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Link Characteristics and Performance Telecommunications Satellite Communications Link Characteristics and Performance Courseware Sample 86312-F0 Order no.: 86312-10 First Edition Revision level: 07/2015 By the staff of Festo Didactic © Festo Didactic Ltée/Ltd, Quebec, Canada 2014 Internet: www.festo-didactic.com e-mail: [email protected] Printed in Canada All rights reserved ISBN 978-2-89640-419-3 (Printed version) ISBN 978-2-89747-103-3 (CD-ROM) Legal Deposit – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2014 Legal Deposit – Library and Archives Canada, 2014 The purchaser shall receive a single right of use which is non-exclusive, non-time-limited and limited geographically to use at the purchaser's site/location as follows. The purchaser shall be entitled to use the work to train his/her staff at the purchaser's site/location and shall also be entitled to use parts of the copyright material as the basis for the production of his/her own training documentation for the training of his/her staff at the purchaser's site/location with acknowledgement of source and to make copies for this purpose. In the case of schools/technical colleges, training centers, and universities, the right of use shall also include use by school and college students and trainees at the purchaser's site/location for teaching purposes. The right of use shall in all cases exclude the right to publish the copyright material or to make this available for use on intranet, Internet and LMS platforms and databases such as Moodle, which allow access by a wide variety of users, including those outside of the purchaser's site/location. Entitlement to other rights relating to reproductions, copies, adaptations, translations, microfilming and transfer to and storage and processing in electronic systems, no matter whether in whole or in part, shall require the prior consent of Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG. Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Festo Didactic. The Festo materials described in this document are furnished under a license agreement or a nondisclosure agreement. Festo Didactic recognizes product names as trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Other trademarks and trade names may be used in this document to refer to either the entity claiming the marks and names or their products. Festo Didactic disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and trade names other than its own. Safety and Common Symbols The following safety and common symbols may be used in this manual and on the equipment: Symbol Description DANGER indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. WARNING indicates a hazard with a medium level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. CAUTION indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury. CAUTION used without the Caution, risk of danger sign , indicates a hazard with a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in property damage. Caution, risk of electric shock Caution, hot surface Caution, risk of danger Caution, lifting hazard Caution, hand entanglement hazard Notice, non-ionizing radiation Direct current Alternating current Both direct and alternating current Three-phase alternating current Earth (ground) terminal © Festo Didactic 86312-10 III Safety and Common Symbols Symbol Description Protective conductor terminal Frame or chassis terminal Equipotentiality On (supply) Off (supply) Equipment protected throughout by double insulation or reinforced insulation In position of a bi-stable push control Out position of a bi-stable push control IV © Festo Didactic 86312-10 Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................. XI About This Manual .............................................................................................. XIII To the Instructor .................................................................................................. XV List of Equipment Required ............................................................................... XVII Introduction Characterizing a Communications Link ..................................... 1 DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS ....................................................... 1 Communications inks ............................................................... 1 Measurements and sources of error ........................................ 1 Instrument uncertainties ............................................................. 2 Measurement inaccuracies ......................................................... 2 Environmental factors ................................................................. 2 Exercise 1 Power Gain and Antenna Parameters ........................................ 3 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 3 Power gain ............................................................................... 3 Antennas .................................................................................. 5 Field regions ............................................................................... 8 Solid angles ................................................................................ 8 Radiation intensity .................................................................... 10 Directive gain and directivity .................................................. 11 Power density and the inverse-square law ............................ 12 Radiation pattern and beamwidth .......................................... 14 Beam solid angle ...................................................................... 19 Shortcut for calculating the beam solid angle ........................... 20 Efficiency ................................................................................ 20 Effective aperture ................................................................... 21 Antenna gain .......................................................................... 22 Gain of a pyramidal horn antenna ............................................ 23 Electrical size ........................................................................... 25 Gain of a parabolic antenna ..................................................... 26 Shortcut for calculating the gain of a dish antenna from the frequency and the diameter ...................................................... 26 The relationship between gain and beamwidth ........................ 28 Shortcut for calculating the beamwidth of a dish antenna ........ 28 Shortcut for calculating the gain of a dish antenna from the beamwidth ................................................................................ 28 General rules for aperture antennas ......................................... 28 Measuring antenna gain ........................................................... 29 Polarization ............................................................................ 29 The Satellite Communications Training System .................... 30 Horn antenna polarization ........................................................ 30 Frequencies used in the system ............................................... 32 Power Sensors ......................................................................... 32 Power measurements ............................................................... 33 © Festo Didactic 86312-10 V Table of Contents PROCEDURE ................................................................................... 34 System startup ....................................................................... 34 Connection Diagrams ............................................................... 35 Power gain ............................................................................. 36 Aligning the antennas ............................................................... 38 Feed-line loss ........................................................................... 39 Gain of the repeater .................................................................. 44 Gain of Down Converter 2 ........................................................ 49 Antenna gain .......................................................................... 50 Gain of the large-aperture horn antenna at the uplink frequency .................................................................................. 51 Gain of the small-aperture horn antenna versus downlink frequency .................................................................................. 54 Gain of the large-aperture horn antenna versus downlink frequency .................................................................................. 58 Effective aperture and efficiency ............................................... 62 Beamwidth and radiation pattern ........................................... 62 3 dB beamwidth ........................................................................ 64 Radiation pattern ...................................................................... 65 Polarization isolation .............................................................. 69 Exercise 2 Losses, Radiated Power and Receiver Input Power ............... 71 DISCUSSION ................................................................................... 71 Effective isotropic radiated
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