chapter 3 heritage themes and related resources

DEVELOPMENT OF THE events, notes about the current HERITAGE THEMES diversity of cultures found in the watershed, and lists of activities related The seven heritage themes in this to outdoor recreation or local festivals. chapter emerged directly from public Continuing in their small groups, input. During Meeting Two of the participants reviewed all of the items series of four Working Group meetings placed on the maps and devised described in Chapter 1, participants between four and six themes that were divided into small groups and would capture all of the items. Each given large maps of the Little Colorado small group then reported its themes to watershed. They were then asked a the whole group. The whole group then series of four questions designed to worked all of themes suggested by each elicit responses that would describe the smaller group into one set of between heritage of the region. four and six themes. This process took place at five meetings in five different Š If you had a two-week dream locations across the watershed and vacation in the Little Colorado resulted in a total of 25 heritage themes River watershed, where would you being suggested. Many of the themes go? from a Working Group in one meeting Š If you had to describe this area to location were virtually the same as someone who had never been here, themes suggested by one or more what would you say? Working Groups in other meeting Š When friends or family come to locations, thus giving evidence that visit, where do you take them? particular themes indeed identified Š If “something” were to leave this prevalent, consistent, and over-arching area forever, what would you miss characteristics of the region. The most? Heritage Programs Coordinator reviewed all 25 suggestions and found Participants drew or wrote their seven common themes that united the responses on the maps. In most cases, most frequently suggested themes by the maps were completely covered the Working Groups. Those seven with sites, references to historical unifying themes became the seven

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heritage themes described in this were written on large pieces of paper chapter: and participants wrote down the name of the resource (a site, event, Š Sacred and Enchanted Landscapes organization, business, etc.) and its Š Trails, Roads, and Rails of the West general location on the paper of the Š Native Nations particular theme the resource fit. Š Living from the Land Participants were asked to identify Š Archaeology resources that related to tourism as Š Expressions of Art and Life well as those that served local Š Outdoor Recreation communities, although often a single resource fulfilled both functions. After establishing the seven heritage Often, too, a single resource reflected themes, the next round of Working more than one theme. The related Group meetings focused on identifying resources sections that appear in each resources within the watershed that heritage theme chapter are a direct reflected, interpreted, or embodied one result of data generated during these or more themes. The seven themes Working Group meetings.

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Theme 2 Trails, Roads, and Rails of the West

SUMMARY OF THEME single most influential item to make the journey north from the Mesoamerican The long and varied history of the heartland, aside from the people Little Colorado River Valley has themselves, was corn. First literally left its mark on the landscape. domesticated in Mexico roughly 10,000 Well-worn paths of Native American years ago, corn spread across the North farmers and traders, Spanish explorers, American continent as far as present- Mormon migrants, and Americans day Maine. The Hopi and Zuni from the east can still be seen in the perfected varieties of this plant, and form of rock carvings, wagon ruts, and complimentary farming methods, to fit distinct overland trails. Sometimes, the unique climate of the Little though, the trail cannot be seen because Colorado high desert. a modern travel corridor has been placed directly over the old, adding a Hopi and Zuni are Pueblo Tribes with new layer of history, with the distinct extensive oral histories of where people sign of its times, to a route that has came from and how they came to be stood witness to the passage of many where they currently are. Both Hopi generations. Walking a mile in another and Zuni beliefs tell of three previous person’s—indeed in another culture’s worlds before people emerged into the or another time’s—shoes is easy in the current Fourth World—the place of Little Colorado if one simply knows emergence being at the confluence of where to walk. the Little Colorado and (big) Colorado Rivers. According to some Hopi histories, Spider Grandmother told the DESCRIPTION OF THEME newly-emerged people they must begin migrating four days after their Native Trade and Travel Routes emergence. The purpose of the migration was to teach them about this The pre-Hispanic American Southwest new world. The group was divided was an active, dynamic region with into smaller groups and a mocking bird people traveling near and far to trade, assigned them different directions to to procure special resources such as pursue. Taking further directions from salt or obsidian, to establish productive natural signs such as shooting stars, farmland, and, not unlike the Spanish sun rays, red clouds, and birds flying priests or Mormon settlers to follow, to in formation, the groups continued fulfill religious or spiritual beliefs. their migrations, sometimes criss- Major and minor routes, traveled by crossing each other’s paths at different foot in days before Spanish horses, times, until they all eventually arrived linked people living in the Little at the Hopi Mesas. Masawu, the Colorado River Valley to each other original inhabitant of the Fourth World and to trade and cultural centers and Owner of the Fire, lived at the outside the region. Material items such Mesas but said he was willing to let the as seashells and macaw feathers from people live there in harmony if they present-day Mexico traveled as far lived a proper life. Different clans north as the Hopi Mesas. Perhaps the migrated in different directions and for

