DOCSLIB.ORG

0521838096Htl 1..2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Anthropological Genetics Anthropological genetics is a field that has been in existence since the 1960s and has been growing within medical schools and academic departments, such as anthropology and human biology, ever since. With the recent developments in DNA and computer technologies, the field of anthropological genetics has been redefined. This volume deals with the molecular revolution and how DNA markers can provide insight into the processes of evolution, the mapping of genes for complex phenotypes and the reconstruction of the human diaspora. In addition to this, there are explanations of the technological developments and how they affect the fields of forensic anthropology and population studies, alongside the methods of field investigations and their contribution to anthropological genetics. This book brings together leading figures from the field to provide an up-to-date introduction to anthropological genetics, aimed at advanced undergraduates to professionals, in genetics, biology, medicine and anthropology. Michael H. Crawford is Professor of Anthropology and Genetics at the University of Kansas, USA. Anthropological Genetics 1 Theory, Methods and Applications Michael H.Crawford University of Kansas 1Under the sponsorship of the American Association of Anthropological Genetics CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521838092 © Cambridge University Press 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2006 ISBN-13 978-0-511-33524-2 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-10 0-511-33524-5 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-83809-2 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-83809-6 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-54697-3 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-54697-4 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents List of Contributors page vii Preface ix Chapter 1 Foundations of Anthropological Genetics 1 M. H. Crawford Part I Theory 17 Chapter 2 Partitioning of Genetic Variation in Human Populations and the Concept of Race 19 Lorena Madrigal and Guido Barbujani Chapter 3 Natural Experiments in Human Gene Mapping: The Intersection of Anthropological Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology 38 Joe Terwilliger and Joe Lee Part 2 Methods 77 Chapter 4 The Importance of Field Research in Anthropological Genetics: Methods, Experiences and Results 79 M. H. Crawford Chapter 5 The Confluence of Anthropological Genetics and Anthropological Demography 112 James H. Mielke and Alan G. Fix Chapter 6 Molecular Markers in Anthropological Genetic Studies 141 Rohina Rubicz, Phil Melton, and Michael Crawford Chapter 7 The Use of Quantitative Traits in Anthropological Genetic Studies of Population Structure and History 187 John Relethford Chapter 8 Ancient DNA and its Application to the Reconstruction of Human Evolution and History 210 Dennis O’Rourke Part 3 General Applications 233 Chapter 9 Applications of Molecular Genetics to Forensic Sciences 235 Moses Schanfield vi CONTENTS Chapter 10 Emerging Technologies: The Bright Future of Fluorescence 277 Eric Devor Chapter 11 Mapping Genes Influencing Human Quantitative Trait Variation 306 John Blangero, Jeff T. Williams, Laura Almasy and Sarah Williams-Blangero Part 4 The Human Diaspora 335 Chapter 12 Human Origins Within and Out of Africa 337 Sarah A. Tishkoff and Mary Katherine Gonder Chapter 13 The Peopling of Europe 380 Barbara Arredi, Estella S. Poloni and Chris Tyler-Smith Chapter 14 The Peopling of Oceania 409 Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith Chapter 15 The Prehistoric Colonization of the Americas 433 Francisco Salzano Chapter 16 Anthropological Genetics: Present and Future 456 Henry Harpending Index 467 Contributors Laura Almasy, Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549 Barbara Arredi, Istituto di Medicina Legale, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy Guido Barbujani, Department of Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy John Blangero, Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549 Michael H. Crawford, Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 Eric J. Devor, Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics, Integrated DNA Technologies, 1710 Commercial Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 Alan G. Fix, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 Mary Katherine Gonder, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Henry C. Harpending, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Joseph H. Lee, Department of Epidemiology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Centre, Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 Lorena Madrigal, Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith, Department of Anthropology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Phillip Melton, Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 James H. Mielke, Department of Anthropology, 622 Fraser Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 Dennis H. O’Rourke, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Estella S. Poloni, Department of Anthropology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland John H. Relethford, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820 Rohina C. Rubicz, Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 Francisco M. Salzano, Departamento de Genetica, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15053, 91501-970 Porto Allegre, RS, Brazil Moses Schanfield, Department of Forensic Sciences, 2036 H Street, NW, 103 Samson Hall, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052 viii CONTRIBUTORS Joseph D. Terwilliger, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 Sarah A. Tishkoff, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Chris Tyler-Smith, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom Jeff T. Williams, Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549 Sarah Williams-Blangero, Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549 Preface The primary purposes of this volume are: (1) to define the field of anthropological genetics in lieu of the recent developments in molecular genetics; (2) to update the materials presented in earlier volumes on anthropological genetics. This update is essential because the recent technological developments have provided tools that can now be utilized to answer controversial evolutionary and historically based questions. The earlier four volumes dealing with anthropo- logical genetics (Crawford and Workman, 1973; Mielke and Crawford, 1980; Crawford and Mielke, 1982; Crawford, 1984) preceded the molecular genetics revolution and focused primarily on population structure and the beginnings of genetic epidemiology. A glimpse of some of the technological and methodological innovations and their applications to anthropological genetics was contained in the special issue of Human Biology, devoted to the arrival of the new millennium and the future of the field (Crawford, 2000). I was approached by the Executive Committee of the American Association of Anthropological Genetics (AAAG) and asked to develop a volume that would define the field of anthropological genetics and could be used as a textbook for advanced undergraduate students and graduate students. After several meetings with committees to discuss the contents of such a volume, I proposed that the book be divided into an Introduction, Conclusion plus four topical categories: Theory, Methods, General Applications, and The Human Diaspora. Initially, 19 sets of authors agreed to write chapters covering what I consid- ered the most significant topics in anthropological genetics. The Introduction was to trace the historical roots of the field and set the stage for what was to follow. The Theory section was to include the following chapters: (1) Theory of Evolution and how its measurement in humans was altered by the molecular genetic revolution; (2) Decomposition of genetic variation and its implica- tions about race and its classification; (3) The use of genetic isolates in the measurement of gametic disequilibrium and gene mapping. The section on Methods would include: (1) field research methodol- ogy; (2) use of historical demography; (3) molecular markers; (4) use of quantitative genetic traits in the reconstruction of population structure; and (5) ancient DNA methodology. The section on General Applications would include: (1) use of DNA for forensic purposes; (2) emerging technology and its uses; (3) application of linkage analysis and molecular markers in mapping QTLs; (4) use of DNA in behavioural genetics of primates. The fourth section would
Recommended publications
  • Historical Overview of the Human Population-Genetic Studies In

