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Estudios Parasitológicos En Dasypodidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra)

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Estudios Parasitológicos En Dasypodidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) ESTUDIOS PARASITOLÓGICOS EN DASYPODIDAE (MAMMALIA, XENARTHRA) DE ARGENTINA: EL VALOR DE LA DIVERSIDAD EN LA INTERPRETACIÓN DE LAS ASOCIACIONES PARÁSITO-HOSPEDADOR-AMBIENTE TESIS DOCTORAL LIC. MARÍA CECILIA EZQUIAGA DIRECTORA DRA. GRACIELA TERESA NAVONE CO-DIRECTORA DRA. MARCELA LARESCHI FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MUSEO UNLP 2013 A mi padre, que siempre me incentivó la curiosidad de saber cómo, por qué, preguntas iniciales en la investigación; que enriquece mi vocabulario cuando me hace buscar todo en el diccionario; y que, siendo un científico amateur, observador y protector de la naturaleza, me ha transmitido esos valores con su ejemplo. A mi madre, mi primera educadora, que no sólo me enseñó a leer, sino también me ha enseñado el valor de la vida en todas sus formas, y con su ejemplo me ha demostrado las cosas verdaderamente importantes de la vida. A ambos, por darme la mejor herencia, al haber invertido parte de sus vidas en mi educación. Parásitos en Dasypodidae de Argentina AGRADECIMIENTOS A mis directoras, las Dras. Graciela Navone y Marcela Lareschi por la paciencia, por la dedicación, por la confianza que depositaron en mí al transmitirme y contagiarme el entusiasmo por la investigación, y por demostrarme con el ejemplo que para crecer en la vida profesional, primero se debe crecer como persona. Al Dr. Agustín M. Abba, por mostrarme el interesante mundo de los armadillos, por acompañarme en las campañas, por su constante apoyo durante toda la realización de esta tesis. A mis compañeros del CEPAVE, por sus mates, sus consejos, su paciencia y por la buena compañía, en particular a Cailo Galliari, Julia Diaz, Juliana Sanchez, Guillermo Panisse, Lorena Zonta, Rosario Robles, María Inés Gamboa, Laura Susevich, Juliana Notarnicola, Lucas Garbin, Mariela Garraza, Cecilia Carballo, y a los pasantes del laboratorio. Además quiero agradecerles especialmente a Cailo, por su gran ayuda con los análisis multivariados, y a Julia, Juli S., Lore, Ro y Juli N. por sus consejos y su ayuda en la edición de la tesis. A mi hermana Tere, por su valiosísima ayuda en las prospecciones. A quienes me acompañaron y ayudaron en los muestreos: A. Abba, L. Pagano, P. Gado, F. Galliari, J.P. Luaces, L. Rossi, S. Poljak, V. Seitz, A. Zarco. A todos los que me facilitaron parte de los materiales estudiados: A. Abba, A. Agüero y T. Rogel, A. Carlini, C. Galliari, F. Galliari, J.P. Luaces, S. Merani, U. Pardiñas, S. Poljak, L. Rossi, M. Superina, D. Udrizar Sauthier, Y. Mariottini, familia Ezquiaga. A Mariella Superina y a Viviana Seitz, por recibirme en sus casas y permitirme realizar una pasantía con ellas en Mendoza. A Santiago Nava, por su ayuda con la identificación de las garrapatas. A Guillermo Cassini por su ayuda con los análisis estadísticos. María Cecilia Ezquiaga i Parásitos en Dasypodidae de Argentina A Gustavo Rabino y Juliana Notarnicola por las correcciones del inglés. A Popy Estivariz y a Luis Pagano por realizar las ilustraciones; a Patricia Sarmiento (Servicio de Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido del Museo de La Plata) por la toma de fotos y a Luis Giambelluca (CEPAVE) por las tomas de fotos en la lupa y en el microscopio óptico; a los autores de algunas de las fotos utilizadas en esta tesis: A.M. Abba, J.P. Luaces, J.P. Ezquiaga, M.T. Ezquiaga, A. Zarco, M. Superina. Al Kabe, por la ilustración de la portada. A las familias Shaw y Rudzic, a Rubén Landa, a Gerardo Landa y todos los que desinteresadamente nos permitieron acceder a sus campos. Al Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios de la provincia de Buenos Aires por los permisos otorgados. Al Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), por el otorgamiento de la Beca Doctoral a través de la cual realicé esta tesis. A la Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT) y la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) por el otorgamiento de subsidios que facilitaron la realización de este trabajo. Al Centro de Estudio Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE) y a su directora, Dra. Alda Gonzalez, por brindarme la infraestructura y el lugar de trabajo. A los jurados de esta tesis por sus valiosas sugerencias, que contribuyeron a mejorar la calidad de la misma: Dres. María Celina Digiani, Juan Timi y Guillermo Denegri. Finalmente, a mis padres, a Martín, Juan, Tere y Fran, a mis tías, a mis abuelos y a mis “hermanas de la vida”, por estar siempre presentes. María Cecilia Ezquiaga ii Parásitos en Dasypodidae de Argentina RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la fauna parasitológica (helmintos y artrópodos) de cuatro especies de Dasypodidae teniendo en cuenta su distribución