DOCSLIB.ORG

Sociolinguistic Change in a Garifuna Community in Belize Maya Ravindranath University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sociolinguistic Change in a Garifuna Community in Belize Maya Ravindranath University of Pennsylvania, Mayar@Babel.Ling.Upenn.Edu View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarlyCommons@Penn University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations Fall 12-22-2009 Language Shift nda the Speech Community: Sociolinguistic Change in a Garifuna Community in Belize Maya Ravindranath University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics Commons Recommended Citation Ravindranath, Maya, "Language Shift nda the Speech Community: Sociolinguistic Change in a Garifuna Community in Belize" (2009). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 33. http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/33 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/33 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Language Shift nda the Speech Community: Sociolinguistic Change in a Garifuna Community in Belize Abstract Language shift is the process by which a speech community in a contact situation (i.e. consisting of bilingual speakers) gradually stops using one of its two languages in favor of the other. The causal factors of language shift ra e generally considered to be social, and researchers have focused on speakers’ attitudes (both explicit and unstated) toward a language and domains of language use in the community, as well as other macro social factors. Additional research has focused on the effects of language shift, generally on the (changing) structure of the language itself. The og al of this thesis is to examine the relationship between social and linguistic factors in considering the causes and effects of language shift, focusing on age-based variation in the speech community. This dissertation examines the linguistic and social correlates of early language shift in a aG rifuna community in Belize. An apparent time analysis shows an externally-motivated change in the status of the sociolinguistic variable (ch) that is evidence for a shift in the dominant language in the community. A second change in progress, variable deletion of intervocalic r, is described for the first time as an internally-motivated change, albeit progressing alongside contact-induced changes. Evidence is also presented to propose that the behavior of the transitional generation (speakers aged 30-49) shows interesting characteristics with regard to these two variables as a result of shifting language ideologies in the village. These ideological shifts ra e examined along with changing attitudes in the community toward English, Belizean Creole, and Garifuna. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Linguistics First Advisor Gillian Sankoff Second Advisor David Embick Third Advisor William Labov Keywords sociolinguistics, language shift, speech community, Garifuna, Belize, endangered language This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/33 Subject Categories Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics | Linguistics This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/33 LANGUAGE SHIFT AND THE SPEECH COMMUNITY: SOCIOLINGUISTIC CHANGE IN A GARIFUNA COMMUNITY IN BELIZE Maya Ravindranath A DISSERTATION in Linguistics Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2009 Supervisor of Dissertation Co-Supervisor Gillian Sankoff David Embick Professor, Linguistics Associate Professor, Linguistics Graduate Group Chairperson Eugene Buckley, Associate Professor of Linguistics Dissertation Committee William Labov, Fassit Professor of Linguistics ! Language Change and the Speech Community: Sociolinguistic Change in a Garifuna Community in Belize COPYRIGHT 2009 Maya Ravindranath Abtahian ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My biggest thank you must go to my committee: Gillian Sankoff, Dave Embick, and Bill Labov. It goes without saying that all three have inspired me with their own work; they have also consistently offered invaluable insights into mine. I feel truly fortunate to have had their support. As co-supervisors, Gillian and Dave both went out of their way on multiple occasions to provide me with assistance, commentary, and advice. To the village of Hopkins, Seremein. In particular I want to thank Krishna Molefi, Rudolph Coleman, Francis Lewis and family, the late Clarine Castillo; all of my interviewees, and my host family: Thomasa, Joycelyn, Jess, Prudence, Barbara, Avis, and Ivan Nunez. During my fieldwork in Hopkins the late Bertie Murphy was also a great friend and sounding board. Without Roy Cayetano and Austin Arzu I never would have made it to Hopkins in the first place. These two men have been both mentor and friend to me during my time in Belize and beyond, and have encouraged me in all my efforts to learn about Garifuna and Belize. The late Andy Palacio was also a Garifuna mentor and friend, and his music is an inspiration. Perhaps more than anyone else I have to thank Zita Castillo. Without her native speaker insights, consultations, and coding help – in addition to her friendship - this dissertation would never have been written. In addition to my committee there have been a number of teachers and linguists along the way who have influenced my life in important ways and pushed me to do things ! """! I wouldn’t have done without their encouragement. In particular I am grateful to Rob Wirscycz, Noriko Hayashi, Roopa Dewan, Abby Cohn, and Tony Kroch. There is a large group of people without whom I never would have finished my degree, my thesis, or even