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Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Different Solvent Extracts of Spirulina Platensis Collected from Rankala Lake, Kolhapur, Maharashtra

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Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Different Solvent Extracts of Spirulina Platensis Collected from Rankala Lake, Kolhapur, Maharashtra J. Algal Biomass Utln. 2019, 10(1):36-42 Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antifungal activity of Spirulina platensis eISSN: 2229 – 6905 Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antifungal activity of different solvent extracts of Spirulina platensis collected from Rankala Lake, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 1Chakraborty, B., 2AR Varsale 3VK Singh, 4SS Mali, 5PK Parihar, *6RS Mane 1Department of Botany, 1,6Karnataka University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India, 580003 2Department of Agriculture, 2National Backward College of Agriculture and Information Technology, Yelgaon, Buldana, Maharashtra, India, 443001 3Department of Microbiology, 3Dr. Shakuntala Mishra National Rehabilation University, Lucknow, 226017, Uttar Pradesh, India 4Sanjivani Arts Commerce, and Science College, Kopargaon, Maharashtra, India, 423601 5Serum Institute of India, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, India *6Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology *6Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: The objective of the present work was to evaluate the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antifungal activity of different extracts obtained from Spirulina platensis. The Spirulina platensis was collected from Rankala Lake, Kolhapur (MH), India and grown in CHU-10 medium for 10 days. After 10 days the culture was recovered, dried, powdered and extracted using different solvents such as methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether, acetone and water by solvent- solvent extraction method. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of all extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, coumarins, quinones and glycosides. Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that the aqueous extract possessed high phenolic content (27.0090±0.04129 mg) and flavonoids content (63.47± 0.88059 mg) when compared to other extracts. Ferric ion reducing power assay was performed with chloroform, ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts by using ascorbic acid as standard. In this assay, aqueous extract (1.2407±0.00702) showed highest antioxidant activity among the extracts used for the assay which was comparable to standard. Among all the extracts, aqueous extract showed highest antioxidant capacity in Phosphomolybdenum assay and H2O2 scavenging assay at the rate 0.8983±0.00351 and 76.8233±0.09074 respectively. The aqueous extract showed effective antifungal activity against Candida albicans, and Aspergillus fumigatus with 22mm and 18mm zone of inhibition respectively. So it can be concluded that, the aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis possesses potent bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antifungal activity as compared with other solvent extracts. Key words: Spirulina platensis, phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant activity, Antifungal activity. 1. Introduction: Phycology or algology is the study of the algae (3). The word Phycology is derived from the word phykos, which means "seaweed". The term algology, describe in Webster's dictionary as the study of algae has fallen out of favor because it resembles the term Algogenic which means "producing pain" The algae are thallophytic in nature (4). The history of Phycology is the scientific study of algae. Human interest in plants as food goes back into other origins of algae can be traced back more than two thousand years. However, only in the last three hundred years the knowledge has evolved into a rapidly developing science, the first attempts at plant cultivation were believed to have made shortly before 10,000 BC in western Asia (7). According to records as far back as 30,000 BC indicates that algae were used by the emperor of China as food. The first algae were recognized as living organism and were probably coralline, by Pliny the Elder in first century AD (6). The development of the study of Phycology runs in a pattern comparable with and parallel to other biological field but at a different rate. In 3.5 billion years ago prokaryotic life began on the planet in the absence of oxygen (7-9). The Cyanobacteria arose and began releasing oxygen into the atmosphere as a waste product of chlorophyll-a mediated photosynthesis. The prokaryotic blue-green algae, those photosynthesized and that changed the atmosphere of the planet (13-15). Like other prokaryotes, the blue-green algae are abundant and present in almost every conceivable habitat from oceans to lakes, ice, snow, thermal hot springs, and deserts. Since more than 99% of all species ever evolved on Earth have gone extinct, it is probable that human will be a relatively