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Selectin Ligand Sialyl-Lewis X Antigen Drives Metastasis of Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancers

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Published OnlineFirst October 24, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-1139 Cancer Tumor and Stem Cell Biology Research Selectin Ligand Sialyl-Lewis x Antigen Drives Metastasis of Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancers Sylvain Julien1, Aleksandar Ivetic2, Anita Grigoriadis3, Ding QiZe1, Brian Burford1, Daisy Sproviero1, Gianfranco Picco1, Cheryl Gillett4, Suzanne L. Papp5, Lana Schaffer5, Andrew Tutt3, Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou1, Sarah E. Pinder4, and Joy M. Burchell1 Abstract The glycome acts as an essential interface between cells and the surrounding microenvironment. However, changes in glycosylation occur in nearly all breast cancers, which can alter this interaction. Here, we report that profiles of glycosylation vary between ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancers. We found that genes involved in the synthesis of sialyl-Lewis x (sLex; FUT3, FUT4, and ST3GAL6) are significantly increased in estrogen receptor alpha-negative (ER-negative) tumors compared with ER-positive ones. SLex expression had no influence on the survival of patients whether they had ER-negative or ER-positive tumors. However, high expression of sLex in ER- positive tumors was correlated with metastasis to the bone where sLex receptor E-selectin is constitutively expressed. The ER-positive ZR-75-1 and the ER-negative BT20 cell lines both express sLex but only ZR-75-1 cells could adhere to activated endothelial cells under dynamic flow conditions in a sLex and E-selectin–dependent manner. Moreover, L/P-selectins bound strongly to ER-negative MDA-MB-231 and BT-20 cell lines in a heparan sulfate (HS)–dependent manner that was independent of sLex expression. Expression of glycosylation genes involved in heparan biosynthesis (EXT1 and HS3ST1) was increased in ER-negative tumors. Taken together, our results suggest that the context of sLex expression is important in determining its functional significance and that selectins may promote metastasis in breast cancer through protein-associated sLex and HS glycosaminoglycans. Cancer Res; 71(24); 1–11. Ó2011 AACR. Introduction Selectins are calcium-dependent lectins involved in immune cells trafficking (2). E(ndothelial)-selectin expression is The 5-year survival of patients with distant metastatic induced by inflammation in most organs (3–5) but is consti- disease is low and once detected, metastatic breast cancer is tutively expressed in the microvasculature of bone marrow and incurable. Distant metastases arise from circulating cancer skin (6). L(eukocyte)-selectin is constitutively expressed by cells that emigrate from the blood stream to colonize a distant myeloid and naive T cells (3, 7) while P(latelet)-selectin expres- organ (1). Thus, identifying the molecular mechanism involved sion is induced in activated platelets and endothelial cells (3). in this process is one of the crucial challenges for breast cancer Selectins share a common ligand, the carbohydrate sialyl- treatment. Lewis x (sLex), though their affinity is modulated by the nature of the carbohydrate scaffold and the backbone that carries sLex. E-selectin weakly binds to sLex-containing glycolipids (2) x Authors' Affiliations: 1Breast Cancer Biology, King's College London, but has a strong affinity for O-glycan associated sLe expressed Guy's Hospital; 2Membrane/Cytoskeleton Signalling Group, Cardiovascu- 3 by neutrophils (8). L-selectin binds preferentially to a sulfated lar Division, James Black Centre, King's College London; Breakthrough x x Breast Cancer Research Unit, King's College London, Guy's Hospital; form of sLe (6-sulfo-sLe ) while P-selectin recognizes with 4Breast Research Pathology, Research Oncology, King's College London, high affinity sLex presented on Core2 O-glycans carried on 5 Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Consortium for Functional threonine 57 of P-selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 (2). L/P- Glycomics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California selectins also bind glycosaminoglycans such as heparan and Note: Supplementary data for this article are available at Cancer Research chondroitin sulfate (9). SLex and glycosaminoglycans may Online (http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/). engage with selectins via different binding domains (10). Current address for S. Julien: Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, There is evidence that both classes of selectin ligands could UMR CNRS 8576, University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, x Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. promote metastasis. SLe is a marker of poor prognosis in colorectal and prostatic carcinomas (11). SLex expression in Corresponding Author: Joy Burchell, Breast Cancer Biology, Research Oncology, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's breast cancer has been associated with higher risk of metas- Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom. Phone: 44-(0)-20718-81470; tasis (12) but its prognostic value remains debatable (13). Fax: 44-20718-80919; E-mail: [email protected] Furthermore, sLex expression on colon (14) and prostate doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-1139 (15) cancer cells mediates adhesion to activated endothelial Ó2011 American Association for Cancer Research. cells under flow conditions. However, heparin-derived www.aacrjournals.org OF1 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 26, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Published OnlineFirst October 24, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-1139 Julien et al. reagents can inhibit L/P-selectins binding to both human (16, RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and quantitative 17) and mouse (18) mammary cancer cell lines, resulting in real-time PCR decreased lung metastasis in animal models. Cell pellets were snap frozen in 50 mL of RNA Later (Qiagen). Glycan biosynthesis involves multiple glycosyltransferases in Total RNA was extracted using the Nucleospin RNA II kit a complex multistep process that builds up carbohydrate struc- (Macherey Nagel), according to manufacturer's instructions. tures on proteins and lipids. Each glycosyltransferase is specific The integrity of the RNA was controlled using a Bioanalyser for the acceptor structure, the transferred monosaccharide and (Agilent Technologies). DNased RNA (0.6 mg) was reverse the position and anomery of the linkage it creates (see Fig. 1; transcribed using random hexamer primers and superscript ref. 19). Due to redundant specificities, some structures can be III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). Quantitative reverse generated by several glycosyltransferases. For example, there are transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was done using SYBR Green I 5 fucosyl-transferases (FUT3, 4, 5, 6,and7) potentially involved in technology (Sigma-Aldrich, see Supplementary Table S2 for sLex synthesis (Fig. 1B and C). On the basis of the profile of primers) as described previously (24). expression of glycosyltransferases in cells or tissues, the hypo- thetical structures of their glycans may be predicted. Expression Tissue microarray construction and analysis array screening of glycosyltransferases has recently shown that Sections (3 mm) from tissue microarrays (TMA) consisting of many enzymes are aberrantly expressed in malignant breast 400 consecutive cases of invasive breast cancer from the Guy's tissue, which may account for the expression of cancer-associ- & St. Thomas' Breast Tissue & Data Bank were subjected to ated carbohydrate antigens (20). standard immunohistochemistry using the anti-sLex mono- Here, we investigated the expression profile of glycosyltrans- clonal antibody HECA-452 (BD biosciences). Expression of sLex ferases involved in sLex and heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis was independently scored by 2 observers (S.J. and S.E.P.) and in human primary breast cancers. We found a significant calculated as the average of I Â P, where I is intensity (0, 1, 2, or difference in the expression of glycosyltransferases involved 3) and P percentage (0%–100%) of tumor cells staining (see in the synthesis of sLex and expression of the glycan between Supplementary Fig. S1). Scores were validated for 352 tumors. ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancers, with significantly Tumors were classified as "negative" when scored below 2.5 more ER-negative tumors expressing sLex. Although presence and as expressing high levels of sLex if they scored above 60. or absence of sLex was not associated with prognosis, high sLex Statistical analyses were carried on using Prism5 (Graph-Pad expression in ER-positive tumors was significantly associated Software). with bone metastasis. In vitro studies showed functional differences between sLex expressed on ER-positive or ER- Selectin binding and flow cytometry negative cell lines. In addition, HS-dependent binding of P- Cell monolayers were detached using 5 mmol/L EDTA in and L-selectin was observed in the absence of sLex expression. PBS. When necessary, cells were treated with 500 mU of type V Our data suggest that the functional significance of sLex is neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens (Sigma-Aldrich) dependent on the context of its expression and that 2 mechan- or 1.6U of heparinase I (Sigma-Aldrich) in serum-free medium isms involving E-selectin/sLex and L/P-selectins/glycosamino- for 1 hour at 37C. SLex antigen was detected using HECA-452 glycans could be independently involved in the extravasation followed by Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated step required for metastatic spread. anti-rat Ig (Dako). Selectin ligands were detected using soluble recombinant human E/L/P-selectins (R&D Systems) diluted at À Materials and Methods 40 mg.mL 1, followed with FITC anti-human Ig (Dako).
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  • Viruses Like Sugars: How to Assess Glycan Involvement in Viral Attachment