Syntax I. In addition to the other linguists with whom I overlapped at Penn, these include first and foremost my cohort: Lukasz Abramowicz, Aaron Dinkin, Michael Friesner, Damien Hall, Tatjana Scheffler, Carmen del Solar Valdés, and Joel Wallenberg. I could not have asked for a more supportive, interesting, and motivating group of colleagues. Suzanne Evans Wagner deserves a special mention as a friend and colleague who has served as a sounding board and support through every aspect of this journey. I am grateful to Sue Sheehan, Maureen Miller, and Amy Forsyth for never losing patience with me and for helping me to get this far. David Miros at the Midwest Jesuit Archives in St. Louis, Marquis Walsh at the University of New Hampshire and Joseph Palacio of the University of the West Indies provided unexpected insights into my research and graciously answered emails and questions. I am very grateful to have had the invaluable suppport of Jared Bjornholm, my writing partner for the last two years. My family has supported me in ways large and small throughout this process. My sister Sonya has edited almost everything I’ve ever written, given countless amounts of statistical advice and has still not lost interest in what I do. My husband Farhad continues to ask the right question at the right time. In addition to his emotional support, he has made me a better researcher. My parents have unquestioningly supported me in every step of my life, including this one, and have always served as role models for the type of person I want to be. ! "#! ABSTRACT LANGUAGE SHIFT AND THE SPEECH COMMUNITY: SOCIOLINGUISTIC CHANGE IN THE GARIFUNA OF BELIZE Maya Ravindranath Supervisor: Gillian Sankoff Language shift is the process by which a speech community in a contact situation (i.e. consisting of bilingual speakers) gradually stops using one of its two languages in favor of the other. The causal factors of language shift are generally considered to be social, and researchers have focused on speakers’ attitudes (both explicit and unstated) toward a language and domains of language use in the community, as well as other macro social factors. Additional research has focused on the effects of language shift, generally on the (changing) structure of the language itself. The goal of this thesis is to examine the relationship between social and linguistic factors in considering the causes and effects of language shift, focusing on age-based variation in the speech community. Hopkins is a multilingual speech community in Belize where complete language shift from the heritage language, Garifuna, to the dominant national languages, English and Belizean Creole (BC), has not yet occurred, despite the fact that Garifuna is no longer spoken in similar nearby communities. This dissertation examines the linguistic and social correlates of early language shift in Hopkins using an apparent-time perspective. The thesis employs interview data from fifty-two (52) speakers aged five to eighty-one, surveys collected from teachers in the rural Garifuna communities in Belize, and ! #! participant observation of caregiver-child and peer interactions in Hopkins to examine two phonological changes in progress in the language, as well as generational differences in language attitudes toward Garifuna and BC. An apparent time analysis shows an externally-motivated change in the status of the sociolinguistic variable (ch) that is evidence for a shift in the dominant language in the community. A second change in progress, variable deletion of intervocalic r, is described for the first time as an internally- motivated change, albeit progressing alongside contact-induced changes. Evidence is also presented to propose that the behavior of the transitional generation (speakers aged 30- 49) shows interesting characteristics with
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Study of the Garifuna of Belize's Toledo District Alexander Gough
    Indigenous identity in a contested land: A study of the Garifuna of Belize’s Toledo district Alexander Gough This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 Lancaster University Law School 1 Declaration This thesis has not been submitted in support of an application for another degree at this or any other university. It is the result of my own work and includes nothing that is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where specifically indicated. Many of the ideas in this thesis were the product of discussion with my supervisors. Alexander Gough, Lancaster University 21st September 2018 2 Abstract The past fifty years has seen a significant shift in the recognition of indigenous peoples within international law. Once conceptualised as the antithesis to European identity, which in turn facilitated colonial ambitions, the recognition of indigenous identity and responding to indigenous peoples’ demands is now a well-established norm within the international legal system. Furthermore, the recognition of this identity can lead to benefits, such as a stake in controlling valuable resources. However, gaining tangible indigenous recognition remains inherently complex. A key reason for this complexity is that gaining successful recognition as being indigenous is highly dependent upon specific regional, national and local circumstances. Belize is an example of a State whose colonial and post-colonial geographies continue to collide, most notably in its southernmost Toledo district. Aside from remaining the subject of a continued territorial claim from the Republic of Guatemala, in recent years Toledo has also been the battleground for the globally renowned indigenous Maya land rights case.
