DEPARTMENT of BOTANY M.Sc. (2010-12) I Semester

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

M.Sc. (2010-12) I Semester

(Four core course + One Elective Course)

Core Course S.No. Course Code Name of the Course Credit 1. BOT C 121 Biology and Diversity o f Viruses, Bac teria & Fungi 03 2. BOT C 122 Biology and Diversity of Viruses, Bacteria & Fungi 01 (Practical) 3. BOT C 123 Biology and Diversity of Algae, Bryophytes & 03 Pteridophytes 4. BOT C 124 Biology and Diversity of Algae, Bryophytes & 01 Pteridophytes (Practical) 5. BOT C 125 Biology and Diversity of Gymnosperm 03 6. BOT C 126 Biology and Diversity of Gymnosperm (Practical) 01 7. BOT C 127 Taxonomy of Angiosperms 03 8. BOT C 128 Taxonomy of Angiosperms (Practical) 01

Elective Course (I Semester)

1. BOT E 121 Mushroom Biology 02 2. BOT E 122 Mushroom Biology (Practical) 01 2

M.Sc. Botany (I Semester) L T P C 3 0 0 3

COURSE: BOT C-121 Biology and Diversity of Viruses, Bacteria & Fungi

Archaebacteria and eubacteria : General account; ultra structure, nutrition and reproduction; biology and economic importance; cyanobacteria - salient features and biological importance. Viruses : Characteristics and ultrastructure of virions; isolation and purification of viruses; chemical nature, replication, transmission of viruses; economic irnportance. Phytoplasma : General characteristics and role in causing plant diseases. Mycology : General characters of fungi; substrate relationship in fungi; cell ultrastructure unicellular and multicellular organization; cell wall composition; nutrition (saprobic, biotrophic, symbiotic); reproduction (vegetative, asexual, sexual); heterothallism; heterokaryosis parasexuality; recent trends in classification. Phylogeny of fungi ; general account of Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina Basidiomycotina, Deuteromycotina; fungi in industry, medicine and as food; fungal diseases in plants and humans; Mycorrhizae; fungi as biocontrol agents.

M.Sc. Botany (I Semester) COURSE: BOT C-122 Biology and Diversity of Viruses, Bacteria & Fungi (Practical) L T P C Suggested Laboratory Exercises: 0 0 1 1 1. Gram staining of bacteria. 2. Morphological study of representative member of fungi: Stemonitis, Peronospora, Albugo, Mucor, Pilobolus, yeast, Emericella, Chaetomium, Pleospora, Morchella, Melampspora, Phallu. Polyporus, Drechslera, Phama, PeniCillium, Aspergillus, Colletotrichum. 3. Identification of fungal cultures: Rhizopus, Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Chaetomium, Drechslera, Curvularia, Fusarium, Phoma, Golletotrichum, Graphium . 4. Sterilization methods, preparation of media and stains. 5. Symptomology of some diseased specimens: White rust, downy mildew, powdery smuts, ergot, groundnut leafspot, red rot of sugarcane, wilts, paddy blast, bacterial blight of paddy, angular leaf spot of cotton, tobacco mosaic, little leaf of brinjal, seasame phyllody, mango malformation.

3 L T P C M.Sc. Botany (I Semester) 3 0 0 3

COURSE: BOT C-123 Biology and Diversity of Algae, Bryophytes & Pteridophytes

Phycology : Algae in diversified habitats (terrestrial, freshwater, marine); thallus organization; cell ultrastructure; reproduction (vegetative, asexual, sexual); criteria for classification of algae pigments, reserve food, flagella; classification, salient features of Protochlorophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta. Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta; algal blooms, algal biofertilizers; algae as food, feed and uses in industry. and polytrichales; economic and ecological importance Bryophyta : Morphology, structure, reproduction and life history; distribution; classification; general account of Marchantiales, Junger-maniales, Anthoceratales, Sphagnales, Funariales, and Polytrichales; economic and ecological importance. Pteridophyta : Morphology, anatomy and reproduction; classification; evolution of stele; heterospory and origin of seed habit; general account of fossil pteriodophyta; introduction to Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida.

M.Sc. Botany (I Semester) COURSE: BOT C-124 Biology and Diversity of Algae, Bryophytes & Pteridophytes (Practical)

L T P C Suggested Laboratory Exercises: 0 0 1 1

1. Morphological study of representative member of Algae: Microcystis, Aulosira, Oocystis, Pediastrum, Hydrodityon, Ulva, Pithophora, Stigeoclonium, Drapranaldiopsis, Closterium, Cosmarium, Chara. 2. Morphological study of representative member of bryophytes and pteridophytes: Marchantia, Anthoceros, Polytrichum, Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Equisetum, Ophioglossum, Isoates, Lygodium, Regnellidium and Marsilia 3. Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of bryophytes.

4 L T P C M.Sc. Botany (I Semester) 3 0 0 3 COURSE: BOT C-125 Biology and Diversity of Gymnosperm

General characteristics of Gymnosperm; Position of Gymnosperm in the plant kingdom; the vessel-less and fruitless seed plants varying in the structure of their sperms, pollen grains, pollen germination and the complexity of their female gametophyte; fossil history of Gymnosperm; Geographical and altitudinal distribution of Gymnosperm in the world; evolution of gymnosperms. Classification of Gymnosperms and their Distribution in India Brief account of the families of Pteridospermales (Lyginopteridaceae, Meduliosaceae, Caytoniaceae and Glossopteridaceae). Pentoxylales is an artificial group- detailed account. General Account of Cycadeoidales and Cordaitales. Structure and reproduction in Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Ephedrales, Welwitschiales and Gnetales. Comprative structure of ovules of Cycas, Pinus, Taxus, Araucaria, Ginkgo and Gnetum . M.Sc. Botany (I Semester) COURSE: BOT C-126 L T P C Biology and Diversity of Gymnosperm (Practical) 0 0 1 1

Suggested laboratory Exercises: 1. Study of complex tissues viz. Xylem and Phloem, Tracheids, Vessels and Sieve tubes and Companion cells. 2. Comparative study of the wood anatomy and vegetative and reproductive parts of Cycas, Ginkgo, Cedrus, Abies, Picea, Cupressus, Araucaria, Cryptomeria, Taxodium, Podocarpus, Agathis, Taxux, Ephedra and Gnetum . 3. Study of the living gymnosperms of the botanical garden of the university. 4. Study of important fossil gymnosperms from prepared slides and specimens. 5. Monographic study of the living gymnopserms.

5 L T P C M.Sc. Botany (I Semester) 3 0 0 3 COURSE :BOT C 127 Taxonomy of Angiosperms

Taxonomic hierarchy, species, genus, family and other categories; principles used in assessing relationship, delimitation of taxa and attribution of rank.

Salient features of the International Code of Botanical nomenclature

Taxonomic evidence : Morphology anatomy, palynology, embryology, cytology; phytochemistry; genome analysis and nucleic acid hybridization.