    Historical Overview of the Human Population-Genetic Studies In

    L. Lasić et al.: Population-Genetic Studies in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll.Coll. Antropol. Antropol. 40 40 (2016) (2016) 2: 2: 145–149 145–149 Review HHistoricalistorical OOverviewverview ofof thethe HumanHuman Population-Population- GGeneticenetic StudiesStudies inin BBosniaosnia andand Herzegovina:Herzegovina: SSmallmall Country,Country, GGreatreat DDiversityiversity LLejlaejla LasiLasić, JJasminaasmina HindijaHindija Čaakar,kar, GGabrijelaabrijela RRadosavljeviadosavljević, BBelmaelma KKalamujialamujić aandnd NarisNaris PojskiPojskić University of Sarajevo, Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina AABSTRACTB S T R A C T Modern Bosnia and Herzegovina is a multinational and multi-religious country, situated in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula in South-eastern Europe. According to recent archaeological fi ndings, Bosnia and Herzegovina has been occupied by modern humans since the Palaeolithic period. The structure of Bosnia-Herzegovina’s human populations is very complex and specifi c, due to which it is interesting for various population-genetic surveys. The population of Bos- nia and Herzegovina has been the focus of bio-anthropological and population genetics studies since the 19th century. The fi rst known bio-anthropological analyses of Bosnia-Herzegovina population were primarily based on the observation of some phenotypic traits. Later examinations included cytogenetic and DNA based molecular markers. The results of all studies which have been done up to date showed no accented genetic difference among the populations (based on geo- graphical regions) with quite high diversity within them. Human population of Bosnia and Herzegovina is closely related to other populations in the Balkans. However, there are still many interesting features hidden within the existing diver- sity of local human populations that are still waiting to be discovered and described.
  • Information for Instructor