    [Show full text]
  • “I'm Not a Bloody Pop Star!”
    Andy Palacio (in white) and the Garifuna Collective onstage in Dangriga, Belize, last November, and with admirers (below) the voice of thPHOTOGRAPHYe p BYe ZACH oSTOVALLple BY DAVE HERNDON Andy Palacio was more than a world-music star. “I’m not a bloody pop star!” He was a cultural hero who insisted Andy Palacio after an outdoor gig in Hopkins, Belize, that revived the hopes of a was so incendiary, a sudden rainstorm only added sizzle. But if it Caribbean people whose was true that Palacio wasn’t a pop star, you couldn’t tell it from the heritage was slipping away. royal treatment he got everywhere he went last November upon 80 CARIBBEANTRAVELMAG.COM APRIL 2008 81 THE EVENTS OF THAT NOVEMBER TOUR WILL HAVE TO GO DOWN AS PALACIO’S LAST LAP, AND FOR ALL WHO WITNESSED ANY PART OF IT, THE STUFF OF HIS LEGEND. Palacio with his role model, the singer and spirit healer Paul Nabor, at Nabor’s home in Punta Gorda (left). The women of Barranco celebrated with their favorite son on the day he was named a UNESCO Artist for Peace (below left and right). for me as an artist, and for the Belizean people which had not been seen before in those parts. There was no as an audience.” The Minister of Tourism Belizean roots music scene or industry besides what they them- thanked Palacio for putting Belize on the map selves had generated over more than a dozen years of collabora- in Europe, UNESCO named him an Artist tion. To make Watina, they started with traditional themes and for Peace, and the Garifuna celebrated him motifs and added songcraft, contemporary production values as their world champion.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Culinary Culture in Colombia: Equality and Identity in the Interpretation of Traditional Cuisines
    A New Culinary Culture in Colombia: Equality and Identity in the Interpretation of Traditional Cuisines A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Juliana Duque-Mahecha May 2017 © 2017 Juliana Duque-Mahecha A New Culinary Culture in Colombia: Equality and Identity in the Interpretation of Traditional Cuisines Juliana Duque-Mahecha, Ph. D. Cornell University 2017 Abstract Cooking responds to this double entendre of a past that is collected, interpreted and then projected on to a present that then overcomes it. New food trends necessarily imply questions about social and cultural equality and identity. That which is novel is exciting and refreshing; it implies learning and broadening boundaries, which are often geographical and social and always cultural. However, the process also entails the inherent challenge to define and answer what is lost and valued in a new scenario and to understand to what purpose. Some categories that have been used to understand such historical processes of cultural production in social systems are class, race, ethnicity and gender, as well as concepts associated with territory, differentiation, integration and democratization, authenticity and exoticization. My purpose in conducting an analytical approach to the development of the gastronomical and culinary subject in Colombia and of building a diagnostic map of it, responds to the wish to contribute to the understanding of the function of food research in solving specific questions of inequality, estrangement, and deracination, as well as understanding new senses of belonging and appropriation that emerge because of urban reconfigurations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Teacher Certification and Experience on Student
    THE EFFECTS OF TEACHER CERTIFICATION AND EXPERIENCE ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT ON PRIMARY SCHOOL EXAMINATION IN BELIZEAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS By CARMEN JANE LOPEZ Bachelor of Science in Biology Education University College of Belize Belize City, Belize 1997 Master of Arts in Educational Leadership University of North Florida Jacksonville, Florida 2002 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION July, 2012 THE EFFECTS OF TEACHER CERTIFICATION AND EXPERIENCE ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT ON PRIMARY SCHOOL EXAMINATION IN BELIZEAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS Dissertation Approved: Dissertation Adviser’s Dr. Ed Harris Dissertation Adviser Committee Member Dr. Mwarumba Mwavita Committee Member Dr. Stephen Wanger Committee Member Dr. Jesse Mendez Committee Member Dr. Pasha Antonenko Dr. Sheryl A. Tucker Dean of the Graduate College ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 History of Teacher Education in Belize ...................................................................3 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................4 Purpose of Study ......................................................................................................5 Research Questions and Hypotheses………………………………………………5 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Educating Belize: Challenges and Opportunities for the Future
    The University of Texas at Austin IC2 Institute Madison Weigand Dr. David Gibson UT Bridging Disciplines http://ic2.utexas.edu/ z EDUCATING BELIZE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE FUTURE August 2015 BELIZE IC2 2 “Belize is paying a lot for education but getting little. More youth are outside the school system than in it and many fail to make the transition to the workforce. … Action is needed if Belize is not to lose a whole generation of youth.” - Inter-American Development Bank, “Challenges and Opportunities in the Belize Education Sector”, 2013 Belize: why we’re here Belize is a small nation in Central America, bordered to the north by Mexico, by Guatemala to the west and south, and by the Caribbean Sea to the east. Estimates of the national population vary from 340,000 – 360,0001, with population density averaging at 15 people per square kilometer2. In consideration of these low figures, Belize is often the forgotten nation of the Caribbean region. The small country, approximately the size of the state of Massachusetts, is occasionally omitted on regional maps and periodically has its sovereignty threatened by threats of invasion from the neighboring Guatemalan government (Rodriguez-Boetsch 6). In spite of its status as a sidelined nation, Belize is a haven of natural resources that have long been underestimated and underutilized. The country contains a broad spectrum of ecosystems and environments that lend themselves well to agricultural, fishing, and logging industries, as well as tourism—particularly ecotourism—contributing to the Belizean economy’s heavy dependence upon primary resource extraction and international tourism and trade.
