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The Lack of Change in Leadership Election in Romania
Keeping the Doors Closed: Leadership Selection in Post-Communist Romania Sergiu Gherghina Institute of Political Science Leiden University [email protected] Mihail Chiru Department of Political Science Central European University [email protected] Maria Pop Department of Applied Law University of Pisa [email protected] Paper prepared for the 25 th Annual Conference of the Italian Society of Political Science Palermo, September 8-10, 2011 Workshop: “Roberto Michels revisited (1911-2011): Partiti, leadership e membership. Un equilibrio ancora in costruzione” Abstract: Our paper is the first systematic exploration of the leadership selection process in the Romanian party system. We use process-tracing and qualitative tools, employing data from party statutes and documents of the national conventions. We focus on the parliamentary political parties throughout the entire post- communism period. The analysis shows that nothing has changed at the level of centralization of decision and inclusiveness with the members’ involvement remaining marginal in all parties. The competitiveness of the internal elections presents a more diverse and dynamic picture. We propose a novel typology for cross-cases comparisons that illustrates the association between informal decentralization and increased competitiveness. Second, we advance explanations for the persistence of the ‘exclusiveness’ status quo, that take into account intra-organizational, institutional and exogenous factors. Introduction The fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) coincided with the (re)appearance of multi-party systems where independent actors had the chance to form elected governments. As first post-communist institutional actors, the political parties grew on the crude soil of no prior competition (Kitschelt 1992; Mair 1997), lack of representation, and any democratic experience for half of century (Lewis 1996). -
Post-Communist Romania
Political Science • Eastern Europe Carey Edited by Henry F. Carey Foreword by Norman Manea “Henry Carey’s collection captures with great precision the complex, contradic- tory reality of contemporary Romania. Bringing together Romanian, West European, and American authors from fields as diverse as anthropology, politi- Romania cal science, economics, law, print and broadcast journalism, social work, and lit- ROMANIA SINCE 1989 erature, the volume covers vast ground, but with striking detail and scholarship and a common core approach. Romania since 1989 provides perhaps the most comprehensive view of the continuing, murky, contested reality that is Romania today and is a must read for any scholar of modern Romania, of East-Central Europe, and of the uncertain, troubled, post-socialist era.” since 1989 —David A. Kideckel, Central Connecticut State University Sorin Antohi “The wealth of detail and quality of insights will make this an excellent source- Wally Bacon book for students of political change after the Cold War. It should be taken seri- Gabriel Ba˘ descu ously by policy practitioners increasingly involved with Romania’s problems.” Zoltan Barany —Tom Gallagher, Professor of Peace Studies, Bradford University, U.K. Politics, Jóhanna Kristín Birnir Larry S. Bush Those who study Romania must confront the theoretical challenges posed by a Economics, Pavel Câmpeanu country that is undergoing a profound transformation from a repressive totali- Henry F. Carey tarian regime to a hazy and as yet unrealized democratic government. The most and Society Daniel Da˘ ianu comprehensive survey of Romanian politics and society ever published abroad, Dennis Deletant this volume represents an effort to collect and analyze data on the complex prob- Christopher Eisterhold lems of Romania’s past and its transition into an uncertain future. -
Romania Assessment
Romania, Country Information Page 1 of 52 ROMANIA October 2002 Country Information and Policy Unit I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III ECONOMY IV HISTORY V STATE STRUCTURE VIA. HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES VIB. HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS VIC. HUMAN RIGHTS - OTHER ISSUES ANNEX A: CHRONOLOGY ANNEX B: POLITICAL ORGANISATION ANNEX C: PROMINENT PEOPLE REFRENCES TO SOURCE MATERIAL 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a wide variety of recognised sources. The document does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum / human rights determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum / human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum-seeker producing countries in the United Kingdom. 2. GEOGRAPHY http://194.203.40.90/ppage.asp?section=189&title=Romania%2C%20Country%20Informat...i 11/25/2002 Romania, Country Information Page 2 of 52 2.1 Romania (formerly the Socialist Republic of Romania) lies in south-eastern Europe; much of the country forms the Balkan peninsula. -
