The Ol’ Pioneer The Magazine of the Grand Canyon Historical Society

Volume 24 : Number 2 www.GrandCanyonHistory.org Spring 2013

In This Issue

Bright Angel Tavern? ...... 3

Who Named the Grand Canyon? ...... 4 President’s Letter The Ol’ Pioneer The Magazine of the Spring has come to Grand Canyon and the southwest! The renewal of life Grand Canyon Historical Society in the form of wildflowers, sun drenched skies, and explorations in the canyon Volume 24 : Number 2 are upon us. Northern Arizona experienced a relatively dry winter this year Spring 2013 but during this time the Board of your Society met on a warm sunny day in Sedona to discuss Strategic Planning. It was a powerful gathering of the “old” u and the “new” at GCHS. We heard from past officers Al Richmond and George The Historical Society was established Billingsley about the early history of our organization and how it centered its in July 1984 as a non-profit corporation energy on activities pertaining to the resident population of Grand Canyon to develop and promote appreciation, Village. With this background fresh in our minds, the Board and officers were understanding and education of the able to better visualize what goals we should pursue in the near future. earlier history of the inhabitants and important events of the Grand Canyon. Of particular interest to Society members is the recognition that the years 2016 and 2019 are seminal mileposts in the history of the Grand Canyon. The Ol’ Pioneer is published by the In 1916 the Organic Act created the National Park Service to oversee the GRAND CANYON HISTORICAL growing abundance of national park lands in our country and three years SOCIETY in conjunction with The later, in February of 1919, Grand Canyon became our nation’s 15th national Bulletin, an informational newsletter. Both publications are a benefit of park. As such, the Board of the Historical Society considered the idea of membership. Membership in the Society moving our next two history symposiums up a few years to commemorate is open to any person interested in the these centennial markers. It would be a huge endeavor, as the three previous historical, educational, and charitable symposiums have shown, these events essentially “take over” the Society and purposes of the Society. Membership is its functions for about 18 months or more. However, this organization is now on an annual basis using the standard calendar; and dues of $25 are payable on known primarily for the desirability and quality of these events, and the Board the 1st of January each year, and mailed decided to tentatively endorse the idea. The Board will meet before the Annual to the GCHS Treasurer, PO Box 31405 Picnic on July 20th to perhaps fully endorse the idea. Flagstaff, AZ 86003-1405. The Ol’ Pioneer Another important discussion centered on the publication of the magazine is copyrighted by the Grand Proceedings of the Third Gathering of Historians in 2012. We are pleased Canyon Historical Society, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication to report that the Grand Canyon Association (GCA) will print a limited may be reproduced or used in any form number of these books for our Society. Other ideas discussed at the Sedona without permission of the publisher. Strategic Planning session include more frequent updates on our web site (www.grandcanyonhistory.org); fresher and more varied stories in the Ol’ Editor: Mary Williams Pioneer and/or Bulletin; the possible initiation of an Oral History Project; Submit photos and stories to the editor of The Ol’ Pioneer at: info@ developing closer ties to our sister organizations such as the NPS, GCA, marywilliamsdesign.com or 4880 N. NAU, and the Museum of Northern Arizona; and a rebirth of the outings Weatherford Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001. program. We would love to hear from all of our members about these (928) 779-3377. Please submit written proposals and your take on the priorities we have identified. (I have almost articles and photos electronically on CD gotten around to taking over the official President’s e-mail address at GCHS. or via email if possible. You may mail photos or slides for scanning if needed. org but until that time just send your comments and ideas to my personal address at [email protected]). All of us here sure do like serving the Submissions to The Bulletin should be organization and welcome your input. sent to Karen Greig, [email protected] We hope to see many of you at our annual gathering at Shoshone Point. It is a festive event on the rim of the canyon and this year we have a scholarship GCHS Officers Wayne Ranney, President recipient to award. We will also be making our annual Pioneer Award to an John Azar, Vice President individual who has helped in promoting the history of this world-renowned Amy Horn, Treasurer landscape, along with the Hall of Fame Awards. Please make you plans now Tom Martin, Secretary to attend. And thanks for being a member of the Grand Canyon Historical Lee Albertson, Pioneer Award Chair Society! Al Richmond, Hall of Fame Award/ Scholarhip Erik Berg, Outings Coordinator Wayne Ranney GCHS President Board of Directors Howard Asaki Karen Greig John Azar Beth Hickey Erik Berg Amy Horn Ellen Brennan Tom Martin The Ol’ Pioneer submission deadlines are going to be roughly the first of Janu- Kathy Faretta Carol Naille ary, April, July, and October. Keith Green Wayne Ranney

2 : Grand Canyon Historical Society Bright Angel Tavern? El Cardenas?

I understand that the name commemorate. The same would be proposed for the hotel is the “Bright true if you used the name Cardenas Angel Tavern.” This is a taking title for the new canyon hotel. Visitors Letter submitted by Carol Naille but it doesn’t mean anything. would say “What does it mean? To a person in Chicago, or New Who was he? What did he do? Why n a letter regarding the naming York, or Boston or in any other remote did the Santa Fe give the hotel such of the new hotel designed by place, the “Bright Angel Tavern” a name?” Immediately, the history architect Charles Whittlessey might be in New Hampshire or would appear and become in a few forI the Atchison, Topeka, and San- Oregon or California or Wisconsin, years common property. It is an object ta Fe Railway, Michael James Rior- but even in any of these places, if lesson that certainly I for one would dan puts his two cents in. you speak of the Coronado, or the regret to see the Santa Fe neglect to Originally to be called Bright Alavardo, or the Castenada, you will give. Angel Tavern, the name “El immediately associate them with Tovar” was later selected for the Santa Fe and with the localities M.J. Riordan the grand hotel in the Santa Fe in which they are built and with Flagstaff, September 18, 1903 tradition of naming hotels of the the historical events which they region after Spanish explorers. The new hotel was named for Don Pedro de Tovar, Francisco Panoramic photograph of El Tovar Hotel front entrance. Circa 1907. Vázquez de Coronado’s second- Photo–Grand Canyon National Park #12083 in-command, who learned of the canyon and river from the Hopis in 1540. Upon receiving this information, Coronado dispatched Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas with companions to go see this river. They made it to the canyon but found no route to the river.

Editor

COVER: Looking from the second floor balcony of the El Tovar Hotel down past the flagpole NOW! Find us on Facebook. and north into the canyon. Circa 1925. Photo by Keystone Stereograph. Grand Canyon National Park #04976 www.GrandCanyonHistory.org Grand Canyon Historical Society : 3 Once Again, “Who Named the Grand Canyon?” —And Other Obscure Grand Canyon “Firsts”

by Earle E. Spamer1 already had published excerpts of the 1872 in Kanab, Utah. While he was less-technical parts of his travelogue working under Powell’s direction, ajor John Wesley Powell in popular publications for everyday he affixed that name to the map that receives all the credit for readers, boosting his leap to public was then being drawn up. Sixty-two giving the Grand Canyon renown.5 Even having just stepped years later, he summed up in a letter itsM name—at least according to many off the Colorado River, Powell was to a local New York State newspaper, writers and in oral traditions over calling it the Grand Canyon, but did the Ellenville Journal, published nearly a century and a half, perpetu- Major Powell name it? October 4, 1934, “So while I did not ated now by repetition across the originate the name I have the honor web. The canyon had earlier names The Disease of “Firstiitis” of having written it on the first map that didn’t stick, like Puerto de Bu- the first time it was ever put on any careli2 and Big Canyon.3 Yet even In 1968, Otis “Dock” Marston, map . . . .”9 Less than four months though Grand Canyon is well known the 20th century’s grand champion later, the diligent defender died, around the world, for more than a of Colorado River historians, confident in the truth. century the name has drawn some addressed the question, “Who Marston the demurrer paged historians into a recurring hunt for Named the Grand Canyon?”6 He through books and maps from 1869 who first used it. The hunt has not pursued Frederick S. Dellenbaugh, in search of “Grand Canyon” and ended; and here it widens to explore the youthful member of Powell’s its variant spellings—William J. this and other questions, the answers second Colorado River expedition Palmer’s Report of Surveys Across the to which might be surprising. For ex- who had for the rest of his life Continent, in 1867-’68,10 William A. ample, who first illustrated the Grand defended everything river, canyon Bell’s New Tracks in North America,11 Canyon; or, who first unimagina- and Powell, who gave all the credit and Samuel Bowles’ Our New West.12 tively reused the name for another to the major. Dellenbaugh claimed He found ample evidence for the canyon; even, astonishingly, which that the name was fixed after name then already in use. canyons had the same name before the Powell’s first expedition, that it was Palmer’s book holds special notice Colorado River’s canyon did? And he (Dellenbaugh) who first put the for its section, “Grand Canon of the original question—“Who Named name “Grand Canyon” on a map the Colorado,” which reprinted an the Grand Canyon?”—has an all new after the second expedition, and he 1868 communication from Charles answer. spent years perfecting that record. Christopher Parry (“Grand Canyon” Of course, Powell will forever be “There is no doubt whatever may have been Palmer’s editorial the trailblazer of the Colorado. His that the Grand Canyon was named addition, since Parry did not use 1875 chronicle4 of the pioneering by Major Powell not long after he the term). Parry was a physician 1869 expedition down the Green came out of it on his 1869 trip,” and naturalist who by that time had and Colorado Rivers was the first to Dellenbaugh asserted in a short 1933 already accompanied a number of document the grandeur, mystique article titled, “Naming the Grand surveys in the Midwest and the U.S.– and dangers of the rivers and their Canyon.”7 There, he said that John Mexican Boundary Survey. Here, great canyons. Although this book (Jack) Sumner, a member of the first though, he wrote specifically about effectively glosses over Powell’s expedition, wrote that he (Sumner) prospector James White, whom he second expedition of 1871–1872, had wanted to name the canyon had interviewed about a fantastic and ignores its crew, his tale of Coronado Canyon. Powell thought story, one which he was sure was adventure weaves geography, otherwise, that it should be named truth. In 1867, White had been geology, American Indians, personal for Sumner; that is, if they survived rescued from the Colorado River at reflections, mishaps and death. the trip. “Well, he got through all Callville, Nevada, near death from Troublesome as it is to historians right,” Dellenbaugh reflected, “and exposure and starvation—that much because Powell troweled on some forgot his vows and named it Grand is fact. The conjecture comes with fanciful elaboration years after the Canyon.”8 the allegation that he had passed all fact, his prose brightens up nicely In Dellenbaugh’s version of the way through the Grand Canyon what otherwise could have been a things, the deciding event that on a crude driftwood log raft.13 dreary, clinical government report literally put the Grand Canyon’s White’s is a separate, intriguing, and of methods and findings. By 1875 he name on the map was at the end of controversial story to this day.14 In