Taxonomic tools : Herbarium; floras; Bot. Gardens.

Phylogeny of Angiosperms; Different approaches and views of origin and evolution of Angiosperms.

Systems of angiosperm classification : Phenetic versus phylogenetic systems; cladistics in taxonomy; relative merits and demerits of major systems of classification; relevance of taxonomy to conservation, sustainable utilization of bio-resources and ecosystem research.

Morphological nature of flower, stamen & carpel

Range of floral variation and trends of evolution in order- Ranales, Amentiferae, Tubiflorales, Santales and Helobiales.

Study of various families of local flora.

M.Sc. Botany (I Semester) COURSE :BOT C 128: Taxonomy of Angiosperms (Practical)

Suggested laboratory Exercises: L T P C 0 0 1 1 1. Description of a specimen from representative, locally available families. 2. Description of a species based on various specimens to study intraspecific variation a collective exercise. 3. Description of various species o f a genus; location o f key characters and preparation of keys at generic level. 4. Location o f key characters and use o f keys at family level. 5. Field trips within and around the campus; compilation of field notes and preparation of herbarium sheets of such plants, wild or cultivated, as are abundant. 6. Training in using floras and herbaria for identification of specimens described in the class. 7. Demonstration of the utility of secondary metabolites in the taxonomy of some appropriate genera. 8. Comparison of different species o f a genus and different genera of a family to calculate similarity coefficients and preparation of dendrograms.

M.Sc. Botany (I Semester) Elective Courses

Course Title: Mushroom Biology L T P C Course Code: BOT E 121 2 0 0 2

Mushroom Science : Mushroom definition, Characteristics of mushrooms, Categories, magnitude of mushroom species, Ecological importance of Fungi in general and mushroom in particular, Collection, classification and cultivation of mushrooms.

Mushroom Biology and microbiology –

Topic : Definition, Microorganism and their interaction with mushrooms, Impact of mushroom biology on human welfare, Non green revolution, Mushroom biotechnology and agricpreneurship.

Suggested Readings:

Introduction to mushroom science (systamatics) by T.N. Kaul (1997).

Mushroom Biology-Concise basics and current developments by P.G. Miles and S.T. Chang (1997).

Introductory Mycology by Alexopoulos, Mims and Blackwell (1996).

The Mushroom Guide and Identifier by Peter Jorden (2000).

The Mushroom Identifier by David Pelgler and Brian Spooner (1997).

Microbial Biotechnology and Ecologyby Deepak Vyas et.al. (2011).

Mushroom cultivation by Pathak, Yadav and Gour (2000).

M.Sc. Botany (I Semester) Elective Courses L T P C Course Title: Mushroom Biology (Practical) 0 0 1 1

Course Code: BOT E 122 Suggested laboratory exercises:

• Field survey for Mushrooms collection • Collection methods of Mushrooms • Identification for different types of mushrooms. • Spawn preparation. • Antioxidant activity of Mushroom. • Cultivation of Pleurotus species Agaricus species and other Ganoderma . • Antimicrobial activity of mushrooms. • Measurement of fungal growth by linear determination and by mycelia weight determination. • Enzyme activity (lignin degrading enzymes cellulase) • Solid state fermentation, liquid state fermentation.

Suggested Readings:

Mushroom Biology-Concise basics and current developments by P.G. Miles and S.T. Chang (1997).

Textbook of microbiology (2010) by N. Kango. IK international publishers and distributors.

Manual of workshop on microbial technology and molecular biology organized at department of A.M.B. Sept. (2000).

A manual of microbiology by P. Gunasekaran (1980).

Experiments in microbiology, plant pathology and biotechnology by Aneja (2005).

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

M.Sc. (2010-12) II Semester

(Four core course + One Elective course)

Core Course S.No. Course Name of the Course Credit Code 1. BOT C 221 Cytology 03 2. BOT C 222 Cytology (Practical) 01 3. BOT C 223 Plant Physiology 03 4. BOT C 224 Plant Physiology (Practical) 01 5. BOT C 225 Genetics 03 6. BOT C 226 Genetics (Practical) 01 7. BOT C 227 Plant Development and Reproduction 03 8. BOT C 228 Plant Development and Reproduction (Practical) 01

Elective Course (II Semester)

1. BOT E 221 Forestry Ecology 02 2. BOT E 222 Forestry Ecology (Practical) 01 3. BOT E 223 Fungal Biosystematics 02 4. BOT E 224 Fungal Biosystematics (Practical) 01 9

M.Sc. Botany - II Semester

Course: BOT C221 Cytology L T P C 3 0 0 3 General Introduction : Historical background of cytology; Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell organization, structure and function of cell wall and plasma membrane. Nucleus : Structure and function; nuclear membrane and nucleolus. Chloroplast and Mitochondria : Ultra structure, genome organization and biogenesis. Other cell organelles : Structure & function of Microbodies, Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Centrosome, Ribosome etc. Cell Cycle : Mitosis, Meiosis, role of cyclins in cell division, apoptosis. Chromatin organization : Chromosome morphology and ultra structure; euchromatin, hetrochromatin; Karyotype analysis; banding patterns; specialized type of chromosomes : polyten (salivary gland chromosomes), lamp brush chromosomes, B-chromosomes and sex chromosomes. Structural and Numerical alternation in chromosome : origin, meiosis and breeding behavior of duplication, deficiency, inversion and translocation; heterozyotes; origin, occurrence, production and meiosis of haploids, aneuploids (monosomics, nullisomics, trisomics, tetrasomics) and euploids (autopolyploids and allopolyploids); evolution of major crop plants : Wheat, Cotton, Raphanobrassica , Triticale etc.; induction and characterization of trisomics and monosmomics.

M.Sc. Botany - II Semester Course: BOT C-222 Cytology L T P C 0 0 1 1 Suggested Laboratory Exercises:

1. Familiarizing students with lab equipments 2. Study of different type of chromosomes 3. Preparation of karyograms using camera lucida. 4. Study of different stages of mitotic cell division in suitable material. 5. Study of meiotic cell division in Pollen mother cells. 6. Linear differentiation of chromosomes through banding techniques such as G-banding, C-banding and Q-banding.

7. Induction of polyploidy using colchicines; different methods of the application colchicine.

M.Sc. Botany - II Semester Course: BOT C-223 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY L T P C 3 0 0 3 Plant water relations: Importance of water to plant life; physical properties of water; diffusion, osmosis, translocation of water, concept of water potential, Transpiration, Physiology of stomata, plant-water relations, mechanism of water transport through xylem,

Plants and inorganic nutrient: Essential nutrient, nutrient role and deficiency symptoms, Toxicity of micro nutrient, root-microbe interactions in facilitating nutrient uptake, comparison of xylem and phloem transport, phloem loading and unloading, passive and active solute transport, membrane transport proteins.

