DOCSLIB.ORG

Review Article

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Review Article J Med Genet: first published as 10.1136/jmg.4.1.44 on 1 March 1967. Downloaded from Review Article J. med. Genet. (I967). 4, 44. Human Polymorphism J. PRICE* F-rom the Nuffield Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University ofLLiverpool Ford (I940) has defined polymorphism as the If this were the case, any attempt to relate this occurrence together in the same habitat of two or polymorphism to differences in function of the more discontinuous forms or phases of a species various forms of acid phosphatase would plainly not in such proportions that the rarest of them cannot succeed. be maintained merely by recurrent mutation. So few selective mechanisms (similar to that In his Genetic Polymorphism (I965) he states relating sickle cell trait to falciparum malaria) (p. I4) that 'A unifactorial character must be poly- have been discovered, that the present position is morphic if found even in I% of a considerable that most polymorphisms described are, so to population, amounting perhaps to 5oo individuals speak, 'in search of a disease', which they seem on or more, when random genetic drift may reasonably present evidence unlikely to find. The selective be excluded as unimportant'. This figure of I% factors may, of course, not be concerned with has been used in this paper as a rough dividing disease, but be connected with fertility, ability to line between what needs to be mentioned and what gather food, and other forms of fitness. does not. This fruitless searching for selective mechanismscopyright. Ford's definition excludes continuous variation, which will give a clear-cut explanation of known as exemplified by human height and skin colour, polymorphisms seems to have deterred a great and it excludes rare disadvantageous recessive con- many investigators from making any attempt to ditions, such as albinism and haemophilia. determine how a polymorphic situation has come Two types of polymorphism are included in the about. Many publications give lists of data for the balanced and the transient. A definition: poly- many human polymorphic systems from every http://jmg.bmj.com/ morphism may be balanced, that is, with the ratio corner of the globe, without referring to possible between two (or more) different characters remain- selective factors that may be maintaining them. ing constant throughout many generations, through So often the data collected are wholly genetic- the operation of one of several mechanisms of which thus we may be given the haptoglobin and trans- heterozygous advantage is the best known (see the ferrin phenotypes, but we are seldom given the section on blood groups). Altematively, poly- serum iron or the haemoglobin level. morphisms may be transient; if two discontinuous The situation of polymorphisms in search of forms (A) and (B) exist, then in time one or other of disease has a corollary: disease in which neither on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected the transitions (A) -* (A + B) -- (A) or (A) -* (A + B) the number of genes involved nor their precise -÷ (B) will take place. If a certain form has a io% effects are known, but in which various facets incidence in a population can we be sure whether suggest that a polymorphic situation may exist. it is increasing, decreasing, or stable in that popu- Two such diseases may be mentioned here- lation? The answer in many cases seems to be no, diabetes and schizophrenia: both are common; because of lack of knowledge of frequencies in the both are inherited conditions; both have interfered past and of the selective forces involved. markedly (and still do, to an extent which is greater Genes always have multiple effects. It therefore for schizophrenia) with biological fitness. Further- follows that we may discover a polymorphism re- more, in each condition mechanisms may exist to lating to one effect, for example red cell acid phos- maintain the frequency of the responsible gene or phatase, in which it is another property of the genes: in diabetes the increase in prediabetic genes responsible for acid phosphatase production matemal fertility; in schizophrenia, increased which is bringing about the polymorphic situation. resistance to stress (this does not seem to be estab- ished, but it remains a possibility). *Bates Research Fellow, Mental Health Research Fund. Particular attention has been paid in this review 44 J Med Genet: first published as 10.1136/jmg.4.1.44 on 1 March 1967. Downloaded from Human Polymorphism 45 to those polymorphisms in which selective factors would rise steadily. One disadvantage could occur are known to exist, or in which hypotheses have in compatible