    Information for Instructor

    Using a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism to Predict Bitter-Tasting Ability 21 INFORMATION FOR INSTRUCTOR CONCEPTS AND METHODS This laboratory can help students understand several important concepts of modern biology: • The relationship between genotype and phenotype. • The use of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in predicting drug response (pharmacogenetics). • A number of SNPs are inherited together as a haplotype. • The movement between in vitro experimentation and in silico computation. The laboratory uses several methods for modern biological research: • DNA extraction and purification. • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). • DNA restriction. • Gel electrophoresis. • Bioinformatics. LAB SAFETY The National Association of Biology Teachers recognizes the importance of laboratory activities using human body samples and has developed safety guidelines to minimize the risk of transmitting serious disease. ("The Use of Human Body Fluids and Tissue Products in Biology," News & Views, June 1996.) These are summarized below: • Collect samples only from students under your direct supervision. • Do not use samples brought from home or obtained from an unknown source. • Do not collect samples from students who are obviously ill or are known to have a serious communicable disease. • Have students wear proper safety apparel: latex or plastic gloves, safety glasses or goggles, and lab coat or apron. • Supernatants and samples may be disposed of in public sewers (down lab drains). • Have students wash their hands at the end of the lab period. • Do not store samples in a refrigerator or freezer used for food. The risk of spreading an infectious agent by this lab method is much less likely than from natural atomizing processes, such as coughing or sneezing.
  • Bitter Taste Perception in Neanderthals Through the Analysis of The

    Bitter Taste Perception in Neanderthals Through the Analysis of The

    View metadata, citation and similar papers Downloadedat core.ac.uk from http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on March 22, 2016 brought to you by CORE provided by Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Oviedo Biol. Lett. (2009) 5, 809–811 The most extensively studied taste variation in doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0532 humans is sensitivity to a bitter substance called phe- Published online 12 August 2009 nylthiocarbamide (PTC). Although approximately 75 Evolutionary biology per cent of the world population perceives this sub- stance as intensely bitter, it is virtually tasteless for the remaining 25 per cent of the population (Kim & Bitter taste perception in Drayna 2004). This is owing to a dominant ‘taster’ allele that shows a similar frequency to the recessive Neanderthals through the ‘non-taster’ allele. PTC itself is not found in any vegetable, but chemically similar substances that analysis of the TAS2R38 produce an identical response to PTC are present in gene many plant foods (including Brussels sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and others). It was discovered Carles Lalueza-Fox1,*, Elena Gigli1, (Kim et al. 2003) that most of the variation in PTC Marco de la Rasilla2, Javier Fortea2 sensitivity is related to polymorphisms at the and Antonio Rosas3 TAS2R38 gene, a single 1002 bp coding exon that encodes a 333-amino-acid, G-protein-coupled recep- 1Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-UPF, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain tor. The TAS2R38 gene has three amino-acid changes 2A´ rea de Prehistoria, Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Oviedo, in high frequencies that determine only five main hap- Teniente Alfonso Martı´nez s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain lotypes.
  • Hidden Nature, the Startling Insights of Viktor Schauberger

    Hidden Nature, the Startling Insights of Viktor Schauberger

    Contents Foreword by David Bellamy 11 Introduction 13 Part One: An Alternative Worldview 1. Schauberger's Vision 25 The water wizard 26; Log flumes 29; Water, source of life 31; Motion is crucial 32; Temperature controls 34; Evolution 34; Balance 35; Implosion 35; The visionary 36. 2. Different Kinds of Energy 39 Subtle energies 39; Schauberger's worldview 39; Why the mystery? 40; Degrees of energy 41; The vortex as the key to creative evolution 42; Energies as creative process 43; Spiritual science 44; Different dimensions 45; Changing octaves 47. 3. The Attraction and Repulsion of Opposites 49 The Sun as a fertilizing entity 49; Polarities 51; Opposites working towards balance 52; Gravity and levity 53. 4. Nature's Patterns and Shapes 55 Sound as resonance 55; Resonance is about qualities 58; Plants have perception and memory 59; Cymatics 60; Patterns and shapes 61; Patterns in motion 62; Rhythms within the solar system 62; The confrontation of two geometric systems 63; Sacred geometry 64; The golden mean 66; The magic of the egg form 67. Part Two: How the World Works 5. Energy Production 73 The inefficiency of modern technology 73; Entropy and ectropy 74; Scientific 'laws' 74; Energy pollution 75; The choice before us 77; Energy defines quality 79; The creative energy vortex 80. 6. Motion — the Key to Balance 85 We use the wrong form of motion 85; The 'original' motion 87; Types of motion 89. 7. The Atmosphere and Electricity 93 Earth's atmosphere 94; Electricity 96; The terrestrial biocondenser 97; Earth as an accumulator of energy 99; Electricism and magnetism 100; Storms, water vapour and climate 101.
  • Deep Lights Lesson Plan