Light and pigment: physical nature of light, natural radiation, photoreceptor. Photosynthesis : Historical properties, Bioenergetics, photophosphorylation, light harvesting, Complexes, photosynthetic carbon reduction, (PCR) C4 syndrome, crassulacean acid, metabolism (CAM) Translocation of xenobiotic chemical.

Signal transduction: Overview, receptors and G-proteins, phospholipid signaling, role of cyclic nucleotides, calcium-calmodulin cascade, diversity in protein kinases and phosphatases, specific signaling mechanisms, e.g. two-component sensor-regulator system in bacteria and plants, sucrose-sensing mechanism.

Sensory photobiology: History of discovery of phytochromes and cryptochromes, and their photochemical and biochemical properties, photophysiology of light-induced responses, cellular localization, molecular mechanism of action of photomorphogenic receptors, signaling and gene expression.

Plant growth regulators and elicitors: Physiological effects and mechanism of action of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscissic acid, brassinosteroids, polyamines, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid, hormone receptors, signal transduction and gene expression.

The flowering process: Photoperiodism and its significance, endogenous clock and its regulation, floral induction and development - genetic and molecular analysis, role of vernalization.

Stress physiology: Plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress, mechanisms of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, HR and SAR, water deficit and drought resistance, salinity stress, metal toxicity, freezing and heat stress, oxidative stress. Suggested Readings: Dennis, D.T., Turpin, D.H., Lefebvre, D.D. and Layzell (eds). 1997. Plant Metabolism (2 nd Edition). Longman, Essex, England. Galston, A.W. 1989. Life Processes in Plants. Scientific American Library, Springer-Verlag, New York. USA. Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA. Lea, P.J. and Leegood, R.C. 1999. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. England. Mohr, H. and Schopfer, P. 1995. Plant Physiology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. 1989. Principles of Gene Manipulation. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK. Raghavan, V. 1986. Embryogenesis in Angiosperms: A Developmental and Experimental Study. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. 1992. Plant Physiology (4 th Edition). Wadsworth Publishing Co. California, USA. 11

M.Sc. Botany - II Semester Course: BOT C-224 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (Practical) L T P C 0 0 1 1

Suggested Laboratory Exercises

1. Study of cell structure from onion leaf peels; demonstration of staining and mounting methods. 2. Comparative study of cell structure in onion cells, Hydrilla and spirogyra. Study of cyclosis in Tradescantia staminal hairs. 3. To study the permeability of plasma membrane using different concentrations of organic solvents. 4. To study the effect of temperature on permeability of plasma membrane. 5. To prepare the standard curve of protein and determine the protein content in unknown samples. 6. Separation of chloroplast pigments by solvent method. 7. Determining the osmotic potential of vacuolar sap by plasmolytic method. 8. Determining the water potential of any tuber. 9. Separation of amino acids in a mixture by paper chromatography and their identification by comparison with standards. 10. Study of Salt stress, acid stress, drought stress. 11. Isolation and identification and interaction of rhizospheric microorganism.

Suggested Readings (for laboratory exercises)

Devi, P. 2000. Prnciples and Methods of Plant Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Genetics. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India. Dixon, R.A. (Ed.) 1987. Plant Cell Culture; A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford. Glick, B.R. and Thompson, J.E. 1993. Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. CHC Press, Boxa Raton, Florida. Hall, R.D. (Ed.), 1999. Plant Cell Culture Protocols. Humana Press, Inc., New Jersey, USA. Moore, T.C.1974. Research Experiences in Plant Physiology: A Laboratory Manual. Springer- Verlag, Berlin. Ninfa, A.J. and Ballou, D.P. 1998, Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Fitzgerald Science Press, Inc., Maryland, USA. Roberts, J. and Tucker, G.A. (Eds.) 2000. Plant Hormone Protocols. Humana Press, New Jersey, USA. Scott, R.P.W. 1995. Techniques and Practice of Chromatography. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. Smith, R.H. 2000. Plant Tissue Culture: Techniques and Experiments. Academic Press, New York. Wilson, K. and Goulding, K.H. (Eds.) 1986. A Biologists Guide to principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry. Edward Arnold, London, UK.

M.Sc. Botany - II Semester Course: BOT C-225 GENETICS L T P C 3 0 0 3 Introduction of Genetics; Overview

Pre-Mendelian theory concerning Heredity and Evolution; Mendelian concept of Heredity. Extension of Mendelism: Gene Iinteractions, Multiple Allelism, Polygenic Inheritance

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, SexLinkage, Linkage, Chromosomal Mapping. Extra Chromosomal Inheritance, Population Genetics.

DNA as genetic material: Experiments of Fred Griffith, O. T. Avery et al ., and Hershey and Chase.

DNA: Discovery of Double Helix, Structure of DNA, Different Types, Topology, DNA as part of Chromosomes.

DNA Replication: Experiments by Cairn, Herbert Taylor, and Meselson and Stahl. Chemistry of DNA synthesis, Different proteins and enzymes Involved. Trombone Model.

Replication errors and proofreading, DNA damage, different causes, repair systems, Mismatch repair, Photo reactivation, BER, NER, Double strand break and recombination repair, SOS response, Gene conversion.

Mutation: Gene Mutation, Mechanism, Spontaneous and Induced Mutations, Biochemical, Frame Shift, Leaky, Loss and Gain of Function, Conditional, Polar, Suppressor, Lethal, Hot spots, Auxotrophs, Site directed mutagenesis; Transposable Genetic Elements, Mechanism of Transposition.

M.Sc. II Semester Course: Genetics Course Code: BOT C 226 L T P C 0 0 1 1 Suggested Laboratory Exercises : 1. Studying pea plant as tool for investigating Laws of Inheritance. 2. Demonstration of Mendel’s Law of segregation. 3. Demonstration of Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment. 4. Studying deviations from Mendel’s laws and applying statistics. 5. Studying Drosophila as model organism. 6. Effect of chemicals on mutation. 7. Effect of radiations on mutation. 8. Isolation of DNA from different sources. Suggested Readings : M.W. Stickberger: Genetics Clug and Cummings: Essentials of Genetics J.D. Watson: Molecular Biology of Gene B. Lewin: Genes VIII Malacinski: Molecular Biology J.D. Watson: Double Helix 13

M.Sc. Botany - II Semester

Course: PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION COURSE CODE: BOT C-227 L T P C 3 0 0 3 General Introduction

Shoot development: Organization of the shoot apical meristem (SAM); cytological and molecular analysis of SAM; control of cell division and cell to cell communication; tissue differentiation, especially xylem and phloem.

Root development: Organization of root apical meristem (RAM); cell fates and lineages; vascular tissue differentiation; lateral roots; root hairs; root-microbe interactions.

Anomalous anatomical structure in Angiosperm.

Reproduction : Vegetative options and sexual reproduction; flower development; Morphological nature of flower, stamen & carpel.

Male gametophyte : Structure of anthers; microsporogenesis, role of tapetum; pollen development and gene expression; male sterility; sperm dimorphism and hybrid seed production.