4 : Grand Canyon Historical Society www.GrandCanyonHistory.org the original telling, White used no that he confounded the Black not the “first,” neither in name nor particular name for the canyon, but Cañon, between Fort Mojave illustration, which neatly fogs the ten years afterward in a letter to his and Callville, with the Grand view. brother he called it “the Big Canon.”15 Cañon, which he had never Still Marston found more, from seen; and this is a frequent error Now, Picture a Grand Canyon Major Powell’s own pen. He turned with persons who have passed up letters from Powell published in through the former… The earliest known use of the term the Chicago Tribune for May 21 and 24, “Grand Canyon” for a geographical 1869, both of which refer to “Grand As we will see, the young man feature appeared in James William Canon” before the expedition began. was not the only one to figuratively Abert’s “Journal . . . from Bent’s fort He also repeated a headline from the string the canyons together, so to St. Louis, in 1845.” He wrote, “At Chicago Times for July 5, “The Grand ambiguously known was this region noon we reached the Grand Cañon, Canyon of the Colorado,” which to most people. which is referred to by Gregg in was one of the sensational false As for Dellenbaugh’s claim for his ‘Commerce of the Prairies,’ as a reports of disaster that had befallen first inscribing “Grand Canyon” source of great annoyance to early the Powell expedition. on a map, Marston showed that it travellers.”21 This is Mills Canyon, Even while the Powell expedition didn’t pan out. While W. A. Bell’s some 700 feet deep along the was still traveling down the Green 1870 second edition of New Tracks Canadian River in northeastern New River, on July 7, 1869, The New York in North America included an 1869 Mexico. Josiah Gregg himself had Times excerpted Parry’s report from report by Powell that referred to not used the name “Grand Cañon” Palmer’s book under the title, “The “Grand Cañon,” the book’s fold-out in his 1844 book, but, for the first Grand Canon of the Colorado.”16 map, itself carrying the publisher’s time in English-language literature And after the expedition, Powell date of 1870, labeled the chasm as apparently, he did use the Spanish lectured in Salt Lake City while on “Big Cañon.”19 But Marston’s coup word cañon when writing of deep his way back home. The talk was de grâce was in observing that the ravines in the western prairies.22 summarized in the Deseret News on map in Palmer’s Report of Surveys, “Grand Canon” also appeared September 22, where the canyon completed by 1868, “captions in Andrew B. Gray’s 1855 record was called “Grand Cañon.” This the section of the Colorado River of a survey for the Texas Western also was picked up by the Times.17 between the Rio Virgin and the Railroad (Southern Pacific Railroad) General articles at the time San Juan as ‘Grand Canon of the across the south of New Mexico also more regularly began to use Colorado River,’ a map in use at least Territory.23 This name was used for the “Grand” canyon name. John four years prior to Dellenbaugh.” a defile in the Chiricahua Mountains Clerke, for example, in the popular This fact actually was first reported in the southeastern part of today’s Lippincott’s Magazine for December in print by Francis P. Farquhar in Arizona, although whether the 1868, wrote that he had just learned 1953, who acknowledged “river rat name was newly applied or one in a newspaper picked up in Santa and historian of the rapids” Marston locally used was not indicated. A Fe, New Mexico, “that a scientific for the information.20 lithograph illustrating this canyon gentleman—Professor Powell by In his 1968 article, Marston was added to an 1856 reprinting of name, if my memory serves me gloatingly diagnosed Dellenbaugh the survey24; it is the first-ever labeled aright—was about setting out with with “the Firstiitis disease [that] illustration of a place called Grand an expedition to explore the Grand seems to be endemic with Colorado Canyon (Figure 1). So Arizona’s first Cañon of the Rio Colorado of the River travelers,” concluding, Grand Canyon wasn’t even the one West.”18 While Clerke may have “Contamination is widespread and on the Colorado River! One might reiterated Powell’s use of the term, the common symptom is blindness argue that Gray’s “Grand Canon” more likely he may have just seen a to the record.” And though an was only the generic description of copy of Palmer’s Report of Surveys, epidemic of Firstiitis rages still, “a grand canyon,” but his text refers because in Lippincott’s he used the the following findings fortunately to it as a specific geographic feature, name “Grand Cañon” in telling his break us out of the whirlpool of with initial capital letters, even once own, much embellished, rendition of 1868 and 1869 publications and calling it (with definite article and the James White saga. He mentioned correspondences, inside of which italics) “the Grand Canon.” as well that he had met a young man it was rather impossible to glimpse Few others than American Indians in New Mexico who just which among them may have had seen the Grand Canyon of …asserted that he had once swirled past “first.” Before we can the Colorado River before the late descended the side of the chase the person “who named the 1850s. No one bothered, or had the cañon to the river and returned Grand Canyon,” though, we should wherewithal, to corroborate oral by the same path; but upon address the fact that the Colorado traditions that told of the fantastic questioning him, I discovered River’s Grand Canyon was itself chasm, certainly not in print. Yet www.GrandCanyonHistory.org Grand Canyon Historical Society : 5 expedition.27 And Samuel Washington Woodhouse, the Philadelphia physician and naturalist assigned to the group, described that very scene in his diary on October 11, 1851 (Figure 3). He wondered about the canyon, “This must be an awful yet grand spectacl [sic].”28 Unwittingly he may have been the first to use the adjective in describing our “Grand” Canyon. The vantage point from which Kern made his Figure 1 sketch was identified by historian Andrew Wallace in 1984.29 He reported that it is the unnamed hill despite having not been visited by a below).25 north of the San Francisco Peaks formal expedition of exploration, in Admittedly, the first known sketch marked on a U.S. Geological Survey 1853 an artist’s sketch was published of the Grand Canyon is a glimpse topographic map by the geodetic that portrayed a peek at the Grand from a great distance—some seventy triangulation station designated Canyon — namelessly, though — miles (Figure 2). The view is drawn “Chop.”30 Detailed control data three years before the illustration of clearly, but, foreshortened by the for this station can be found online Gray’s Chiricahua “Grand Canon” curvature of the earth, it shows just a today in the National Geodetic was published. The original drawing line of high elevations of the canyon’s Survey Data Sheet database.31 The was made in 1851, eighteen years North Rim riding on the horizon benchmark was set in 1965 in a before Powell’s first run down the like icebergs. The scene was drawn boulder on the top of the timbered Green–Colorado, and seven years by Richard H. Kern,26 who viewed 760-ft tall volcanic hill, the highest before the first formal expedition did it from a high hill north of the San in the immediate area, about 19½ visit the canyon under U.S. Army Francisco Peaks. He was attached to miles north of Flagstaff, Arizona; Lieutenant Joseph C. Ives (about the army exploratory expedition led precisely, 35° 28' 52.37352" N, 111° 40' which more is mentioned farther by Lieutenant Lorenzo Sitgreaves 16.36029" W. Obtaining a modern

across New Mexico photographic view to replicate Territory between Kern’s stylized drawing may be an Zuñi pueblo and entertaining clear-day’s venture. The the lower Colorado NGS Data Sheet includes directions River, charged to the station from U.S. Highway with ascertaining 89; and modern GPS devices should the suitability of assist and emend the coordinates the Zuñi and Little just given. Colorado Rivers for Sitgreaves’ party had planned navigation. From to follow the Little Colorado River Kern’s drawing valley to the great Colorado, then a lithograph was follow it downstream. However, made for Sitgreaves’ upon reaching the Grand Falls Figure 2 1853 report of the of the Little Colorado and the