    Deep Lights Lesson Plan

    Bioluminescence 2009: ocean Living Light on the Deep Sea Floor Expedition Deep Lights www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov Focus Light-producing processes and organisms in deep-sea environments Grade Level 7-8 (Life Science/Physical Science) Focus Question Image credit: NOAA. How do deep-sea organisms produce light in deep ocean environments? Learning Objectives ] Students will be able to compare and contrast chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, fluorescence, phosphorescence, and triboluminescence. ] Given observations on materials that emit light under certain Image credit: NOAA. conditions, students will be able to infer whether the light- producing process is chemiluminescence, fluorescence, phosphorescence, or triboluminescence. ] Students will be able to explain three ways in which the ability to produce light may be useful to deep-sea organisms. Materials @ Ultraviolet lamp (see Extensions) Image credit: NOAA. @ Materials for demonstrating fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, and triboluminescence; see “Learning Procedure” Step 1b and “Extensions” for a partial list of suppliers @ Watch glasses, petri dishes, bottle caps, or similar containers to hold small samples of solid materials @ Clear glass 50 ml beakers, graduated cylinders, or similar containers for liquid materials @ Plastic sandwich bags, two for each student group @ Pliers; one for each student group, or groups may share Image credit: NOAA. @ One or more large cardboard cartons to provide a darkened space for viewing materials under ultraviolet light, if the classroom
  • Triboluminescence and Triboelectrification by the Motion of Mercury Over Glass Coated with Scintillator Dyes

    Triboluminescence and Triboelectrification by the Motion of Mercury Over Glass Coated with Scintillator Dyes

    1726 J. Electrochem. Soc.: SOLID-STATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY December 1973 Acknowledgment 2. J. R. Brown and J. H. O'Donnell, Macromolecules, 5, 109 (1972). The authors would like to recognize R. D. Heiden- 3. M. J. Bowden and L. F. Thompson, J. Appl. Poly- reich and E. D. Feit for helpful discussions and C. M. mer Sci., In press. Melliar-Smith for supplying the tungsten substrate. 4. R. Glang and L. V. Gregor, in "Handbook of Thin Film Technology," L. I. Maissel and R. Glang, Manuscript submitted March 8, 1973; revised manu- Editors, Chap. 7, McGraw-Hill, Book Company, script received July 25, 1973. New York (1970). 5. M. Hatzakis, This Journal, 116, 1033 (1971). Any discussion of this paper will appear in a Discus- 6. J. M. Shaw and J. A. Amick, RCA Rev., 31, 306 sion Section to be published in the June 1974 JOURNAL. (1970). 7. L. F. Thompson, E. D. Feit, C. M. Melliar-Smith, REFERENCES and R. D. Heidenreich, J. Appl. Phys., In press. 1. S. Magdo, M. Hatzakis, and Ch. Ting, IBM J. Res. 8. R. D. Heidenreich, E. D. Felt, L. F. Thompson, and Develop., 15, 446 (1970). C. M. Melliar-Smith, ibid., In press. Triboluminescence and Triboelectrification by the Motion of Mercury Over Glass Coated with Scintillator Dyes Csaba P. Keszthelyi* and Allen J. Bard** Department of Chemistry, The University o] Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 ABSTRACT The conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and light (triboelectrification and triboluminescence) by the movement of mercury over glass surfaces coated with scintillator compounds was investigated.
  • Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Mammalian Genetics Group

    Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Mammalian Genetics Group

    Genet. Res., Camb. (1982), 40, pp. 99-106 gg Printed in Great Britain Abstracts of papers presented at the Mammalian Genetics Group meeting, held at the Royal Free Hospital Medical School on 26 and 27 November 1981 Are patterns of cell differentiation reflected in mammalian gene maps? BY LARS-G. LUNDIN Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, Biomedicum, University of Uppsala, Box 575 S-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden There are two separate types of gene homologies. New genetic material can arise by gene duplication, either by regional duplication or by tetraploidization. Both these mechanisms of gene duplication give rise to paralogous genes through subsequent divergent evolution. Thus, paralogous genes exist within a species and have a common ancestral gene. Orthologous genes are found in different species and have diverged from their common ancestral gene as part of the process of speciation and separate evolution. Linkage conservation, as reflected by orthologous chromo- somal regions, has been demonstrated for quite extensive parts of mammalian chromosomes. Three possible groups of paralogous chromosomal regions in mouse and man will be suggested. The phenomenon of differential gene silencing and its consequence for our ability to detect paralogies will be described and exemplified. It is suggested that there may be a temporal relationship between closely linked genes. This will be exemplified by genes likely to be active in cells derived from the neural crest. Thus, it seems that genes for inner ear defects in the mouse are often closely linked to coat colour genes. Some other genes clustering around pigment genes will be discussed. Comparative aspects of the evolution of 'dispersed' and 'tandem' families of sequences in species of rodents BY GABRIEL DOVER AND S.
  • Mouth-Lighting.Pdf

    Mouth-Lighting.Pdf

    Chemistry Mouth Lightning Primary Audience: All Ages Description: Participants will make observations about triboluminescence using Wintergreen Lifesavers. Keywords: Triboluminescence, Bioluminescence, Cold Light Concepts: • Light can be produced without heat. • Light produced without heat is called "cold light" • Cold light can be produced by crushing certain materials. • Some materials can absorb ultraviolet light, which we cannot see, and reemit it as light waves we can see. Materials: • Wintergreen Lifesavers • Pliers (optional) • Sugar Cubes (optional) Instructions: For this experiment, I'm going to give you some candy. Since the candy is part of the experiment, I want you to promise me that you won't eat the candy until I explain how to do the experiment. Okay?? Great! Each of you will get two pieces of candy. One to use in while you are in this workshop and one to take home, so you can do this experiment again after you get home! Be certain you give this bit of information before you hand out the candy! Does everyone have two pieces of candy now? Then you need to put one in your carrying bag, and carefully hold on to the other one for just a little while longer. Don't put it in your mouth just yet, because if it gets wet, the experiment won't work. If you hands are sweaty, hold the candy between your thumb and forefinger, like this. When we get ready to do this experiment, you are going to put the candy in your mouth just a little to the side, with the widest part of the candy between your teeth, like this.
  • Alternatives to Relational Databases in Precision Medicine: Comparison of Nosql Approaches for Big Data Storage Using Supercomputers

    Alternatives to Relational Databases in Precision Medicine: Comparison of Nosql Approaches for Big Data Storage Using Supercomputers

    ALTERNATIVES TO RELATIONAL DATABASES IN PRECISION MEDICINE: COMPARISON OF NOSQL APPROACHES FOR BIG DATA STORAGE USING SUPERCOMPUTERS by Enrique Israel Velazquez MS, University of Pittsburgh, 2011 MPH, University of Pittsburgh, 2011 MD, University of Nuevo Leon Medical School, Mexico, 2005 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Department of Human Genetics Graduate School of Public Health in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2015 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Graduate School of Public Health This dissertation was presented by Enrique Israel Velazquez It was defended on June 29, 2015 and approved by Dissertation Advisor: Michael Barmada, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health; Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Informatics; Director, Center for Computational Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health; Associate Director, Center for Simulation and Modeling, University of Pittsburgh; Co-Director, Informatics Resource Center, Institute for Personalized Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Committee Members: Eleonor Feingold, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Human Genetics; Professor, Department of Biostatistics; Associate Dean for Education, Office of the Dean; Senior Associate Dean, Office of the Dean, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Harry Hochheiser, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Alexandros Labrinidis, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science; Co-Director, Advanced Data Management Technologies Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh; Adjunct Associate Professor, Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University Ryan Minster, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Enrique Israel Velazquez 2015 iii Michael Barmada, Ph.D.
  • Surface Distribution and X-Ray Emission from Scotch Tape