Female gametophyte : Ovule development; megasporogenesis; organization of the embryo sac, structure of the embryo sac cells.

Pollination, pollen-pistil interaction and fertilization : Pollination mechanisms and vectors; structure of the pistil; pollen-stigma interactions, self-incompatibility; double fertilization; in vitro fertilization.

Seed development and fruit growth: Endosperm development; embryogenesis, ultrastructure and nuclear cytology; cell lineages during late embryo development; storage proteins of endosperm and embryo; polyembryony; apomixes; embryo culture; dynamics of fruit growth; biochemistry and molecular biology of fruit maturation.

M.Sc. Botany - II Semester Course Title: PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION COURSE CODE: BOT C-228 L T P C 0 0 1 1

Suggested laboratory Exercises

1. Effect of gravity, unilateral light and plant growth regulators on the growth of young seedlings. 2. Role of dark and red light/far-red light on the expansion of cotyledons and epicotylar hook opening in pea. 3. Study of loving shoot apices by dissections using aquatic plants such as Ceratophyllum and Hydrilla. 4. Study of cytohistological zonation in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) in sectioned and double-stained permanent slides of a suitable plant such as Coleus, Kalanchoe, Tobacco. Examination of shoot apices in monocotyledons in both T.S. and L.S. to show the origin and arrangement of leaf primordia. 5. Study of alternate and distichous, alternate and superposed, opposite and superposed; opposite and decussate leaf arrangement. Examination of rosette plants (Launaea, Mullugo, Raphanus, Hyocyamus etc) and induction of bolting under natural condition as well as by GA treatment. 6. Microscopic examination of vertical sections of leaves such as Cannabis, tobacco, Nerium, maize and wheat to understand the internal structure of leaf tissues and trichomes, glands etc. Also study the C3 and C4 leaf anatomy of plants. 7. Study of epidermal peels of leaves such as Coccinia, Gaillardia, Tradescantia, Notonea, etc. to study the development and final structure of stomata and prepare stomatal index. Demonstration of the effect of ABA on stomatal closure. 8. Study of shoot and roots in monocots and dicots. Examination of L.S. of root from a permanent preparation to understand the organization of root apical meristem and its derivatives. (maize, aerial roots of banyan, Pistia, Jussieua etc.) Origin of lateral roots. Study of leguminous roots with different types of nodules. 9. Tests for pollen viability using stains and in vitro germination. Pollen germination using hanging drop and sitting drop cultures, suspension culture and surface culture. 10. Estimating percentage and average pollen tube length in vitro . 11. Role of transcription and translation inhibitors on pollen germination and pollen tube growth. 12. Pollen storage, pollen-pistil interaction, self-incompatibility, in vitro pollination. 13. Study of ovules of monosporic, bisporic and tetrasporic types of embryo sac development through examination of permanent, stained serial sections. 14. Field study of several types of flowers with different pollination mechanisms (wind pollination, air pollination, bee/butterfly pollination, bird pollination). 15. Emasculation, bagging and hand pollination to study pollen germination, seed set and fruit development using self compatible and obligate outcrossing systems. Study of cleistogamous flowers and their adaptations. 16. Study of nuclear and cellular endosperm through dissections and staining. 17. Isolation of zygotic globular, heart-shaped, torpedo stage and mature embryos from suitable seeds and polyembryony in citrus, jamun ( Syzygium cumini ) etc. by dissections. 18. Study of seed dormancy and methods to break dormancy. 15

M.Sc. Botany (II Semester) Elective Courses

Course Title: Forest Ecology L T P C Course Code: BOT-E-221 2 0 0 2

Introduction, Importance of forest resources, forest communities of different climatic zones, Methods of studying structure and composition of forest communities. Forest types of India and M.P.

Classification of forest biomes, World distribution, Classification of forests of India, Tropical forest, Subtropical forests, Temperate forest, Alpine vegetation of Himalayas. Differences between true temperate and Indian temperate forests.

Phenomenon of succession in forest, Nature of climax, Role of grazing and anthropogenic factors, Forest environment, climatic factors governing forest distribution, Methods of studying environmental factors in forests. Microclimate of forest, Forest soils of India, Forest Natural regeneration, Joint Forest management concept and practice.

Wildlife conservation and related legislation, Seed biology, Forest Influences, Organic matter dynamics and annual budget sheets.

M.Sc. Botany (II Semester) Elective Courses

Course Title: Forest Ecology L T P C Course Code: BOT-E-222 2 0 0 1 Suggested Laboratory Exercises

• A survey and reconnaissance of a nearby forest to have an idea of various herb, shrub and tree species.

• Sampling of the forest vegetation by quadrat method for determining density, frequency and basal area of different tree species.

• Studying forest natural regeneration.

• Study of climatic factors inside and outside a forest.

• Visits to forest of different edapho-climatic zones.

• Excursions to places of importance to forestry research, such as IIFM – Bhopal, SFRI and TFRI Jabalpur, FRI Dehra Dun etc.

Books Recommended

Prasad, R. and A.K. Kandya (1992). Handling of forestry seeds in India. Associated Publ. Co. Delhi.

Tiwari, D.N. (1995). Marketing and trade of forest produce. International book distributors, Dehra Dun.

Dwivedi, A.P. (1993). Forestry in India. International book distributors, Dehra Dun.

Negi, S.S. (1998). Forest tree seeds. International book distributors, Dehra Dun.

Negi, S.S. (2000). Joint Forest management and Peoples participation. International book distributors, Dehra Dun.

Pandeya, S.C., G.S. Puri and J.S. Singh (1985). Methods in ecological researches.

Tiwari, D.N. (1992). Tropical forestry in India. International book distributors, Dehra Dun.

Kittredge, J. (1994). Forest influences.

Gulati, N.K. (1992). A glossary of forestry terms. International book distributors, Dehra Dun.

Negi, S.S. (1986). A handbook of forestry. International book distributors, Dehra Dun.

Suri, R.K. (1984). Recent trends in forest utilization. 17

M.Sc. Botany M.Sc. II Sem

Elective Paper - Fungal Biosystematics L T P C Course code – BOT E-223 2 0 0 2

An introduction to Fungal Biosystematics and its development in Indian sub- continent.

General introduction to history of Mycology, fungal characteristics and their biological status.

Broad classification of fungi.

An introduction to field mycology- survey, collection, conservation, nomenclature and identification.

Symptomatology- various types with examples.

Broad categories of fungal diseases- leaf spots, powdery mildews, black mildews, damping off, cankers and root rots.

Recent terminologies used in the fungal biosystematics.

Dried reference collection as important resources in fungal biosystematics.

Beneficial fungi and their utilization.

Different fungal diseases found in the area.

M.Sc. Botany M.Sc. II Sem.

Elective Paper - Fungal Biosystematics Course code – BOT E-224 L T P C 2 0 0 1

Suggested Field and laboratory Exercises

Field survey for the different types of fungal symptoms.