heterozygote matings (e.g. AO x AO been constructed to explain a polymorphic situa- or AB x AB) if heterozygous offspring survived tion. Data on some of the newly-discovered poly- better than homozygous offspring. morphisms, not yet widely known, have also been Both Chung and Morton (I96I) and Matsunaga included. (i962b) found an excess of AB children in AB x AB mating. The same might be true of AO x AO A: BLOOD GROUP POLYMORPHISMS matings, but these are difficult to study because the Three aspects of these complex polymorphisms AO phenotype cannot be established by simple are discussed here. testing as can the AB phenotype. Chung and Morton (I96I) stress that 'the genetic evidence I: Selective Forces Acting on ABO and Rh strongly supports the assumption of Brues (1954) Blood Groups that the ABO polymorphism is maintained because The subject of blood groups and natural selection heterozygous advantage in compatible matings is discussed (principally with reference to ABO and more than compensates for selection against hetero- Rh) by Sheppard (1959), Reed (I96I), Clarke (I964), zygotes in incompatible mating'. They further hold Chung and Morton (I96I) among many others. that 'the overall effect of maternal/foetal incompati- Among the selective factors the following call for bility is virtually the same for 0, A, and B mothers, consideration. despite the fact that clinical haemolytic disease is almost restricted to children of 0 mothers'. This Prezygotic Selection. Three possible mechan- should, perhaps, bring home the importance of not isms exist: the first two mechanisms (which cannot overestimating clinical haemolytic disease in con- be distinguished by testing) are confined to the sidering selection and ABO blood groups. heterozygous male. Reed, Gershowitz, Soni, and Napier (I964) divide Meiotic drive-unequal numbers of sperms carry- the reproductive indicator into several independent cate- ing each type of allele. gories: the number of pregnancies, the proportion of copyright. Sperm competition-unequal opportunity for each pregnancies terminating in abortion or in stillbirth; type of sperm in the act of fertilization. and the proportion of liveborn children dying non- Thus with an AO father meiotic drive would accidentally under the age of 5. These data were mean more A sperms than 0 sperms (or vice versa) obtained from several hundred couples where the wife i.e. a was over 40, so that reproduction had virtually been instead of equal numbers, quantitative differ- completed. Six blood groups were studied in these ence. Sperm competition would mean some couples (ABO, Rh, MN, Kell, Duffy, P) as was the http://jmg.bmj.com/ intrinsic property favouring A sperms at the secretor status. expense of 0 sperms (or vice versa), i.e. a qualita- An effect found to be significant at the o-ooi level tive difference. was that K females w-re found to have m re pregnancies; Sperm incompatability-meaning, for example, at o oos level Group N females were more likely to be that a sperm carrying an A gene coming in contact sterile (taken from amended data: Reed, I965). Further with cervical secretions containing anti-A would, studies of this type will plainly be required, both to thereby, be eliminated. substantiate or refute associations already found, and to Matsunaga (i962b) provides evidence to support extend the work to other blood groups. The task of on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected the determining the selective factors operating in the blood hypothesis that prezygotic selection operates group polymorphisms is formidable indeed, particu- throughout so as to favour group 0 sperms: Morton larly as interactions such as those between ABO and (I965) does not consider the case proven. Rh may occur. Zygotic Selection. By this is meant the elimina- The Rh System. Newcombe (I963) and (I965) tion of zygotes whose blood group is not that of the (amended data) has studied the ABO and Rh mother, by spontaneous abortion or by clinical blood groups ofmothers experiencing foetal death in haemolytic disease. That this occurs has been New York, and has found that, with the exception of established by Chung and Morton (I96I), and AB Rh- mothers (who fare worst, being most likely Matsunaga (i962b). The loss is always of hetero- to become Rh sensitized), the risk of foetal death zygotes. to mothers over 30 rises as the number of anti- genically active ABO and Rh alleles unrepresented ABO Heterozygotes. The tendency for group in the mother's genotype rises (this number is o 0 sperms to be favoured must be balanced by dis- for AB Rh +; I for A Rh + and B Rh +; 2 for advantages, otherwise blood group 0 frequency ARh -,BRh -,andORh +;and3forORh -). J Med Genet: first published