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different lengths of time before arriving Hopi Trail, connects the pueblos of at the Hopi Mesas, and it is difficult to Zuni and Hopi and runs across many say exactly how far or for exactly how of the eastern tributaries of the Little long the migrations occurred. It is quite Colorado. evident, however, that the experience of migration features prominently in Zunis also have extensive oral histories Hopi religion and beliefs and, because regarding the migrations early people of archaeological remains, that much of took before arriving at the Middle the migration did occur in the Little Place, the general region of the present- Colorado River Valley. day Zuni Reservation. One significant event during these migrations took The migrating groups received their place on the Little Colorado River. clan name while on these journeys. For Mothers were crossing the River while example, the Bear Clan received its carrying their children on their backs. name when the group came across a As they crossed, the children bear carcass and paused to reflect on its transformed into water creatures meaning. The group leaders (frogs, lizards, turtles, and so forth), determined that this symbol meant went to the bottom of the river, and they were to be now known as the Bear formed the Council of the Gods. The Clan. Another migrating group came place is known as koluwala:wa and upon the same bear carcass at a later marks a pivotal moment in Zuni pre- time. They cut straps from the hide to history. Zunis continue to make use for carrying heavy loads, and pilgrimages there every four years and subsequently became known as the it is believed that a person’s spirit Strap Clan. Still later, another group travels back to koluwala:wa upon his or came to the place of the bear carcass her death. and saw a bluebird eating its meat and named themselves the Bluebird Clan. Salt is a necessary mineral for human At least four additional clans acquired health and Native Americans would their name from migrating past this travel great distances to obtain it where same bear carcass at different times. it naturally occurred on the landscape. Clans left a record of their routes by Salt, and the journey to get it, was and carving their clan symbol into rock is associated with deep spiritual faces as they traveled. They also carved meaning. Zunis have a specific place in pictorial records of major events or northern Catron County, New Mexico, sometimes the signs they used to known as Zuni Salt Lake, where they determine their routes into rock as have traveled for centuries. There is well. In this way, petroglyphs are a real also a salt cave near the confluence of account of clan history. the Little and main Colorado Rivers that has been an important site to A portion of one Hopi migration trail, Navajos, Hopis, and Paiutes. The trail the Palatkwapi Trail, survives to this leading to the cave follows a canyon day and is designated as a Historic whose name, Salt Trail Canyon, reflects Trail of Arizona by Arizona State the significance of its route. In Navajo Parks. The modern trail connects Walpi belief, the cave is the place where Salt Village on Second Mesa to the city of Woman emerged onto the earth and it Winslow, but in the time of the is also the place where Changing migrations would have extended much Woman, who created the four original farther south. Another designated Navajo clans from her own body, met Historic Trail of Arizona, the Zuni- Salt Woman.

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Trails to reliable water sources are also made their home. After four desperate of extreme importance. Blue Spring years in terrible conditions, the Treaty feeds the Little Colorado River about of 1868 was signed and the government 11 miles above the confluence and is a created a designated Navajo year-round source of high quality Reservation. Approximately 2,000 to water in very arid country. Waterhole 3,000 out of a population of 8,000 to Canyon Trail and Blue Spring Trail are 9,000 never returned, however, having two Navajo trails from the east that died either on the way to Bosque lead to this important site. Tó Redondo or during the time there. On bichi’o’ooldon, Tó bihooyéé’, and the return journey, people stopped for Dá’ák’óózhi kó’ are all primarily Navajo a short while at Ft. Defiance, Arizona trails that lead to tributaries of the to receive the allotment of sheep—2 for western portion of Little Colorado every man, woman, and child—the River. Countless other trails across all government gave them to start their three reservations have led the way to lives anew. water for generations upon generations of families. The Zuni-Acoma Trail, which connects the two pueblos, passes Spanish Exploration the waterhole at the base of the 200 ft sandstone bluff now known as El Friar Marcos de Niza, his guide Morro National Monument. It was the Esteban, and a small group of others only year-round water source on the were the first known Europeans to journey. El Morro contains more than travel into the Little Colorado River 2,000 petroglyphs and inscriptions watershed. They were on an expedition from those who lived near or traveled in 1539 to find the alleged Seven Cities by. of Cibola, also known as the Seven Cities of Gold. Esteban went ahead of One trail of extreme significance to the de Niza and reached the Zuni pueblo of Navajo is one they wish they never had Hawikku, where he was reportedly to take—the Long Walk. Raids between killed. Upon his return, De Niza Navajos and other residents of New reported that he saw “Cibola” Mexico and Arizona Territory were (Hawikku) from a distance and he routine, each ethnic group alternately continued to support the myth of the playing the role of perpetrator and cities of gold. Francisco Vasquez de victim. The U.S. Government viewed Coronado, governor of the territory in these raids as a major deterrent to New Spain where de Niza lived (the further European-American settlement present-day Mexican states of Jalisco, and development of the region. In an Sinaloa, and Nayarit) then decided to attempt to establish control, Kit Carson go for himself. Mounting an incredible began a scorched-earth campaign in force of several hundred men, 1864. With their crops burned and Coronado set out in 1540. He reached livestock slain or taken by the military, Hawikku and, when the people there people had little choice but to follow refused his demands for food and other the army to Ft. Sumner (Bosque supplies, he used force. During his time Redondo) on the Pecos River in eastern with the Zunis he dispatched a New Mexico. Although imprisoned, scouting expedition led by Pedro de they would at least have something to Tovar to the Hopi Mesas, hoping to eat. The journey was hard and between find the “real” cities of gold there since 300 and 500 miles long depending on Hawikku proved not to be it. Tovar where in the region a particular family reported that there were no golden