6 : Grand Canyon Historical Society www.GrandCanyonHistory.org northwest corner of the overlooked, happens to be the first map where the Colorado record of the Grand Canyon written River exits from the in a scientific context. canyon, misplaced as also being at the confluence of Was There a Grand Canyon the “Rio Virgen.” The rest Before Powell? of the canyon was off the map. Frederick Dellenbaugh idolized After passing the Peaks, John Wesley Powell, standing his Sitgreaves’ party followed ground that Powell named the Grand a route westward, never Canyon and that he (Dellenbaugh) again seeing Grand was the first to put the name ona Canyon. They finally map. Dock Marston countered with reached the Colorado evidence for Powell and others River in the desert below using “Grand” in the canyon’s name Black Canyon. The even before Powell’s first river trip, greater part of the route also finding the name on a map that Figure 3 was roughly the path was finished by 1868. And others not that another expedition noted by Marston were using the entrenched river there northeast under Lieutenant Amiel Whipple name around this time as well. Yet of the San Francisco Peaks, men followed in 1853 to locate a 35th- the name “Grand Canyon” precedes and pack animals were flagging. parallel railroad route, 33 retraced Powell by a full decade and more! Sitgreaves was “informed by my first in 1857 by the Beale Wagon Looking backward, we first run into guide [Antoine Leroux] and other Road (the historic expedition that the name shortly after the Colorado experienced trappers that this experimented using camels)34 then River Exploring Expedition of 1858. cañon extends down the river to its by the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in Under the command of Lieutenant junction with the Colorado, and the 1882–1883 (subsequently acquired Joseph C. Ives, the Colorado River great cañon through which the latter by the Santa Fe Railway), and in Exploring Expedition comprised a flows, [so] I regarded the attempt to the 20th century shadowed by small contingent of army men and follow the river to its mouth as too legendary Route 66 and its stern a number of civilians including two hazardous…”32 They left their route replacement, Interstate 40. Germans and a few Indian guides, and headed around the north side of Sitgreaves’ 1853 government who set off up the Colorado River the Peaks, past “Chop” hill. It was report and Kern’s illustrations in it from Fort Yuma. (The Germans were up to Kern and Woodhouse to look were not so obscure that they escaped topographer and artist Friedrich longingly northward and record notice. Geologist and theologian W. von Egloffstein, and artist and their impressions of the canyon Edward Hitchcock, comfortably naturalist’s field assistant Balduin they would not be visiting. Theirs ensconced in Massachusetts as the Möllhausen, both veteran western were the first outsiders’ views of recent president of Amherst College, travelers about whom more will be the canyon to be set down in 75 referred to them in his Illustrations said later. The naturalist was also the years (when Padre Francisco Tomás of Surface Geology submitted to the expedition’s physician, John Strong Garcés traveled by more closely in Smithsonian Institution in 1855 Newberry.) They all squeezed 1776) and 311 years after the first (published in 1857).35 Regarding aboard the Explorer, a diminutive, and only other non-natives were the Little Colorado’s Grand Falls, open-decked, iron-hulled, wood- known to have seen the canyon another sight Kern had illustrated, fired, stern-wheel steamboat ordered (when Spanish incursionists under Hitchcock repeated Sitgreaves’ by Ives in mid-1857 from Reaney, García López de Cárdenas spent note that the falls drop 120 feet. Neafie and Company, a Philadelphia several days on the eastern stretch of Surmising that the depth of the boat and boiler manufacturer.36 the South Rim in 1540, failing in an Little Colorado’s gorge there is “less It had been built in sections for attempt to reach the Colorado River probably than that of the Big cañon,” shipment by sea from New York and a mile below). Hitchcock accentuated just how little on the recently built railway over In his report Sitgreaves referred to was known about the Grand Canyon the Isthmus of Panama, by sea again the canyon only as “the great cañon.” to most of the world. In fact, Grand to California, and yet again back The map that accompanies the Falls drop some 185 feet, farther around the Baja peninsula to the report, drawn by Kern in 1852, labels even than Niagara Falls, yet still mouth of the Río Colorado. After a it “Big Cañon.” Only a tiny portion only about a thirtieth of the depth difficult reassembly on the desolate, of the canyon is shown, though; of the Grand Canyon. Hitchcock’s muddy, tide-swept shore of the it appears inconspicuously in the bare notice of Big Canyon, generally Colorado delta in Mexico during the www.GrandCanyonHistory.org Grand Canyon Historical Society : 7 closing days of the year, the crew thirty miles to the last water; then Figure 4 fought the river’s fickle currents, he set out down into the canyon sandbars and snags to Fort Yuma on foot with a small group. The where more of Ives’ expedition adventuresome baron, Egloffstein, members met them. after trying out and wrecking a rotted Just after New Years 1858, the Havasupai ladder, temporarily Explorer began paddling fitfully up stranded himself below a cliff and the Colorado, eventually entering so wandered off alone to the village the the mouth of Black Canyon of Supai, the first non-native to was contrived to summarize the (nearly at the site of today’s Hoover visit there since Padre Garcés had article’s coverage: “The Colorado of Dam). There it violently struck a gone that way 82 years earlier. That the West and the Country Bordering rock (mapped as “Explorer Rock,” was the limit of their descent into It — The Grand Canon” (Figure now beneath the headwaters Lake the Havasupai homeland, and the 4). The titles and an introductory Mohave behind Davis Dam), last they would experience Grand paragraph were probably written effectively locating the objective of Canyon. by the editor of the journal, or by the river expedition, which was to The main party rejoined the whomever it was submitted the ascertain the limit of navigation. canyon expeditioneers and broke copy for printing. Yet who this was Ives and two men struggled more off the march to head more directly is not indicated anywhere. miles upcanyon in a skiff with an overland following the known The name “Grand Canon,” used added sail made from a blanket, springs. The Ives expedition did here a full decade before Powell’s reaching Las Vegas Wash, today in not see the “grandest” part of the first river trip, seems to have been Lake Mead. Ives thought that he canyon in the vicinity of today’s applied to the entire system of the had reached the Virgin River, which Grand Canyon Village. They Colorado River’s canyons in the actually is miles farther upstream. mistook the canyon of Kanab Creek, region explored by Ives’ party, in Returning to open land back spied on the distant north side, for what now are Nevada and Arizona downstream, the patched-up the Colorado River coming south (as like John Clerke’s young New Explorer finally met up with a column from Utah, and the eastern part of Mexican would do a decade later). of men and mules that had labored Grand Canyon they thought was the The 1859 Journal’s “Grand Canon” up from Yuma with supplies for Little Colorado River coming in to nonetheless embraced Big Canyon, the land expedition. The lieutenant meet Cataract Canyon. But now the the name by which Ives knew the divided his command, sending the region from the San Francisco Peaks Grand Canyon. Although to Ives in boat back to Yuma,37 then set out and eastward was familiar territory the field it was clear that upper Black northeastward with 40–45 men, to Ives and Möllhausen, who had Canyon passed into open terrain half of them soldiers, and about 150 accompanied Lt. Whipple on his around Las Vegas Wash and the mules. Among the explorers who westbound venture through this mouth of the Grand Canyon is much remained with Ives were the two territory in 1853. Ives and Egloffstein farther upstream, the discontinuity Germans and physician–naturalist went off with a party to the Hopi of the lower Colorado River canyons Newberry. In April 1858 they arrived mesas, while Möllhausen traveled was not generally appreciated at the Grand Canyon (they knew with the main column toward Fort by others at that time. Even “Big it as “Big Cañon”) at the head of Defiance, where eventually they all Canyon” was misplaced. The Deseret Peach Springs Canyon. Descending concluded the expedition. News for June 9, 1858, reprinted a to and camping near the confluence In December 1858 the U.S. Senate letter dated March 14 from the San of Diamond Creek Canyon, a small published “Colorado Exploring Francisco Bulletin, which had been party including Ives, Newberry Expedition,” Lt. Ives’ brief preliminary sent from an unnamed member of and Möllhausen, traveled farther report of his explorations that was the Ives expedition shortly before to reach the Colorado River at the embedded deeply in General A. A. the party divided up—and before mouth of Diamond Creek, the first Humphreys’ comprehensive annual the main portion of the Grand non-natives known to have reached Report on Explorations and Surveys.38 Canyon was finally sighted by the the bottom of the Grand Canyon. Shortly afterward, the February 1859 eastward-marching land party. The Exiting and traveling eastward issue of the Journal of the American writer said: again, the group re-encountered Geographical and Statistical Society in Our explorations have Grand Canyon at a tributary to New York printed a slightly abridged demonstrated the fact of the Cataract Creek, descending there version of Ives’ report, omitting only navigability of the Colorado to along paths that were harrowing to some remarks about the American the mouth of the Virgen, a point them, finally becoming impassable Indians.39 The title for the Journal’s far above that ever reached by for animals. Lacking water, Ives sent version was shortened to “The any other exploring party, and the mules and most of the men back Colorado Expedition” and a subtitle the much talked of and dreaded

8 : Grand Canyon Historical Society www.GrandCanyonHistory.org Big Kanyon has been passed had it still been in preparation. The Years later even the adventure- through in safety.40 coming of war also suffused the driven William A. Bell decried “the resources of the lithographers and weird, worthless regions north of The “safe” passage (the Explorer’s the Government Printing Office the 36th parallel.”47) grounding at Explorer Rock alike, instigating probably the most And still, there is an earlier yet notwithstanding) actually had been peculiar mystery of Grand Canyon use of the term “Grand Canyon,” through Black Canyon, in a skiff art—why do some of Egloffstein’s one which may or may not have finally, not with the steamboat. drawings seem so weird, not really appealed to John Wesley Powell. The homogenization of the looking like the canyon? This has lower Colorado’s canyons did not been newly investigated elsewhere.44 How Did Powell Find the end here. A quick overview of the Ives’ “General Report” (Part I of Grand Canyon? resources of Arizona Territory by A. the complete volume) described the G. Brackett in 1869, confined chiefly expedition in detail, while other parts In 1857, a thick volume by to the southern part of the territory, of the report were contributed by Lorin Blodget on Climatology of commented on the northern portion scholars proficient in scientific and the United States was published in only that technical matters—hydrography, Philadelphia48—where by chance at …the Colorado which, finding geology, botany, and zoology. Of that very time Lt. Ives’ little Explorer its way from Utah, Wyoming these, only the hydrographer, was built and tested on the Delaware and Colorado Territories, pours Mr. C. Bielawski,45 topographer River, and the Ives expedition was its great flood of waters down Egloffstein, and the geologist still just a plan. More than a treatise through the Black canon and Newberry had accompanied the on weather, Blodget discussed at seeks its way to the Pacific. The expedition. Newberry’s “Geological length, among other things, the stories told of the extent of this Report” (Part III) made significant physical geography of the country, canon and of the hight [sic] of its contributions, staking the Grand including the Southwest, a region walls or river banks are such as Canyon’s place in the worldview of previously overlooked in U.S. to stagger credulity.41 geologists and physical geographers. geographies for its having been a It was he who first understood that part of Mexico until 1848. Lieutenant Ives’ lengthy the canyon lands were sculpted Blodget (Figure 5) wrote, without official report was published as a chiefly by running, albeit ephemeral, elaborating, that “the Colorado congressional document in 1861.42 In water; they are not the result of great River [forms] the Grand Cañon, in it he used the contemporary name, cataclysm. Yet it is Ives who people regard to which little is positively “Big Cañon,” the name by which more widely, and giddily, remember known beyond this general fact.”49 Egloffstein also mapped it, although today. He declared the Grand And he described the Colorado Newberry called it the “Great Cañon Canyon region “valueless” and River’s drainage basin and canyon of the Colorado.” The final report “profitless,” that the explorers were system in just two sentences: was essentially five books in one, the last party of outsiders likely ever The Colorado River of supported by exquisite shaded- to go there.46 (In his defense, Ives California and its great branches, relief maps drawn by Egloffstein did appreciate and remark on the the Grand and Green Rivers, and by illustrations made by g r a n d e u r traverse these gorges through Möllhausen and Egloffstein.43 The of the their whole course to within volume appeared in the nick of landscape. three hundred miles of the sea. time, too, for not long afterward Ives And yet the A portion of this distance below joined the Confederate cause at the dismissive the junction of Grand and Green outbreak of the Civil War, first as a impression Rivers is so nearly impassable captain of engineers, shortly later of the because of these gorges, that the serving as a colonel, an aide de camp landscape explorers who have traversed to President Jefferson Davis. It is not remained almost every other district, have clear how his defection might have hard to been repelled hitherto, leaving impacted the release of the report, shake. Figure 5 much of it unknown.50

