GISette A quarterly newsletter to broaden people’s understanding of mapping, geography and the City’s Geographic Information System

Volume 3, Issue 3 Summer 2013 For Marlborough’s Public GIS Web Site Visit the Following Link: http://gis.marlborough-ma.gov

Welcome to the history edition of the GISette! I’m deviating from the norm in this issue quite a bit. Instead The Battle of Breed’s Hill of writing an intriguing article about some aspect of No, I don’t mean Bunker Hill, but you might think I do. geography that you on the edge of your seats, I want to combine my love of history with the work of another An obelisk in Charlestown marks the spot on which the GIS professional’s. Living in Massachusetts, we are all Battle of Bunker Hill took place. And most of us have acutely aware of our state’s role in American History. heard the saying “Don’t fire until you see the whites of But, now we can use GIS to explore that history as well. I hope you find this newsletter as interesting as I their eyes!” It’s a moment of national pride. A David do! and Goliath story. There’s only one problem with this: That battle didn’t happen on Bunker Hill, it happened on neighboring Breed’s Hill. And technically, we lost. What this map tells you about GIS There’s a little more to that “whites of their eyes” bit as - This one map incorporates over a dozen well, but that isn’t what this newsletter is about. This maps from the Library of Congress that newsletter is as much about looking as it is about were used to create this GIS base map. reading. Page 2 of this newsletter is a map. And the

map tells a story. By using various sources of

- Written accounts from historical texts have information, Charlie Frye, the author of the map, been transformed into geographical weaves together a narrative of an important event representations. using GIS and tells his own ancestor’s story in the

process. I like his work for several reasons. First and - Databases have been created from the foremost I am a true history buff. I like to see a story muster rolls of soldiers who participated. told accurately and concisely. Too often the true story - By “layering” information, inconsistencies of an event is lost because of inept authors, rumors can be represented visually and, possibly, and even bugs bunny cartoons. History has become rectified. one big game of “telephone”. The other reason I like

this map is because it shows you just how versatile GIS can be. It takes into account written narratives, lists of A BOUT T H E M APMAKER names and places, historical maps and a variety of His name is Charlie Frye, and although I have never met other sources and turned them into a visual the man, I am inspired by his work. I first came across his map during a course I took on cartographic design. representation of the facts. By creating layers of The instructor showed us his work and offered to share information and arranging them in a clear and concise the map he had produced and the data that went with it. fashion, we can derive information that tells us, and Charlie works for ESRI, a company that makes GIS more importantly, shows us, what happened that day in software. He combined his passion for history and cartography to create this map. I wanted to share it with American history. I encourage you zoom in and really you because it shows how truly versatile GIS can be. explore the attached map. I promise you’ll enjoy it.

Newsletter 1 The Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17th, 1775 The Battle T Starting Locations of Forces east of Breed's Hill, and advanced his horrible casualties. Understrength to begin Americans, not supplied with close fighting o For reasons unknown, the rebels columns along Mystic River beach, hoping with, regiments of 400 or so men were weapons, fell back, taking most of their M costructed their redoubt on Breed's Hill to encircle the fortification and cut it off from reduced to less than ten men each. casualties at this time. ed and not on Bunker's Hill, as originally reinforcements from the Cambridge area. fo planned. Breed's Hill measured only 60 The British advance was hampered by Meanwhile, Pigot led the 38th and 43rd Stark's men, retreating from the rail fence, rd feet in height, as compared to Bunker's stone walls, which were difficult to see in Light Infantry Regiments up the east side of prevented Prescott's men from being ( 110 feet, and was closer to the eastern the tall grass. Picking their way forward, the redoubt, while elements of the 47th encircled. The retreat was carried out in 4 and southern shorelines, making it a target Howe then saw Stark's newly constructed Light Infantry, the Marines and six flank good order preventing a rout. m for artillery both offshore and in Boston. fence continuing the line of an existing companies assailed the south. The fire from i.) Breed's proximity to Boston also posed a stone wall to the edge of the Mystic River, the fortification, similar