as 10.1136/jmg.4.1.44 on 1 March 1967. Downloaded from 46 J. Price In connexion with Rh incompatibility, a theoretical Livingstone (I960) and Vogel, Pettenkofer, and point that does not seem to be widely understood may Helmbold (I960) discuss this subject. be mentioned. If three genotypes appearing with The effect of differences in incidence of duodenal frequencies p2, 2 pq, and q2 (corresponding to genes p ulcer, gastric carcinoma, and pernicious anaemia and q) have relative selective advantages of a, b, and c, on the ABO polymorphism is infinitesimal compared respectively, then for equilibrium: P ap2 bpq with prenatal and early postnatal influences in main- q bpq +cq2 taining the polymorphism, because these diseases p _b-c whence: affect biological fitness hardly at all.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Historical Overview of the Human Population-Genetic Studies In
    L. Lasić et al.: Population-Genetic Studies in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll.Coll. Antropol. Antropol. 40 40 (2016) (2016) 2: 2: 145–149 145–149 Review HHistoricalistorical OOverviewverview ofof thethe HumanHuman Population-Population- GGeneticenetic StudiesStudies inin BBosniaosnia andand Herzegovina:Herzegovina: SSmallmall Country,Country, GGreatreat DDiversityiversity LLejlaejla LasiLasić, JJasminaasmina HindijaHindija Čaakar,kar, GGabrijelaabrijela RRadosavljeviadosavljević, BBelmaelma KKalamujialamujić aandnd NarisNaris PojskiPojskić University of Sarajevo, Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina AABSTRACTB S T R A C T Modern Bosnia and Herzegovina is a multinational and multi-religious country, situated in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula in South-eastern Europe. According to recent archaeological fi ndings, Bosnia and Herzegovina has been occupied by modern humans since the Palaeolithic period. The structure of Bosnia-Herzegovina’s human populations is very complex and specifi c, due to which it is interesting for various population-genetic surveys. The population of Bos- nia and Herzegovina has been the focus of bio-anthropological and population genetics studies since the 19th century. The fi rst known bio-anthropological analyses of Bosnia-Herzegovina population were primarily based on the observation of some phenotypic traits. Later examinations included cytogenetic and DNA based molecular markers. The results of all studies which have been done up to date showed no accented genetic difference among the populations (based on geo- graphical regions) with quite high diversity within them. Human population of Bosnia and Herzegovina is closely related to other populations in the Balkans. However, there are still many interesting features hidden within the existing diver- sity of local human populations that are still waiting to be discovered and described.
    [Show full text]
  • Information for Instructor
    Using a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism to Predict Bitter-Tasting Ability 21 INFORMATION FOR INSTRUCTOR CONCEPTS AND METHODS This laboratory can help students understand several important concepts of modern biology: • The relationship between genotype and phenotype. • The use of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in predicting drug response (pharmacogenetics). • A number of SNPs are inherited together as a haplotype. • The movement between in vitro experimentation and in silico computation. The laboratory uses several methods for modern biological research: • DNA extraction and purification. • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). • DNA restriction. • Gel electrophoresis. • Bioinformatics. LAB SAFETY The National Association of Biology Teachers recognizes the importance of laboratory activities using human body samples and has developed safety guidelines to minimize the risk of transmitting serious disease. ("The Use of Human Body Fluids and Tissue Products in Biology," News & Views, June 1996.) These are summarized below: • Collect samples only from students under your direct supervision. • Do not use samples brought from home or obtained from an unknown source. • Do not collect samples from students who are obviously ill or are known to have a serious communicable disease. • Have students wear proper safety apparel: latex or plastic gloves, safety glasses or goggles, and lab coat or apron. • Supernatants and samples may be disposed of in public sewers (down lab drains). • Have students wash their hands at the end of the lab period. • Do not store samples in a refrigerator or freezer used for food. The risk of spreading an infectious agent by this lab method is much less likely than from natural atomizing processes, such as coughing or sneezing.