    [Show full text]
  • 302232 Travelguide
    302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.1> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 INTRODUCTION 5 WELCOME 6 GENERAL VISITOR INFORMATION 8 GETTING TO BELIZE 9 TRAVELING WITHIN BELIZE 10 CALENDAR OF EVENTS 14 CRUISE PASSENGER ADVENTURES Half Day Cultural and Historical Tours Full Day Adventure Tours 16 SUGGESTED OVERNIGHT ADVENTURES Four-Day Itinerary Five-Day Itinerary Six-Day Itinerary Seven-Day Itinerary 25 ISLANDS, BEACHES AND REEF 32 MAYA CITIES AND MYSTIC CAVES 42 PEOPLE AND CULTURE 50 SPECIAL INTERESTS 57 NORTHERN BELIZE 65 NORTH ISLANDS 71 CENTRAL COAST 77 WESTERN BELIZE 87 SOUTHEAST COAST 93 SOUTHERN BELIZE 99 BELIZE REEF 104 HOTEL DIRECTORY 120 TOUR GUIDE DIRECTORY 302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.2> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.3> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 The variety of activities is matched by the variety of our people. You will meet Belizeans from many cultural traditions: Mestizo, Creole, Maya and Garifuna. You can sample their varied cuisines and enjoy their music and Belize is one of the few unspoiled places left on Earth, their company. and has something to appeal to everyone. It offers rainforests, ancient Maya cities, tropical islands and the Since we are a small country you will be able to travel longest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. from East to West in just two hours. Or from North to South in only a little over that time. Imagine... your Visit our rainforest to see exotic plants, animals and birds, possible destinations are so accessible that you will get climb to the top of temples where the Maya celebrated the most out of your valuable vacation time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transference of Cuisine and Michelin Rated Restaurants: a Chef’S Perspective of Japaneseness in Hong Kong
    特集号 『社会システム研究』 2017年 7 月 33 The Transference of Cuisine and Michelin Rated Restaurants: A Chef’s Perspective of Japaneseness in Hong Kong Watson M. Baldwin, DHTM * Introduction At present there has been research done with respect to the history of Japanese cuisine, the outlook of Hong Kong’ restaurants as it relates to tourism, and its relationship to culinary tourism, and Michelin rated restaurants. However, there is a significant gap with the recent phenomenon of the rise of Japanese Michelin rated restaurants and their emergence into the Chinese market. For this market there are numerous opportunities and avenues because Hong Kong is the gateway into the China market and Asia. These restaurants bring a certain heir of class and respect to Hong Kong as a “Culinary Destination.” Like many countries, Japan has many different styles of cuisines through the various prefectures and regions of the country. Previous researchers have often times looked at the introduction of sushi and sashimi into other areas and cultures because of its lore of being raw and uncooked fish, mollusks or shellfish products. For most countries raw fish is not consumed so it is understandable why this would be such an important item and factor into transferring Japanese cuisine. It is because of this that this paper will not look at sushi in that same capacity of introduction but rather by technique and flavor composition. Moreover, this research will include a look at four other areas of Japanese cuisine that are just as important as sushi. The first being kaiseki or the most formal and seasonal of Japanese cuisines, second is yakitori/yakiniku or grilled chicken, beef and barbecue style restaurants that specialize in preparing all parts of the chicken or cow, thirdly is ramen, traditionally a spinoff of a Chinese noodle soup but has become a staple of recognizing Japanese food, lastly there are izakayas which are the Japanese version of pubs (Cwiertka, 2006; Ashkenazi & Jacob, 2000; Lee, 2009; Barber, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Anthropology / Anthropologie/ Antropología
