DOCSLIB.ORG

Lake Pyhäjärvi, SW Finland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lake Pyhäjärvi, SW Finland Quantifying the Groundwater Component within the Water Balance of a Large Lake in a Glaciated Watershed: Lake Pyhäjärvi, SW Finland by Andrew James Wiebe A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Earth Sciences Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2012 ©Andrew James Wiebe 2012 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Accurate estimates of the amount of groundwater entering a lake on a yearly basis may provide valuable information for assessing contaminant loadings such as nutrient mass fluxes and the subsequent contribution of groundwater to eutrophication. Groundwater exchange with lakes is often a critical component of a lake’s water balance, yet its quantification has often proven problematic. Large component uncertainties preclude accurate estimation of the groundwater flux, upon which the assessment of contaminant loadings may depend. In this study, water balance techniques for lake systems were assessed at Lake Pyhäjärvi (near Säkylä, SW Finland), a relatively large lake in a long established agricultural area. A water balance was conducted over 38 water years to estimate the net groundwater discharge into the lake. This was compared with groundwater flux estimates via Darcy’s Law for the adjacent Honkala Aquifer in the Kuivalahti-Säkylä tributary esker (a potential conduit for groundwater impacted by agricultural practices). Direct runoff estimates were initially made using an average of river flow per unit area ratios from the two rivers that flow into the lake. Adjustments to these estimates were made using PART (Rutledge, 2007) hydrograph separation results from the larger river. The mean net groundwater discharge increased from -73 to +38mm per unit lake area (-4.8 to +2.5% of average total inflow) due to these adjustments, which yielded a better qualitative match with observations at the lake (e.g., Rautio, 2009; Rautio and Korkka-Niemi, 2011). Uncertainty analysis for the water balance indicated that relative uncertainty ranged from 40 to 2900% on the net groundwater flux, while the average absolute uncertainty was 118mm per unit lake area. Groundwater discharge estimates based on Darcy’s Law were ≤ 22 mm per unit lake area (≤1.4% of average total inflow) with sizeable uncertainty (± one order of magnitude). Most of the uncertainty on the net groundwater discharge estimates was incurred from the evaporation, precipitation, and direct runoff components; esker flux uncertainty was essentially due to error on the hydraulic conductivity estimate. The resolution of the water balance method suggests that it is better suited to lakes with relatively large net groundwater contributions (>5% of average total inflow). Results highlight the following needs for large lake water balances: improvements in the accuracy of evaporation, precipitation, and direct runoff component estimates; and uncertainty analysis. Groundwater contributions to inflow rivers may be more important than direct discharge from highly permeable subsurface materials adjacent to lakes in the context of understanding nutrient loadings to large lakes. iii Acknowledgements This research was a collaborative effort between the University of Helsinki and Pyhäjärvi Institute, with funding provided by the Maa- ja Vesitekniikan Tuki RY Foundation, Pyhäjärven suojelurahasto, and the University of Waterloo (which provided funding through Research and Teaching Assistantships). There are many professors, students, researchers, Pyhäjärvi area residents, and friends to thank for their assistance in my research. I would like to thank Dr. Dave Rudolph for initially connecting me with Dr. Kirsti Korkka-Niemi and providing the opportunity to travel to Finland to conduct research at Lake Pyhäjärvi that was a prelude to this thesis. I have appreciated Dave’s ―big picture‖ view of the scientific and societal implications of water research. Thank you to Dr. Korkka Niemi, who provided an interesting project and welcomed me to Finland during my two visits. Thanks to Dr. Brewster Conant, Jr., who visited the field site, provided valuable feedback, and was a member of my committee. Dave, Kirsti, and Brewster all provided valuable insight during our meetings. I'm also grateful to Dr. J.P. Jones for being on my committee. Anne Rautio helped me to get oriented to the Turku and Helsinki campuses and answered my many questions. Henriikka Kivilä played a key role during field work, interviewing residents of the area around the lake, translating their knowledge and anecdotes into English for me, assisting with surveying, and chauffeuring me around the lake. Pyhäjärvi Institute researchers Marjo Tarvainen and Teija Kirkkala shared their knowledge of the lake. Officials and researchers at FMI, SYKE, Varsinais-Suomen Ympäristökeskus, and Säkylän kunnanvirasto provided helpful information and data. Residents around Lake Pyhäjärvi allowed us to measure water levels in their wells, shared their knowledge and stories, and offered hospitality. I would especially like to thank the Kivimäkis. Thanks to all the donors who contributed to the 2010 R.N. Farvolden Scholarship. Friends, colleagues, and family have been a great support via Crokinole challenges, sharing meals together, road hockey and soccer games, invitations to visit, and relaxing vacations from study. Thanks to Reynold Chow, Brent Lazenby, Nickie Unonius, Vahid Sohrabi, Marcelo Sousa, Steve Frey, and other colleagues for the many discussions and coffee breaks. Thanks to Inka Vesala, Vilhelm Lindholm, Rami Rekola, and Lihua Sun, who provided accommodation during the 2010 field season. Inka also assisted with some translations. Kiitos! iv Dedication To the Creator, who also walked along the lakeshore. v Table of Contents AUTHOR'S DECLARATION ............................................................................................................... ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... iv Dedication .............................................................................................................................................. v Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ x List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ xi Chapter 1 - Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Thesis Organization ..................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2 - Background ......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Groundwater and Lakes ............................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Eutrophication .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Water Balance .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.4 Field Study Site ............................................................................................................................ 7 2.4.1 Lake Pyhäjärvi, SW Finland ................................................................................................. 7 2.4.2 Water in the Watershed ......................................................................................................... 8 2.4.3 Climate .................................................................................................................................. 9 2.4.4 Bedrock Geology ................................................................................................................ 10 2.4.5 Quaternary Geology ............................................................................................................ 11 2.4.6 Eskers .................................................................................................................................. 13 2.4.7 Surficial Geology ................................................................................................................ 14 2.4.8 Watershed Topography ....................................................................................................... 15 2.4.9 Hydrogeology ..................................................................................................................... 15 2.4.10 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Satakunta Region's Futures Exercises in Practice
    The Satakunta Region´s Futures exercises in practice Tuula Hermunen Regional Council of Satakunta FUTUREG CONFERENCE Sligo 9.10.2007 Satakunta region • Located on the West Coast of Finland • Population 230,000 – Main towns: Pori (76,200), Rauma, Ulvila, Kankaanpää, Huittinen, Eura, Kokemäki – 26 municipalities – 3 sub-regions • Area 8,300 km2 Corner Stones of the local economy • Metal Industry (Heavy engineering, offshore, automation) • Energy production • Process industry • Ports and logistics • Food industry (eg. Poultry) • Forestry industry Employment • 12,000 companies employing 54,000 workers • Unemployment 11.2% (21.7% 1995) Culture and history 2 Unesco World Heritage sites: - Old Rauma wooden town - Lappi’s Hill tomb from the Bronze Age Various music and other cultural events: - Pori Jazz - Rauma Lace Week etc. Satakunta 2035 SATAKUNTA Karvia • Objectives Honkajoki Merikarvia Siikainen Kankaanpää • The Futures Process Jämijärvi Pomarkku • Stakeholders involved Noormarkku Lavia PORI Pori Ulvila Kiikoinen • Future Tools used Luvia Nakkila Harjavalta Kokemäki • Results gained Eurajoki Kiukainen Huittinen Rauma Köyliö Lappi Kodisjoki Vampula • General thoughts Säkylä Eura Vaasa FINLAND 193 km SATAKUNTA 115 km Tampere 138 km 242 km Turku Helsinki SATAKUNTALIITTO The objectives were • to identify focus areas of major importance, • to gain insight on alternative development paths in the regionally relevant focus areas, • to rise awareness among the public about regional planning and foresight processes, • to let the public identify alternative
    [Show full text]
  • Lake and Mire Isolation Data Set for the Estimation of Post-Glacial Land Uplift in Fennoscandia
    Lake and mire isolation data set for the estimation of post-glacial land uplift in Fennoscandia Jari Pohjola1, Jari Turunen1, and Tarmo Lipping1 1Tampere University, Pohjoisranta 11 A, Pori, Finland Correspondence to: Jari Pohjola (jari.pohjola@tuni.fi) Abstract. Postglacial land uplift is a complex process related to the continental ice retreat that took place about 10,000 years ago and thus started the viscoelastic response of the Earth’s crust to rebound back to its equilibrium state. To empirically model the land uplift process based on past behavior of shoreline displacement, data points of known spatial location, elevation and dating are needed. Such data can be obtained by studying the isolation of lakes and mires from the sea. Archaeological data 5 on human settlements (i.e., human remains, fireplaces etc.) are also very useful as the settlements were indeed situated on dry land and were often located close to the coast. This information can be used to validate and update the postglacial land uplift model. In this paper, a collection of data underlying empirical land uplift modelling in Fennoscandia is presented. The data set is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.905352 (Pohjola et al., 2019). 1 Introduction 10 Holocene land uplift has been known to people living along the shores of the northern Baltic Sea for centuries. Land uplift is a consequence of the Weichselian stadial and the massive ice layer that covered the Northern Europe from the British Isles to the proximity of Ural mountains in Russia. Heavy ice load pressed the Earth’s crust down during the Weichselian period and when the ice started to melt at the beginning of the post-Weichselian or the Holocene period, the crust began to rebound to its equilibrium state.