Instabilite Du Personnel Gouvernemental Et Continuite Decisionnelle En Roumanie Postcommuniste Ionașcu, Alexandra
www.ssoar.info Instabilite du personnel gouvernemental et continuite decisionnelle en Roumanie postcommuniste Ionașcu, Alexandra Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Ionașcu, A. (2006). Instabilite du personnel gouvernemental et continuite decisionnelle en Roumanie postcommuniste. Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review, 6(2), 319-356. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168- ssoar-56152-8 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/1.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/1.0/deed.de Instabilité du personnel gouvernemental 319 Instabilité du personnel gouvernemental et continuité décisionnelle en Roumanie postcommuniste ALEXANDRA IONAŞCU Pour les pays de l’Europe Centrale et de l’Est l’année 1989 marque la fin du communisme et l’écroulement des régimes de «démocratie populaire». Ce change- ment de régime nous pouvons le retrouver avec sa spécificité dans le cas roumain. Comme Daniel Barbu l’observait, la théorie du vide du pouvoir qui a succédé aux événements de 1989 a permis à l’ancienne classe dominante de s’instituer non pas comme une partie dans la négociation, mais comme un arbitre de celle-ci. Pour cette raison on ne pourrait pas parler d’un changement au niveau des élites, mais seulement d’une reconfiguration institutionnelle, car au fond «le macro-change- ment politique a été accompagné par une micro-continuité individuelle»1. -
FULLTEXT01.Pdf
http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper published in Baltic Worlds. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Zavatti, F. (2013) "Historiography has been a minefield": A conversation with Vladimir Tismaneanu. Baltic Worlds, 1(1): 10-13 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-19740 interview by Francesco Zavatti “ Historiography has been a minefield” A conversation with Vladimir Tismaneanu omanian cultural policy is a landscape that changes constantly according Romanian history, and it was intended to offer a new and revised historic view of to political decisions. The fortune or misfortune of scholarly research on Romanian communism. sensitive topics such as the history of national communism is primarily While from a scholarly point of view this commission’s resources and visibility due to the possible outcomes that politicians foresee — and the conse- represented a great opportunity, from the political point of view, the desired effect, Rquences affect the whole cultural field, including cultural projects, institutions and and the actual result, was a partial discrediting of political adversaries — most of all Ion the lives of those who work in them. There is a clear tension between the freedom Iliescu. The Commission revealed the links that leftist and extreme rightist politicians of scholarly research and the allocation of resources by political power. This ten- had with the communist nomenklatura, enhancing the image of President Ba˘sescu in sion became evident in Romania during the past decade, and was often highlighted public opinion as a man who endorses transparency and is unafraid of examining the by mainstream media, which contributed to making contemporary history, and the past, being “new” in politics — a characteristic that his adversaries could not claim. -
Liberalismul După 1989
Liberalismul după 1989 15 ANI DE LIBERALISM POSTCOMUNIST ÎN ROMÂNIA Cristian Preda Liberalismul din România postcomunistă şi-a organizat cariera în jurul Partidului Naţional Liberal. După 1989, acest nume acoperă rezultatul unei operaţiuni de reinventare istorică. Nu este singura: Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc – Creştin şi Democrat (PNŢCD), ca şi Partidul Social-Democrat Român (PSDR) sunt tot resuscitări ale tradiţiei politice româneşti, cu precădere ale celei interbelice. Apariţia celor trei formaţiuni a fost, de fapt, răspunsul organizaţional cel mai coerent dat succesorilor direcţi ai Revoluţiei din decembrie, grupaţi iniţial în Frontul Salvării Naţionale şi, ulterior, în partidele care s-au reclamat de la Revoluţie. Refacerea partidelor istorice a fost un răspuns coerent în intenţie, dar şi fragil prin efectele sale. Mai mult poate decât PNŢCD şi PSDR, PNL a ilustrat precarităţile acestei formule politice. Într-adevăr, soluţia liberală a fost contestată „din interior” foarte devreme, fracţionarea acestei familii politice precedând şi întrecând în amploare divizarea social-democraţilor şi, respectiv, a creştin-democraţilor; apoi, opţiunile politice şi strategice ale PNL au fost volatile; în fine, personalul său politic a fost foarte instabil. Cu toate acestea, PNL a rămas reperul principal al definirii şi poziţionării liberale în România postcomunistă. Vom urmări, de aceea, istoria postdecembristă a liberalismului românesc folosind drept referinţe esenţiale evoluţia şi opţiunile Partidului Naţional Liberal1. 1. Reinventarea PNL şi dinamica -
Romania's November 2000 Elections: a Future Return to the Past?