    Bibliographical collection on the garifuna people The word garifuna comes from Karina in Arawak language which means “yucca eaters”. ANTHROPOLOGY / ANTHROPOLOGIE/ ANTROPOLOGÍA Acosta Saignes, Miguel (1950). Tlacaxipeualiztli, Un Complejo Mesoamericano Entre los Caribes. Caracas: Instituto de Antropología y Geografía, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Central. Adams, Richard N. (1956). «Cultural Components of Central America». American Anthropologist, 58, 881- 907. Adams, Sharon Wilcox (2001). The Garifuna of Belize: Strategies of Representation. B.A. Honors Thesis, Mary Washington College. Adams, Sharon Wilcox (2006). Reconstructing Identity: Representational Strategies in the Garifuna Community of Dangriga, Belize. M. A. Thesis, University of Texas, Austin. Agudelo, Carlos (2012). “Qu’est-ce qui vient après la reconnaissance ? Multiculturalisme et populations noires en Amérique latine» in Christian Gros et David Dumoulin Kervran (eds.) Le multiculturalisme au concret. Un modèle latino américain?. Paris: Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle, pp. 267-277. Agudelo, Carlos (2012). «The afro-guatemalan Political Mobilization: Between Identity, Construction Process, Global Influences and Institutionalization» in Jean Rahier (ed) Black Social Movements in Latin America. From Monocultural Mestizaje to Multiculturalism. Miami: Palgrave Macmillan. Agudelo, Carlos (2012). “Los garifunas, identidades y reivindicaciones de un pueblo afrodescendiente de América Central” in CINU-Centro de información de las Naciones Unidas (ed.) Afrodescendencia: aproximaciones contemporáneas desde América Latina y el Caribe, pp. 59-66. http://www.cinu.mx/AFRODESCENDENCIA.pdf viewed 06.04.2012. Agudelo, Carlos (2010). “Génesis de redes transnacionales. Movimientos afrolatinoamericanos en América Central» in Odile Hoffmann (ed.) Política e Identidad. Afrodescendientes en México y América Central. México: INAH, UNAM, CEMCA, IRD, pp. 65-92. Agudelo, Carlos (2011). “Les Garifuna.
    [Show full text]
  • Caribbean Delight: Moving Beyond the Sustainability Discourse in Tourism
    Caribbean Delight: Moving Beyond the Sustainability Discourse in Tourism Carel Roessingh, Hanneke Duijnhoven, Myrte Berendse Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Culture, Organization and Management, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract Resumen I In the tourism literature a lot of attention is paid to I En la literatura del turismo se presta mucha atención different approaches towards tourism development, a los diferentes acercamientos al desarrollo del turismo, especially when it comes to developing countries. especialmente cuando nos referimos a países en vías de Often it is argued that it is necessary to come to a sus- desarrollo. Se sostiene a menudo que es necesario un tainable approach, whereby it is stressed that attention enfoque basado en la sostenibilidad, por lo cual se should be paid to the way tourism organizations remarca que se preste especial atención a cómo influyen influence (and are influenced by) the natural environ- las organizaciones de turismo (y cómo son influencia- ment as well as the cultural, and economical context in das) tanto por el entorno natural como el cultural y el which they are situated. Although the debates on sus- económico en el que se sitúan. Aunque los debates tainable forms of tourism development are a positive sobre las formas sostenibles de desarrollo turístico son direction for the tourism field, we will argue in this un camino positivo para el sector turístico, en este artí- paper that these debates will not really contribute to culo analizaremos porqué estos debates no contribuirán the progress of the field as long as there is a lack of local realmente al progreso del sector mientras haya una accounts of actors in such tourism destinations.