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cities on the Mesas either, but that he the Spanish dramatically altered the did learn of a great river to the north. lives of all Native Americans. Spanish Hoping to find a water route to influence was negative in terms of the southern New Spain, Coronado then brutality employed in an attempt to sent another scouting expedition led by force people to adopt the Catholic Garcia Lopez de Cárdenas to religion or accept Spanish rule, but also investigate. Cárdenas, led by Hopi positive in terms of the introduction of guides, became the first European to new crops, horses, and other farm see the Grand Canyon. Native animals. Americans had long been traveling to and in the canyon to collect various resources, make offerings, or trade Mormon Migration South with other tribes. Cárdenas, however, found its ruggedness so frustrating that Although they believed in a different his unfavorable report dissuaded God and used different criteria for further Spanish exploration for 200 guiding their movement, the Mormons, years. Coronado then continued north too, migrated through the Little and east as far as present-day Kansas, Colorado River Valley due to religious still in search of the Seven Cities of reasons and directives. In 1844, the Cibola. religion’s founder, Joseph Smith, described a Mormon future that flowed Juan de Oñate also passed near Zuni in over both American continents, North 1605 and left his inscription on El and South. The concept of Manifest Morro. Oñate originally came to Destiny reached its height in the Anglo- present-day New Mexico in 1598 to American mindset during the 1840s. establish permanent settlements in the Smith’s vision of settlements of Saints Rio Grande Valley. He made this in Mexico and beyond was the inscription during a return trip to Mormon version of that dream and Mexico City. came to be understood as a natural unfolding of God’s will. Fathers Silvestre Velez de Escalante and Francisco Dominguez set out from Starting in 1858, Jacob Hamblin visited Santa Fe in 1776 to try and establish an the Hopi Mesas and scouted trails overland route to California since no through canyons and made note of the east-west waterway exists. They best river crossings and water sources essentially completed a loop, traveling in the southern Utah and northern northwest through Colorado to Great Arizona region. In December 1872, Salt Lake, Utah. A fierce October Brigham Young sent a party of 14 men blizzard convinced the weary to explore both the Little Colorado and expedition to return to Santa Fe, which Verde Rivers. In April 1873, a mission they did by taking a southeasterly of approximately 100 people set out course through Ganado, Arizona and with the intent of establishing stopping in Zuni in late November settlements along the Little Colorado. before reaching Santa Fe. The mission’s president, Horton Haight, reached the Little Colorado Spanish exploration of the Little River south of the Hopi villages of Colorado region was part of a larger Moenkopi in late May, explored it for The Ramah Museum in Ramah, legacy of Spanish influence in the entire 120 miles, and declared it unfit for New Mexico, documents the har- diness and history of the Mormon American West. Spanish missions were settlement due to obvious signs of settlement and its settlers. established at both Zuni and Hopi and flooding, no suitable place to dam, and

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lack of wood or rock for building. north to intercept Snow and make his Wrote Andrew Amundsen, a Native case. Snow approved and agreed to Norwegian and member of that map out a townsite plan for the new mission, in his diary: community of Snowflake. Snow also directed local leaders to negotiate the From the first we struck the little purchase of the town of St. Johns. Collorado…, it is the same thing Though relatively few in number, other all the way, no plase fit for a European settlers had either human being to dwell upon. In established themselves or laid claim in case of hie water the bottoms are various locations in the Little Colorado all flooded, [there is] no plase for a region prior to the Mormons’ arrival. dam for if we could get plenty of While some Mormon settlements, such water it would back op about 6 or as Joseph City, Brigham City, Obed, 8 miles op the River and the and Eagar, were established by Cottonwood is so scrubby and Mormons themselves, a number of crukked so it would only be fit for others were bought, as in the case of fierr wood. No rock for bilding, no Snowflake, St. Johns, and the pine timber within 50 or 75 miles community of Erastus next to Concho. of her. Wherever you may luck the Purchases were often effected with a country is all broken up. The combination of cash and high quality moste desert lukking plase that I Utah cattle. ever saw, Amen. (Peterson 1973:12) The settlers traveled a path that was becoming more well-defined with each Despite these initial setbacks, church mission caravan or drive of Utah cattle. leadership would not abandon the The missionaries made their way from dream of their founder or will of their their various locations in Utah and God and another exploration party was often made a stop in St. George to visit sent to the region in late 1875. In 1876, the temple before the final drive to two colonies, whose intent it was to Arizona Territory. Crossing the (big) serve the local Native populations, Colorado River at Lee’s Ferry, they were established along the Little made their way to the villages at Colorado River: Moenkopi and Savoia Moenkopi and then followed Moenkopi (modern-day Ramah). The call to serve Wash to the Little Colorado River. one’s mission continued and at least six Once at the River, they followed it more settlements were started between upstream to modern-day Holbrook and 1877 and 1878. In the fall of 1878, the the confluence with the Rio Puerco. apostle Erastus Snow made a trip from From there, some followed the Rio Utah to visit the fledgling communities. Puerco to the northeast, some went Just before Snow’s arrival, William south along Silver Creek, and some Flake bought the homestead of James continued along the main Little Stinson, whose claim included a sizable Colorado to St. Johns and places higher and well-grassed portion of Silver in the White Mountains. Creek Valley till its confluence with the Little Colorado, but Flake’s This route, portions of which were individualistic actions drew sharp used previously by area tribes to trade criticism from other Mormons. with each other, became known as the Knowing Snow was on his way and Mormon Wagon Road or the Mormon believing he could convince him of the Honeymoon Trail and is another wisdom of his purchase, Flake traveled designated Historic Trail of Arizona.

