DOCSLIB.ORG

Integrated Design-Build Management

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Thesis for the Industrial Doctor of Philosophy Degree of Engineering Integrated Design-Build Management - Studying Institutional Processes to Understand Project Coordination & Performance By Lea Urup MT Højgaard Søborg, Denmark 2016 & Division of Construction Management Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 Title of project: Integrated Design & Build Management – Studying Institutional Processes to Understand Project Coordination & Performance By Lea Urup © Lea Urup, 2016 ISBN: 978-91-7597-900-7 Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniske högskola, Ny series nr 4581 ISSN 0346-718X MT Højgaard Knud Højgaards Vej 7 2860 Søborg Denmark Division of Construction Management Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Sven Hultins Gata 8 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden Printed by: Chalmers Reproservice Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 2 Foreword This dissertation is submitted to the Division of Construction Management at the Department of Environmental & Civil Engineering at Chalmers Technical University, SE for the degree of doctor of philosophy. The research project was conducted as an industrial Ph.D. project from June 2013 until June 2016 in collaboration between the author, Chalmers University of Technology and MT Højgaard [MTH]. MTH is a construction & civil engineering company in Denmark with over 4000 employees and an annual turnover of around 7 billion DKr. MTH carries out a range of construction and civil engineering projects, including: commercial, residential, healthcare, bridges, roads, and off-shore wind turbine foundations. Principal supervisor: Christian Koch, Professor, Division of Construction Management at the Department of Environmental & Civil Engineering at Chalmers Technical University, Sweden. Co-advisor: Christian Thuesen, Associate Professor, DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark. Company supervisors: Ole Berard, Ph.D., Department Manager, MT Højgaard, Denmark & Peter Bo Olsen, Technical Director, MT Højgaard, Denmark. Host supervisor: Professor Martin Fischer, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, US, hosted a research stay from January 2015 to June 2015. Søborg, June 2016 Lea Urup Ph.D. Student 3 Acknowledgements The research presented in this dissertation is the result of many efforts coming together over the last three years. In no particular order, I would like to especially thank: Erik Villads Hansen, Peter Bo Olsen, Martine Buser, Torben Biilmann, Christine Thorsen, Ole Berard, Rolf Büchmann-Slorup, Elena Raviola, Martin Fischer, Ray Levitt, Christian Thuesen, Christian Koch, interviewees willing to share their stories, project team members agreeing to be observed doing and discussing their daily work and touring the finished buildings with me, DPR Construction, Herrero Builders, Rob, Sophia & Isabel. 4 Glossary & Abbreviations ‘…is interpreted…’ – the author’s interpretation of a particular piece of empirical material. ‘…is perceived…’ – project team member’s perceptions of, for example, their work or a particular situation or phenomenon. ‘…this dissertation…’ – the volume of text presenting the Ph.D. research. ‘…this research project…’ – the research work carried out by the author during the Ph.D. study from June 2013 – June 2016. BIM – Building Information Modelling, digital modelling of geometry (3D), planning of construction process (4D), economy (5D) (Berard, 2012). IDBM - Integrated Design-Build Management (concept developed as part of this research project). Main design project – [in Danish: hovedprojekt] a design proposal, typically in the form of a BIM model, a set of drawings, and technical specifications, developed during the detailed design phase (Danske Ark, 2010). MTH - MT Højgaard. Preliminary design project – [in Danish: forprojekt] a preliminary design proposal developed during the basic design phase (Danske Ark, 2010). Project delivery method – a particular collaboration form supported by a legal framework to deliver a building, for example, design-build (Ashcraft, 2006). Project freeze – the practice of locking and no longer making changes to a particular part of a project, for example the structural design. Project phases – temporally bracketed periods of time around which the project is organised. Project phases typically include: project conception (where the idea of the project and early effort to establish a project team are made); early design (typically where a conceptual architectural design is developed); basic design (typically where engineering and architectural design is further developed); detailed design (typically where the contractor, architect and engineer collaborate to detail the project); building phase (where the contractor constructs the building); commissioning, hand-off and occupancy (where building systems are tested and regulated, the building is officially handed-off to, and occupied, by the client) (Danske Ark, 2010). Project team – the group of organizations collaborating over a period of time in order to purposefully develop a project together, typically, but not necessarily, including an owner, architect, engineer, contractor, sub-contractors, and suppliers. 