    [Show full text]
  • Yurumein - Homeland Study Guide
    Columbia College Chicago Digital Commons @ Columbia College Chicago Andrea E. Leland Documentary Collection Center for Black Music Research 2018 Yurumein - Homeland Study Guide Andrea E. Leland Lauren Poluha Paula Prescod Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colum.edu/leland Part of the African Languages and Societies Commons, Communication Commons, Film and Media Studies Commons, History Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, and the Music Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. A Documentary Film by NINE MORNING PRODUCTIONS and ANDREA E. LELAND PRODUCTIONS, INC. Producer, Director, Camera: ANDREA E. LELAND Additional Camera: FABIAN GUERRA / GORO TOSHIMA Editor: TOM SHEPARD Sound Edit: BURKE SOUND STUDIO Color Correction: GARY COATES Animation: JON EICHNER/ RAMIRO SEGURA, TIN ROOF PRODUCTIONS Online Editor: HEATHER WEAVER www.yurumeinproject.com/ [email protected] • www.andrealeland.com/ [email protected] Photography credit: Kingsley Roberts Teachers’ Study Guide YURUMEIN – HOMELAND RESISTANCE, RUPTURE & REPAIR: THE CARIBS OF ST VINCENT A documentary film by Andrea E. Leland Contents Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….............. 3 Introduction ..………………………………………………………………………............. 4 About the filmmaker………………………………………………………............ 5 Featured in the film…………………………………………………….............. 5 Concepts and definitions…………………………………………………………............. 6 Discussion: Tradition and Identity ………........…………………….................. 7 St Vincent
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr
    UNITED NATIONS A General Assembly Distr. GENERAL A/HRC/WG.6/5/BLZ/1 18 February 2009 Original: ENGLISH HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Fifth session Geneva, 4-15 May 2009 NATIONAL REPORT SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH PARAGRAPH 15 (A) OF THE ANNEX TO HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL RESOLUTION 5/1 * Belize _________________________ * The present document was not edited before being sent to the United Nations translation services. GE.09- A/HRC/WG.6/5/BLZ/1 Page 2 I. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY 1. Belize is firmly committed to the protection and promotion of human rights as evidenced by its Constitution, domestic legislation, adherence to international treaties and existing national agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). 2. Belizean culture, democratic history and legal tradition has infused in Belizean society and government a deep respect for those fundamental human rights articulated in Part II of the Belize Constitution. Such fundamental freedoms as the right to assembly, the right to free speech and the right to due process are vigilantly guarded by Belizeans themselves. 3. As a developing country Belize views development as inextricably bound to the fulfilment of human rights making the right to development a fundamental right itself as asserted by the Declaration on the Right to Development. Thus, the Government of Belize has consistently adopted a human rights based approach in development planning, social services and general policy formulation and execution. 4. Belize’s national report for the Universal Periodic Review has been prepared in accordance with the General Guidelines for the Preparation of Information under the Universal Periodic Review, decision 6/102, as circulated adopted by the Human Rights Council on 27 September 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • What Makes a Restaurant Ethnic? (A Case Study Of
    FORUM FOR ANTHROPOLOGY AND CULTURE, 2017, NO. 13 WHAT MAKES A RESTAURANT ETHNIC? (A CASE STUDY OF ARMENIAN RESTAURANTS IN ST PETERSBURG) Evgenia Guliaeva Th e Russian Museum of Ethnography 4/1 Inzhenernaya Str., St Petersburg, Russia [email protected] A b s t r a c t: Using restaurants in St Petersburg serving Armenian cuisine as a case study, the article studies the question of what makes an ethnic restaurant ethnic, what may be learnt about ethnicity by studying a restaurant serving a national cuisine, and to what extent the image of Armenian cuisine presented in Armenian restaurants corresponds to what Armenian informants tell us. The conclusion is that the composition of the menu in these restaurants refl ects a view of Armenian cuisine from within the ethnic group itself. The representation of ethnicity is achieved primarily by discursive means. Neither owners, nor staff, nor customers from the relevant ethnic group, nor the style of the interior or music are necessary conditions for a restaurant to be accepted as ethnic. However, their presence is taken into account when the authenticity or inauthenticity of the restaurant is evaluated. Armenian informants, though, do not raise the question of authenticity: this category is irrelevant for them. Keywords: Armenians, ethnicity, ethnic restaurants, national cuisine, authenticity, St Petersburg. To cite: Guliaeva E., ‘What Makes a Restaurant Ethnic? (A Case Study of Armenian Restaurants in St Petersburg)’, Forum for Anthropology and Culture, 2017, no. 13, pp. 280–305. U R L: http://anthropologie.kunstkamera.ru/fi
    [Show full text]