Figure 6 www.GrandCanyonHistory.org Grand Canyon Historical Society : 9 More telling and conclusive for from the confluence of sketchy charts of seasonal precipitation our historical quest is a footnote (the Grand and Green Rivers, passing across the continent—another thing italics are Blodget’s): “The Grand imprecisely through the canyon that was of potential interest to Cañon of the Colorado as known to regions then largely unknown. But Powell because it could tell him of trappers and hunters, though not the promise of data surely would temperature and precipitation trends yet visited by scientific engineers, have caught Powell’s attention. in the Rockies and Southwest and is placed by Sitgreaves in lat. 36°.”51 William Culp Darrah’s biography fairly meter the times of mainstream (The complete passage is shown of Powell55 cites Blodget’s and tributary flooding (beyond the in Figure 6.) From the language of monograph, but this work does arbitrary understanding that high these brief notes it does not seem not appear in Darrah’s footnotes, stream flows follow spring thaws that Blodget “named the Grand nor does Blodget’s name appear in in the mountains). Each seasonal Canyon,” but rather knew the name the index. Climatology likely was precipitation map displays gray from another source, though he does listed among hundreds of books overprints that show averaged and not say so. and articles that served Darrah only postulated rainfall totals. This would Blodget’s notice of latitude 36° as general reference works, most of have supplied valuable, scientifically for the Grand Canyon cannot be them not separately cited in the text. determined information to Powell confused with any other stretch of Donald Worster’s magisterial, more even though it was extrapolated the Colorado River, for the Grand modern biography of Powell makes over the “unknown” areas. Canyon from end to end shadows no mention of Blodget or his book.56 Interestingly—perhaps a reason this parallel. The footnote serves Still Climatology of the United States for our not finding a record of double duty by providing a printed was an important and timely sole Powell mentioning Blodget’s source for what otherwise is an source on the subject,57 one hard to Climatology—Lorin Blodget lost his often-repeated but undocumented miss and which seemingly would job in the Smithsonian Institution summary statement—that before have been of immediate interest to over this and other exhaustively Powell the Colorado River country Powell. That his biographers seem detailed work. Joseph Henry, the was an unexplored area known not to have encountered Blodget in Smithsonian’s Secretary, fired supposedly only to itinerant Powell’s papers and correspondence him in 1854 for aggrandizing “trappers” (most famously James does not discount Powell possibly his nationwide weather work Ohio Pattie, who in an edited 1831 having visited the work. His interest (Blodget had not given credit in his book referred to “these horrid in the book could have been only publications even though working mountains,”52 a passage that casual and not otherwise recorded, on the Smithsonian’s “dollar”) and historians have interpreted as perhaps somehow even not helpful. for insubordination (he had refused Pattie’s description of the rim of the But however generalized its data to turn over a list of nearly a thousand Grand Canyon) or “prospectors” may have been for large regions of “observers and correspondents,” (although no early mine prospects the West, and regardless of its actual threatening to burn it).58 Nonetheless, are recorded until later in the 1800s53) practicality for use in the field, the headstrong 31-year-old Blodget or “clerics” (apparently a reference Powell would have been all the soon published his master work, solely to Padre Garcés who saw the more responsible had he checked Climatology of the United States, canyon in 177654). into what the book had to offer. and returned permanently to It is tempting to suppose that Why would we imagine in the Philadelphia. There in 1872 he Powell had examined Blodget’s first place that Powell could have would be elected a member of the Climatology and there could have met the term “Grand Canyon” American Philosophical Society— grasped the name “Grand Cañon,” in Blodget’s book? First of all, which institution today holds that but we do not know that he had. Climatology contained essays on bound volume of “observers and The book would have been useful the country’s physical geography. correspondents.”59 in his research for his proposed Anything on this matter would have If indeed Powell had referred to explorations in the Rocky Mountains been of interest to Powell, inasmuch Blodget’s Climatology, why might of Colorado in 1867 and 1868, as as he was thorough enough to even Powell’s papers not mention it? well as for his plans soon afterward have inquired of Mormon pioneers Perhaps the politically savvy to run the canyon rivers. The and American Indians about the Major distanced himself from climatological maps of the country lay of the land and the courses and Blodget’s products, at least openly. distributed throughout the book conditions of the rivers. In reading The congressionally-financed have a geographic resolution that pertinent parts of Climatology, Smithsonian, and the venerable is, understandably, not at all precise Powell would also have run across Henry himself, stung by Blodget’s in the canyon lands, and none of the reference to “The Grand Cañon of self-serving activities, were after the canyons are labeled. The “Great the Colorado River.” all Powell’s primary backers for Colorado River” is shown running Second, Blodget had prepared his western expeditions, and