    [Show full text]
  • Contacts and Networks in the Baltic Sea Region
    11 CROSSING BOUNDARIES Bertell, Frog & Willson (eds) Contacts and Networks in the Baltic Sea Region Sea Baltic the in Networks and Contacts Edited by Maths Bertell, Frog, and Kendra Willson Contacts and Networks in the Baltic Sea Region Austmarr as a Northern mare nostrum, ca. 500-1500 ad FOR PRIVATE AND NON-COMMERCIAL USE AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS Contacts and Networks in the Baltic Sea Region FOR PRIVATE AND NON-COMMERCIAL USE AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS Crossing Boundaries Turku Medieval and Early Modern Studies The series from the Turku Centre for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (TUCEMEMS) publishes monographs and collective volumes placed at the intersection of disciplinary boundaries, introducing fresh connections between established fields of study. The series especially welcomes research combining or juxtaposing different kinds of primary sources and new methodological solutions to deal with problems presented by them. Encouraged themes and approaches include, but are not limited to, identity formation in medieval/early modern communities and the analysis of texts and other cultural products as a communicative process comprising shared symbols and meanings. Series Editor Matti Peikola, University of Turku, Finland Editorial Board Matti Peikola, Department of Modern Languages, University of Turku (Editor- in-chief) Janne Harjula, Adjunct Professor of Historical Archaeology, University of Turku Johanna Ilmakunnas, Acting Professor of Finnish History, School of History, Culture and Arts Studies, University of Turku Hemmo Laiho, Postdoctoral Researchers, Department of Philosophy, University of Turku Satu Lidman, Adjunct Professor of History of Criminal law, Faculty of Law/Legal History, University of Turku Aino Mäkikalli, Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Comparative Literature, University of Turku Kirsi-Maria Nummila, Adjunct Professor of Finnish language, University of Turku; University Lecturer of Finnish, University of Helsinki.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of a Seminar on Sea Level Displacement and Bedrock Uplift, 10-11 June 2010, Pori, Finland
    Working Report 2011-07 Proceedings of a Seminar on Sea Level Displacement and Bedrock Uplift, 10-11 June 2010, Pori, Finland Editors: Ari T. K. Ikonen Tarmo Lipping January 2011 POSIVA OY Olkiluoto FI-27160 EURAJOKI, FINLAND Tel +358-2-8372 31 Fax +358-2-8372 3709 Working Report 2011-07 Proceedings of a Seminar on Sea Level Displacement and Bedrock Uplift, 10-11 June 2010, Pori, Finland Editors: Ari T. K. Ikonen Posiva Oy Tarmo Lipping Tampere University of Technology Pori Unit January 2011 Base maps: ©National Land Survey, permission 41/MML/11 Working Reports contain information on work in progress or pending completion. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of author(s) and do not necessarily coincide with those of Posiva. ABSTRACT This working report is the proceedings of a seminar on Sea level displacement and bedrock uplift held on 10-11 June 2010 in Pori, Finland. The seminar included invited oral presentations, as well as poster presentations, addressing the causes and mechanisms, observations, modelling and implications of the sea level change and crustal uplift still continuing after the last glaciation in the Baltic Sea region. In the proceedings, a total of 14 papers are included, in addition to foreword and a summary of seminar discussions. Keywords: land uplift, post-glacial crustal rebound, global isostatic adjustment, sea level change, GIS modelling, radiocarbon dating, historical maps, archaeological findings, landscape reconstruction. Seminaari merenpinnan muutoksesta ja kallioperän kohoamisesta TIIVISTELMÄ Tähän työraporttiin on koostettu Porissa 10.-11. kesäkuuta 2010 pidetyn seminaarin "Sea level displacement and bedrock uplift" kirjallinen anti 14 seminaaripaperin, alkusanojen ja keskustelujen yhteenvedon muodossa.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Bothnian Sea Shore-Level Displacement Data and Use of a GIS Tool to Estimate Isostatic Uplift