Collection of fungal diseases and their dry and wet preservation.

Study of slides and museum specimens of fungal diseases.

Study of the collected fungi by different methods.

Study of various fungal cultures.

Preparation of Camera Lucida drawings. 19

M.Sc. Botany M.Sc. II Sem.

Elective Paper - Fungal Biosystematics

Suggested Literature

Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. 1996. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. U.S.A.

Allsopp, D., Colwell, R.R. & Hawksworth, D.L. 1995. Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Function. C.A.B. International, Wallingford, U.K.

Bessey, E.A. 1961. Morphology and Taxonomy of Fungi. Hafner. N.Y.

Dubey, H.C. 1994. An introduction to Fungi. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.

Ingold, C.T. 1992. The biology of fungi Fifth Edition. Chapman & Hall, London.

Kamal and Singh, R.P. 1993. An introduction to fungi. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.

Mehrotra, B.S. 1992. The Fungi. Today & Tomorrow’s Printers & Publishers, New Delhi.

Nair, M.C. and Balakrishnan, S. 1995. Beneficial Fungi and their utilization. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

Naqshi, A.R. 1993. An introduction to Botanical Nomenclature. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

Purkayastha, R.P. and Chandra, A. 1985. A Manual of Indian Edible Mushrooms. Jagmander Book Agency, New Delhi.

Reynolds, D.R. and Taylor, J.W. 1993. The Fungal Holomorph: Mitotic, Meiotic and Pleomorphic Speciation in Fungal Systematics, C.A.B International, U.K.

Sharma, P.D. 1995. Microbiology and Plant Pathology. Rastogi and Company, Meerut.

Swanton, E.W. 1994. An introduction to Field Mycology (Indian Ed.), Surabhi Publication, Jaipur.

Webster, J. 1970. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge University Press, London. 20

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY M.Sc. (2010-12) III Semester

(Three core course + Two Elective Courses (One Elec. From the dept.+II Elec. Form other Dept.)

Core Course S.No. Course Name of the Course Credit Code 1. BOT C 321 Molecular Biology 03 2. BOT C 322 Molecular Biology (Practical) 01 3. BOT C 323 Biochemistry 03 4. BOT C 324 Biochemistry (Practical) 01 5. BOT C 325 Plant Ecology 03 6. BOT C 326 Plant Ecology (Practical) 01

Elective Course (III Semester)

1. BOT E 321 Plant Protection 02 2. BOT E 322 Plant Protection (Practical) 01 3. BOT E 323 Applied Algal Microbiology 02 4 BOT E 324 Applied Algal Microbiology ( Practical ) 01

M.Sc. Botany - III Semester Course: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY COURSE CODE: BOT C 321 L T P C 3 0 0 3

Introduction, Overview, Origin of Molecular Biology and Its impact on Biological Sciences.

Nature of Gene: Bacterial and Viral Genetics, Pre-DNA concepts, Gene-Protein relationships, Contributions of Garrod, Beadle and Tatum, Vernon Ingram, Linus Pauling, Charles Yanofsky etc.

Gene Expression: Transcription, Overview.

Mechanism of Transcription in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Initiation, Elongation and Termination, General Transcription factors, Mediator Complex, Chromatin Remodeler, HAT, Split Genes, RNA processing, Capping, Splicing, Polyadenylation and Termination, RNA as Enzyme.

Gene Expression: Translation, Overview; Structure and function of Ribosomes, Adaptor Hypothesis, Messenger Hypothesis, Discovery and Structure of different RNAs involved in Protein Biosynthesis;

Genetic Code and its Elucidation, Central Dogma, Sequence Hypothesis, Different Models, Contributions of George Gamow, Francis Crick, Hargobind Khorana, Marshal Nierenberg, Philip Leder, H. Matthaei, Sydney Branner etc.

Gene Regulation: Overview. Gene regulation in Prokaryotes, Lac Operon, Tryptophan Operon, Lytic and Lysogenic Growth patterns in Phage λ. Gene regulation in Eukaryotes: Levels of Gene regulation, Role of Transcription factors, Hormonal regulation, Role of DNA Methylation, Genomic Imprinting, Histone Code hypothesis, Regulatory RNAs, RNA interference.

M.Sc. Botany - III Semester Course: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY COURSE CODE: BOT C 322 L T P C 0 0 1 1

Suggested Laboratory Exercises:

1. Problem solving exercises based on syllabus. 2. Model building. 3. Project and its presentation.

Suggested Readings:

M.W. Stickberger: Genetics

Clug and Cummings: Essentials of Genetics

J.D. Watson: Molecular Biology of Gene

B. Lewin: Genes VIII

Malacinski: Molecular Biology

J.D. Watson: Double Helix

M.Sc. Botany - III Semester Course: BIOCHEMISTRY COURSE CODE: BOT C 323 L T P C Thermodynamics of biological system: Laws of thermodynamics; 3 0 0 3 concept of free energy; energy transfer and redox potential;

Basics of enzymology: classification and nomenclature of enzymes; enzymes as biocatalyst; physico-chemical properties of enzymes; cofactors and coenzymes; isozymes; kinetics of enzyme action; significance of Km; regulation of enzymes activity; factors affecting enzyme activity, e.g. Temperature; pH; allesteric modification and feedback regulation.

Carbohydrates: Mono, Di, Oligo and Poly saccharides , biosynthesis of Sucrose, Starch and Cellulose.

Respiration and lipid metabolism: Overview of plant respiration, glycolysis, the TCA cycle, electron transport and ATP synthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, glyoxylate cycle, altemative oxidase system, structure and function of lipids, fatty acid biosynthesis, synthesis of membrane lipids, structural lipids and storage lipids, and their catabolism.

Nitrogen fixation, nitrogen and sulphur metabolism: Overview, biological nitrogen fixation, nodule formation and nod factors, mechanism of nitrate uptake and reduction, ammonium assimilation, sulfate uptake, transport and assimilation.

Techniques in biochemistry: Principles of light and electron microscopy; phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy; TEM and SEM; Cell fractionation producers; principles of various chromatography techniques- paper chromatography; TLC, GLC and HPLC; autoradiography and its applications:

Amino acid and Proteins : structure acid base properties optical and stereochemical properties. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures.

M.Sc. Botany - III Semester Course: BIOCHEMISTRY (Practical) COURSE CODE: BOT C 324 L T P C 0 0 1 1 Suggested laboratory excersices:

1. Enzymology: activity of catalase, invertase, amylase and urease, and effect of pH and temperature on enzyme activity. 2. Comparison of the rate of respiration of various plant parts 3. Protein estimation. 4. Carbohydrate esrtimation. 5. Nitrogenase activity. 6. Acid and alkaline acid phosphatase activity 7. Isolation and identification of Rhizobium from different plants. 8. Separation of amino acid through paper and column chromatography. 9. Study of instruments and principle of TLC, HPLC and Centrifuge, Spectrophotometer.