    [Show full text]
  • Bitter Taste Perception in Neanderthals Through the Analysis of The
    View metadata, citation and similar papers Downloadedat core.ac.uk from http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on March 22, 2016 brought to you by CORE provided by Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Oviedo Biol. Lett. (2009) 5, 809–811 The most extensively studied taste variation in doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0532 humans is sensitivity to a bitter substance called phe- Published online 12 August 2009 nylthiocarbamide (PTC). Although approximately 75 Evolutionary biology per cent of the world population perceives this sub- stance as intensely bitter, it is virtually tasteless for the remaining 25 per cent of the population (Kim & Bitter taste perception in Drayna 2004). This is owing to a dominant ‘taster’ allele that shows a similar frequency to the recessive Neanderthals through the ‘non-taster’ allele. PTC itself is not found in any vegetable, but chemically similar substances that analysis of the TAS2R38 produce an identical response to PTC are present in gene many plant foods (including Brussels sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and others). It was discovered Carles Lalueza-Fox1,*, Elena Gigli1, (Kim et al. 2003) that most of the variation in PTC Marco de la Rasilla2, Javier Fortea2 sensitivity is related to polymorphisms at the and Antonio Rosas3 TAS2R38 gene, a single 1002 bp coding exon that encodes a 333-amino-acid, G-protein-coupled recep- 1Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-UPF, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain tor. The TAS2R38 gene has three amino-acid changes 2A´ rea de Prehistoria, Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Oviedo, in high frequencies that determine only five main hap- Teniente Alfonso Martı´nez s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain lotypes.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Mammalian Genetics Group
    Genet. Res., Camb. (1982), 40, pp. 99-106 gg Printed in Great Britain Abstracts of papers presented at the Mammalian Genetics Group meeting, held at the Royal Free Hospital Medical School on 26 and 27 November 1981 Are patterns of cell differentiation reflected in mammalian gene maps? BY LARS-G. LUNDIN Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, Biomedicum, University of Uppsala, Box 575 S-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden There are two separate types of gene homologies. New genetic material can arise by gene duplication, either by regional duplication or by tetraploidization. Both these mechanisms of gene duplication give rise to paralogous genes through subsequent divergent evolution. Thus, paralogous genes exist within a species and have a common ancestral gene. Orthologous genes are found in different species and have diverged from their common ancestral gene as part of the process of speciation and separate evolution. Linkage conservation, as reflected by orthologous chromo- somal regions, has been demonstrated for quite extensive parts of mammalian chromosomes. Three possible groups of paralogous chromosomal regions in mouse and man will be suggested. The phenomenon of differential gene silencing and its consequence for our ability to detect paralogies will be described and exemplified. It is suggested that there may be a temporal relationship between closely linked genes. This will be exemplified by genes likely to be active in cells derived from the neural crest. Thus, it seems that genes for inner ear defects in the mouse are often closely linked to coat colour genes. Some other genes clustering around pigment genes will be discussed. Comparative aspects of the evolution of 'dispersed' and 'tandem' families of sequences in species of rodents BY GABRIEL DOVER AND S.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternatives to Relational Databases in Precision Medicine: Comparison of Nosql Approaches for Big Data Storage Using Supercomputers
    ALTERNATIVES TO RELATIONAL DATABASES IN PRECISION MEDICINE: COMPARISON OF NOSQL APPROACHES FOR BIG DATA STORAGE USING SUPERCOMPUTERS by Enrique Israel Velazquez MS, University of Pittsburgh, 2011 MPH, University of Pittsburgh, 2011 MD, University of Nuevo Leon Medical School, Mexico, 2005 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Department of Human Genetics Graduate School of Public Health in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2015 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Graduate School of Public Health This dissertation was presented by Enrique Israel Velazquez It was defended on June 29, 2015 and approved by Dissertation Advisor: Michael Barmada, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health; Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Informatics; Director, Center for Computational Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health; Associate Director, Center for Simulation and Modeling, University of Pittsburgh; Co-Director, Informatics Resource Center, Institute for Personalized Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Committee Members: Eleonor Feingold, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Human Genetics; Professor, Department of Biostatistics; Associate Dean for Education, Office of the Dean; Senior Associate Dean, Office of the Dean, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Harry Hochheiser, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Alexandros Labrinidis, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science; Co-Director, Advanced Data Management Technologies Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh; Adjunct Associate Professor, Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University Ryan Minster, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Enrique Israel Velazquez 2015 iii Michael Barmada, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Influencing the Phenotypic Characterization of the Oral Marker