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Modern-day Highway 89 follows the By 1880, most of the Mormon approximate course of the Wagon Road settlements that were to be in the Little from Moenkopi north to Lee’s Ferry Colorado River Valley had been and continuing to Jacob’s Lake and established and the ensuing decades Fredonia to the Utah border. saw the effort to solidify the claims and keep the towns alive. The settlements The nickname “Honeymoon Trail” was relied heavily on ranching and crops coined by Arizona historian Will or, for those higher in the White Barnes who lived along the Little Mountains, on ranching and lumber. Colorado River in the 1880s and Townspeople habitually constructed witnessed the movement of Mormons dams to try and manipulate the Little north and south along the Road. In Colorado to their purposes—the lake at addition to the normal traffic of trade Lyman Lake State Park between St. goods, family visitors, and new Johns and Springerville, for example, missionaries, many newlyweds was begun by a Mormon dam—but the traveled the Road. Sometimes the call river habitually broke them. In times of to a mission hastened a wedding before need, supply wagons from Utah, departure, as is evidenced by this letter traveling the same route the settlers included in an 1871 diary entry of John had taken themselves, fortified the Pulsipher. struggling communities. Not every town survived, but many did and I think much of the short, but Mormon presence and influence in the happy acquaintance we have Little Colorado River Valley remains formed, and if you would not strong to this day. think me rude or in haste I would like to hear from you soon. As we live in these days of short prayers, East-West Corridor short sermons, and short courtships, I would like you to Modern-day I-40 crosses the entire write me a plain mountain Little Colorado River watershed for X English letter and tell me truly, if miles in a neat east-west direction. The you think it would be best and city of Gallup, county seat of McKinley proper for us to be joined in County, New Mexico, the City of marriage? Do you think enough of Holbrook, county seat of Navajo me, almost stranger as I am, to County, Arizona, and Flagstaff, county choose me before all other men that seat of Coconino County, Arizona, all live? If you was satisfied to say sit squarely on I-40’s course. State yes, how long a time would you Route 87 in Arizona, leading to the want to close up your business and Hopi capital of Kykotsmovi, and Indian be ready for a mission to the Route 12 of Arizona, leading to the South?” Navajo capital of Window Rock, also (Peterson 1973:50) connect directly to I-40. I-40’s course, however, was a major east-west travel Sometimes, too, the couple met in the corridor long before its completion in settlements of Arizona but, lacking any the late-1980s, long before President temple in the Territory, traveled north Einsenhower’s vision of a national to the temple in St. George to have interstate system, long before the their marriage sealed and then traveled invention of the horseless carriage, and the Road back again as newlyweds to long before this part of the country was their home in Arizona. annexed to the United States as part of

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the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Francisco Peaks (near modern-day following the Mexican-American War. Flagstaff) and then bore west across the I-40 follows the same corridor as Route Black Mountains to the Colorado River. 66, which in turn followed the same Senator Gwinn was not the only one corridor as the Atchison, Topeka & pushing Congress to establish railroads Santa Fe Railroad, which followed the and the political climate of the 1850s same corridor as the Beale Wagon was already showing the North-South Road, which followed the expedition factionalism that would lead to the routes of Lieutenant Amiel Whipple, Civil War. Gwinn championed a Captain Lorenzo Sitgreaves, and railroad along the 35th parallel, citing Captain Randolph Marcy. The entire the report made by the Marcy original length of the Route 66 corridor, expedition that the route was the most- which became I-40 from Oklahoma suitable in terms of grade and climate, City to Bartsow, Calif., is more than but Congress would not tolerate the 2,400 miles and ran from Chicago to development a single route, especially Los Angeles. Different sections of this a southern one. In 1853, it was decided route have different histories, but that five routes should be explored, of various major sections were which the 35th parallel would be one. undoubtedly developed by Native Yet another military expedition, this Americans as the first Europeans to one with the specific purpose of explore the region either used Natives establishing a route suitable for a as guides or consulted with them when railroad, was sent and this time they made their own routes. Lieutenant Amiel Whipple was in charge. He, too, hired Leroux and With the annexation of entire modern- traveled the Little Colorado River from day California, Nevada, and Utah and Zuni to the San Francisco Peaks. parts of modern-day Arizona, New Whipple’s report, published in 1855, Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming as a inspired the desire for an east-west result of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe wagon road in addition to a rail route. Hidalgo, there was a desire of the U.S. In 1857, the U.S. Government sent Government to survey the lands to see Lieutenant Edward Beale to establish exactly what they had. The finding of such a road and to test the viability of gold in California that same year added using camels for transport in this desert more than a little to the feeling of region. Beale and his camels made a urgency to establish east-west routes summer departure from Fort Smith, across the new part of the nation. In Arkansas and, largely following Lt. 1849, Captain Randolph B. Marcy made Whipple’s course, reached Los Angeles the first U.S. Government-sponsored by Christmas. The next year, Congress expedition of the region. In 1850, approved $150,000 to improve the California achieved statehood and one route and Beale set out with 100 men to of its two Senators, William Gwinn, construct the first federally funded began pushing Congress for an east- highway across the Southwest and, west railroad to link the new state to inadvertently, set the course for the the rest of the country. In 1851, another future railroad, Route 66, and I-40. military-sponsored expedition, led by Captain Lorenzo Sitgreaves, explored The Atchison and Topeka Railroad the region. Sitgreaves hired trader began with the dream of Cyrus K. Antoine Leroux who knew of a trail Holliday and an 1859 charter for a that went northwest along the Little railroad to go between the towns of Colorado River from Zuni to the San Atchison and Topeka, Kansas. His