Suggested Readings: Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J.D. 1999. Molecular Biology of cell. Garland Publishing Co.,Inc., New York, USA. Gupta, P.K. 1999. A Text book of cell and Molecular Biology. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. Dryer, R.L. and Lata, G.F. 1989. Experimental Biochemistry. Oxford University Press, New York. Reginald H Garrett/ Charles M Grisdam 2008. Biochemistry.

M.Sc. Botany - III Semester Course: PLANT ECOLOGY COURSE CODE: BOT C 325 L T P C 3 0 0 3 Climate, soil and vegetation patterns of the world : Life zones; major biomes and major vegetation and soil types of the world.

Vegetation organization : Concepts of community and continuum; analysis of communities (analytical and synthetic characters); community coefficients; interspecific associations, ordination; concept of ecological niche.

Vegetation development : Temporal changes (cyclic and non-cyclic); mechanism of ecological succession (relay floristic and initial floristic composition; facilitation, tolerance and inhibition models); changes in ecosystem properties during succession.

Ecosystem organization : Structure and functions; primary production (methods of measurement, global pattern, controlling factors); litter fall and decomposition (mechanism, substrate quality and climatic factors); global biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P and S; mineral cycles (pathways, processes, budgets); in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Air, water and soil pollution : Kinds; sources; quality parameters; effects on plants and ecosystems.

Climate change : Greenhouse gases (CO 2, CH 4, N 2O, CFCs : sources, trends and role); ozone layer and ozone hole; consequences of climate change (CO 2 fertilization, global warming, sea level rise, UV radiation).

Ecosystem stability : Concept (resistance and resilence); ecological perturbation (natural and anthropogenic) and their impact on plants and ecosystems; ecology of plant invasion; environmental impact assessment; ecosystem restoration.

Ecological management : Concepts; sustainable development; sustainability indicators.

M.Sc. Botany - III Semester Course: PLANT ECOLOGY (Practical) COURSE CODE: BOT C 326 L T P C 0 0 1 1 Suggested Laboratory Exercises

1. Study of minimal size of the quadrat by Species- Area Curve method for studying the forest and grassland vegetation.

2. To determine minimal number of quardats by Species –Area Curve method in forest and grassland.

3. Sampling of the grassland vegetation by quadrat method for determining the density, frequency and basal cover of different species.

4. To determine diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener, concentration of dominance, species richness, equitability and B-diversity) for protected and unprotected grassland stands.

5. To estimate IVI of the species in a woodland using point centred quarter method.

6. To determine gross and net phytoplankton productivity by light and dark bottle method.

7. To determine soil moisture content, porosity and bulk density of soils collected for varying depths at different locations.

8. To determine the water holding capacity of soils collected from different locations.

9. To determine percent organic carbon and organic matter in the soils of cropland, grassland and forest.

10. To estimate the dissolved oxygen content in fresh waters by azide modification of Winkler’s method.

11. To estimate chlorophyll content in plant leaves.

12. To estimate rate of carbon dioxide evolution from different soils using soda lime or alkali absorption method.

13. To study environmental impact of given developmental activity using checklist as a EIA method. 27

M.Sc. Botany (III Semester)

Elective Courses

Course: Plant protection L T P C Course Code : BOT E 321 3 0 0 2

History of plant pathology. Classification of plant diseases. General characteristics of plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycoplasma and nematodes. General idea of symptomatology.

General principles of plant disease control:

(a) Cultural practices (b) Physical methods (c) Chemical methods (d) Biological methods

Plant quarantine

Infection process, penetration and entry by plant pathogens Dissemination of plant pathogens

Defense mechanism in plants & structural and biochemical defense role of phenolics and phyto- alexins in disease resistance. Cell wall degrading enzymes and their involvement in pathogenesis. Microbial toxins and their role in plant diseases.

A detailed study of the following diseases and their control measures: Red rot of sugarcane, Fusarial wilt, Black stem rust of wheat Citrus canker, Tundu disease of wheat Leaf curl of papaya, Yellow vein mosaic of bhindi Little leaf of brinjal Root rot of vegetables

M.Sc. Botany (III Semester)

Course Title : Plant Protection (Practical) L T P C 0 0 1 1 Course Code : BOT E 322

Suggested Laboratory Exercises

Preparation of different media for the isolation and culture of fungi from soil and diseased materials. Isolation of bacteria.

Single spore isolation and other mycological techniques.

Drawing of the conidia of fungi with the help of Camera Lucida and to determine the scale of magnification.

Measurement of conidia of fungi with the help of occular micrometer.

Collection and study of the crop diseases listed below from the local and out station fields. Each student will submit a minimum of 25 permanent and 25 temporary prepared slides alongwith practical records. A Herbarium of local disease samples should also be submitted.

Various rusts of Wheat, Rust of Linseed. Pycnidial and Aecidial stages on Barbery. Smut of Wheat. Diseases of Rice and Millets. Foot rot and leaf rot of Piper betle. Early and late blights of Potato. Red rot and Whip smut of Sugarcane. Tikka disease of Groundnut, Powdery mildews. Other important diseases of vegetable crops and fruits including diseases caused by Viruses, Bacteria, Mycoplasma and Nematodes.

Demonstration of the production of cell wall degrading enzymes. Demonstration of the production of mycotoxins. Culture and study of some common plant pathogenic fungi.

M.Sc. Botany Semester – III

L T P C Course: Applied Algal Microbiology 2 0 0 2

Course Code: BOT E 323

An introduction of Algal Microbiology and its scope.

History of Phycology, Algal characteristics and their biological status.

Classification of algae

Different criteria for classification: Algal pigments, Reserve food & Flagella.

Distribution of algal forms in different habitats.

Beneficial algae and their utilization.

Applied Phycology :

Uses of algae and their products,

Fodder and Fertilizer.

Phyco-colloids,

Energy and Chemicals, Hydrogen production.

Algae and Medicine; Medical uses of Alginates.

Pollutant cleaning

Wasteland Reclamation

Phycomineralization

Importance in Municipal water supplies

Seaweeds as human and Animal feed

M.Sc. Botany

Semester – III

L T P C Course: Applied Algal Microbiology (Practical) 0 0 1 1

Course Code: BOT E 324

Suggested Field and Laboratory Exercise :

Field survey for different types of algal forms.

Collection of algal forms from Terrestrial & Aquatic habitats.

Study of different culture media, culturing techniques etc.

Camera-lucida drawing, measurements and identification.

Study of the collected algal forms by different methods.

Application of algal forms on the growth of different plants.