    Surface Distribution and X-Ray Emission from Scotch Tape

    Surface Distribution and X-Ray Emission From Scotch Tape by Kelly McGuire A senior thesis submitted to the Department of Physics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science Department of Physics Brigham Young University – Idaho July – 2012 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY – IDAHO DEPARTMENT APPROVAL of a senior thesis submitted by Kelly McGuire This thesis has been reviewed by the research committee and senior thesis coordinator/advisor and has been found to be satisfactory. Date David Oliphant, Senior Thesis Coordinator/Advisor Date Kevin Kelley, Committee Member Date Ryan Nielson, Committee Member Date Stephen Turcotte, Department Chair 1 ABSTRACT SURFACE DISTRIBUTION AND X-RAY EMISSION FROM SCOTCH TAPE Kelly McGuire Department of Physics Bachelor of Physics Triboluminescence is an optical phenomenon in which light is generated when certain materials are pulled apart, ripped or rubbed, and through the breaking of chemical bonds. This observable effect is not fully understood; however, a few strongly supported hypotheses are being developed to model the triboluminescent event. It is believed that the separation and ionization of electrical charges is the foundation for the creation of the observed light and x-rays (figure1). FIG. 1 Triboluminescent Light Time dependence of x-ray production and physical surface distribution was the primary focus of my research. This research will help in the development and support of current hypotheses, and may become the foundation for other theories in the future. Other research teams such as Putterman’s UCLA group believe that finding a definite mechanism for the x-ray emission of this type will allow them to harness the energy more efficiently, which in turn will be used in applications such as medical devices 2 to destroy tumors with bursts of x-rays.
  • Phosphors and Phosphorus in Early Danish Natural Philosophy

    Phosphors and Phosphorus in Early Danish Natural Philosophy

    Phosphors and Phosphorus in Early Danish Natural Philosophy by HELGE KRAGH Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser 88 Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters Commission Agent: C.A. Reitzel Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab udgiver følgende publikationsrækker: The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters issues the following series of publications: Authorized Abbreviations Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser, 8 Hist.Fil.Medd.Dan.Vid.Selsk. (printed area 175 x 104 mm, 2700 units) Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter, 4 Hist.Filos.Skr.Dan.Vid.Selsk. (History, Philosophy, Philology, (printed area 2 columns, Archaeology, Art History) each 199 x 77 mm, 2100 units) Matematisk-fysiske Meddelelser, 8 Mat.Fys.Medd.Dan.Vid.Selsk. (Mathematics, Physics, (printed area 180 x 126 mm, 3360 units) Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology) Biologiske Skrifter, 4 Biol.Skr.Dan.Vid.Sel.sk. (Botany, Zoology, Palaeontology, (printed area 2 columns, General Biology) each 199 x 77 mm, 2100 units) Oversigt, Annual Report, 8 Overs.Dan. Vid.Selsk. The Academy invites original papers that contribute significantly to research carried on in Denmark. Foreign contributions are accepted from temporary residents in Denmark, participants in a joint project involving Danish researchers, or those in discussion with Danish contributors. Instructions to Authors Manuscripts from contributors who are not members of the Academy will be refereed by two members of the Academy. Authors of papers accepted for publication will receive galley proofs and page proofs; these should be returned promptly to the editor. Corrections other than of printer’s errors will be charged to the author(s) insofar as their costs exceeds 15% of the cost of typesetting.
  • Light Producing Sugar

    Light Producing Sugar

    LOVEFOOD LOVE SCIENCE 02: light producing sugar LOVE FOOD LOVE SCIENCE: Light-producing sugar What you need: • sugar cubes • pliers • a very, very dark room What to do: For this experiment, you will be crushing sugar in the dark • Place your pliers and lumps of sugar where you can easily find them in the dark (it may even be worthwhile to practice crushing sugar before you switch off the lights) • Turn off the light and wait at least two minutes – be patient, your eyes need time to adjust to the 02 darkness • Carefully crush a lump of sugar in your pliers • Watch carefully... What you may notice: Hopefully, you should see little flashes of blue light as you crush the sugar The science behind it all: The phenomenon you This energy builds and builds are witnessing is called until you let it go and the rubber Beyond the science: triboluminescence. band shoots back, releasing all When you crush a lump of the energy that it took to stretch Triboluminescence is alteration of electric charge sugar, you are fracturing sugar it in the first place. This is very related to piezoelectricity, distribution when the molecule crystals. Although the sugar similar to what’s happening with the ability of certain materials is squeezed or stretched. molecules form an orderly the sugar crystals. to produce electricity when Asymmetric, piezoelectric arrangement, the crystals are under mechanical stress materials are more likely to slightly asymmetric. This allows When the two charges (squeezed, rubbed, etc) due be triboluminescent than positive and negative charges to eventually shoot back together to the separation of positive symmetric ones.