5 Project team members – the individual organizations or individual representatives from each organization in the project team. Reflective – the ability to critically consider and take account of a particular phenomenon and the conditions for what one is doing (Alvesson, 2009). Reflexive – a particular methodological approach to conducting research. Self-perform sub-contractor [in Danish: egenproduktion] – the general contractor’s in-house concrete, carpentry and civil work sub-contractors. VDC – Virtual Design & Construction. A process method emphasizing the use of digital tools and digital collaboration to develop design and construction projects (Kunz & Fischer, 2012). 6 Abstract An increasing number of actors contributing with their skills to design-build projects increase the need for and complexity of coordination. The design-build project delivery method proposes to coordinate actors through collaborative interaction; however, even design-build projects result in poor coordination and building of relatively poor quality. Therefore, the purpose of this research is: to gain a deeper insight into how coordination is respectively enabled and constrained; to understand how coordination relates to project performance; and, to propose methodological elements for an integrated design-build management concept. An institutional work perspective explains how design-build projects are social phenomena characterised by structures, purposeful reflective interactions and political negotiation. Furthermore, coordination is interpreted as an institutional phenomenon and specifically coordination is defined as bringing together potentially social, temporal and spatially separated work elements. Coordination mechanisms include formal structures, relational interaction, and integrative institutional processes. Similarly, project performance is defined as a temporary negotiated order of multiple institutions. The research design consists of three literature studies combined with a double- qualitative empirical study of six design-build projects. The six projects are studied through a quadric-hermeneutic method enabling insight into the phenomenon of coordination. The analysis shows that during the design process peaceful co-existence, fragmentation and occasional integration occurred. During the detailed design phase a conflict between project quality and efficient construction arose. As a result, the design process dragged on, stalled and re-circuited and the project was not fully representative of all the institutions in the project. Nevertheless, due to a combination of structure, loose coupling and informal interaction the project team was able to begin and progress the build. Further, the analysis shows that a project’s constellation of institutions is reflected in the project’s performance. Following the analysis, an integrated design-build management concept proposes new meanings and formal structures for enabling integrating constellations of institutions to improve project coordination and performance. This research project concludes that project coordination is a process of mutating constellations of institutions where conflict, competition, blending, fragmentation and the lack of collective on-going institutional work are the primary constraints to project coordination. Similarly, integrating constellations of institutions and occasional fragmentation through temporary competition enable project coordination and increase project performance. Keywords: coordination; institutional work, design-build; and, project performance. 7 Table of contents Introduction 10 Theory 15 Institutional theory 15 Projects & project performance as constellations of institutions 26 Coordination 28 Summary 32 Method 34 Research design 34 Quadri-hermeneutics 35 Literature study 41 Empirical research 43 Developing an integrated design-build management concept 53 Trustworthiness & authenticity 55 Critique of method 59 State-of-the-art design-build projects 62 Part 1 62 Description, project 1 62 Meanings, norms and rules in project 1 67 The constellation of institutions in project 1 81 Interactions and efforts made towards coordinating project 1 96 Summary part 1 106 Part 2 109 Descriptions, projects 2-6 109 Institutions developed in projects 2-6 114 Constellations of institutions in project
Recommended publications
  • Jackson: Choosing a Methodology: Philosophical Underpinning

