984 des namiddags te vier uur in de aula van de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen \sW- \^£33-0,3 The author permitted to see the grand Academy of Lagado.Th e Academy largely described. The firstma n Isa wwa s ofmeagr e aspect,wit h sooty hands and face,hi s hair and beard long, ragged and singed in several places. His clothes, shirt, and skinwer e all of the same colour. He had been eight years upon aprojec t for extracting sunbeams out of cucumbers, whichwer e tob e put into vials hermetic­ ally sealed, and let out towar m the air in raw inclement summers. He toldme , he did not doubt in eightyear s more, that he should be able to supply the Governor's gardens with sunshine at a reasonable rate; but he complained that his stockwa s low,an d entreated me to give him something as an encouragement to ingenuity, especially since this had been aver y dear season for cucumbers. Jonathan Swift in GULLIVER'S TRAVELS. Eigenlijk zijn er maar twee dingen waar Foefje nooit aan zalwennen - en dat zijn tweelingen. De Bescheurkalender VanKoote n &D e Bie Vrijdag 12oktobe r 198A tériulloK ^% STELLINGEN. 1. De mogelijkheid van een kleine tunnelingsfrequentie voor de rotatie van de methylgroep in de laagste mr triplet toestand van toluahinon is niet voldoende onderzocht. Deze mogelijkheid is niet in tegenspraak met ENDOE experimenten van het 1-1,A> niveau. J.H. Liohtenbelt and D.A. Wiersma, Chem.Phys., 39 (1979) 161-172 2. De suggestie dat de CP-MAStechniek een bijdrage zou kunnen leveren bij de selectie van granen is ongerechtvaardigd. De interpretatie van MAS-NMR spectra met behulp van moleculaire interacties tussen verschillende graaneixoitten is sterk aan twijfel onderhevig. I.C. Baianu and H. Förster, J.Appl.Biochem., 2 (1980) 347-364 J.D. Schofeld and I.C. Baianu, Cereal Chemistry, 59 (1982) 240-245 3. Het gebruik van gefluorideerde verbindingen biedt waarschijnlijk grotere mogelijkheden voor de studie van weefsel perfusie m.b.v. NMR dan het gebruik van de in het bloed aanwezige protonen. B. Vinocur, Diagnostic Imaging, march 1984, p. 49-52 4. De conclusie van Gücket et al. dat het excitonmodel op bis- zirik-porfyrine dimeren mag worden toegepast, teneinde informatie over de geometrie te verkrijgen, is op grond van hun eigen experimentele gegevens onjuist. F. Gückel, D. Schweitzer, J.P. Collman, S. Bencosme, E. Evitt and J. Sessler, Chem.Phys., 86 (1984) 161-172 Dit proefschrift, hoofdstuk 4. 5. Bij de berekening van de donor - acceptor afstand in gemengde dimeren, gebruiken Anton et al. irreële waarden voor de oriëntatie factor van de donor en acceptor. J.A. Anton, P.A. Loach and Govindjee, Photochem.Photobiol., 28 (1978) 225-242 Dit proefschrift, hoofdstuk 4. 6. Uit een oogpunt van vroegtijdige opsporing van complicaties tijdens een zwangerschap dient echodiagnostiek tenminste éénmaal te worden uitgevoerd bij prenatale controle. 7. Het verschijnsel van de zure regen maakt het gebruik van regentonnen en andere commercieel verkrijgbare systemen voor de verzorging van kamerplanten minder aanbevelenswaardig. 8. Bij een dreigende vroeggeboorte lijkt een verblijf op een afdeling met de naam 'Verloskunde' geen goede verblijfplaats. L. Benthem - Tetraphenylporphyrin Dimers. Wageningen, 12 oktober 1984 BIB LANDBOUW';>•• WAGimiJSGüSa CONTENTS: Page LISTO FABBREVIATION SAN DSYMBOL S 4 INTRODUCTION 1.1Genera lintroductio n 8 1.2Opticall ydetecte dmagneti cresonanc e 8 1.3Principle so fFDM R 9 1.4Th efluorescenc e fadingmetho d 13 1.5Tetraphenylporphyri n 15 1.6Scop eo fthesi s 25 1.7Reference s 28 EXPERIMENTAL 2.1Mode lcompound s 34 2.2Opticall ydetecte dmagneti cresonanc e 38 2.2.1ODMR-apparatu s 38 2.2.2Desig no fth emicrowav eheli x 43 2.3Th efluorescenc e fadingmetho d 48 2.4Measurement so ffluorescenc elifetime s 50 2.5EP Rspectr a 50 2.6Reference s 51 FLUORESCENCERESPONS ET OTRIPLE TSTAT EPOPULATION S INPORPHYRIN S 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2Experimenta l 54 3.3Result s 55 3.4Discussio n 57 3.5Reference s 59 3.6Acknowledgemen t 60 ENERGYTRANSFE RAN DGEOMETR YO FCOVALENTL YLINKE D PORPHYRINDIMER S 4.1 Introduction 62 4.2Experimenta l 63 4.3Result s 65 1Absorptio nspectr ao ffree-bas edimer s 65 2EP Ro fCu-C udimer s 66 3Fluorescenc edetecte dmagneti c resonance (FDMR) 68 andfluorescenc efadin g 4Lifetim emeasurement s 71 4.4Discussio n 72 1Absorptio nspectr a 72 2EP Rmeasurement s 77 3Propertie so fth etriple tstat e 79 4Energ ytransfe rkinetic s 81 4.5 Conclusions 87 4.6Acknowledgemen t 88 4.7Reference s 88 ANNMR-STUD YO FTH ECONFORMATIO NO FCOVALENTL YLINKE D PORPHYRINDIMER S 5.1 Introduction 94 5.2Experimenta l 95 5.3Result s 96 5.4Discussio n 96 5.5Conclusion s 105 5.6Acknowledgemen t 105 5.7Reference s 105 EXCITONICINTERACTION SI NCOVALENTL