in execution to the Outcome Much has been written of the heroism demonstrated by the men of more substantive threat to the British effectively blocking Howe's proposed route. fire at the fence, halted the charge cold and The Americans were forced to withdraw, Massachusetts at the Battle for Bunker Hill, but New Hampshire's encamped in the town, ensuring their sent the British back in disarray. but not before inflicting upon the British role in that great Patriot undertaking has been minimized or at least immediate retaliation. Howe also found difficulty moving his surprisingly heavy casualties. The under-publicized. More than 100 men from New Hampshire were in Moore's Company (1st New Hampshire Regiment) artillery through the marshy terrain. In Watching the battle from Boston, GEN revolution became a real war in the minds 7th and 13th Massachusetts Regiments Capt. John Moore Cols. Mansfield and Scammon Col. Prescott's Massachusetts Regiment, for example, including a After construction of the redoubt, COL addition to mobility problems, the cannon Clinton, on his own initiative, led the last of Americans and British alike. Never company of 59 men under Capt. Dow from Hollis. . While we probably Approx 150 Men Prescot extended the defenses to the were found to be supplied with wrong sized British reserves to Charlestown Peninsula. again would the American rebels be Approx. 741 Men will never know the exact number of New Hampshiremen who served From Col. Stark's hometown of Amoskaeg. Built low Refused Gen Putnam's orders to take the field. north by almost three hundred feet with the shot. These events kept the effectiveness of Howe then regrouped his shattered treated as a third rate mob. at Bunker Hill, it is reasonable to assume the figure is somewhere in the stone wall and fired from 3-deep (crouched, kneeling, construction of breastworks. Colonels the superior British artillery to a minimum. formations and planned his next move. He Scammon was court-marshalled, acquitted but neighborhood of 1000-1300, virtually all the men New Hampshire had and standing) ranks into the oncoming British soldiers. Knowlton and Stark were given the task of began to regard the rebels as an enemy The colonials had their first real taste of was branded a coward for similar actions. available. In any event, the New Hampshire contingent outnumbered the combined totals of Massachusetts and Connecticut. securing the American left flank, along the In preparation for the coming battle, Colonel army, not just a band of rabble. warfare in defense of their freedom. They Charlestown 1st New Hampshire Regiment Mystic River. Knowlton added to a pre- Stark planted a wooden stake in the ground found that the effectiveness of their fighting Col. John Stark existing stone wall which ran north to the 35 yards from his men's position at the rail Having been repulsed twice in the same ability had been compromised by, among New Hampshire regiments reported 60 killed, 74 wounded and 19 beach. Stark extended the wall with fence and stone wall. The defenders were manner, Howe changed his tactics to other factors, supply shortages, lack of Approx 400 Men missing or captured. Wilton NH historical records show a transaction wooden rails to the edge of the water. As instructed to fire as the advancing British counter the colonists' advantage. He discipline, and inter-colony rivalries. ) Quote from Stark during British Advance: M 4 mi. Neck signed by Isaac Frye where at least some of the 19 missing were the edges of the breastworks and stone crossed the line of the stake, to aim low, ordered his men to drop their heavy packs (2. traded for with the British. "Damn you, no flinching--I'll run through y ge wall did not meet, other men built fleches and to aim at British officers. In spite of and use only bayonets in the final charge. Lessons Learned brid the next man who dodges. By God, you'll stand, s Cam t i to plug the gap. With the addition of some premature shots, as Howe's columns Thus, they could close more quickly, and Both armies had fought courageously and or Lucy Stark will be a widow by nightfall." To c R i e r snipers in abandoned buildings in advanced to 35 yds from the stone fence, would not waste time firing at the learned much. For the Redcoats, the v Charlestown, the Americans had created a the majority of the rebels opened fire. While entrenched rebels. Howe was also able to lesson was painful. Although they had 3rd New Hampshire Regiment line of defenders from 2500 - 4000 strong, serving in the French and Indian War, Stark employ his cannon, having been moved into captured the hill, out of 2200 soldiers Col. James Reed depending on accounts. had learned the tactic of firing in ranks, as position. The artillery fired grapeshot, to engaged, 1034 were casualties. The 3d Connecticut Regiment (Putnam) Approx. 