    Working Report 2009-17 Review of Bothnian Sea Shore-Level Displacement Data and Use of a GIS Tool to Estimate Isostatic Uplift Arto Vuorela Teea Penttinen Anne-Maj Lahdenperä February 2009 POSIVA OY Olkiluoto FI-27160 EURAJOKI, FINLAND Tel +358-2-8372 31 Fax +358-2-8372 3709 Working Report 2009-17 Review of Bothnian Sea Shore-Level Displacement Data and Use of a GIS Tool to Estimate Isostatic Uplift Arto Vuorela Teea Penttinen Anne-Maj Lahdenperä Pöyry Environment Oy February 2009 Base maps: ©National Land Survey, permission 41/MML/09 Working Reports contain information on work in progress or pending completion. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of author(s) and do not necessarily coincide with those of Posiva. Review of Bothnian Sea Shore-Level Displacement Data And Use of a GIS Tool to Estimate Isostatic Uplift ABSTRACT The aim and approach of the study were to produce source data estimates necessary for modelling the future biosphere. The study updated the list of 14C datings of sea-level index points, which show when lakes and mires were isolated from the Baltic Sea due to isostatic uplift. The study concentrated on the Bothnian Sea, especially the Olkiluoto area. The older Finnish datings (a list of 260 sea-level index points determined in 1995) were checked and revised as needed. New data was available for 56 Finnish and 41 Swedish index points. State-of-the-art 14C calibration methods were applied. Various available data were used to estimate the parameters of the glacio-isostatic uplift model's slow component.
    [Show full text]
  • English Language
    UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 22nd session, New York, 20-29 April 2004 Item 17 of the provisional agenda TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES FOR MAP EDITORS AND OTHER EDITORS FINLAND * Fourth, revised edition 2004 * Prepared by Sirkka Paikkala (Research Institute for the Languages of Finland) in collaboration with the National Land Survey of Finland (Teemu Leskinen) and the Geographical Society of Finland (Kerkko Hakulinen). The first version of this paper, prepared by Eeva Maria Närhi, was published in the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, Vol. II, Technical Papers, Geneva, 24 August - 14 September 1982 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E/F/S.86.I.21). The second version, revised by E. M. Närhi, was presented to the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names at its - 1 - seventeenth session (New York, 13-24 June 1994). The third, revised version, prepared by Sirkka Paikkala in collaboration with the National Land Survey of Finland, was presented to the Seventh United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names (New York, 13-22 1998, E/CONF. 91/L. 17). SUMMARY Finland is officially a bilingual country. According to the constitution, Finnish and Swedish are its national languages and official state languages. In 1991, the Saami speakers also were granted the right to use their language when contacting the authorities. Both the national languages and Saami are written with variants of the Roman alphabet. The Finnish alphabet, its pronunciation and its use in geographical names are described, as well as the Saami alphabet and its pronunciation. The Swedish used in Finland does not differ essentially from the Swedish used in Sweden except fo r pronunciation (see Toponymic Guidelines – Sweden).
    [Show full text]
  • Eurajoki Is an Entity Worth Experiencing!