YLINKE DPORPHYRI NDIMER S 6.1 Introduction 110 6.2Theor y 112 6.3Experimenta l 121 6.4Result s 122 6.5Discussio n 123 6.6Conclusion s 127 6.7Acknowledgemen t 127 6.8Reference s 127 APPENDIX1 131 APPENDIX2 135 SUMMARY 138 SAMENVATTING 141 NAWOORD 144 CURRICULUMVITA E 146 VERANTWOORDING 148 LIST OFABBREVIATION S AND SYMBOLS. A in formulae: arbitrary constant a outer radius of inner conductor B magnetic field vector B-states Soret absorption states b inner radius of outer conductor CI configuration interaction c velocity of light c. amplitude of sublevel Ii> 1 continuous wave cw zero field splitting parameter D dimethylformamid DMF dimethylsulfoxide DMSO energy E difference in energy AE zero field splitting parameter E electron paramagnetic resonance EPR energy transfer ET fluorescence detected magnetic resonance FDMR fluorescence fading FF full width athal f maximum FWHM f relative amplitude g g-factor of free electron HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital AH peak-peak broadening inmagneti c field units ofEPR-line s PP ÔH peak-peak broadening inmagneti c field units ofEPR-lines ,du e PP to spin-spin interaction H2-TPP free-base tetraphenylporphyrin h Planck's constant I intensity li> triplet sublevel in general i = x,y , z in zero field i = -1,0 , 1i nhig h magnetic field -2 -1 excitation light intensity (inphotons.c m .s ) -3 -1 fluorescence intensity (inEinstein.c m .s ) f time dependent fluorescence intensity I[ff (t) AI change in fluorescence intensity 6I£ relative change in fluorescence intensity ISC intersystem crossing rate constant for excitation, contains excitation light intensity (in s ) rate constant for fluorescence (in s ) k. decay rate constant of triplet sublevel Ii> (in s ) ï rate constant for intersystem crossing (in s ) kISC mean decay rate constant ofT „ -»S _ (in s ) kT LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital M. transition dipole moment i ï molecular orbital MO 3-methy l tetrahydrofuran MTHF total number of molecules ina sample N Avogadro's number NAV NMR nuclear magnetic resonance n refractive index n. relative population of denoted sublevel x optically detected magnetic resonance ODMR porphin P transition probability P populating rate of denoted sublevel (inmol. l .s ) P. ï relative populating rate of denoted sublevel (dimensionless) Pi Q and Q absorptio r n states Q-states x y r distance S spin angular momentum of the electron S0 ground state Sl first excited singlet state S/N signal-to-noise ratio T lowest triplet state THF tetrahydrofuran TLC thin layer chromatography TPP meso tetraphenylporphyrin TTP meso tetratolylporphyrin U unit vector V exciton splitting X,Y ,Z eigenvalues of zero field spin Hamiltonian x,y , z coordinates w.r.t.molecula r frame of reference lx>,ly>,lz> triplet sublevels, inabsenc e ofmagneti c field Z~ characteristic impedance ZFS zero field splitting a angle "y dimensionless parameter Y magnetogyric ratio e extinction coefficient (inl.mo l .cm ) e relative dielectric contant (e =1) r vacuum 8 angle K orientation factor À radiation wavelength \i transition dipole moment [J0 magnetic permeability of vacuum U relative permeability (u = 1) r r ' "vacuum u frequency Au difference in frequency X lifetime,define d as the time elapsed after aquantit y has decreased to 1/eo f its original value through exponential decay <|> angle <|>FT quantum efficiency forenerg y transfer tyf fluorescence quantum yield <|>T triplet yield ip angle Q overlap integral Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION. 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. Magnetic resonance research on the organic triplet state has been increasing­ ly become a field of interest since the first EPR experiments on photoexcited triplet states in the 50'sb yHutchiso n and his group at theUniversit y of Chi­ cago /1,2/. The emergence of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR)tech ­ niques over the past 15year s has further increased the accessibility of the properties of the organic triplet state,especiall y in the field of biology where the triplet state canb e used toprob e the environment and interactions experienced by thephotoinduce d paramagnetic centre in itsnatura l surroundings. Zero field magnetic resonance transitions among the electron-spin sublevels in thephotoexcite d triplet state canb e detected using any optical transition, the choice being determined by practical considerations.Usin g optical photons instead ofmicrowav e photons for detection of the zero field transitions provid­ es an improvement in sensitivity, due to the fact that the energy of an optical photon is6 orders ofmagnitud e larger than that of amicrowav e photon.
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