300 Men opposed to the more common practice of solve the problem of wrong sized shot, to British attempted no further actions outside Capt. Thomas Knowlton Likely included 2nd Lt. Q.M. Isaac Frye of Wilton, NH. In preparation for the coming battle, Colonel Stark planted a wooden The British started in Boston, delayed in firing in a single unit volley. He used that both pin Stark's men at the rail fence to Boston for the next nine months. When Approx. 200 Men stake in the ground 35 yards from his men's position at the rail fence and It has been noted that Admiral Graves refused to send ships their attack by both the tide and a shortage technique here, decimating whole prevent them moving out, and to rake the Howe replaced Gage as military Gen. Isreal Putnam (the 3d was Putnam's Regiment) and was reported to have said the following which stone wall. The defenders were instructed to fire as the advancing British up the Mystic River to cannonade the Colonial Militia's of boats. General Gage's senior officer, companies of British Light Infantry. The breastworks of the redoubt. commander in America, the events of that were repeated down the lines by Knowlton, Reed, and Stark: "Men, you are all marksmen - don't one of crossed the line of the stake, to aim low, and to aim at British officers. ... positions on Breeds Hill. This was due to a complete lack of General Howe, planned to move westward proximity and the sustained rate of the fire day would continue to haunt him, and he you fire until you see the whites of their eyes.", "Powder is scarce and must not be wasted.", "Fire Low", While serving in the French and Indian War, Stark had learned the tactic knowledge of the locations of the mud flats, even though the from Moulton's point, flank the redoubt on kept the British from mounting a bayonet In the redoubt, many of Prescott's men had would time and again fail to follow up a of firing in ranks, as opposed to the more common practice of firing in a "Take aim at the waistbands.", "You are all marksmen and could kill a squirel at 100 yards.", British had in occupation of Boston for over a year and still Breed's Hill, capture Bunker Hill and charge. The Infantry survivors broke and panicked and fled by this time. He had only victory over the Americans. single unit volley. He used that technique here, decimating whole had not taken soundings. Charlestown Neck, and encircle the ran, leaving 96 dead. 150 remaining, and was low on powder, "Reserve your fire and the enemy will all be destroyed.", "Aim at the handsom coats.", and "Pick off the officers." companies of British Light Infantry. The proximity and the sustained rate colonials. shot and water. His men found themselves The Americans had shown they could of the fire kept the British from mounting a bayonet charge. The Infantry The Grenadiers, delayed by broken terrain firing bits of stone and bent nails at the stand up to the British in traditional open survivors broke and ran, leaving 96 dead. Action and stone fences hidden in the tall grass, redcoats. field combat. But where they had Bunker Seeing the newly constructed redoubt on then attacked, suffering the same fate as succeeded, it had been through individual 25th Massachusetts Regiment 23d Royal Welsh Fusiliers The six-pound cannons (manned by parts of the 35th) with Howe Breed's Hill, the British began their the Infantry. They fell back in disarray, Howe feinted the remnants of the 5th, the gallantry rather than tactical planning or Col. Gerrish, 421 Men 200 Men, Under MG Howe were not used during the first advance. Their ammunition boxes advance by landing their infantry on the leaving the beach soaked in blood. 52nd and the grenadiers toward the fence, discipline. Some regiments had fought 96 Killed, "Not enough men Gerrish refused to join the battle despite contained twelve-pound ordinance. Howe ordered the correct Charlestown Peninsula. The 5th and 38th and wheeled south to the north side of the well, others not at all. Of an estimated Hill left to saddle the goat." Anon. Putnam's repeated orders. The 25th Grenadiers Under MG Howe ordinance and ordered that grapeshot be used in the interim. Light Infantry proceeded from Long Wharf; Regrouping quickly, Howe planned his redoubt. Pigot attacked the east side, and 2500 to 4000 men engaged, 400 to 600 was the only other regiment to cross 18th Foot, 100 Men The correct ordinance arrived in time for the third advance. in Boston, the 43rd, 57th and 47th Light second assault to use the same avenue of Pitcairn took the Marines and the rest of the were casualties. Stronger leadership would 65th Foot, 100 Men the Charleston Neck. 5th Foot, 100 Men Infantry moved in from North Battery. approach, turning left at the last moment to 47th against the south. be critical to success in further battles. Under MG Howe 47th Foot, 100 Men Just before commencing the first march toward the redoubt, 59th Foot, 100 Men During this time, the British Navy supplied attack the fleches constructed north of the 8 Killed, 38 Casualties General Howe made a short speech, in