Suggested Literature :

1. Bold, H.C. and Wynne, M.J. Introduction to the Algae : Structure and reproduction, Prentice, Hall, Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey (1975). 2. Lee, R.E. Phycology, Cambridge University Press, London (1980). 3. Round, F.E., The Biology of the Algae, 2 nd Eds., Edward Arhold, London (1973). 4. Palmer, C.M. Algae and Water pollution, Castle House Publications, London (1980). 5. Akatsuka, I, (ed.) Introduction to Applied Phycology SPB Academic Publishing, The Hagne (1991). 6. Carr N.G. and Whitton, B.A. (eds.). The Biology of Cyanobacteria, Blackwell, Oxford (1982). 7. Kumar, H.D. (ed.). Phycotalk, Vols., I and II Rastogi Publications, Meerut (1989, 1990). 8. Venkataraman, G.S. Algal Biofertilizers and Rice Cultivation. Today and Tomorrow’s is Printers and Publishers. New Delhi (1972). 9. Kumar, H.D., Introductory Phycology, Afflliated East-West-Press Private limited, New Delhi. 10. Fritsch, F.E. The structure and Reproduction of the Algae Vol.-I. Cambridge University Press, London (1935). 11. Desikachary, T.V. Cyanophyta. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi (1959).

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

M.Sc. (2010-12) IV Semester

(Three core course + Two Elective Courses (One Elec. from the dept.+ Second Elec. form other Dept.)

Core Course S.No. Course Name of the Course Credit Code 1. BOT C 421 Genetic Engineering 03 2. BOT C 422 Genetic Engineering (Practical) 01 3. BOT C 423 Biotechnology 03 4. BOT C 424 Biotechnology (Practical) 01 5. BOT C 425 Forestry Seed Technology 03 6. BOT C 426 Forestry Seed Technology (Practical) 01

Elective Course (IV Semester)

1. BOT E 421 Limnology 02 2. BOT E 422 Limnology (Practical) 01 32

M.Sc. Botany - IV Semester

Course: Genetic Engineering COURSE CODE: BOT C 421 L T P C 3 0 0 3

General introduction

Recombinant DNA technology: An overview, Gene cloning: tools and techniques; Vectors: Plasmids and bacteriophages; purification of plasmid, bacteriophage and cell DNA. Manipulation of DNA, DNA manipulative enzymes, Restriction mapping, Gel electrophoresis, blotting, DNA sequencing, DNA libraries, PCR, Expression vectors. Microbial genetic manipulation : Bacterial transformation, selection of transformants and recombinants, genetic improvement of microbes: nitrogen fixation in plants, biocontrol of pathogens, siderophores, antibiotics and enzymes, plant growth promoting bacteria, microbial insecticides. Genetic engineering of plants: Aims and strategies for development of transgenics, Agrobacterium – the natural genetic engineer, Ti-plasmid, Ri-plasmid, T-DNA and transposon mediated gene tagging, Chloroplast transformation alternative DNA delivery methods and its role in plant transformation. Genomics and proteomics : Genetic and physical mapping of genes, molecular markers for introgression of useful traits, artificial chromosomes, high throughout sequencing, genome projects, bioinformatics, functional genomics, microarrays, protein profiling and its significance. Applications : Development of insect, herbicide, fungus and bacterial resistant plants, genetic manipulation of flower pigmentation.

M.Sc. Botany - IV Semester

Course: Genetic Engineering (Practical) COURSE CODE: BOT C 422 L T P C 0 0 1 1

Suggested laboratory exercises:

• Familiarizing students with lab set up and instrumentation. • Growth characteristics of E. coli using plating and turbidimetric methods. • Isolation of plasmid from E. Coli by alkaline lysis method and its quantification spectrophotometrically • Restriction digestion of the plasmid and estimation of the size of various DNA fragments. • Cloning of a DNA fragments in a plasmid vector, transformation of the given bacterial population and selection of recombinants. • Demonstration of siderophore production by microbes. • Demonstration of Phosphate solubilizing activity of microbes. • Isolation, culture of Rhizobia and demonstration of their nodulation and nitrogen fixing potential.

Suggested Readings:

• Gustofson J.P. 2000Genimes. Kluwer Academic Pub. NY, USA • Old R.W. and Primrose S.B. 1989 Principal of gene manipulation, Blackwell pub. Oxford, U.K. • Hackett et al ., 1988. An introduction to recombinant DNA techniques: Basic experiments in gene manipulation, The Benjamin/Cummings pub. California, USA. • Glick and Pasternak (Latest ed.) Molecular biotechnology: Principles and Application of recombinant DNA technology. • Glick, B.R. and Thompson, J.E. 1993 Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CRC Press, Bocas Raton, Florida. • Sambrook and Russel (Latest ed.) Gene cloning. • Brown, T.A. (Latest ed.) Gene cloning: An introduction

M.Sc. Botany - IV Semester

Course: Biotechnology L T P C COURSE CODE: BOT C 423 3 0 0 3

Biotechnology: Basic concepts, principles and scope

Plant Cell and Tissue Culture : General introduction, history, scope, concept of cellular differentiation, and totipotency.

Organogenesis and adventives embryogenesis : Fundamental aspects of morphogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and production of haploid plants, androgenesis, mechanisms, techniques and utility.

Somatic Hybridization: Protoplast isolation, fusion and culture, hybrid selection and regeneration, possibilities, achievements and limitation of protoplast research.

Applications of plant tissue culture: Clonal propagation, artificial seed, production of hybrids and somaclones, production of secondary metabolites/natural products, cryopreservation and germplasm storage.

Intellectual property rights, ecological and ethical concerns.

M.Sc. Botany - IV Semester Course: Biotechnology (Practical) COURSE CODE: BOT C 424 L T P C 0 0 1 1 Suggested laboratory exercises:

• Introduction and awareness of lab safety measures. • Study of sterilization of explants and working place. • Demonstration of androgenesis in Datura. • Isolation of protoplasts from various plant tissues and testing their viability. • Effect of physical (temperature) and chemical (osmoticum) factors on protoplast yield. • Demonstration of protoplast fusion employing PEG. • Study of Organogenesis. • Somatic embryogenesis using appropriate explants. • Preparation of artificial seed.

M.Sc. Botany - IV Semester

Course: Forestry Seed Technology COURSE CODE: BOT C 425 L T P C 3 0 0 3

Definition and importance of Seed in the life of a plant and huge plantation programs of afforestation and reforestation, Formation of seed from the ovule, Morphological structure-Radiospermic seeds. Platyspermic seeds; Unitegmic and Bitegmic seeds, Endospermic, Non-endospermic and Perispermic seeds, (Albuminous and non- albuminous seeds); Winged seeds.

Basic properties of seeds – Vitality, Viability and Vigour, Seed variability – External variations, Internal Variations, Chemical variations, Physiological variation, Recalcitrant and Orthodox seeds, Macrobiotic, Mesobiotic and Microbiotic seeds, Seed germination Hypogeal, Epigeal, Semi-hypogeal, Cryptogeal, Durian and Viviparous; Photoblastism – Positively & Negatively photoblastic seeds, Photoblastic neutral, Factors affecting seed germination.