10 : Grand Canyon Historical Society www.GrandCanyonHistory.org would fund the publication of his consistent early use of the term one in reality, the Grand Cañon. celebrated 1875 report. Avoiding being a notable standout. C. C. An expedition of the command any association with Blodget and Parry’s brief narrative on the James of Col. Powell left Chicago in his work may have been prudent White affair a decade later used the the spring of 1868, to explore politics; and from Powell’s term, too, but probably it found the upper waters of the C., and perspective credit to Blodget could relatively few readers; and in any more particularly the great just as easily not been necessary case, the single, added “Grand cañon system attaching to it. He as not having been logistically Cañon” in the title for its reprinting reports that he descended the or financially instrumental to his in Palmer’s Report of Surveys Across Great Cañon for a distance of 400 western expeditions. Perhaps more the Continent caught the fancy of m., where the river flowed on of this story, if it is so, will yet be those who then widely repeated the either side through a vast gorge found. White story. And interestingly, in overhung by precipitous walls 1866 Major General Rufus Ingalls of rock from 2,500 to 4,000 feet A Grand Struggle With Greatness used the Great Canyon turn of the above the bed of the stream . . . .62 phrase in an obscure military report J. C. Ives, and in particular J. that, before Powell, also encouraged And in another example, S. Newberry, came oh so close to exploring the chasm: Lieutenant D. W. Lockwood using the adjective “grand” for our Callville is near the entrance submitted a report dated January 21, Grand Canyon. Ives did use words of the river to the “Great Cañon 1870, on the “General Itinerary” of like “grand” and “grandeur,” but of the Colorado,” and it is said an army reconnaissance in southern failed to take the neological step to the main obstructions are the Nevada, wherein he used “Grand create “Grand Canyon.” Newberry Roaring Rapids, of about 600 feet Cañon” and “Big Cañon” on the likewise infused his writing with in length, which could be easily same page.63 notes about grandeur. In discussing cleared by the government. In Come 1869, Powell’s widening the “Cañon of Diamond River” fact, the government should have public exposure was surely (Diamond Creek) he even wrote the “Great Cañon” explored. It is responsible for entrenching the (italics are added here), “This due to the age in which we live; name “Grand Canyon,” to great seemed to be our only avenue of everything is mythical about it administrative and popular effect. approach to the Colorado, and we now.61 Both “Big” and “Great” were largely followed it for fifteen miles, to its abandoned, a change that (at this junction with the still grander cañon A “Grand” and a “Great” canyon time anyway) does not look like of that stream.”60 were already in print for a decade it was orchestrated by anyone in Many 1860s references to “Grand before Powell set out down the particular. Powell was just one of Canyon” before Powell have been Green and Colorado Rivers, but several players; writers, map-makers located, but which in every case during the period between at least and editors alike.64 His choice for a have been works in French. They 1852 through much of the 1860s “Big name was thus limited to Big, Great, all drew upon the published 1861 Canyon” was the prevailing name and Grand, unless he were to come Colorado River reports by Lt. Ives for the Colorado’s great chasm. Then up with a wholly new one, which and geologist Newberry, whose in 1868 and early 1869 there seems he did not. Perhaps it is predictable, “Big Cañon” and “Great Cañon” to have been a sudden shift to a given Powell’s literary propensity both translate into French as Grand more universally used “Grand,” just for inspiration and drama as well Cañon. Accordingly we might take before—and not coincident with— as a well-heeled sense of self- our imaginations a step farther, Powell’s first river expedition. The promotion among administrators that Grand Cañon is a now-forgotten shift can be followed through 1869 and legislators, that a “Grand” French-Canadian trappers’ name, and 1870, when the various terms, canyon would suit nicely. “Grand” equally as descriptive as was the “Big,” “Great,” and “Grand” were sounds mightier than “Great,” “Big” name they gave to the Grand Tetons in use concurrently, sometimes really not so much. in Wyoming. The canyon’s utterly confusingly together in the same And so the originator of the term impractical accessibility would not document. For example, T. Ellwood “Grand Canyon” for Arizona’s great preclude them giving the place a Zell’s 1869 Popular Encyclopedia took chasm may in the end be anonymous. name, even if it only meant “big.” note in the entry for the Colorado Someone used it in printing a copy Most often the canyon was River that of Lt. Ives’ preliminary report in mentioned in print only with a At a short distance from 1859; whether it was an original descriptive phrase, like “the great Gracton [Nevada], higher up thought is unknown. Two years cañon” as Sitgreaves had referred [from Callville], the C. becomes earlier, Lorin Blodget, now the to it. The capitalized “Great Cañon” lost in a sequence of cañons, or, earliest known person to use this never caught on, Newberry’s more properly speaking, a single name in print, seems to have www.GrandCanyonHistory.org Grand Canyon Historical Society : 11 adopted it from elsewhere. In The first of the “tag-along” of John Wesley Powell’s ongoing 1854, as we know, he already had a Grand Canyons, Yellowstone’s, is surveys on the Colorado Plateau, sizeable network of correspondents attributed to the 1870 expedition and he provided the artwork for a (among whom, incidentally, was led by Henry D. Washburn and number of publications related to John Strong Newberry), so he could Gustavus C. Doane,66 during these surveys. He also set to work on have acquired the term anywhere which they originated many of the the equally huge canvas, The Chasm of or at any time. A source earlier than modern names of the Yellowstone the Colorado (1873–1874), portraying 1857, in print or manuscript, is not landscape. They called the canyon his vision of Arizona’s canyon from yet known. of the Yellowstone River simply “the the North Rim. His monumental Literary inertia, mostly in the Grand Cañon,” offering neither a paintings were purchased by the U.S. repetitive and unchecked realm suffix nor comparison to Arizona’s government, each for the substantial of popular works and web pages, great chasm. It appeared singly as sum of $10,000. They hung first in will likely continue to celebrate “the Grand Cañon” in Nathaniel Pitt the U.S. Capitol; today, owned by John Wesley Powell for “naming” Langford’s diary on August 2667 and the Department of the Interior, they the Grand Canyon just because in Doane’s diary on August 29, 1870.68 are in the Smithsonian’s National others have said so for so long. Such It appeared in the Helena (Montana) Gallery of Art. It is interesting that overwhelming power began with his Herald newspaper around that time Moran used the name Grand Canyon lectures and in newspaper reports as well.69 No Yellowstone gazetteer for his Yellowstone creation, a nod in 1869 and afterward, boosted by offers a geographical etymology for to the Washburn–Doane coinage. It his 1875 travelogue published by the Yellowstone’s Grand Canyon, would have been confusing, not to the Smithsonian Institution, which as though unwilling to admit its mention unimaginative, to also use he revised 20 years later as the association with its famous Arizona the name for his Colorado River more amply illustrated Canyons peer. The Yellowstone River canyon’s canvas. Besides, “chasm” resounds of the Colorado, hoping for some name remains today, officially, just more grandly, and we may infer that retirement profit.65 That later edition “Grand Canyon,” although most viewers would already have known is widely available in reprints and times for clarification it appears as where “The Chasm of the Colorado” in foreign translations to this day. “Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone.” is, Powell’s exploits and ongoing Powell could have contrived the It seems inconceivable that this publications fresh in the minds of name independently, or he could “Grand Canyon” was independently a wide American and European have learned it from casual usage named from inspiration and reading public, as well as in the bills in some mix of correspondence, original thought, considering the of Congressmen. printed sources, and personal fresh fame of the Colorado River’s It is fair to suppose that the discussions. He just as easily may Grand Canyon in 1870; rather it Yellowstone Grand Canyon was the have purposely chose it as the most was conceived as a name “equal” to first case of honorific, Grand Canyon appealing among several terms Arizona’s chasm, so impressive is pride or envy. And it was just a matter known to him. We may never know the Yellowstone gorge. of time before contemporaries had how Powell “discovered” the Grand The great American artist Thomas something to say about the taking Canyon, but he was unquestionably Moran visited the Yellowstone during of Grand Canyon’s name. U.S. Army the first to brand and exploit the the 1871 geological field season with Captain Clarence E. Dutton worked Grand Canyon name. survey leader Ferdinand V. Hayden. with Powell on the geological During that time, Moran made survey of the Colorado Plateau a “Grand Canyon”—Too Much of a studies for his monumental, 12-by- decade after the major’s Colorado Good Thing Already 7-foot canvas in oil, The Grand Cañon River exploits. He produced under of the Yellowstone, painted in 1872 Powell’s direction one of the finest of Despite Frederick Dellenbaugh’s (incidentally before Dellenbaugh all Grand Canyon publications, the statements for a late-1872 “official” wrote the name “Grand Canyon” geological monograph titled Tertiary labeling of the Grand Canyon, a very on a map late that year). The History of the Grand Cañon District prominent example of reuse of the painting’s title may be the original (“Tertiary” being the name for one of name had already taken place in 1870, source of the “Yellowstone” suffix,70 the long periods of geologic history). which further retires Dellenbaugh’s seemingly never having been used Its text and an accompanying claim. During early explorations before then. It demonstrates that the double-folio atlas include many fine and enthusiastic naming of natural Yellowstone’s “Grand Canyon” was lithographs from Moran’s artwork. features in the Yellowstone region a name that had stuck immediately, Here Dutton wrote in 1882: of Wyoming, travelers spawned a without heed to any possible This name has been repeatedly “Grand Canyon” there that was only confusion it might cause. infringed for purposes of the first of many places to borrow The next year Moran visited the advertisement. The cañon of the name for their own. Grand Canyon of Arizona as part the Yellowstone has been called