which he said, "If the artillery fire from gunboats and ships redoubt. Coordinated with Howe's attack The Americans fired as the British entered 2 Officers Killed 52d Foot, 100 Men 10th Foot, 100 Men enemy will not come out of their intrenchments, we must drive them offshore. was Pigot's assault directly on the redoubt. close range, again inflicting withering Source: Worcester Polytechnic Institute 18th Mass (part) 43d Foot, 100 Men out, at all events, otherwise the town of Boston will be set on fire by losses. Their ammunition ran out, however, Department of Military Science: Col. Doolittle, 100 Men 38th Foot, 100 Men them. I shall not desire one of you to go a step further than where I GEN Howe landed at Morton's Point, north Howe was again repulsed hard, suffering and the British closed with bayonets. The http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Depts/MilSci/WPI/ Mill Pond 35th Grenadier Company go myself at your head." 24th Mass (part) 280 Men, Under MG Howe Col. Little, 100 Men 274 Casualties 22d Mass (part) Col. Woodbridge, 100 Men Clay 19th Mass (part) e 11th Massachusetts Regiment Brick ow Col. Brewer, 200 Men H Col. Ebenezer Bridges Pits MG 314 Men 16th Mass (part) Kilns Morton's Col. Nixon, 200 Men Morton's 10th Massachusetts Regiment Fleches Point Col. James Frye, LTC James Bricket 4th Grenadier Company "The King's Own" g 492 Men. 290 Men, Under MG Howe, 250 Casualties Hill in Included famous black patriot, Salem Poor. Breeds 5th Light Infantry, 200 Men d 9th Massachusetts Regiment Under MG Howe r Pigot 14 Killed, 78 Wounded, ie n 1st New Hampshire Col. William Prescott d 6 Officers Killed a a LTC Wyman, Commanding two companies Approx. 200 Men Hill rig L Approx. 200 Men Col. Prescott was commander in the redoubt. B Glasgow 38th Foot, 200 Men 52d Light Infantry, 200 Men t Under Gen Pigot Under MG Howe s 9th Massachusetts Regiment r Falcon Gondolas 43th Foot, 200 Men i Capt. Nutting's Company Warren's Under Gen Pigot F Approx 100 Men Redoubt 24th Massachusetts Regiment Symmetry One Company, Approx. 100 men Colonial Artillery Six Field Pieces 18th Massachusetts Regiment Capts. Gridley, Callender, & Trevett Capt. Wheeler, Approx. 100 Men 63d Foot, 450 Men 47th Foot, 200 Men 1st Marine Battalion, 500 Men Under Gen Pigot and Maj Pitcairn Under Gen Pigot and Under Gen Pigot and Maj Pitcairn School 3rd New Hampshire Regiment Maj Pitcairn 29 Killed, 87 Wounded g Capt. Crosby Approx. 100 Men in Hill d Reinforcements for 3rd and decisive push an L 2nd Battalion of Marines Cemetery s 600 Men, Under Pitcairn nt Town e 63d Light Infantry John Trumbull painting of the death of Dr. Warren m 450 Men, Under Pigot and fatal wounding of Maj. Pitcairn as the redoubt was taken. Hill rce 22nd Mass (part) fo Approx. 100 Men in Charlestown Re Charleston was shelled and burned shortly after the British began marching up Breeds Hill. MG Pigot sent word of harassing fire from Major Pitcairn was commander of the final assault on Colonel within Charleston and asked Gen. Gage to do something. Gage Prescott's redoubt. In the summer heat he led his Marines - responded by cannonading Charleston with hot shot and including his son, Thomas (age 19), a Lieutenant, on foot up the hill for the final assault. While advancing, they crossed another line of carcasses. Carcasses were hollowed shells filled with buring oil- infantry, who were being pushed back by heavy rebel fire. Pitcairn soaked rags. Charleston was completely engulfed within a few told them to "Break and let the Marines through!", and is said to minutes. Militial companies likely fled back toward the neck or have threatened to "bayonet the buggers" if they would not get out flanked around and joined Prescott in at the redoubt. of the Marines' way! He waved his sword and urged his men on: Cerberus Lively "Now, for the glory of the Marines!" British Army Casualties Rank Killed Wounded Lt. Thomas Hyde Page 1:24,000 scale map (size reduced here) Firepower of British Artillery Lieutenant Colonel 1 0 Location # of Guns Size of Guns Major 2 3 Copps Hill Battery 3 24 pounders Captain 7 27 HMS Somerset 68 18 pounders Spitfire Lieutenant 9 32 HMS Lively 20 6 pounders Ensign 0 8 HMS Symmetry 18 9 pounders r Somerset Sergeant 15 40 HMS Falcon 14 6 pounders C h e Drummer 1 12 HMS Glasgow 20 6 pounders a r i v Rank & File 226 828 HMS Spitfire 6 3 pounders l e s R Totals 261 950 HMS Cerberus 36 6 pounders Note: Only half of any ships guns could be used at once Copps Hill 0 850 1,700 3,400 Feet Colonial Militia Battery Casualties The length of this scale is about the same as the range of a cannon Killed 115 Boston Wounded 305 Captured 31