    Jackson: Choosing a Methodology: Philosophical Underpinning

    JACKSON: CHOOSING A METHODOLOGY: PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNING Choosing a Methodology: Philosophical Practitioner Research Underpinning In Higher Education Copyright © 2013 University of Cumbria Vol 7 (1) pages 49-62 Elizabeth Jackson University of Cumbria [email protected] Abstract As a university lecturer, I find that a frequent question raised by Masters students concerns the methodology chosen for research and the rationale required in dissertations. This paper unpicks some of the philosophical coherence that can inform choices to be made regarding methodology and a well-thought out rationale that can add to the rigour of a research project. It considers the conceptual framework for research including the ontological and epistemological perspectives that are pertinent in choosing a methodology and subsequently the methods to be used. The discussion is exemplified using a concrete example of a research project in order to contextualise theory within practice. Key words Ontology; epistemology; positionality; relationality; methodology; method. Introduction This paper arises from work with students writing Masters dissertations who frequently express confusion and doubt about how appropriate methodology is chosen for research. It will be argued here that consideration of philosophical underpinning can be crucial for both shaping research design and for explaining approaches taken in order to support credibility of research outcomes. It is beneficial, within the unique context of the research, for the researcher to carefully
  • Applications of Systems Engineering to the Research, Design, And

    Applications of Systems Engineering to the Research, Design, And

    Applications of Systems Engineering to the Research, Design, and Development of Wind Energy Systems K. Dykes and R. Meadows With contributions from: F. Felker, P. Graf, M. Hand, M. Lunacek, J. Michalakes, P. Moriarty, W. Musial, and P. Veers NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Technical Report NREL/TP-5000-52616 December 2011 Contract No. DE -AC36-08GO28308 Applications of Systems Engineering to the Research, Design, and Development of Wind Energy Systems Authors: K. Dykes and R. Meadows With contributions from: F. Felker, P. Graf, M. Hand, M. Lunacek, J. Michalakes, P. Moriarty, W. Musial, and P. Veers Prepared under Task No. WE11.0341 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report NREL/TP-5000-52616 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401 December 2011 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof.
  • Choosing a Mixed Methods Design

    Choosing a Mixed Methods Design

    04-Creswell (Designing)-45025.qxd 5/16/2006 8:35 PM Page 58 CHAPTER 4 CHOOSING A MIXED METHODS DESIGN esearch designs are procedures for collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting data in research studies. They represent different mod- R els for doing research, and these models have distinct names and procedures associated with them. Rigorous research designs are important because they guide the methods decisions that researchers must make dur- ing their studies and set the logic by which they make interpretations at the end of studies. Once a researcher has selected a mixed methods approach for a study, the next step is to decide on the specific design that best addresses the research problem. What designs are available, and how do researchers decide which one is appropriate for their studies? Mixed methods researchers need to be acquainted with the major types of mixed methods designs and the common variants among these designs. Important considerations when choosing designs are knowing the intent, the procedures, and the strengths and challenges associated with each design. Researchers also need to be familiar with the timing, weighting, and mixing decisions that are made in each of the different mixed methods designs. This chapter will address • The classifications of designs in the literature • The four major types of mixed methods designs, including their intent, key procedures, common variants, and inherent strengths and challenges 58 04-Creswell (Designing)-45025.qxd 5/16/2006 8:35 PM Page 59 Choosing a Mixed Methods Design–●–59 • Factors such as timing, weighting, and mixing, which influence the choice of an appropriate design CLASSIFICATIONS OF MIXED METHODS DESIGNS Researchers benefit from being familiar with the numerous classifications of mixed methods designs found in the literature.
  • A Real Case Study in the Hospitality Industry

    A Real Case Study in the Hospitality Industry

    Preta - Design Sprint Methodology A real case study in the Hospitality Industry By Michelle Catta We are a Hospitality Education Network . We empower our students to develop their technical skills & theoretical knowledge through our renowned campuses across the world. We provide internationally recognized certifications for student accomplishments. What is a Design Sprint? AGENDA How does it work? Framework to support divergent and convergent thinking Set the Stage 6 Critical Roles for any Design Sprint Team Let's Go for it! Head of design (CDO) at Innex. Researcher of innovation and collective intelligence and guest professor in the master MBDesign at UPC School (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) What is a Design Sprint? A design sprint is a framework for answering critical business questions through design, prototyping, and testing ideas with users. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DESIGN SPRINT How does it work? FRAMEWORK TO SUPPORT DIVERGENT AND CONVERGENT THINKING 1 2 3 4 5 UNDERSTAND SKETCH DECIDE PROTOTYPE TEST WHO IS IT FOR? In short, Design Sprint process is for everyone, including those of you in the hospitality sector. It's a versatile tool that can be used in almost every industry. It is an excellent way to stop the old defaults and replace them with a smarter, more respectful, and more effective way of solving problems that brings out the best contributions of everyone on the team—including the decision-maker—and helps you spend your time on work that really matters. Set the Stage 1 2 3 4 5 Pick a Facilitator. They will Get a Decider (or two).
  • Making User-Focused Prototype Using Design Sprint to Test, Design, And