    nutrients Review Factors Influencing the Phenotypic Characterization of the Oral Marker, PROP Beverly J. Tepper 1 ID , Melania Melis 2, Yvonne Koelliker 1, Paolo Gasparini 3, Karen L. Ahijevych 4 and Iole Tomassini Barbarossa 2,* ID 1 Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA; [email protected] (B.J.T.); [email protected] (Y.K.) 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari 09042, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, University of Trieste, Trieste 34137, Italy; [email protected] 4 College of Nursing, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-070-6754144 Received: 29 September 2017; Accepted: 20 November 2017; Published: 23 November 2017 Abstract: In the last several decades, the genetic ability to taste the bitter compound, 6-n-propyltiouracil (PROP) has attracted considerable attention as a model for understanding individual differences in taste perception, and as an oral marker for food preferences and eating behavior that ultimately impacts nutritional status and health. However, some studies do not support this role. This review describes common factors that can influence the characterization of this phenotype including: (1) changes in taste sensitivity with increasing age; (2) gender differences in taste perception; and (3) effects of smoking and obesity. We suggest that attention to these factors during PROP screening could strengthen the associations between this phenotype and a variety of health outcomes ranging from variation in body composition to oral health and cancer risk.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Human Polymorphisms in the Phenylthio- Carbamide (PTC) Bitter Taste Receptor Gene and Protein
    Tested Studies for Laboratory Teaching Proceedings of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education Vol. 33, 246–250, 2012 Identification of Human Polymorphisms in the Phenylthio- carbamide (PTC) Bitter Taste Receptor Gene and Protein Julia A. Emerson, Ph.D. Amherst College, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 5000, Amherst MA 01002 USA ([email protected]) This paper introduces a lab project developed for the Summer Teachers’ Workshop in Genomics at Amherst Col- lege, and is easily tailored to the weekly format of undergraduate laboratory courses in genetics, genomics, mo- lecular biology, or evolution. The project examines single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with human taste sensitivity to the bitter compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). Human cheek cell DNA is amplified and sequenced using PTC-specific primers, and sequence variations in the PTC gene are correlated with taste sensitivity to PTC strips. A ‘dry lab’ version of the activity can also be done using pre-obtained DNA sequences from individuals with known PTC genotypes. Keywords: bitter taste receptor, SNPs, phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) Introduction In this project, group members investigate the associa- The single exon of the PTC gene encodes a G-protein tion in different people between taste sensitivity to the bitter linked receptor, 333 amino acids in length, with seven- compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and single nucleo- transmembrane domains. Kim and co-workers identified tide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PTC bitter taste receptor three common SNPs associated with PTC sensitivity, each gene (PTC; also known as TAS2R38, for taste receptor, type of which results in changes to the amino acid sequence of the 2, member 38). The inability to taste certain compounds has PTC receptor (Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • 0521838096Htl 1..2
    Anthropological Genetics Anthropological genetics is a field that has been in existence since the 1960s and has been growing within medical schools and academic departments, such as anthropology and human biology, ever since. With the recent developments in DNA and computer technologies, the field of anthropological genetics has been redefined. This volume deals with the molecular revolution and how DNA markers can provide insight into the processes of evolution, the mapping of genes for complex phenotypes and the reconstruction of the human diaspora. In addition to this, there are explanations of the technological developments and how they affect the fields of forensic anthropology and population studies, alongside the methods of field investigations and their contribution to anthropological genetics. This book brings together leading figures from the field to provide an up-to-date introduction to anthropological genetics, aimed at advanced undergraduates to professionals, in genetics, biology, medicine and anthropology. Michael H. Crawford is Professor of Anthropology and Genetics at the University of Kansas, USA. Anthropological Genetics 1 Theory, Methods and Applications Michael H.Crawford University of Kansas 1Under the sponsorship of the American Association of Anthropological Genetics CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521838092 © Cambridge University Press 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • (PTC): a New Integrative Genetics Lab with an Old Flavor