Conflict Studies Research Centre OB 80 Romania's November 2000 Elections: A Future Return to the Past? V G Baleanu Summary On 26 November 2000 Romania holds parliamentary and presidential elections. The plethora of parties has not been conducive to government stability, and the indications are that the ex-communist former president Ion Iliescu will return to power, possibly after a second ballot on 10 December. This paper examines the presidential candidates and the parties contending the parliamentary elections. The main parties and personalities are listed in an Annex at the end of the paper. Introduction There is no doubt that Romania's November 1996 parliamentary and presidential elections marked an historic turning point in this country's political culture and social development: the Romanians brought about the first democratically elected, reform-orientated and resolutely pro-Western government in the last 60 years. In the process, the Romanians ended almost seven years of rule of the Moscow-educated President Ion Iliescu and his Party of Social Democracy in Romania (PDSR), successors of the former communist regime. The November 1996 elections' results were hailed both at home and in the West as a new beginning for Romania, "a return to normalcy", and a new chance to catch up with its former communist allies in Central Europe. These elections were also considered to be an historic event by the democratic forces, from East and West alike, because the Romanian electorate had chosen to eliminate the legacy of the so-called "red coalition" which ruled Romania, officially and unofficially, since December 1989's "Romanian revolution". -
Romania Assessment
COUNTRY ASSESSMENT: ROMANIA April 2000 Country Information and Policy Unit CONTENTS I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.5 II. GEOGRAPHY 2.1 III. HISTORY A. Recent Political History 3.1-3.2 B. Economic History 3.28 - 3.39 IV. INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE A. Political Affairs 4.1 - 4.4 B. The 1996 Elections 4.5 - 4.9 C. The Right of Citizens to change their Government 4.10 - 4.11 D. The Romanian Constitution 4.12 - 4.13 E. Security Services 4.14 - 4.24 i) Police and Human Rights 4.25 - 4.26 ii) Complaints and abuses by the Police 4.27 - 4.39 iii) Employment of Police Officers 4.40 - 4.41 iv) Corpul Gardienilor Publici (CGP) 4.42 F. The Judiciary 4.43 - 4.66 G. Legal Rights/Detention 4.67 - 4.81 H. Prisons 4.82 - 4.87 I. Social Welfare 4.88 J. Education 4.89 - 4.101 K. Refugees 4.102 - 4.106 L. Europe and NATO 4.107 - 4.110 1 V. HUMAN RIGHTS A. Actual Practice with regard to Human Rights 5.1 – 5.25 B. Women 5.26 – 5.38 C. Children 5.39 – 5.45 D. Homosexuals 5.46 – 5.62 E. People with Disabilities 5.63 F Freedom of Religion 5.64 – 5.75 . G. Jews 5.76 – 5. 79 H. Jehovah’s Witnesses 5.80 – 5.83 I. Main Religions 5.84 – 5.86 J. Ethnic Minority Groups (General) 5.87 – 5.102 K. Hungarians 5.103 –5.114 L. Roma (Gypsies) 5.115 –5.139 . -
Romania and the Enlargement of the European Union
SECRETARIAT WORKING PARTY TASK-FORCE "ENLARGEMENT" THE COORDINATOR Luxembourg, 19 April 2000 JF/bo Briefing No 3 ROMANIA AND THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (Update No 3) * The views expressed in this document are not necessarily those held by the European Parliament as an institution. INTRANET: http://www.europarl.ep.ec/enlargement INTERNET: http://www.europarl.eu.int/enlargement EPADES: epades\public\elargiss PE 167.297/rév.3 Or. EN EN EN The briefings drafted by the European Parliament Secretariat's Task Force on Enlargement aim to present in a systematic, summary form, the state of discussions on the various aspects of enlargement of the Union and the positions adopted by the Member States, the applicant countries, and European institutions. Briefings will be updated as the negotiations progress. The following briefings have already been published: Number Title PE No Date Languages 1 Cyprus and membership of the European Union 167.284/rev.4 18.03.99 All 2 Hungary and the enlargement of the European Union 167.296/rev.2 01.02.99 All 3 Romania and its accession to the European Union 167.297/rev.2 26.02.99 All 4 The Czech Republic and the enlargement of the European Union 167.335/rev.3 18.10.99 All 5 Malta and the relations with the European Union 167.350/rev.3 01.07.99 All 6 Bulgaria and the enlargement of the European Union 167.392/rev.3 11.10.99 All 7 Turkey and relations with the European Union 167.407/rev.2 17.06.99 All 8 Estonia and the enlargement of the European Union 167.409/rev.1 08.10.98 All 9 Slovenia and accession to -
Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online
A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details 1 University of Sussex Centre Right failure in new democracies: the case of the Romanian Democratic Convention Edward Robert Maxfield Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Contemporary European Studies Submitted: January 2010 2 Table of contents Page List of tables 4 Thesis summary 6 Preface 7 Acknowledgements 8 Chapter 1: Introduction 9 1.1 The existing debate 10 1.2 Why post-Communist Europe 14 1.3 Understanding the centre-right 17 1.4 Romanian Exceptionalism 21 1.5 The Democratic Convention as a case study 25 1.6 Defining success and failure 28 1.7 Establishing a system of party classification 34 1.8 Thesis structure 39 1.9 Data sources used 46 Chapter 2: The Convention and Beyond 51 2.1 Balancing Act: the formation of the Democratic Convention 53 2.2 Learning from defeat: the 1992 and 1996 elections 55 2.3 From opposition to power and out again 70 2.4 From Orange Revolution to Basescu Epoch -
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www.ssoar.info Cronologia vieţii politice din România, 1 iulie - 30 septembrie 2005 Alexandrescu, Raluca Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Verzeichnis, Liste, Dokumentation / list Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Alexandrescu, R. (2005). Cronologia vieţii politice din România, 1 iulie - 30 septembrie 2005. Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review, 5(4), 985-1009. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-56109-5 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/1.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/1.0/deed.de Cronologia vieţii politice din România 1 iulie – 30 septembrie 2005 985 ∗ Cronologia vieţii politice din România 1 iulie– 30 septembrie 2005 RALUCA ALEXANDRESCU 1 iulie • PNL anunţă într-un comunicat că nu are intenţia de a rupe Protocolul de gu- vernare, precizând că „PNL rămâne ferm ataşat parteneriatului cu PD, în ca- drul Alianţei Dreptate şi Adevăr“. Liberalii apreciază că, în cele şase luni de guvernare care au trecut, Alianţa D.A. şi-a dovedit funcţionalitatea şi efici- enţa. „Sprijinul politic consistent asigurat de Alianţă a permis Guvernului să declanşeze un număr mare de reforme fundamentale care vor transforma Ro- mânia într-un stat cu drepturi depline al Uniunii Europene de pe 1 ianuarie 2007: reformele structurale pentru aderarea la UE, reforma fiscală, reforma justiţiei, lupta împotriva corupţiei, recalcularea pensiilor“. -
Numbers1 ROMANIA: ONE YEAR INTO the CONSTANTINESCU PRESIDENCY
NumberS1 ROMANIA: ONE YEAR INTO THE CONSTANTINESCU PRESIDENCY CONTENTS Limping to Nowhere: Romania's Media Peter Gross 9 Under Constantinescu Changes and Inconsistencies in the Romanian Brad Minnick 21 Parliament and Government U.S. Romanian Relations Since the Election Jonathan Rickert 30 Romania's State of the Economy: Karen Zietlow 34 Started but Unsustained under lliescu; Recovering and Rising with Ciorbea and Constantinescu LIMPING TO NOWHERE: ROMANIA'S MEDIA UNDER CONSTANTINESCU Peter Gross In its long-awaited electoral victory, the "democratic oPPosition" 1 in November 1996 promised, finally, a concerted effort· "to undo the legacy of 50 years of rule by communists and former communists. ,,2 In light of this promise, the Romanian media had three specific expectations: (1) Lift government control over national public television (TVR1) , and end the disinformation broadcasting and discrete manipulation by the first three post-Communist 3 governments and the president's office. (2) Modify or re-Iegislate the Penal Code, enacted in 1996, and specifically remove the amendments on defamation and insults, which delineated harsh prison terms and fines for journalists found guilty under the Code and provided uncalled-for protection for public officials (elected and appointed); and enact amendments guaranteeing access to information and protection for journalists. (3) Mandate a change in the practice ofjournalism (long argued to have taken on the mantle of the "opposition" and of politico-ideological partisanship) and redefine the profession along Western lines with a consonant and enforceable code of ethics. President Emil Constantinescu's government did make progress during its first 17 months in power. Romania's relations with its neighbors have improved, civilian control over the military has gradually been instituted, and foreign investments have increased.