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desire was to tap into the lucrative now extended to Albuquerque, New trade along Santa Fe Trail that spanned Mexico, to jointly develop the route from St. Louis, Missouri, across with A&P west to California. The Kansas, to Santa Fe, New Mexico. In railroad that passed from Albuquerque 1863, the company was reorganized through Arizona was known at the and acquired the name under which it time as the A&P, but ATSF gained total became famous, the Atchison, Topeka ownership by 1907. & Santa Fe Railroad (ATSF). Railroad building was a risky and cut-throat Three modern-day cities in the Little business, with companies constantly on Colorado watershed reflect this the brink of bankruptcy and constantly complicated history: Gallup, New fighting over land grant rights. The Mexico is named for David L. Gallup, Atlantic & Pacific Railroad (A&P) an auditor and paymaster of the ATSF; experienced financial trouble after the Holbrook, Arizona is named for H.R. Panic of 1873 and its land grant rights Holbrook, an Atlantic & Pacific along the 35th parallel, which had been engineer who worked on the route in granted to it by the U.S. Government in this region; and Winslow, Arizona is 1866, came to be controlled by the St. named for Edward G. Winslow who Louis and San Francisco Railroad was the president of the St. Louis and beginning in 1876. Intense negotiations San Francisco. Holbrook and his ASTF between ATSF and the St. Louis and counterpart, engineer Lewis Kingman San Francisco finally led to an 1880 (for whom Kingman, Arizona is agreement allowing the ATSF, which named) used Lt. Whipple’s expedition notes to survey the route from Albuquerque, New Mexico, across the Little Colorado River watershed, to the Colorado River. In August 1883, a bridge across the Colorado River at Needles, California was completed and from there the ATSF connected to railroads already established in that state, thereby effectively completing their route from the mid-section of the country to the Pacific Coast.

The first person rode the original Kansas portion of the ATSF in 1869, beginning a 103-year history of passenger service until AmTrak took over all passenger operations in the county in 1971. Although ATSF was originally built as much for freight traffic as it was for passengers, it was its various passenger amenities that made it famous.

In 1876, English immigrant Fred Top: A mural in downtown Winslow documents the Harvey leased ATSF’s Topeka Lunch impact the railroad has had in the community over the past century. Bottom: Retired Santa Fe cabooses Counter believing he could now grace a downtown park in Winslow, Arizona. revolutionize the eating experiences of

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rail travelers and workers alike. Company, and the West. The national Having a background in both impact of Harvey Houses, and restaurants and railroads, Harvey especially the waitresses, was so great eventually landed a position with the that MGM made a 1946 movie entitled Chicago, Burlington & Quincy The Harvey Girls. It was set in a fictional Railroad. He traveled the railroad town in western New Mexico, starred extensively and knew first-hand the Judy Garland and Angela Lansbury, deplorable conditions of restaurants and at the end of the movie the male and hotels in most small Midwestern and female lead have fallen in love and towns. are traveling to Flagstaff to start a new life. The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy was not interested in Harvey’s ideas to Earlier Harvey Houses, such as the one improve these services, so he that opened in Holbrook, Arizona in approached ATSF. After his initial lease 1884, were built for railroad employees of the Topeka Lunch Counter, ATSF or as mealtime stopovers for officials became nervous. The quality of passengers. After 1900, ATSF the food was so good that growing management saw an opportunity in demand from rail passengers and establishing resort-like hotels to locals alike required an expansion of encourage passengers to lengthen their the facility. ATSF officials feared stays in particular places or to give passengers would be so enamored with those visitors the impetus to make a their experience that they would not trip in the first place. Mary Elizabeth continue farther west. The solution: Jane Colter became the primary interior allow Harvey to open more such places designer and occasional architect for farther down the line. these resorts, combining Native and Spanish architecture into buildings that “Harvey Houses,” sometimes a came to define the spirit of the restaurant, a hotel, a train station, a American West. newsstand, or any combination of these, became known for their After the unexpected death of her impeccable quality, comfort, and father, Colter persuaded her mother to service. Beginning in 1883, Harvey allow her to attend the California started employing young, unmarried School of Design so she could become a women to be waitresses in his qualified art teacher and support her restaurants to the exclusion of men, a mother and sister. While in school, socially unusual practice for the day. Colter also apprenticed in an architect’s Their uniforms consisted of near floor- studio, an experience that would serve length, long-sleeved black dresses her well later in life. Upon her under starched white aprons—a clear graduation in 1890, she returned home contrast to the dress of the only other to St. Paul, Minnesota and taught high single women found in quantity in the school art. She also took archaeology West, the “soiled doves” of the saloons classes during this time for her own and brothels. pleasure.