    EN Eurajoki is an entity worth experiencing! Publisher Eurajoki tourist office Welcome to Eurajoki! Layout AD Twist Ky Eurajoki, with its 9500 inhabitants, is a Jaana Kurvinen municipality full of life by the sea in the region of Satakunta. Eurajoki fascinates Print Eura Print 2018 with its diverse options for tourists. There is a lot to see and experience in Eurajoki; thrilling experiences, interesting attractions and an active life. A unique culture with mansions and a down-to- earth life by the sea is a genuine delight. The fresh sea wind draws you to the bay to enjoy the closeness of the sea. The stunning nature sites invite you to find a refreshed mind with peace and quiet. The local cultural heritage, the history and the cultural destinations unveil an interesting story from the past and the present. The many entertaining events welcome you to the life in Eurajoki. Eurajoki is the perfect size for a day visit, but there is enough to see and experience after that as well. Eurajoki is an entity worth experiencing! 2 A guide makes the tourist feel like a royal! It is worth visiting the destinations in croft, are put to work as it was done Eurajoki together with a professional in the 1930’s, followed by coffee with guide, or you can choose to do a traditional crackers, of course. tour at your own pace. The guides of The Välimaa croft and the Vuojoki Eurajoki offer professional, diverse, mansion also have their own guided and interesting guiding services. tours for children. You can book a You can book the guide for only one guided tour in the following languages: destination or for the whole day.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Jaakko Raunamaa University of Helsinki The distribution of village names based on pre-Christian Finnic personal names in the northern Baltic Sea area The article studies pre-Christian Finnic anthroponyms and their spread in the northern Baltic Sea area at the end of Middle Ages (c. AD 1520). This is done by analysing village names based on pre-Christian Finnic personal name ele- ments. The primary research material consists of various editions of docu- ments from the 15th and 16th centuries. The analysis demonstrates that village names based on pre-Christian Finnic anthroponyms are most densely located in Varsinais-Suomi, Häme, Northern and Eastern Estonia, Southern Kare- lia, the Karelian Isthmus and Eastern Ingria. The first four areas are home to significant Iron Age settlements. It seems that the use of the pre-Christian Finnic name elements under investigation originally started in these areas and spread eastwards. 1. Introduction 1.1. Historical background and study area on a map 1.2. Pre-Christian Finnic anthroponyms 1.3. The concept(s) of a village 1.4. The concept(s) of village name 2. Research material 3. Methodology 4. Results 4.1. Collected names 4.2. The geographical spread of Finnic village names 4.3. Areal differences in the spread of name elements 5. Discussion 5.1. Remarks on the geographical distribution of the Finnic village names 5.2. The spread of Finnic village names compared to archaeological data 5.3. The development and spread of Finnic pre-Christian personal names in the light of archaeology and linguistics 6. Conclusions FUF 65: 98–152 (2020) 98 https://doi.org/10.33339/fuf.82542 Distribution of village names 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kauttua Ironworks Are Combined with Tasty Experiences at Makeistamo
    The Old Kauttua - near water power The Old Kauttua was born during a period of over 320 years around the refinement of iron and paper. However, Kauttua was a notable residential area already a thousand years ago, evidenced by e.g. Luistari, the largest examined Viking cemetery in the Nordic countries. In the 16th century, before iron manufacturing began, the rapids of Eurajoki River that flows through Kauttua powered grain mills. The owner of milling rights and rapids, Baron Lorenz Creutz, had familiarised himself with iron manufacturing in Central Europe. Creutz was the Governor of the Turku and Pori provinces as well as the Mining Counsellor of Finland. As there was plenty of wood available in the nearby forests for the burning of coal and peasants could be hired to work alongside smiths, all prerequisites to manu- facture iron were fulfilled. In 1689, the Mining and Metallurgy Superin- tendent’s Office granted Creutz the privilege to establish ironworks. A blast furnace was never built in Kauttua but iron was first delivered from Teijo and later from Sweden as pig iron. A trip hammer, built next to the wrought From iron hammer, assisted in the making of thin bars and nails. Other products were for example crowbars, chains and horse shoes. to paper and Antti Ahlström, a business man from Satakunta, bought the Kauttua iron- works in 1873. At the end of the century packaging when the manufacturing technology of iron became outdated in Kauttua and the markets became tougher, ironwork Later, iron was obtained from Leine- activities deteriorated. His own agri- peri in Kullaa for forging in Kauttua.
    [Show full text]