Purity of Seeds, Insert attacked seed, Hollow seeds without embryo, Immature seeds having green cotyledons, seed maturity, Index based on fruit colour and seed colour. Seed Dormancy – External and Internal dormancy, Physical, Physiological, Chemical and Biological dormancy, Double dormancy (Morpho-Physiological); Induced / Secondary dormancy, Methods of breaking seed dormancy, Pre-sowing treatments (pretreatments), Hot-water treatment, Physical and Chemical scarification, Acid treatment, After-ripening, heating the seeds, stratification.

Seed Testing : Test for Vitality, Viability and Vigour, Field tests, Laboratory tests, Cutting test, Biochemical tests. X-ray readiographic test, Electrical conductivity test, Catalare activity test, Floating test, Excised embryo test, Triphenyl Terazolium chloride staining test, Germination capacity, Germination energy, Germination Velocity Index (GVI); Germination Value (GV) : Seedling mortality.

Seed storage, Short term storage, Long term storage, storage containers and storage conditions, Cold storage, protection of stored seeds from pests and diseases, Insect infested seeds, Application of Insecticides and pesticides, Seed certification, Seed Banking and Seed trading, Seed collection, Artificial production of high quality seeds. Seed stands, Seed Production Areas. Clonal and Seedling seed orchards, Elite/Plus trees, Artificial seeds or embryoids. 36

M.Sc. Botany - IV Semester

Course: Forestry Seed Technology COURSE CODE: BOT C 426 L T P C 3 0 0 1 Suggested Practical Exercises :

• Morphological and anatomical features of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous seeds.

• Determination of purity of a seed sample, Seed dimensions, Seed weight, Seed colour.

• Germination behavior of seeds – Germination potential, Germination Velocity Index, Germination Value, Germination energy, Mortality, Plant percent, Reproductive capacity of a species.

• Seed viability tests, Physical tests – Cutting test, Floatation test, Biochemical test, Tetrazolium staining Test, Catalase activity test, Excised embryo test.

• Seed storage containers and conditions, Seed processing, de-winging and de- pulping.

Books Recommended

Prasad, R. and A.K. Kandya (1992). Handling of forestry seeds in India. Associated Publishing Co. Karol Bagh, New Delhi, P. 420.

Barton, L.V. (1961). Seed preservation and longvity. Leonard Hill Publication, London, P. 216

Justice, O. L. and L. N. Bass (1979) Principles and practices of seed storage. Castle House Publication Ltd. London, P. 275.

Kozlowski, T.T. (1972) Seed Biology Vol. I, II and III, Academic Press, New York . P.317.

Hyedecker, W. (Ed.) (1973) Seed Ecology, Butterworth Publication, London, P. 462

ISTA (1985). International rules for seed testing. Seed Sci. and Technology, 13 (2) : 299- 520

Thompson, J.R. (Ed) (1981) Recent advances in research and technology of seeds Vol. 1- 6 Centre for agricultural publishing and documentation. Wageningen, Holland.

Khan, A.A. (1982) The Physiology and biochemistry of seed dormancy, development and germination. Elsevier Bio-medical Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, P. 579.

M.Sc. Botany (IV Semester) Elective Course

L T P C Elective Paper – Limnology 2 0 0 2

Course code- BOT E 421

Introduction: Definition and Scope of Limnology; Water in the Biosphere; Classification and origin of Lakes.

Chemical properties: Hydrogen-ion concentration, Dissolved gases in freshwater- Nitrogen and Phosphorus cycles in freshwater lakes.

Ecological classification of freshwater organisms: Nature and distribution of Phytoplankton, Macropyhytes and Zooplankton communities.

Concept of Productivity: Seasonal variation, Primary productivity in freshwater lakes, Estimation of Primary Productivity.

Food Chains, Food webs, Trophic levels and Energy flow in freshwater ecosystems.

Entrophication : Causes, mechanism and significance, Management of freshwater bodies.

M.Sc. Botany M.Sc. IV Semester. L T P C Elective Paper – Limnology (Practical) 0 0 1 1

Course code- BOT E 422 Suggested Laboratory Exercises

1. Construction of morphometric maps of aquatic systems. 2. Measurement of transparency and temperature. 3. Analysis of different dissolved gases : Dissolved oxygen and Carbondioxide. 4. Analysis of lake water for bicarbonates, carbonates, total alkalinity, chlorides etc. 5. Sampling of phytoplankton and their qualitative and quantitative analysis. 6. Sampling of periphytes and macrophytes, and their qualitative and quantitative analysis. 7. Sampling of Zooplankton and their qualitative and quantitative analysis. 8. Primary production : Experiment-in-situ by light and dark bottle method. 9. Short term productivity experiments for the understanding of diel variation in aquatic ecosystems. 10. Analysis of sediments for benthic fauna and flora.

Suggested Literature

1. Adoni, A.D. et al. 1985. Workbook on Limnology. Pratibha Pub. Sagar 216 p. 2. APHA 1981. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste water. American Public Health Association, Washington. 3. Arber, A. 1920. Water Plants. Cambridge University Press. 4. Barnes, A.K. and K.H. Mann, 1980. Fundamentals of Aquatic Ecosystems. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford. 5. Brown, A.L. 1971. Ecology of Fresh Water. Heinemann, London, 129 p. 6. Cole G.A., 1979. Text book of Limnology. 2 nd ed C.V. Mosby Co. Toronto, 426 p. 7. De, A.K., 1989. Environmental Chemistry. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi. 8. Goldman, C.R. and A.J. Horne, 1983. Limnology. McGraw Hill Inc. Tokyo, 464 p. 9. Golterman H.L., 1975. Physiological Limnology. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 489 p. 10. Hutchinson G.E. 1957. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. I,II,III, John Wiley & Sons, NY. 11. Mackereth, F.J.H., 1963. Some methods of water Analysis for Limnologists. Fresh Water Biological Association. Scientific Publication, No. 21, Ambleside England. 12. Mackereth, F.J.H., J. Heron and J.F. Talling. 1978. Water Analysis : Some Revised Methods for Limnologists. Freshwater Biological Association, Sci. Pub. No. 36. 13. Moss, B., 1980. Ecology of fresh waters. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 417 p. 14. Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. 3 rd ed. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia. 15. Ruttner, F., 1963. Fundamentals of Limnology, 3rd Edn. University of Toronto Press, Canada, 295 p. 16. Schwoerbel, I. 1987. Handbook of Limnology. Gustav fisher, Verlag. 17. Strickland J.D.H. and T.R. Parson. 1972. A Practical Handbook of Sea Water Analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa. 18. Subramanyam, K. 1962. Aquatic Angiosperms C.S.I.R., New Delhi. 19. Welch, P.S. 1935. Limnology. McGraw Hill Co. N.Y., 472 p. 20. Welch, P.S. 1948. Limnological methods. Philadelphia, Blakiston Co. 381p. 21. Wetzel, R.G. 1975. Limnology0. W.B. Saunders Co., Phildalelphia, 743 p.