These waitresses became known as A visit to a friend in San Francisco, a Harvey Girls and their training in friend who worked in a Fred Harvey manners and service gave an air of east gift shop, eventually led to a job offer coast sophistication to the entire in the summer of 1902. Fred Harvey operations of the ATSF, Fred Harvey had died in 1901 and the company was

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now managed by his two sons and one making studios in some of the rooms son-in-law. They saw the potential in during construction to get exactly the marketing Native arts and crafts to style and look she wanted, designed train passengers and wanted Colter to the frames for pictures of San Ysidro arrange the interior decorating for the (the patron saint of the hotel) that went new Indian Building that was being in every guest room, and put a broken erected next to the new ATSF station in ox cart of the type commonly used in Albuquerque. The Indian Building the desert a century earlier in the served as museum, artists’ cactus garden. demonstration studio, and gift shop all in one. The job was temporary, and La Posada opened on May 15, 1930 and after the building opened Colter was a base of operations for another of returned to St. Paul. In the summer of the ATSF’s passenger amenities, the 1904, the Fred Harvey Company called Indian Detours. Indian Detours were upon Colter again, this time to design small, guided auto trips to surrounding the entire building, not just the interior, attractions. The first Detours were for the Hopi House that was being built offered out of Las Vegas, New Mexico across from the El Tovar hotel at the beginning in 1926. These tours took south rim of the Grand Canyon. Hopi travelers to several ancient pueblo House was the first of eight buildings sites, contemporary pueblos, and Colter would eventually build in the included stops at Harvey future National Park. In 1910, the Fred establishments in Albuquerque and Harvey Company offered her a Santa Fe. Indian Detours operated out permanent job. of La Posada went to Grand Canyon, Petrified Forest, Painted Desert, the Colter would design or decorate 22 White Mountains, and the Hopi buildings for the Fred Harvey Reservation. Company between her first in 1902 and her last in 1949. Three of these were to Upon the 1957 announcement of the be in the Little Colorado River closure and sale of La Posada and the watershed, including the one she auction of its furnishings, Colter is considered her masterpiece, La Posada, reported to have said “There is such a in Winslow, the home city of ATSF’s thing as living too long” (Grattan Arizona headquarters. La Posada was 1980:111). Three months later, her El an elegant hotel, train station, Navajo hotel in Gallup, New Mexico restaurant, and gardens all in one and was torn down. Colter had hired Colter had complete design control Navajo artist Sam Day, Jr. to design over every detail down to the china sand paintings for the interior décor patterns and maids’ uniforms. and El Navajo was the first place this type of art, which is traditionally Begun in 1929 before the stock market temporary and used only by trained crash, no expense was spared. Colter medicine men in healing ceremonies, conceived of a history for the was allowed for permanent public building—it was the hacienda of an old view. La Posada, although up for sale Spanish family who had lived in it for and largely gutted, narrowly escaped several generations and filled it with the fate of El Navajo. When no buyers fine arts from their worldly travels and presented themselves, ATSF turned the sturdy folk furniture made by their building into crew offices. Then, after a ranchhands—and designed it number of years, the railroad closed accordingly. Colter set up furniture- the offices and abandoned the building

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completely. As with many Harvey and has remained open ever since Houses, La Posada had been popular except for a short period between 2004 with locals as well as travelers. A and 2005 when it underwent major number of Winslow residents formed a restorations. Although it no longer group called the Gardening Angels and offers meal service or overnight took care of the grounds the best they accommodations, it still offers visitors could considering it was an abandoned a comfortable and spectacular view of property. Their efforts saved many of the Painted Desert and a tiny glimpse the original trees and other plants at La into the Hopi culture through Kabotie’s Posada and likely deterred significant murals. vandalism to the property as well. Several members of this group joined Colter designed La Posada’s front with others and formed the La Posada entrance facing south to the ATSF Foundation to find a way to save La tracks. Today, the front entrance faces Posada from the imminent wrecking north to a Winslow city street known as ball. The building was finally 2nd Street, or in previous decades, as purchased in 1997 by Allen Affeldt and Route 66. La Posada’s unique physical the lengthy process of restoration position that joins the railroad and The began. The hotel is once again filled Mother Road is but a metaphor for the with overnight guests, the restaurant entire history of the two travel serves meals of true quality, and it has corridors. Like the ATSF, Route 66 runs become a popular meeting place filled the entire 210-mile east-west length of with activity. A group called the the Little Colorado River watershed. Winslow Harvey Girls, some of whom are descendents of actual Fred Harvey Route 66 was and is the culmination of Company employees, give guided some of the most dramatic social and tours of the hotel in full Harvey Girl economic conditions ever to take place uniform. in the United States. Picking up where the previously-discussed Native, Colter’s third Little Colorado building, Anglo-explorer, wagon, and railroad for which she served as interior history of its corridor leave off, Route decorator in 1947, is the small and 66’s nascent beginnings as an auto road charming Painted Desert Inn at began with the organization and Petrified Forest National Park. The designation of the National Old Trails building achieved National Historic Road. The idea for this road came from Landmark status in 1987. It features the Daughters of the American murals by renowned Hopi artist Fred Revolution who proposed the Kabotie whom Colter first development of a national motor route commissioned to paint Hopi in time for the 1915 Panama Exposition ceremonial scenes in the Watchtower in to be held in San Francisco. As the Grand Canyon National Park. Kabotie name suggests, this was a route that painted three murals inside the Painted ran across the entire nation from New Desert Inn including one that depicted York to California and was comprised an important trail Hopis traditionally of many smaller regional routes took between the Mesas and Zuni to including the original National Road obtain salt. Painted Desert Inn was authorized by President Jefferson in closed for many years after the Fred 1808, the Santa Fe Trail, and the route Harvey Company ceased it operations of the ATSF. Most of the National Old at Petrified Forest, but was reopened Trails Road from Santa Fe to Los for the nation’s bicentennial in 1976 Angeles would become Route 66.

