Quilting and Art Therapy an Experiential Project Presented To
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Running head: HELD BY A THREAD 1 Held by a Thread: Quilting and Art Therapy An Experiential Project Presented to The Faculty of the Adler Graduate School ____________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in Adlerian Counseling and Psychotherapy ____________________ By Diane L. Ericson ____________________ Chair: Craig Balfany, MPS, ATR-BC Reader: Meg Whiston, PhD ____________________ January 2020 HELD BY A THREAD 2 Acknowledgements Thank you to my Chair, Craig Balfany and to my reader, Meg Whiston, and the whole staff of the Writing Center. HELD BY A THREAD 3 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore quilting throughout history and across cultures. Specifically, the focus is on how quilters can embody the Adlerian concept of social interest and use quilting to help others. The mental health benefits of quilting, along with information about current art therapy practice, are components of this project. Keywords: social interest, art therapy, mental health, quilting, story quilts HELD BY A THREAD 4 Table of Contents History of Quilting .......................................................................................................................... 5 Quilting Across Cultures ............................................................................................................. 7 Story Quilts ................................................................................................................................. 8 African American Quilting .......................................................................................................... 9 Social Interest................................................................................................................................ 10 Giving to Others ........................................................................................................................ 11 Social and Political Quilting ......................................................................................................... 12 Underground Railroad ............................................................................................................... 13 AIDS Quilt ................................................................................................................................ 14 Current Use of Quilts Socially and Politically .......................................................................... 15 Textiles in Art Therapy ................................................................................................................. 17 Benefits ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Experiential ................................................................................................................................... 22 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 23 References ..................................................................................................................................... 26 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 30 Appendix A ................................................................................................................................... 31 Project Guide ................................................................................................................................ 31 HELD BY A THREAD 5 Held by a Thread: Quilting and Art Therapy Quilting is an art that has existed worldwide for centuries (Gillespie, 2010). In 2014, a report by F+W, A Content + ecommerce Company, estimated that quilting is a $3.76 billion dollar industry in America with 16.4 million quilters (as cited in Quilting in America, 2014). These quilters express themselves by making quilts for themselves and others. Some of these quilts tell stories of history, culture, or current issues. These stories can offer insight into an individual’s life and thoughts. The use of quilting and other textile art can engage clients who may be resistant to traditional art media such as drawing or painting. To some clients, quilting may provide an opportunity to use familiar sewing skills and materials. Quilting and textiles have a rich cultural history that spans all socio-economic levels. This history and accessibility of this media can be an important component of a culturally competent art therapy practice. History of Quilting Few ancient quilts or textiles have survived; however, there is evidence that quilting dates back centuries. An ivory carving dated about 3500 BC shows a pharaoh wearing a quilted garment (Gillespie, 2010). A patchwork bed canopy was discovered in Egypt dating from 980 BCE (Roberts, 2010), and decorative silk quilts in Chinese tombs have been dated to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-221 BCE; Gillespie, 2010; Roberts, 2010). Mexican textiles have existed for over 5000 years, and between 1325 AD and 1521 AD, Aztecs wore quilted armor (Gillespie, 2010). A quilted slipper found in Samarkand (Uzbekistan) from 800 BC appears to be cut from a larger item of quilted clothing (Roberts, 2010) while the oldest quilted object is a linen carpet from 100 BCE to 200 CE (Roberts, 2010). HELD BY A THREAD 6 Old quilts do exist. “The earliest whole cloth quilt exists in Sicily and is believed to have been quilted during the fourteenth century” (Roberts, 2010, p. 145). The oldest known surviving colonial quilt, the Saltonstall quilt, was made in Massachusetts around 1704 (Roberts, 2010). Quilting is believed to have been brought to the United States by European settlers (Gillespie, 2010). While the quilt tops could be made by one or more quilters, the actual quilting was often completed during a quilting bee. “Quilting bees were usually festive occasions, opportunities to renew and cement friendships, to reestablish social bonds among women otherwise isolated, to exchange news and ideas, and to express feelings” (Hedges, 2014, p. 12). As pioneers moved westward, quilting moved also. Friendship and memory quilts became more popular. There was limited space on the way across country. “A friendship quilt was a useful item that could be taken on the journey to the new homestead” (Minnesota Quilt Project, 2005, p. 84) and also serve as a tie to home and old friends. Quilt styles changed throughout the years. Patchwork quilts were made from smaller pieces, and many were utility quilts used every day. Other quilts were meant to be special. Around 1840, the Baltimore album quilt with several appliqued blocks became popular (Clark, 1995). Crazy quilts appeared at the time of the United States Centennial. “Silk and velvet crazy quilts, overlaid with embroidery, commemorative ribbons. Metallic braid, and lace, were born of the comparatively affluent times of territorial growth in both America and England” (Clark, 1995, p. 8). From 1910 to the 1930s, redwork embroidered quilts, cross stitch quilts, and quilt kits were being made (Minnesota Quilt Project, 2005). A redwork quilt is red embroidery usually on a white background. Cross stitch is embroidery done with stitches that cross and sometimes as outline stitch. A quilt kit is a kit of precut pieces or patterns that are then used to make a quilt. Quilting has continued to be important. During 1933, as part of the World’s Fair called HELD BY A THREAD 7 the Century of Progress, Sears sponsored a quilt contest (Roberts, 2010). Twenty-seven thousand quilts were entered (Roberts, 2010). In the 1950s and 1960s, quilting became less popular partly because women entered the workforce and were unable to find time for quilting but returned in the 1970s as a means to express creativity and continues to grow in popularity. Quilting’s role has varied throughout the years. “But the reality is that quilts were, from the middle of the eighteenth through the nineteenth century in this country where patch work received its highest form of development, the major creative source for women” (Hedges, 2014, p. 12). Quilting used to be mostly necessary for clothing and warmth since many people could not afford ready- made items. Today it is mainly a hobby and used for creativity. While quilting is often associated with America, it was brought to this country by immigrants from other countries where the practice it continues worldwide. In some of the other cultures, quilting had spiritual connections. For instance, some people believe the feelings they have during the quilt-making becomes a part of the quilt. Quilting Across Cultures Cotton and quilting are believed to have originated in India (Gillespie, 2010). Many quilts made in India are made from recycled cloth and are intended for use in the home. Others are made as gifts. The type of quilt can vary depending on the region where it was made. Some people believe the quilts “represent intent” (Gillespie, 2010, p. 128) and “epitomize a connection that goes beyond generations and families and symbolize the universal connection we all share” (Gillespie, 2010, pp. 129-130). By intent, it is probably meant that the quilt represents something in the family history. In nearby Pakistan, Ralli quilts share the same patterns found on pottery dating back to 4000 BC (Gillespie, 2010). The link between the Ralli quilt patterns and the pottery suggest that quilting in this region may be as old as the pottery leading