    Making User-Focused Prototype Using Design Sprint to Test, Design, And

    Making User-focused Prototype Using Design Sprint to Test, Design, and Prototype Mobile App Rapidly Nian Hwei Wong Bachelor’s thesis October 2016 Degree Programme in Media 2 ABSTRACT Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu Tampere University of Applied Sciences Degree Programme in Media WONG, NIAN HWEI: Making User-focused Prototype Using Design Sprint to Test, Design and Prototype Mobile App Rapidly Bachelor's thesis 45 pages, appendices 7 pages October 2016 The aim of this study was to examine Google Venture Design Sprint (sprint) as a rapid design process and how it had helped to kick-start a design project in order to test, design and prototype for a mobile app in a large organisation. Based on the study, the objective of the practical project was to improve Vattenfall My Pages mobile app prototype based on the user test conducted during the sprint. The sprint was conducted at Vattenfall Digital Channels to redesign My Pages mobile app. Observations were made during the sprint and analyses were recorded. Participants from the sprint were also interviewed. Apart from the sprint being experimented as a rapid design process, the rapid sketching and prototyping methods that are used during the sprint process were also studied. The theoretical section of the thesis examined the user experience design techniques used in the sprint. The practical part focused on the visual design improvements of a high-fidelity mobile app prototype based on the data collected from the sprint’s user test. Throughout the sprint, it was found that the techniques used in the sprint provided effec- tive and reliable ways to help design team to work on the mobile app design project that involved a large number of stakeholders.
  • 3 Research Philosophy and Research Design

    3 Research Philosophy and Research Design

    Research Philosophy 3 and Research Design Introduction In the introductory chapter, developing self-awareness was a key pro- cess outlined and it was stated that it is possible you have assumed that the way you view the world is the same as the way that everybody else views the world. The term ‘common sense’ was used in this discussion. We noted then, you could believe it is common sense that the way you look at the world is the same way that others look at it. However, we also saw earlier that one person’s common sense is not necessarily the same as another’s! If we accept that there are likely to be differences between people’s view of the world, it may not come as a surprise that the way some researchers view the world, is very different from other’s views. Research philosophies The idea that there are different views of the world, and the processes that operate within it, is part of what is known as philosophy. Philosophy is concerned with views about how the world works and, as an academic subject, focuses, primarily, on reality, knowledge and existence. Our individual view of the world is closely linked to what we perceive as reality. On a day-to-day basis outside of your academic work, it would be unusual to think often about the way you perceive reality and the world around you. However, in relation to your dissertation, it is very important to realise how you perceive reality. Your individual percep- tion of reality affects how you gain knowledge of the world, and how you act within it.
  • Fashion Designers' Decision-Making Process

    Fashion Designers' Decision-Making Process

    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2013 Fashion designers' decision-making process: The influence of cultural values and personal experience in the creative design process Ja-Young Hwang Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Art and Design Commons Recommended Citation Hwang, Ja-Young, "Fashion designers' decision-making process: The influence of cultural values and personal experience in the creative design process" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13638. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13638 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fashion designers’ decision-making process: The influence of cultural values and personal experience in the creative design process by Ja -Young Hwang A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Apparel, Merchandising, and Design Program of Study Committee: Mary Lynn Damhorst, Co-Major Professor Eulanda Sanders, Co-Major Professor Sara B. Marcketti Cindy Gould Barbara Caldwell Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2013 Copyright © Ja Young Hwang, 2013. All rights
  • CBPR Charrette Fact Sheet