12 : Grand Canyon Historical Society www.GrandCanyonHistory.org ‘The Grand Cañon.’ A more the reports of geologist John memoir (known briefly in English flagrant piracy is the naming Strong Newberry and Lieutenant as his Travels) Möllhausen used a of the gorge of the Arkansas Joseph C. Ives, accompanied by the few colored lithographs based on River in Colorado ‘The Grand illustrations by Balduin Möllhausen his own handsome watercolor and Cañon of Colorado,’ and many and Friedrich von Egloffstein. gouache paintings of the Colorado persons who have visited it Hundreds, if not thousands, of River country. Even though he had have been persuaded that they copies of the 1861 Colorado River sent numerous paintings back to have seen the great chasm. report were disgorged from the Ives in America, which were used to These river valleys are certainly Government Printing Office for prepare some illustrations for Ives’ very pleasing and picturesque, members of Congress and for official report, he used relatively few but there is no more comparison graituitous distribution by them in his own volumes. The wonderful between them and the mighty and the authors to constituents, originals sent to America were chasm of the Colorado River colleagues and libraries. Some eventually lost track of, some being than there is between the interest was generated in American rediscovered in New York late in the Alleghenies or Trosachs and the and European circles of geologists 20th century, which subsequently Himalayas.71 and geographers, but the work did were exhibited and published.75 not as easily reach a far-flung general Möllhausen also is recognized here And so it continued. By the end of readership. For the most part, the for having been the first, in his the 19th century the names stirred public in the 1860s met the Grand Travels, to illustrate the Colorado confusion even among those who Canyon just through the occasional River in the Grand Canyon as well had traveled to these places. Edith geography primer and other general as a Grand Canyon rapid—Diamond Sessions Tupper noted in 1896: or casual works, which tendered Creek Rapid.76 Beginning in 1860, The trouble is that so small a cheap copies of Möllhausen’s and short notices and lengthy, small- number of people know about Egloffstein’s illustrations, asserting type critical reviews and summaries [the Grand Canyon of Arizona]. publishers’ fancy for sensational, of Möllhausen’s works appeared for Those who have heard and read overwraught defiles driven through years afterward in German journals, of it are prone to confuse it with a gloomy world inside the whole of continuing to limit the audience other grand cañons. ‘Oh, yes, I the Colorado’s canyons. chiefly to Europe. There his work as a have been to the Grand Cañon,’ An exception was in Germany, chronicler ended. After returning to the writer has repeatedly heard thanks to the burly expedition artist Germany Möllhausen lectured and tourists say, but on pressing and chronicler Möllhausen, who had became a well-known novelist—the the subject, has discovered that also accompanied earlier exploratory German James Fenimore Cooper, so- some one of the minor cañons of ventures across the American West. called77—basing adventuresome and Colorado was meant.72 After the Ives expedition Möllhausen romantic stories in the American returned to Germany for good. He West and Southwest, and along Ah, What’s a Name Anyway? had, though, even before joining the Colorado River. For his wide the expedition begun to publish (in and successful advertising of his When the term “Grand Cañon of Germany) memoirs about his other American exploits, Möllhausen the Colorado” appeared in Lorin American escapades; and now he was the Prussian Powell, though Blodget’s Climatology of the United quickly finished a two-volume set his canyons were never Grand, but States in 1857, Powell was still a on his travels with the Colorado Grosse.78 frontier teacher. It was the year River Exploring Expedition. He beat Come 1869, running with he rowed down the Ohio River Ives’ 1861 opus to the press by a sensations of adventure and from Pittsburgh to St. Louis, before matter of months, and while lacking derring-do, an American press and the civil war that took his right the technical aspects of Ives’ report eager readers fed on news of Major arm, before his visions of canyon he included much more of human Powell’s gamble with the Green and exploration, and when Frederick interest and daily affairs than did Colorado Rivers. They also lapped S. Dellenbaugh was but four years Ives.73 In fact, in 1858 Möllhausen up false reports that the expedition old. Lt. Ives’ Explorer was either an had been the first to publish any had perished, fraudulent accounts item on a U.S. Army purchase order account of the Colorado River that were immediately exposed. or in crates en route to California expedition, right after the expedition The encore expedition of 1871–1872, by way of Panama. The term rested concluded.74 Alas, Möllhausen’s reaching out from the river gorges there, fairly anonymously, awaiting accounts all were published in into some of the last areas of the rediscovery. German, and none of his Colorado American West to be mapped, rallied By the early 1860s the Colorado River writings have been translated both popular and scientific interest. River and its “Big Canyon” were in whole for publication in English. If we must focus solely on maps— known to the world chiefly through In his two-volume Colorado River as Frederick Dellenbaugh had, but www.GrandCanyonHistory.org Grand Canyon Historical Society : 13 Figure 7 pass bore eastnortheast. Also were there seen on the north which wholly overlooks the breadth some smokes, which my companions said were those of of other printed works—Dock the Indians whom they name Payuches [Paiute], who live on the other side of the river. I am astonished at the Marston of course is the one who first roughness of this country, and at the barrier which nature recognized that the map in Palmer’s has fixed therein.” 3 The origin of the name Big Canyon is not known. Thus far Report of Surveys, completed by 1868, the earliest records of the name I have found in print are in used the name Grand Canyon years a speech made in 1852: “The Pacific Railroad. Great Speech of Gen. J. A. McDougall, Delivered at the Verandah, in San before Dellenbaugh. But we must Francisco, on the 24th August, 1852.” Western Journal and wonder in turn, how did Palmer’s Civilian, Vol. 9, no. 2 (November 1852), pp. 89-101 (with editorial introduction, pp. 88-89; the Colorado River and map makers come up with the Big Cañon are mentioned on pp. 90, 92, 94); and on the name? The question seems not to map drawn by Richard Kern in 1852, published in the L. Sitgreaves expedition report of 1853 (about which see later have been asked! in this article). The Grand Canyon has become 4 Powell, J. W., Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and its Tributaries. Explored in 1869, 1870, 1871, and 1872, a world-renowned image, actually Under the Direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian and figuratively. “Grand Canyon” Institution (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1875). is a name recognized in dozens 5 See Powell, J. W. “The Colorado Cañons” in Tribune of languages, often even without looming, brooding entrance to the Popular Science (Boston: Henry L. Shepard and Co., Part 3, 1874), pp. 9-10; and more widely read, “The Cañons of the translation. But what if, given the Colorado River’s Upper Granite Colorado,” Scribner’s Monthly, Vol. 9 (January 1875), pp. Grand Canyon’s first known non- Gorge. “Ah, well! we may conjecture 293-310, (February), pp. 394-409, (March), pp. 523-537; and 79 also “An Overland Trip to the Grand Canyon,” Scribner’s indigenous name, we would today many things.” Monthly, Vol. 10(October 1875), pp. 659-678. be drawn instead to Puerto de 6 Marston, O. D. “Who Named the Grand Canyon?” Pacific (Endnotes) Historian, Vol. 12 (Summer 1968), pp. 4-8. Bucareli National Park? There would 1 Notes 7 Dellenbaugh, F. S. “Naming the Grand Canyon.” Science, be no nomenclatural controversy, Thanks to Michael Anderson, Richard Quartaroli and new series, Vol. 77 (April 7, 1933), pp. 349-350. Don Lago for comments on drafts of this article, to Dan 8 Sumner had sent that anecdote to engineer Robert no literary hunts. We would know Cassidy for information on original sales of Powell’s Brewster Stanton, who included it in his Colorado River Canyons of the Colorado who named it and when—Padre 1895 , and to L. Greer Price for Controveries (New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1932, p. pinpointing Mills Canyon as James Abert’s “Grand 194). Dellenbaugh of course had just read the recently Francisco Tomás Garcés, in 1776— Cañon” on New Mexico’s Canadian River. Earle Spamer published book but did not mention Stanton as his and for whom it was named—a can be reached at [email protected]. Through source in the 1933 article. Sumner does have a butte in the many endnotes of this article I purposely peg down Grand Canyon named for him, overlooking the Colorado Spaniard, Antonio María Bucareli an astonishing amount of information that circulates River and Bright Angel Creek. Other natural landmarks y Ursúa, Virrey de Nueva España through modern Grand Canyon–Colorado River lore were named for various members of the two Powell often without precise sources or with quotations that expeditions, and for Powell, which all were formalized in (Figure 7). Indeed, would such a are edited without being so indicated. I hope that these the 20th century through the U.S. Board on Geographic name be inspirational enough to reintroductions can serve future readers by supplying Names. precise pages from long volumes and with unaltered 9 Found and quoted by Marston, “Who Named the Grand rally individuals and organizations quotations. Those who wish to follow the paper trail from Canyon?” around the world as when The here can do so quickly, and future researchers can follow 10 Palmer, W. J. Report of Surveys Across the Continent, in and challenge my sources and opinions precisely. For 1867-’68, on the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-second Parallels, For Grand Canyon is threatened by dams, historical and literary precision, too, I conserve all original a Route Extending the Kansas Pacific Railway to the Pacific development and desecration? spellings and capitalizations as printed in my sources: Ocean at San Francisco and San Diego. By Gen. Wm. J. Palmer. Grand Canyon Grand Cañon Grand Canon , , and . Each December 1st, 1868 (Philadelphia: W. B. Selheimer, Printer, Frankly, with apology to the viceroy, is one and the same, though—the Grand Canyon—and 1869). Puerto de Bucareli might lack Grand all are pronounced as such. From my sources I also repeat 11 Bell, W. A., New Tracks in North America (London: capitalization (or the lack of it) exactly. Other endnotes Chapman and Hall, and New York: Scribner, Welford and Canyon-sized acclaim. here add more useful and background information that Co., 1869). Second edition, 1870. We have no idea now who “named would otherwise be too distracting in the main text. 12 Bowles, S. Our New West (Hartford, Connecticut: Hartford 2 Antonio María Bucareli y Ursúa was the Viceroy of New Publishing Co.; New York: J. D. Dennison; and Chicago: J. the Grand Canyon.” Why historians Spain during 1771–1779, when Padre Francisco Tomás A. Stoddard, 1869). and bibliographers of the Southwest Garcés honored his political patron by naming Puerto 13 Parry’s report was published first in April 1868 but de Bucareli (Bucareli Pass). Garcés’ diary was translated there only the names “Great Cañon” and “Big Cañon” had not recognized the uses of the and edited by Eliot Coues, which incidentally he had were used: see Parry, C. C. “Account of the Passage On the Trail of a Spanish term “Grand Canyon” from years dedicated to John Wesley Powell ( Through the Great Cañon of the Colorado of the West, Pioneer: The Diary and Itinerary of Francisco Garcés , New From Above the Mouth of Green River to the Head of long before Powell is unknown; York: Francis P. Harper, 1900). Coues indicated that he Steamboat Navigation at Callville, in the Months of Diario y Derrotero I cannot speak for them. Their had worked from three copies of Garcés’ August and September, 1867, by James White, Now (described at length in Vol. 1, pp. xiv-xx), the original, Living at Callville,” Transactions of the Academy of Science omission offers a constructive lesson penned in 1777, having been lost. Coues’ translation of of St. Louis, Vol. 2 (April 1868), pp. 499-503. Sometime that discoveries can be made even Garcés’ encounter with the canyon (Vol. 2, pp. 347-351, during the remainder of 1868 this article was compiled with extensive notes interleaved by Coues, but omitted into Gen. Palmer’s Report of Surveys Across the Continent, on ground well trod, a tantalizing here) reads (parenthetical inserts are Coues’; square when the term “Grand” was added to “Great” and “Big,” hope that we may yet find earlier brackets are inserted here): but only in the title: see Parry, C. C. “Grand Canon of June “ 26 [1776]. I traveled four leagues southeast, and the Colorado. Account of the Passage of the Great Canon uses of the name and maybe even south, and turning to the east; and halted at the sight of the Colorado, from Above the Mouth of Green River that one person who was the first to of the most profound caxones [canyons] which ever to the Head of Steamboat Navigation at Callville, in the onward continue . . . ; and within these flows the Rio Months of August and September, 1867, by James White, make the canyon “Grand.” Colorado. There is seen . . . a very great sierra, which in Now Living at Callville,” in Palmer, W. J., Report of Surveys Powell summed it up well when the distance (looks) blue; and there runs from southeast Across the Continent (1869), pp. 232-236. to northwest a pass open to the very base, as if the sierra 14 Search for “James White” in the “Keywords” field in the he contemplated what might lay were cut artificially to give entrance to the Rio Colorado online “Bibliography of the Grand Canyon and Lower ahead for him and his companions into these lands. I named this singular (pass) Puerto de Colorado River” (http://www.grandcanyonbiblio.org/ Bucaréli and though to all appearances would not seem search). in the Grand Canyon, beyond the to be very great the difficulty of reaching thereunto, I 15 This letter has been reproduced variously in facsimile, considered this to be impossible in consequence of the transcription, and edited versions in numerous sources, difficult caxones which intervened. From this position said including most recently a book by James White’s