At that time there was no Continental Army, just militias General Putnam was commander of Capt. Knowlton's stormed the redoubt and the fighting was fierce. from each colony. In fact, on the day of the battle of regiment and picked Capt. Knowlton's men as being the General Warren was killed there and the British Marine Colonel James Frye, Commander Bunker Hill General George Washington was elected bravest and most dependable from his regiment. commander, Maj Pitcairn was fatally wounded. It was Isaac Frye's Story Commander in Chief by the Continental Congress. He Colonel Stark noticed that the beach to our left was not so smoky that the British couldn't see many of the 10th Massachusetts Regiment arrived in Cambridge two weeks later. defended and he sent Capt. Moore to fortify it with a rock militiamen escaping. About that time we began to fall wall, and to take up positions there. Colonel Stark back and cover the retreat of those men escaping the If he were still alive, Col. James Frye, who lived at 169 Allow me to introduce myself, I am Major Isaac Frye. On June 16th, we received word that our regiment would My great-great-great-great-great grandson Henry Frye walked out front of Capt. Moore's wall and pounded a redoubt. The British had called in reinforcements and Chestnut St., in North Andover, Massachusetts. Until his be called up and deployed on Bunker Hill. We had 446 stake in the ground, He came back and said, "There, with fresh men finally returned a little of the punishment death in 1776, Frye was a farmer, tavern keeper, and has asked me to talk about the battle of Bunker Hill fit men in our unit. Colonel Prescott of the during the Revolutionary War since I was there as a don't a man fire till the Redcoats come up to that stake. their units had suffered as the militiamen retreated. respected leader in the community and military. Massachusetts militia was going to take 1,200 men and If he does, I'll knock him down." volunteer member of the New Hampshire militia. fortify Bunker Hill that night. When day broke at 4:00 AM Another of my distant cousins, Ralph Farnum, said of Known for his brash speech, Frye fought alongside on the morning of the 17th of June, the British were very At the end of April of 1775, I was 28 years old, working We didn't have much powder or ammunition, so we had how such slaughter affect us, "The screaming was George Washington in the Battle of Louisburg during Lt. Thomas Hyde Page Sketch Map surprised to see that the colonists had fortified the to make every shot count. General Putnam rode up and in my field in Wilton, New Hampshire when I received louder than firearms". Ralph said he was so sick the French and Indian War. In 1775, he commanded Charleston Peninsula. More surprising was that instead down the fence line encouraging us. He said, "Don't fire couldn't stand to fire his musket any more after seeing word of the Battle of Lexington and Concord. I told my of Bunker Hill, the rebels, as the loyalists called us, had 400 Andover militia men at the Battle of Bunker Hill. wife Elizabeth and my children, "The war has begun until you see the whites of their eyes!" and hearing such a horrific scene. Ralph would turn fortified Breeds Hill. The British ships immediately nineteen in July that year. He lived to the age of 105 and I must be going." Within five minutes I was on my began to cannonade the new fortification. But Prescott's Historical records from that battle say Frye was Credits & Source Text horse and heading to muster with the rest of the 3d At about 3:00 on that hot afternoon the British assault and in 1860 would be the last survivor of the battle to http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~wcarr1/Lossing1/Chap23.html: Lossing's Field Book of the Revolution, Vol_ Map and Spatial Data Compilation men kept working, building a breastwork to the north of responsible for rallying troops who had begun to retreat I_, Chapter XXIII.htm Regiment from New Hampshire. At the time I was a began. We were ready for them. Standing three deep, die. the redoubt they had constructed in the night. one on his knees, one crouching, and one standing, two from the British. 2nd Lieutenant and the quartermaster for my regiment. http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/army/38service.htm: A summary of the service of the 38th, or Staffordshire, lines reloading while one line was firing. Row after row We fell back to Winter Hill, and even though we were in Regiment for the period 1774-1783 In fact, I was one of the first quartermasters in the Elevation: National Park Service Map depicting colonial troop We left Medford and arrived at the Charleston Neck after row of the British infantry and grenadiers fell before range of the British cannons, they clearly had lost the "This day 30 years I was at the taking of Louisburg," Continental Army. Quartermasters were responsible for http://www.motherbedford.com/Chronology10.htm: 1775: The Battle of Bunker Hill deployments. around noon on June 17th. There was a lot of confusion us. We soundly defeated the best the British could will to fight. I can see why, of the 2,200 who had Frye shouted from his horse. "This is a fortunate day for equipping their unit's soldiers with tents, shovels, there. The British