    CBPR Charrette Fact Sheet

    CBPR Charrette Fact Sheet CBPR Charrettes: An Expert Guided Process for Strengthening Community-Academic Partnerships University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) Project Background The NC Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute (TraCS), home of UNC’s Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) and the UNC Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (HPDP), home of UNC’s CDC-funded Prevention Research Center (PRC), received two supplement grants to launch Community Leadership and Reciprocal Development: Advancing Community-Engaged Research at Two CTSA Institutions in collaboration with Vanderbilt’s Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR). The goal of this project was to expand and accelerate both institutions’ capacity to advance community-engaged research, by 1) drawing on the expertise of community partners working with our respective institutions, and, 2) initiating a cross-institution partnership to share expertise, develop resources, and disseminate new knowledge and approaches. At UNC we provide technical assistance through a “charrette” process to advance the adoption and successful implementation of community- based participatory research (CBPR) among community and academic partnership teams. What is a charrette? A “charrette” is a collaborative planning process most often used in design and architecture that harnesses the talents and energies of all interested parties to create and support a feasible plan to bring about community development and transformation (www.nationalcharretteinstitute.org). This project adapts the charrette concept to build the capacity of community-academic partnerships to use a CBPR approach to address the health needs of communities. Our “CBPR Charrettes” are comprised of focused guidance sessions for community-academic partnership (CAP) teams to address issues or questions identified by the partnership.
  • RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches

    RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches

    THIRD EDITION RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches JOHNW. CRESWELL UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LlNCOLN ~SAGE Los Angeles • London • New Delhi • Singapore Copyright © 2009 by SAGEPublicatíons, Inc. Al! rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanícal, including photocopying. recording. or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Por iniormation: SAGEPublications. Inc. SAGEPublications India Pvt. Ltd. 2455 Tel!er Road B 1/1 1 Mohan Cooperative Thousand Oaks, California 91320 Industrial Area E-mail: [email protected] Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGEPublications Ltd. SAGEPublications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 1 Oliver's Yard 33 Pekin Street #02-01 55 City Road Far East Square London ECl y ISP Singapore 048763 United Kingdom Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloqinq-in-Publicaticn Data Creswell,[ohn W. Research design: Qualítative, quantitative. and mixed methods approaches/john W. Creswell. -3rd ed. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4129-6556-9 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-4129-6557-6 (pbk.) l. Social sciences-Research-Methodology. 2. Social sciences-Statistical methods. 1. Title. H62.C6963 2009 300.n-ac22 2008006242 Prinied on acid-free paper 08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Acquiring Editor: Vicki Knight Associate Editor: Sean Connelly Editorial Assistant: Lauren Habib ;. Production Editor: Sarah K. Quesenberry Copy Editor: Marilyn Power Scott Typesetter: C&MDigitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Marleis Roberts Indexer: RickHurd Cover Designer: [anet Foulger Marketing Manager: Stephanie Adams Brief Contents Analytic Contents of Research Techniques xv Preface xix Acknowledgments xxvii About the Author xxix ~ Part 1:Preliminary Considerations 1.
  • Using the Work System Method with Freshman Information Systems Students

    Using the Work System Method with Freshman Information Systems Students

    Journal of Information Technology Education: Volume 11, 2012 Innovations in Practice Using the Work System Method with Freshman Information Systems Students Jan Recker Steven Alter Queensland University of University of San Technology, Francisco, Brisbane, QLD, Australia San Francisco, CA, USA [email protected] [email protected] Executive Summary Recent surveys of information technology management professionals show that understanding business domains in terms of business productivity and cost reduction potential, knowledge of different vertical industry segments and their information requirements, understanding of busi- ness processes and client-facing skills are more critical for Information Systems personnel than ever before. In an attempt to restructure the information systems curriculum accordingly, our view is that information systems students need to develop an appreciation for organizational work systems in order to understand the operation and significance of information systems within such work systems. Work systems are systems in which human participants and/or machines perform work to pro- duce products and/or services for internal or external customers. This view stresses that systems in organizations involve more than an IT system (such as a data warehouse or an accounting ap- plication). The work system method has been designed to assist in developing an understanding of work systems in organizations. The method describes an adaptable set of steps that an analyst can use to identify a work system, clarify problems, issues, and opportunities related to that work system, identify possible directions for change, and produce and justify a recommendation. To date, the use of the work system method in information systems curricula has demonstrated that postgraduate students can benefit from this approach when examining a business situation involving an information system.
  • Philosophy of Design: a Meta- Theoretical Structure for Design Theory