short-term component of life on Earth, but the blue-green 36 J. Algal Biomass Utln. 2019, 10(1):36-42 Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antifungal activity of Spirulina platensis eISSN: 2229 – 6905 algae that were main players since 3.5 billion years ago during the creation of life (16-17). The primary groups of algae are rich in species variety with their distribution. Rhodophyta is also called as red algae and there was 4000– 6000 species in Marine and freshwater systems. The big algae are also called as seaweed. They found near to ocean coasts or around lakes and ponds. These macroscopic algae are typically divided into three groups such as jade algae, red algae, and brown algae. Green algae are called as Chlorophyta. Total there are an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 species of green algae and 90% of them are freshwater rather than marine. The green algae and the land plants share a common ancestor, and all descendants of that widespread ancestor are either green algae or land plants (10-12). In 17 the century, there was a great revolution in scientific interest all over Europe and after the invention of the printing press; various books on botany were published. There was no exact progress done in the scientific study of algae until the invention of the microscope in about 1600 by Antonio van Leeuwenhoek (7). Carl Linnaeus was the father of modern nomenclature who not only made an easy way for the naming system of plants and animals but also made a systematic study of their naming system. He developed a coherent system for naming organisms and divided the plant kingdom into 25 classes one of which is Chyptogamia (6). He divided Thechyptogamia into four orders: Flices, Muscle (mosses), Algae (lichens and liverwort), and fungi. Johann Hedwig (1730-1799), a German botanist provided further evidence of sexual process in algae and figured conjugation in Spirogyra. During 18th century, there was a huge controversy on the topic that whether coralline algae are plants or animals. Up to mid of 18th century, coralline algae were treated as plants (18) but up to 1768 some of the researchers accepted as an animal. After five years it was concluded that Coralline algae are definitely plants (4-7). Spirulina is being produced commercially from the last 20 years and the current manufacture universal is estimated to be about 3,000 metric tons. The chief commercial large-scale culture of Spirulina was started in the early 1970s at Lake Texcoco, Mexico [4]. Commercial production of Spirulina in man-made ponds was pioneered by Dainippon Ink and Chemicals Inc. (DIC) in 1978 in Bangkok, Thailand [2,3]. Earthrise farms were found in 1981, by the Proteus Corporation of the USA and later incorporated with DIC of Japan in 1982 [4,5]. Commercial production of Spirulina at Earthrise farms in California started in 1983. It is being sold as a health drink as well as in tablet form for more than ten years without undesirable effect on humans [6,7]. Spirulina is marketed and consumed in several countries, including, U.S.A, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, China, India, and Cuba [6,7]. Spirulina is a multicellular, filamentous cyanobacterium, belonging to Phormidiaceae family which under the microscope appears as blue-green filaments composed of cylindrical cells arranged in unbranched helicoidal trichomes [1-5]. The trichomes are arranged in open left-handed helix pattern along the entire length. The cell wall is made of four numbered layers, LI, III, LIU, and LIV from the innermost to outward [4-8]. All the layers are very weak except LII, which is made up of peptidoglycan, and responsible for the rigidity. Spirulina is a non-heterocystous and a non-nitrogen fixer [10]. The helical shape of the trichome is characteristic of the genus which is due to hydration/dehydration of oligopeptides in the peptidoglycan layer [8]. Spirulina is natural food belongs to the Plantae kingdom which consists of different phytochemicals [1-6]. These phytochemicals are biologically significant and play vital role in medicinal applications. Mainly laboratory experiments revealed that phytochemicals from Spirulina and their use in cancer, tuberculosis, inflammation, and many other blood-related diseases [4]. But each and every Spirulina is varying from each other in the production of these compounds. Somehow these production depends on environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, nutrients, metal ions and other chemicals [4,8]. The phytochemical research loom is measured effective in discovering novel bioactive compounds from Spirulina. There are two main methods for the analysis of phytochemical screening such as qualitative and quantitative analysis. The qualitative tests are used to identify the constituents [4,6,9]. The objectives of the present research study were (I) Selection of study area and collection of Spirulina platensis (II) Extraction and phytochemical analysis of bioactive compounds (III) Antioxidant and antifungal activity of Spirulina platensis derived bioactive compounds. Materials and
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