    Smith ScholarWorks Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications Biological Sciences 5-1-2008 Tasting Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC): A New Integrative Genetics Lab with an Old Flavor Robert B. Merritt Smith College, [email protected] Lou Ann Bierwert Smith College, [email protected] Barton Slatko New England Biolabs Michael P. Weiner Rothberg Institute for Childhood Diseases Jessica Ingram New England Biolabs See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/bio_facpubs Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Merritt, Robert B.; Bierwert, Lou Ann; Slatko, Barton; Weiner, Michael P.; Ingram, Jessica; Sciarra, Kristianna; and Weiner, Evan, "Tasting Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC): A New Integrative Genetics Lab with an Old Flavor" (2008). Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/bio_facpubs/66 This Article has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected] Authors Robert B. Merritt, Lou Ann Bierwert, Barton Slatko, Michael P. Weiner, Jessica Ingram, Kristianna Sciarra, and Evan Weiner This article is available at Smith ScholarWorks: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/bio_facpubs/66 Tasting Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC): A New Integrative Genetics Lab with an Old Flavor Authors: Merritt, Robert B., Bierwert, Lou Ann, Slatko, Barton, Weiner, Michael P., Ingram, Jessica, et. al. Source: The American Biology Teacher, 70(5) Published By: National Association of Biology Teachers URL: https://doi.org/10.1662/0002-7685(2008)70[23:TPPANI]2.0.CO;2 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomedical Challenges Presented by the American Indian
    INDEXED BIOMEDICAL CHALLENGES PRESENTED BY THE AMERICAN INDIAN PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 1968 iNDEXED BIOMEDICAL CHALLENGES PRESENTED BY THE AMERICAN INDIAN Proceedings of the Special Session held during the Seventh Meeting of the PAHO Advisory Committee on Medical Research 25 June 1968 ,-, ,. Scientific Publication No. 165 September 1968 PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 525 Twenty-third Street, N.W. Washington, D.C., 20037 NOTE At each meeting of the Pan American Health Organization Advisory Committee on Medical Research, a special one-day session is held on a topic chosen by the Committee as being of particular interest. At the Seventh Meeting, which convened in June 1968 in Washington, D.C., the session surveyed the origin, present distribution, and principal biological subdivisions of the American Indian and considered the specific scientific and medical issues calling for clarification, including the problems of newly contacted Indian groups and those of groups well along in transition. This volume records the papers presented and the ensuing discussions. '~, t PAHO ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON MEDICAL RESEARCH Dr. Hernán Alessandri Dr. Alberto Hurtado Ex-Decano, Facultad de Medicina Rector, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Universidad de Chile Lima, Perú Santiago, Chile Dr. Otto G. Bier Dr. Walsh McDermott Diretor, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imu- Chairman, Department of Public Health nologia Cornell University Medical College 4I Escola Paulista de Medicina New York, New York, U.S.A. Sao Paulo, Brasil Dr. Roberto Caldeyro-Barcia Dr. James V. Neel Jefe, Departamento de Fisiopatología Chairman, Department of Human Genetics Facultad de Medicina University of Michigan Medical School Universidad de la República Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Personalized Nutrition
    nutrients Personalized Nutrition Edited by George Moschonis, Katherine Livingstone and Jessica Biesiekierski Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Nutrients www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Personalized Nutrition Personalized Nutrition Special Issue Editors George Moschonis Katherine Livingstone Jessica Biesiekierski MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors George Moschonis Katherine Livingstone La Trobe University Deakin University Australia Australia Jessica Biesiekierski La Trobe University Australia Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/ special issues/Personalized Nutrition) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03921-445-7 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03921-446-4 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Jessica R. Biesiekierski, Katherine M. Livingstone and George Moschonis Personalised Nutrition: Updates, Gaps and Next Steps Reprinted from: Nutrients 2019, 11, 1793, doi:10.3390/nu11081793 .................
    [Show full text]
  • Workshop 2 NCIF
    Science Skills Boot Camp Workshop 2: “Science is a way of thinking Asking Scientific Questions much more than it is a body of knowledge.” Keren Witkin, PhD Carl Sagan www.training.nih.gov Choose research question The scientific Where does this fit into the method Research scientific method: background Prove that your Construct hypothesis hypothesis is true Perform investigation Analyze results and draw conclusions Today’s investigation: Class data collection 1: Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) Taste the PTC paper and pick one description: This tastes like paper This tastes a little bitter The human gene TAS2R38 encodes This tastes horribly bitter taste receptor that detects PTC http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/ptc/ Please dispose of used PTC paper into the ziploc. 1 What makes a good research question? Step 1: Testable Choosing a Not too broad, but not too narrow research Fits appropriately into the existing information question Realistic in terms of resources Contributes to the field no matter what you find Some possible questions: How does the sense of taste work? Do factors other than genetics affect the ability Step 2: to taste PTC? Researching How did PTC sensitivity evolve? background Are supertasters cuter than non-tasters? Are there gender differences in PTC sensitivity? Do PTC tasters have a specific DNA polymorphism? Finding background information Review articles are a great place to start! Provide an overview of the field Primary literature Often written by experts in the field Review articles Summarize many primary papers Textbooks Often contain useful diagrams Your colleagues Internet resources Webster et al. Journal of Cell Science.
    [Show full text]