geográfica, con el fin de determinar si las especies hospedadoras son moderadoras de la diversidad parasitaria, atendiendo a las distancias geográficas y/o filogenéticas entre las mismas. Para ello se trabajó con las comunidades de parásitos de una población de Chaetophractus vellerosus en su distribución núcleo y otra aislada en el Este de la provincia de Buenos Aires, y con la parasitofauna de una población de Chaetophractus villosus en su distribución núcleo y en una población insular de Tierra del Fuego. Se estudiaron también las comunidades parasitarias de Dasypus hybridus y Zaedyus pichiy, seleccionadas como modelo de especies contrastantes por su comportamiento trófico y distribución geográfica. Se analizaron 42 especímenes de Chaetophractus villosus, 41 de C. vellerosus, 11 de Dasypus hybridus y 22 de Zaedyus pichiy. Además se realizaron análisis coproparasitológicos sobre 120 ejemplares de C. vellerosus. Los resultados mostraron una diversidad de especies parásitas mayor a la conocida hasta el momento. Al respecto se identificaron 8 especies de artrópodos parásitos (Siphonaptera, ácaros Mesostigmata e Ixodidae), entre las cuales una pulga resultó ser nueva para la ciencia, Tunga n. sp.; otros artrópodos -T. penetrans, T. terasma, Malacopsylla grossiventris, Phthiropsylla agenoris, Polygenis (P.) platensis; Dasyponyssus neivai y Amblyomma pseudoconcolor- si bien eran conocidos, se amplió significativamente la distribución hospedatoria y geográfica. Además se dio a conocer por primera vez la ultraestructura del huevo de las dos especies de Malacopsyllidae (M. grossiventris y P. agenoris), aspecto importante en la comprensión de la biología de las especies en cuestión. Entre los endoparásitos, fueron identificadas 15 especies de helmintos (13 especies de nematodes, 1 de cestode y 1 acantocéfalo). Cuatro fueron nuevas especies para la ciencia entre los nematodes, Cyclobulura superinae, Delicata abbai, Macielia n. sp. y iii Parásitos en Dasypodidae de Argentina Moennigia n. sp. Fueron identificadas además Delicata ransomi, Trichohelix tuberculata (Molineidae), Mazzia bialata (Spirocercidae), Strongyloides cf. dasypodis (Strongyloididae), Aspidodera fasciata, Aspidodera scoleciformis (Aspidoderidae), Pterygodermatites chaetophracti (Rictulariidae), Ancylostoma caninum (Ancylostomatidae) y Orihelia anticlava (Onchocercidae), una especie de cestode (Mathevotaenia sp.) y un acantocéfalo (Travassosia sp.), de las cuales se amplió considerablemente el rango hospedatorio y la distribución geográfica teniendo en cuenta las diferentes eco-regiones en las cuales se hallaron. El hallazgo de Trichohelix tuberculata como única especie de la población aislada de C. villosus de Tierra del Fuego, indicó la distribución más austral del mundo para una especie de Trichostrongylina. Este estudio permitió describir el sinlophe de la especie a lo largo del cuerpo en machos y hembras, aspecto que no se conocía hasta el momento y que tiene un valor diagnóstico imprescindible entre los Trichostrongylina. Por otra parte se aportó al conocimiento de la ultraestructura cuticular de Mazzia bialata, Aspidodera fasciata y A. scoleciformis, aspecto que permite la caracterización de las especies y aportar a su diagnóstico y discriminación. Los resultados de los análisis coproparasitológicos mostraron que las cargas parasitarias intestinales de C. vellerosus no se relacionan con el estado de condición del hospedador, ni con el sexo, ni con los factores ambientales analizados. En individuos juveniles, Eimeria sp. (Protista, Apicomplejo) fue más prevalente que en individuos adultos. Ello probablemente deba atribuirse a la falta de madurez del sistema inmune. La comunidad endoparasitaria de la población núcleo de C. villosus estuvo estructurada por 3 especies centrales, una secundaria y 7 satélites, y la comunidad de artrópodos estuvo conformada por 5 especies. En la población aislada de C. villosus sólo se observó una especie, T. tuberculata. La comunidad parasitaria de C. vellerosus estuvo estructurada por 3 especies centrales, una secundaria y 9 satélites. En la comunidad de artrópodos sólo una especie estuvo presente. En Z. pichiy se hallaron 2 especies centrales, 9 satélites, y iv Parásitos en Dasypodidae de Argentina una especie de pulga, y en la comunidad de D. hybridus se halló sólo una especie central y 3 especies satélites. El análisis de la estructura de las comunidades indicó que A. fasciata se comportó como especie central en todas las poblaciones de hospedadores, presentando altas prevalencias e intensidades medias. En cuanto a la diversidad parasitaria, la población Este de C. vellerosus presentó una baja riqueza específica y menor diversidad que la población núcleo, y en la población de C. villosus de Tierra del Fuego se halló sólo una especie, por lo cual se confirma la hipótesis que en la medida que las poblaciones hospedadoras se distancian unas de otras se produce una pérdida
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