    Philosophy of Design: a Meta- Theoretical Structure for Design Theory

    Philosophy of design: a meta- theoretical structure for design theory Terence Love, Praxis Education, 21 Spiers Rd, Quinns Rocks, Western Australia This paper focuses on the structure and dynamic of theory in design research. Problems with existing theory are explored, and a new meta- theoretical method is suggested for assisting the critical analysis, comparison and formulation of design theories and concepts. This meta- theoretical method contributes to building a simplifying paradigm of design research by providing a means to clarify the existing state of design theory in the field, to assist with the establishment of coherence and compatibility between concepts in disparate theories, to validate theory and concepts, and to uncover ‘hidden’ aspects of design theories. 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Keywords: philosophy of design, design theory, epistemology, ontology, design philosophy his paper is a contribution to the study of Philosophy of Design. In it, a critical overview is taken of the structure and dynamic of Tdesign theory. This overview leads to a method to assist with the critical analysis of design theories and their associated concepts. If we consider ‘design theory’ as an artefact to be designed, this paper’s role is in the part of the design process often called ‘problem analysis’. Under- pinning what is presented in this paper is an assumption that the act of designing by human agents is central to the academic study of design. This theoretical standpoint, that what is described as design always implicates humans, together with the understanding that any theories, theorising or theory interpretation has meaning only in a human context, is the basis for the analyses presented below.
  • Value Sensitive Design of Unmanned Aerial Systems As ”The Main Research Questions Are ’How’ Or ’Why’”, and ”The Focus of the Study Is a Contemporary Phenomenon” [85]

    Value Sensitive Design of Unmanned Aerial Systems As ”The Main Research Questions Are ’How’ Or ’Why’”, and ”The Focus of the Study Is a Contemporary Phenomenon” [85]

    Supervisors: Author: Alf Rehn Dylan Cawthorne Marianne Harbo Frederiksen Douglas Cairns Contents List of Figures 7 List of Tables 13 Acronyms 14 1 ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH 16 2 RESUMEP´ A˚ DANSK 17 3 DEDICATION 18 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 19 5 INTRODUCTION 20 5.1 Drones . 20 5.2 Value Sensitive Design . 22 5.3 Research gap . 22 5.4 Reading guide . 24 5.4.1 Overview of Case Studies . 24 5.4.2 Overview of Papers . 25 5.5 Context . 28 5.6 Scope . 28 5.6.1 Within scope . 28 5.6.2 Outside of scope . 29 5.7 Audience . 30 6 METHODOLOGY 31 6.1 Philosophical world view - pragmatism . 31 6.2 Research approach - mixed methods . 32 6.3 Research design - abduction . 32 6.4 Research strategy - experimental and non-experimental . 33 6.5 Research methods - various . 33 7 CASE STUDY I - THE HUMANITARIAN CARGO DRONE IN PERU 35 1 8 PAPER 1 - Value Sensitive Design of a Humanitarian Cargo Drone 36 8.1 Introduction . 36 8.1.1 Background . 37 8.1.2 Embodied values . 37 8.1.3 Technology in a social context . 37 8.1.4 Non-epistemic values . 38 8.1.5 Prior Art . 38 8.2 Value Sensitive Design Methdology . 38 8.2.1 The three phases of VSD . 38 8.2.2 Conceptual phase . 38 8.2.3 Empirical phase . 39 8.2.4 Technological phase . 39 8.2.5 Interactions . 41 8.2.6 Iteration . 41 8.2.7 Basis of analysis . 41 8.2.8 Applications . 41 8.3 Retrospective Analysis .