14 : Grand Canyon Historical Society www.GrandCanyonHistory.org granddaughter: Adams, E. Hell or High Water: James White’s the Sitgreaves Expedition of 1851,” Arizona and the West, Egloffstein drew with techniques that he newly devised. Disputed Passage Through Grand Canyon, 1867 (Logan: Utah Vol. 26 (1984), pp. 325-364. (For reports about these new maps, search the online State University Press, 2001). 30 This is the 1966 (photoinspected 1974) USGS White Horse Grand Canyon bibliography for “Egloffstein” typed into 16 “The Grand Canon of the Colorado.” The New York Times Hills, Ariz. 1:24,000 quadrangle, which depicts the Chop the “Keywords” field [http://www.grandcanyonbiblio. (July 7, 1869), p. 8. triangulation station at 7859 ft in the NE¼ of quadrangle, org/search].) Recent research suggests that the 17 “Major Powell’s Lecture”, Deseret News (Salt Lake City, overlooking Indian Flat in the Coconino National Forest. offending illustrations in the Ives report, despite September 22, 1869), p. 8; reprinted in The New York The nearest named landmark is McKinney Tank, to the their captions, may be partly mixed with those that Times (September 26), p. 4: “Major Powell. Results of his east at the foot of the hill. The hill is accessible by forest Egloffstein had drawn during an earlier expedition Exploration of the Remarkable Colorado River.” roads but to reach the benchmark requires a hike to the in the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River, in the 18 Clerke, J. “A Terrible Voyage,” Lippincott’s Magazine, Vol. top. state of Colorado. See: Miller, J. and L. Herzog, “The 2 (December 1868), p. 588. The article is unsigned, but 31 http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_desig.prl Long Draw: On the Trail of an Artistic Mystery in the the author’s name is given in the table of contents to the 32 Sitgreaves, Report, p. 8. American West,” Harper’s Magazine, Vol. 324 (January volume (p. 4). 33 Whipple, A. W., with J. C. Ives. “Report of Explorations 2012), pp. 50-59); and Miller, D., “Baron von Egloffstein 19 “Map of the South-Western Portion of the United States, For a Railway Route, Near the Thirty-fifth Parallel of and the First Published Images of Grand Canyon,” in and of Sonora and Chihuahua. Illustrating Travels by North Latitude, from the Mississippi River to the Pacific R. D. Quartaroli, (comp., ed.), A Rendezvous of Grand Dr. W. A. Bell. Compiled by E. G. Ravenstein,” in Bell, Ocean” in Report of Explorations and Surveys, To Ascertain Canyon Historians: Ideas, Arguments, and First-Person New Tracks in North America (1869, 1870). The portrayal of the Most Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad Accounts. Proceedings of the Third Grand Canyon History the Colorado River and its tributaries suggests that this From the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Made Under Symposium, January 2012 (Flagstaff: Grand Canyon portion of the map was derived from the Ives report of the Direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-4. Volume Historical Society, 2013), pp. 171-177. (Egloffstein and 1861, Report Upon the Colorado River of the West Explored in III (Washington: A. O. P. Nicholson, Printer, U.S. 33rd Möllhausen both may be credited as the first actual 1857 and 1858 (about which see more later in this article). Congress, 2nd Session, House Executive Document 91, illustrators of the Grand Canyon, though, as already 20 Farquhar, F. P. The Books of the Colorado River and the 1856). mentioned, the first sketched glimpse of the canyon was Grand Canyon: A Selective Bibliography (Los Angeles: Glen 34 During 1857–1860, naval Lt. Edward F. Beale was sent made by Richard Kern seven years earlier.) Dawson, 1953), item 24. Farquhar was professionally an westward across New Mexico Territory to establish and 45 C. Bielawski of San Francisco was in charge of accountant, but avocationally an accomplished mountain (later) to improve a wagon road to the Colorado River. navigational studies of the Colorado River. Part II of Ives’ climber, environmentalist, and bibliographer. He was as His expeditions traced part of the Sitgreaves and Whipple report, the “Hydrographic Report,” however, credits no well a president and director of the Sierra Club. routes. For some sources on the Beale Wagon Road, author. 21 Abert, J. W. “Journal of Lieutenant J. W. Abert, from Bent’s search the online Grand Canyon bibliography for 46 “The region last explored is, of course, altogether fort to St. Louis, in 1845” in Message from the President of the “Beale” typed into the “Keywords” field [http://www. valueless. It can be approached only from the south, and United States, in Compliance with a Resolution of the Senate, grandcanyonbiblio.org/search].) after entering it there is nothing to do but to leave. Ours Communicating a Report of an Expedition Led by Lieutenant 35 Hitchcock, E. “Illustrations of Surface Geology,” has been the first, and will doubtless be the last, party of Abert, on the Upper Arkansas and Through the Country of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. 9, 155 whites to visit this profitless locality. It seems intended by the Camanche Indians, in the Fall of the Year 1845 (U.S. 29th pp. [separately paginated paper within the volume]. nature that the Colorado river, along the greater portion of Congress, 1st Session, Senate Executive Document 438, (Regarding “Big Cañon,” see pp. 116, 125.) its lonely and majestic way, shall be forever unvisited and 1846), p. 21. 36 See for example, Spamer, E. “Lt. Ives, Messrs. Reaney and undisturbed.” (Ives, J. C. Report Upon the Colorado River of 22 Gregg, J. Commerce of the Prairies (New York: Henry G. Neafie, and the Explorer: The Philadelphia Story,” The Ol’ the West Explored in 1857 and 1858. U.S. 30th Congress, 1st Langly, 1844). The Oxford English Dictionary, which offers Pioneer, Vol. 11, no. 4 (October/December 2000), pp. 13-15. Session, House Document 90, 1861, Part I, General Report, sources of the earliest-known use of words or their use 37 The Explorer saw government service for just one voyage. p. 110.) Ives is often misquoted in paraphrase as having in common language, indicates that the word “canyon” After the expedition was concluded at Fort Defiance, called the region “worthless.” Balduin Möllhausen agreed was in general use as early as 1861; and the spelling, New Mexico Territory, Lt. Ives returned to California by that they would probably be the last outsiders to see the “cañon,” is said to have been first used in the American way of Yuma, where he sold the Explorer to one of the region, but his own writings, published in Germany, geographical context in 1850. But as we see here it was Colorado River steamboat operations. It never again sailed were likely not much read in America nor have they ever already in print by 1844. (According to the OED the far upriver and was later lost, adrift, downstream. Its been completely translated into English. (See more about word “grand” had come into use in the English language cannibalized iron skeleton was last seen in the early 20th Möllhausen’s publications later in this article.) around 1600.) century, landlocked and buried in an abandoned channel 47 Bell, W. A. New Tracks in North America, p. lvi. 23 Gray, A. B. Texas Western Railroad. Survey of Route, its Cost of the shifting Colorado (see Sykes, G. “The Colorado 48 Blodget, L. Climatology of the United States, and of the and Probable Revenue, in Connection with the Pacific Railway; Delta,” Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 460, Temperate Latitudes of the North American Continent Nature of the Country, Climate, Mineral and Agricultural 1937, 193 pp.). (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co., and London: Resources, &c. (Cincinnati: Porter, Thrall and Chapman, 38 Ives, J. C. “Colorado Exploring Expedition,” in A. A. Trübner and Co., 1857). See Chapter 2, “Climatological 1855); “Grand Canon,” see pp. 47, 48. Reprinted and Humphreys, Report on Explorations and Surveys (U.S. 35th Features of Surface and Configuration: Physical slightly revised, with illustrations added, Gray, A. B. Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Executive Document 1, Geography,” p. 83 ff. Southern Pacific Railroad. Survey of a Route for the Southern 1858), pp. 608-619. 49 Blodget, L. Climatology, p. 90. Pacific R. R., on the 32nd Parallel, by A. B. Gray, for the Texas 39 [Ives, J. C.] “The Colorado Expedition. The Colorado 50 Blodget, L. Climatolog, p. 97. Western R. R. Company (Cincinnati: Wrightson and Co.’s of the West and the Country Bordering It—the Grand 51 Blodget, L. Climatolog, p. 97, footnote. (‘Railroad Record,’) Print., 1856); “Grand Canon,” see pp. Canon,” Journal of the American Geographical and Statistical 52 Pattie, J. O. The Personal Narrative of James O. Pattie, of 48, 49, illustration facing p. 48. Society, Vol. 1, no. 2 (February 1859), pp. 41-45. Kentucky, During an Expedition From St. Louis, Through the 24 Gray, A. B. Southern Pacific Railroad. Survey of a Route 40 “Lieut. Ives’ Expedition.” Deseret News (June 9, 1858), p. 3. Vast Regions Between That Place and the Pacific Ocean. . . for the Southern Pacific R. R., on the 32nd Parallel, by A. 41 Brackett, A. G. “Arizona Territory,” The Western Monthly, Timothy Flint, ed. (Cincinnati: John H. Wood, 1831). See B. Gray, for the Texas Western R. R. Company (Cincinnati: Vol. 1, no. 3 (March 1869), p. 171. p. 97 for the passage that has been interpreted by western Wrightson and Co.’s (‘Railroad Record,’) Print., 1856); 42 Ives, J. C. Report Upon the Colorado River of the West Explored historians to be the Grand Canyon, which Pattie traversed “Grand Canon,” see pp. 48, 49, illustration facing p. 48. in 1857 and 1858. U.S. 30th Congress, 1st Session, House along its rim: “April 10th [1826], we arrived where the This is a reprinting of the 1855 ed., slightly revised, with Document 90 (1861). (In five separately paginated sections river emerges from these horrid mountains, which so illustrations added. and appendices; includes two loose maps. Also published cage it up, as to deprive all human beings of the ability 25 This connection was noted earlier: Spamer, E. “First as an unnumbered Senate Executive Document, with two to descend to its banks, and make use of its waters. No Depiction of Grand Canyon,” The Bulletin (Grand Canyon additional maps with geological overprinting by John mortal has the power of describing the pleasure I felt, Historical Society), Vol. 7, no. 2 (February 2003), p. 3. Strong Newberry.) when I could once more reach the banks of the river.” The 26 Weber, D. J. Richard H. Kern: Expeditionary Artist in the Far 43 See: Huseman, B. W. Wild River, Timeless Canyons; book has been reprinted several times in the 20th century. Southwest, 1848-1853 (Albuquerque: University of New Balduin Möllhausen’s Watercolors of the Colorado. (Fort 53 Billingsley, G. H., E. E. Spamer, and D. Menkes, Quest for Mexico Press for Amon Carter Museum, 1985). Worth, Texas: Amon Carter Museum, 1995). Rowan, the Pillar of Gold: The Mines and Miners of the Grand Canyon 27 Sitgreaves, L. Report of an Expedition Down the Zuñi and S. The Baron in the Grand Canyon; Friedrich Wilhelm (Grand Canyon Natural History Association, 1997). Colorado Rivers (Washington: Robert Armstrong, Public von Egloffstein in the West. (Columbia (Missouri) and 54 Coues, E. (ed., transl.) On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer: the Printer, U.S. 32nd Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Executive London: University of Missouri Press, 2012). Regarding Diary and Itinerary of Francisco Garcés (New York: Francis P. Document 59 (1853), Plate 13. the shaded relief maps, see Demhardt, I. J., “‘An Harper, 1900). 28 “Diary of an expedition down the Zuni and Colorado approximation to a bird’s eye view, and is intelligible to 55 Darrah, W. C. Powell of the Colorado (Princeton, N.J.: Rivers under Captain L. Sitgreaves, 1851-1852,” Vol. 3. every eye [. . .]’: Friedrich Wilhelm von Egloffstein, the Princeton University Press, 1951). (Manuscript, Archives of the Academy of Natural Sciences Exploration of the American West, and its First Relief 56 Worster, D. A River Running West: the Life of John Wesley of Drexel University, Philadelphia, Collection 387B.) Shaded Maps.” In E. Liebenberg and I. J. Demhardt (eds.), Powell (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001). Woodhouse’s diary was not published in its entirety until History of Cartography; International Symposium of the ICA 57 Ward, R. D. “Lorin Blodget’s ‘Climatology of the United 2007: Wallace, A., and R. H. Hevly (eds.). From Texas to San Commission, 2010 (Heidelberg: Springer, 2012), pp. 57-74. States’: An Appreciation,” Monthly Weather Review, Vol. Diego in 1851: The Overland Journal of Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, 44 Many of Egloffstein’s portrayals of the Grand Canyon 42 (1914), pp. 23-27. Dunbar, G. S., “Lorin Blodget, 1823– Surgeon-Naturalist of the Sitgreaves Expedition (Lubbock, have been long taken to task for their remarkable 1901,” in T. W. Freeman (ed.), Geographers: Biobibliographical Texas: Texas Tech University Press, 2007). The Woodhouse insensitivity to reality, showing moody and improbably Studies, Vol. 5 (London: Mansell, 1981), pp. 9-12. diaries had been transcribed for Wallace in the 1980s by sharp defiles and mnemonic, jittery-looking panoramas. 58 “Joseph Henry Dismisses Lorin Blodget, Assistant the Academy’s Manuscripts Librarian, Carol Spawn. This is in striking contrast to the aesthetically exquisite in Charge of Meteorology,” Smithsonian Institution 29 Wallace, Andrew B. “Across Arizona to the Big Colorado; and technically superior shaded-relief maps that Archives, October 11, 1854, http://siarchives.si.edu/ www.GrandCanyonHistory.org Grand Canyon Historical Society : 15 Grand Canyon Historical Society PRSRT STD PO Box 31405 U.S. POSTAGE Flagstaff, AZ 86003 PAID FLAGSTAFF, AZ PERMIT 333