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In the early 1920s, the federal Avery formed the Highway 66 government began to respond to public Association from a group of pressure and the proliferation of businessmen to promote Route 66 as a named, regional routes by attempting tourist road from the very beginning. to organize and standardize road travel Its first president, John T. Woodruff, throughout the country. For more than called Route 66 “America’s Main two decades, car owners had been Street.” The title was a publicity stunt, forming local auto clubs and but was also based in reality. From the developing and naming regional beginning, Route 66 was designed to routes. A growing post-WWI economy link rural towns to each other and to meant that more and more Americans their urban counterparts for the were buying cars, joining clubs, and enhancement of rural economies. The establishing even more routes— first major event for the Association approximately 250 such routes existed and for all of Route 66 was a nearly 3- before roads were organized month footrace held in the spring of nationally. The American Association 1928 from Los Angeles to Chicago and of State Highway Officials met in 1925 then on to New York City. and formed the Joint Board of Interstate Highways whose job it was With the stock market crash of 1929 to develop the first comprehensive and the ensuing Dust Bowl and Great national highway system. It was a Depression, Route 66 became a road of member of this board that suggested desperation and hold-out hope as the current numbering system still in opposed to a road of fun and frivolity. place today: odd-numbered routes John Steinbeck’s famous 1939 novel The travel north-south, even-numbered Grapes of Wrath and subsequent 1940 routes travel east-west, and routes movie by the same title captures the ending in either 5 or 0 are considered essence of the flight an estimated primary routes. 200,000 Midwesterners took as the wind literally swept their farms away Cyrus Avery, an Oklahoman and from them and California seemed like member of the Joint Board, proposed a their only chance at a job and survival. Chicago to Los Angeles route to pass It was Steinbeck who first called Route through Oklahoma City and a 1925 66 “the mother road,” a moniker that map produced by the Joint Board endures to this day. Very few of those shows such a route named as Route 60. who made the journey stayed in The route follows the Atlantic & Pacific California, however, and they likely Railroad corridor from Chicago to traveled Route 66 again in their plight Oklahoma City and joins the ATSF elsewhere. Route 66 symbolized hope corridor at Santa Fe. This same map for a job for displaced farmers during also shows Route 62 branching off from the 1930s and meant a real job for many Route 60 at Springfield, Missouri and young men who were part of President running the east-west length of Roosevelt’s Civilian Conservation Kentucky to Newport News, Virginia. Corps or Works Project This upset Kentucky Governor William Administration. Both organizations J. Fields, who was unyielding in his focused heavily on road improvements, demands that his state should have a and by 1938 the entire length of Route primary route. The debate went on for 66 was paved when less than half of it, months until it was finally agreed on mostly in California, Illinois, and April 30, 1926 that the Chicago to Los Missouri, had been paved just 10 years Angeles route would be Route 66. earlier.

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Little tourist traffic was seen on Route mindset as this new generation added 66 during the 1930s or during the gas- it own chapter. The 1969 movie Easy and rubber-rationing war years of the Rider, conceived by Peter Fonda and early 1940s. The post-WWII era, Dennis Hopper who also starred in its however, even more so than the post- leading roles, was largely filmed on WWI era, was a time of economic Route 66. The film received standing growth for the country. The increase in ovations at the Cannes Film Festival material possessions, such as cars, and that year, adding yet another layer to the increase in wealth and leisure time the rebellious and distinctly American as America transformed from a rural image of the road as the way to greater agricultural and laborer society to an freedom, personal discovery, and a urbanized technological society is a better life. well-noted phenomenon among social and economic historians. This The 210-mile Little Colorado River combination, along with exuberance watershed section of Route 66 shares from winning the war, meant that the history of the entire road. Route 66 America was on the move. It was in is still essentially main street in Gallup, this spirit that Bobby Troup, a recently- Holbrook, Joseph City, Winslow, and returned WWII veteran, and his wife Flagstaff and the road runs through the Cynthia hit the road in Pennsylvania in Navajo Chapters of Manuelito, Lupton, February 1946 to make a life for Houck, Red Rock, and Iyanbito. Along themselves in California. On the way, the Little Colorado section of Route 66, they wrote a song that was recorded one can see traditional Navajo hogans, and released within a few weeks after the vast open ranges and spectacular their West Coast arrival as “Get Your rock formations that define the Kicks on Route 66” by Nat King Cole. Southwest landscape, and an array of Later recordings were also made by architectural gems that tell Route 66’s Chuck Berry and the Rolling Stones, story both as a town Main Street and as bringing the road built in the Roaring a major tourists’ highway. Though too Twenties and first made famous during many to detail one by one, a sampling the Depression firmly into the age of of notable structures includes the rock and roll. following. The beautiful 1928 El Morro Theatre in Gallup is a local treasure The 1950s and 1960s saw the rise of a and the only Spanish Eclectic style new generation. The prosperity and building in the watershed. The 1937 El comforts of the post-war era also Rancho Hotel, also in Gallup, was built resulted in homogenization and by and for Hollywood. Built by R.E. conformity, something with which the Griffith, brother of director D.W. emerging generation found fault. Griffith, at a time when many Westerns Roads to them were a form of rebelling, were being filmed in northwest New a symbolic and literal means of getting Mexico, the hotel’s architecture and away from cultural norms they did not décor reflects a blend of both the “real” embrace. Jack Kerouac’s novels, West and a Hollywood creation of the especially his 1957 On the Road, are as “West.” The two-story lobby displays revealing of this national phenomenon authentic Navajo rugs, oversized rustic of the 1950s as Steinbeck’s Grapes of wooden furniture, and hundreds of Wrath was of the Dust Bowl plight of classic black-and-white signed the 1930s. The myth of the open road headshots of the famous stars that symbolizing endless possibilities was stayed there. The hotel is owned and becoming more fixed in the American operated by the Ortega family, who has