    Viruses Like Sugars: How to Assess Glycan Involvement in Viral Attachment

    microorganisms Review Viruses Like Sugars: How to Assess Glycan Involvement in Viral Attachment Gregory Mathez and Valeria Cagno * Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The first step of viral infection requires interaction with the host cell. Before finding the specific receptor that triggers entry, the majority of viruses interact with the glycocalyx. Identifying the carbohydrates that are specifically recognized by different viruses is important both for assessing the cellular tropism and for identifying new antiviral targets. Advances in the tools available for studying glycan–protein interactions have made it possible to identify them more rapidly; however, it is important to recognize the limitations of these methods in order to draw relevant conclusions. Here, we review different techniques: genetic screening, glycan arrays, enzymatic and pharmacological approaches, and surface plasmon resonance. We then detail the glycan interactions of enterovirus D68 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), highlighting the aspects that need further clarification. Keywords: attachment receptor; viruses; glycan; sialic acid; heparan sulfate; HBGA; SARS-CoV-2; EV-D68 Citation: Mathez, G.; Cagno, V. Viruses Like Sugars: How to Assess 1. Introduction Glycan Involvement in Viral This review focuses on methods for assessing the involvement of carbohydrates in Attachment. Microorganisms 2021, 9, viral attachment and entry into the host cell. Viruses often bind to entry receptors that are 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ not abundant on the cell surface; to increase their chances of finding them, they initially microorganisms9061238 bind to attachment receptors comprising carbohydrates that are more widely expressed.