ships were firing their cannons onto throw at us that day. Not one man in twenty from the engaged against us, almost half were killed or America, we shall certainly beat the enemy!" http://www.regimental-art.com/welch_fusiliers.htm: Welsh Fusiliers spades, transportation; well anything to do with the Charleston Neck, and that was keeping a lot of militia traveling and setting up camp. Being a quartermaster King's own 4th Foot Regiment, who charged us left the wounded. It was a major psychological win for the from crossing. I crossed with Colonel John Stark, who field under his own power that day. Stark's men treated http://www.seacoastnh.com/history/rev/bunker.html: Seacoast NH History - Revolution Era - NH at Bunker Hill was tough then as Congress didn't have the funds to patriots and for the New Hampshire troops. It has long Minutes later, a musket ball tore through Frye's thigh lead the 1st New Hampshire Regiment. Short of the 23rd Royal Welsh Fusiliers even worse, and they got been said that the New Hampshire troops "Held the line http://www.winthrop.dk/majpit6.html: Battle of Bunker Hill properly equip an army. and the horse's saddle, before lodging in its back. Frye General Israel Putnam (of Connecticut), Colonel Stark a lot of the 5th Foot Regiment too. Twice the British at Bunker Hill". was the toughest and bravest man I knew. Stark and got off the horse, pulled out the bullet, and taunted the http://www.fifthfoot.org/history.html: His Majesty's Fifth Regiment of Foot - History We mustered at Medford, Massachusetts, which is charged into our musket fire and twice they were beaten. Putnam had fought together as part of the elite Rodger's As for me, I went on to fight in many of the northern British for their aim, yelling, "The regulars fire damned http://www.royalmarinesregimental.co.uk/histcmemd.html: Corps Memorable Dates about four miles north by northeast of Boston. We Rangers with the British in the French and Indian War. campaign battles, including Ticonderoga, Saratoga, I careless!" http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Depts/MilSci/BTSI/Hill/: Battle of Breed's / Bunker Hill were tired of the British King taxing us and telling us My father Capt. Abiel Frye along with our distant cousin, what to do without any representation in Parliament. The 3rd British charge would be different. More than an was with Washington at Valley Forge, the 3rd led the Colonel James Frye also fought in the French and Indian hour had passed since the 2nd charge. They had had attack on Clinton at Monmouth, and were finally He continued to fight, in spite of an injury that would kill http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Depts/MilSci/BTSI/Hill/prelim.html: Battle of Bunker's Hill Preliminary Study When we got word that the British were planning to war. Colonel Frye was commanding the Massachusetts enough of us on that rail fence that day. The British disbanded in 1781. Then I served in the 1st New him a year later when infection set in. http://www.nhssar.org/essays/BunkerHl.html: BunkerHill occupy Dorchester Heights just to the south of Boston, 10th Regiment from Andover, Massachusetts where I it was determined that the British had to be stopped in soldiers had thrown off their heavy packs and coats and Hampshire regiment for two more years, mostly was born. They were one of the three regiments who now pushed up the hill in their shirtsleeves. In the guarding the north. For most of the war I was company http://www.able2know.com/forums/about8635.html: Yankee Doodle and the Lobsterbacks order to protect our land and freedom. And so the built the fortifications on Breeds Hill. Our family was siege of Boston began. redoubt, there were fewer than 200 men. Many of the commander and many brave men from New Hampshire http://www.qmfound.com/greene.htm: Nathaniel Greene and the Supply of the Continental Army used to fighting. men had thought the battle over, they had nothing to eat served in my company. "Live Free or Die" became our The War of the Revolution v.1 Christopher Ward, 1952, The MacMillan Company, New York, NY. and little to drink since the previous day, or had had state motto, we believed every bit of that. I was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James My regiment took up a position along a low stone topped Lt. Thomas Hyde Page 1:4,800 scale map (size reduced here) Reed. We were expecting to meet up with the militias enough of the killing and had left; the rest, well they were The War for Independence, The Story of the American Revolution Albert Marrin, 1988, Atheneum The MacMillan with a rail fence between Colonel Stark's regiment on Company, New York, NY. from Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. nearly out of ammunition. The British marines finally our left and Capt. Knowlton of Connecticut on our right. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/gmdhome.html: Library of Congress Map Collections Home Page.