collections/siris_sic_12538. “Statement of Professor handsomely, as Powell hoped then to acquire the Maine 75 Huseman, B. W. Wild River, Timeless Canyons; Balduin Henry in Reference to Lorin Blodget”, mid-February 1855, shorefront home where he would eventually spend his last Möllhausen’s Watercolors of the Colorado (Fort Worth, Texas: transcribed in The Papers of Joseph Henry, Vol. 9, pp. 197-204 days. But only about a hundred copies were sold at a fairly Amon Carter Museum, 1995). The watercolors were not (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press). pricey $7, and a few in a leather deluxe edition at $12, so created in full color as one might imagine, but are more 59 Blodget, L., “Observers and correspondents of the for the publisher it was a gamble lost. monochromatic brown watercolor wash and gouache Smithsonian Institution, 1854,” manuscript (1 vol., 220 66 Whittlesley, L. Yellowstone Place Names (Helena: Montana paintings, Möllhausen’s favored style at the time. pp.), American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Mss. Historical Society, 1988), p. 119. 76 “Der Rio Colorado, nache der Mündung des Diamant- 925.B62, received and accessioned 1900. J. S. Newberry, 67 Langford, N. P. Diary of the Washburn Expedition to the Baches” [The Rio Colorado, by the mouth of Diamond too, was a member of the Society, elected in 1867; J. W. Yellowstone and Firehole Rivers in the Year 1870 (privately Creek], hand-tinted lithograph by A. Adelmann, Leipzig, Powell also was a member, elected in 1889. printed, 1905), p. 16. from a painting by Balduin Möllhausen (Möllhausen, 60 Newberry, J. S. “Geological Report” in Ives, J. C., Report 68 Doane, G. C., The Report of Lieutenant Gustavus C. Doane B., Reisen in die Felsengebirge Nord-Amerikas bis zum Hoch- Upon the Colorado River of the West Explored in 1857 and Upon the So-Called Yellowstone Expedition of 1870, U.S. Plateau von Neu-Mexico, Vol. 2, [Plate 10]). The upper 1858. U.S. 30th Congress, 1st Session, House Document 90 41st Congress, 3rd Session, Senate Executive Document part of Diamond Creek Rapid is portrayed at the side (1861), Part III, p. 54. 51 (1871), p. 9. of the view, looking upstream. Möllahusen’s original 61 Ingalls, R. General Ingalls’s Inspection Report. U.S. 39th 69 Helena Herald item, undated, reprinted in Raymond, R. watercolors (see Huseman, Wild River, Timeless Canyons) Congress, 2nd Session, House of Representatives W. Mining Statistics West of the Rocky Mountains, U.S. portray this view as well as another one viewing the Executive Report 111 (March 2, 1867), p. 10. The report is 42nd Congress, 1st Session, House Executive Document whole rapid as seen downstream. The hand-colored dated December 14, 1866, relating to a tour of inspection 10 (1871), p. 214. lithograph at Diamond Creek portrays the Colorado River of U.S. Army Quartermaster’s Department “from Fort 70 Regarding the suffix, Edward Ambler Armstrong, writing running green, not reddish brown as it should, showing Leavenworth through Colorado, Utah, Montana, Idaho, about the Yellowstone Grand Canyon in 1922, said: “One, that the colorist imagined a more familiar kind of river. Oregon, and back by way of the Gulf of California, the of course, is always called upon to compare this Grand Why Möllahusen did not catch this obvious oversight Colorado river, and Denver City.” Ingalls may have Canyon of the Yellowstone with the Grand Canyon, that is not known. It is, though, a coincidental foretelling of referred to the Colorado’s exit from the Grand Canyon, or, of the Colorado, in Arizona . . . . When Grand Canyon today’s dam-derived, sediment-deprived river in Grand as like others had, may have confused Black Canyon with without the suffix is spoken of, government literature tells Canyon that flows green, the result of flourishing cold- the Grand. In any case, it is clear that he knew about the us that is meant. There are numerous Grand Canyons, but water algae. canyon only from hearsay. they all have a suffix.” (Armstrong, E. A. The Sinaites: A 77 Barba, P. A. Balduin Möllhausen the German Cooper 62 Zell, T. E. Zell’s Popular Encyclopedia: A Universal Dictionary Chronicle of Happy Days. Princeton, N.J.: Printed for private ([Philadelphia]: University of Pennsylvania, 1914. New of Knowledge and Language (Philadelphia: T. Ellwood Zell), circulation, 1922, p. 64.) York: D. Appleton and Co., publishing agents. Americana p. 570. 71 Dutton, C. E. Tertiary History of the Grand Cañon District, Germanica, Vol. 17.) 63 Lockwood, D. W. “General Itinerary” in G. M. Wheeler, U.S. Geological Survey Monograph 2 (1882), p. 2, note. 78 Even though “Grand,” “Big,” and “Great” each can Preliminary Report upon a Reconnaissance through Southern The gorge of the Arkansas River is the Royal Gorge, in be translated into German as Grosse, it is likely that and Southeastern Nevada, Made in 1869 (Washington: Colorado. Möllhausen meant “Big” Canyon, the name as used by Government Printing Office, 1875), p. 18. 72 Tupper, E. S. In the Grand Cañon of the Colorado. Frank most of the Ives expedition. On the other hand, he was 64 For decades after the Powell expeditions, many writers Leslie’s Popular Monthly, Vol. 41, no. 6 (June 1896), p. 677. Newberry’s assistant in the field, and Newberry had turned to terms like “Great Canyon of the Colorado” 73 Möllhausen, B. Reisen in die Felsengebirge Nord-Amerikas called the canyon the Great Canyon. or “Great Canyon of Arizona.” These are not dismissals bis zum Hoch-Plateau von Neu-Mexico, unternommen als 79 Powell, J. W., Exploration of the Colorado River of the West of “Grand Canyon,” rather they are exercises in literary Mitglied der im Auftrage der Regierung der Vereinigten Staaten and its Tributaries (1875), p. 80. license. ausgesandten Colorado-Expedition (Leipzig: Hermann 65 Powell, J. W. Canyons of the Colorado (Meadville, Costenoble, 1861). Pennsylvania: Flood and Vincent, The Chautauqua- 74 Möllhausen, B. “Der Rio Colorado des Westens,” Zeitschrift Century Press, 1895). According to Darrah’s biography für Allgemeine Erdkunde (Berlin), new series, Vol. 5 (1858), of Powell, the publisher may have advanced Powell pp. 438-443.

16 : Grand Canyon Historical Society www.GrandCanyonHistory.org