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store in Gallup, built the post in the late 1800s. From 1924 to 1953, the trading post was managed by Roman Hubbell, son of Juan Lorenzo Hubbell whose original trading post in Ganado, Arizona on the Navajo Nation is now a National Historic Site. The building is currently under renovation to become the city’s Welcome Center. The 1926 ATSF train depot in Flagstaff, like La Posada in Winslow, is flanked on the

A mural on the side of a restaurant in Holbrook, Ari- south by the tracks and on the north by zona, celebrates Route 66. Route 66. It continues to serves as a train depot for AmTrak, is the home of roots several generations deep in the Flagstaff’s Visitor’s Center, is a hub for Gallup region as traders, and is equally Open Road Tours (a local shuttle and popular with locals as it is with tour bus company), and is a focal point travelers. In Holbrook, one easily of the downtown. The El Morro recognizes the Wigwam Village as a Theater, El Rancho Hotel, Wigwam classic example of roadside tourist Village, Hubbell Building, La Posada, architecture. Built in 1950, the motel is and the Flagstaff Visitors’ Center are all currently owned and operated by the on the National Register of Historic son and daughter of the original Places. builder, Chester Lewis. Lewis, owner of other Arizona hotels at the time, saw Route 66 was decommissioned in the original Wigwam Village built by sections and stages, beginning in Frank Redford in Cave City, Kentucky. California as early as 1965. The Lewis forged an agreement with Oklahoma to Arizona/California Redford for the plans and built his border section was the last in 1985. Wigwam Village in Holbrook, the sixth Williams, Arizona, just to the west of out of ten such Villages that would the Little Colorado watershed, was the eventually be built throughout the last town on the entire route to be country. Another classic post-war bypassed by the new I-40. Route 66, the tourist enterprise is the Jack Rabbit road designed link rural American Trading Post between Holbrook and towns together and enhance their Winslow. Its multiple bright yellow economies, had done its job. Now that billboards featuring a simple black it was no longer, those small businesses silhouette of a rabbit and the and economies began to decline. The declaration “Here it is!” in red are one concentration of the population into of the best examples of the style of urban centers began in the 1920s and roadside tourist advertising of its era. 1930s and has continued ever since. Another classic tourist attraction is the The interstate highway system 12-foot jackrabbit statue outside the facilitated this trend by making travel store that visitors can ride and to and through bigger cities easier and photograph. Reflecting the “Main faster. At the same time, it reduced the Street” side of Route 66 are the early need to have duplicate stores and Mormon houses seen in Joseph City. services in smaller towns. For The Hubbell Building in Winslow businesses directly related to road served locals and tourists alike. The travel—filling stations, hotels, and Richardson family, who still operates a restaurants—the wise business decision

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was obviously to move to the interstate took the silver for the 10,000 meter race exits and entrances and off of “Main in the 1912 Olympics and Nicholas Street.” Subsequently, many Route 66 Quamawahu won the Long Beach-New businesses and downtown economies York Marathon in 1927 and held the suffered considerably. lead during the first part of the 1928 Route 66 run. Both Arizona and New Mexico have designated Route 66 as a National Later European migration has left Scenic Byway, signifying that while the comparable impacts on the land, nature and role of the road has cultural character of the region, and changed with the times, its importance shaped the minds of their descendents. to its communities and the state as a The Mormon population of Arizona whole remains high. Additionally, the and western New Mexico remains National Park Service has a Route 66 high, and Snowflake is home to one of Corridor Preservation Program that only two temples built in Arizona. focuses on local business and tourism Despite a few early explorers and development along the entire road, adventurous homesteaders, the much in the same spirit as the original introduction the vast majority of Route 66 Association. Americans from the east got of the Southwest was by way of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad and, later, DISTINCTIVENESS OF THEME Route 66.

America has always been a country on ATSF and Fred Harvey Company made the move. Before Europeans arrived, the Southwest accessible to those Native Americans built extensive trail unused to its landforms and climate, systems over thousands of miles to yet they also selectively packaged fulfill their subsistence and spiritual elements of the land and its culture to needs. They traveled far and often and make it especially attractive. Their the stories of their journeys are central stylized advertisements, buildings, and to their clan and individual identities interior train décor, as much as they and to their religious and moral codes drew upon the Southwest’s to this day. Although entire clans are authenticity, also created a specialized no longer on the move as in ancient image of the Southwest in the minds of times, the philosophy of running, often eastern European-Americans. ATSF on ancient trails or to ancient sites, still also sponsored the trips of many artists persists in Pueblo culture. such as painter and etcher Thomas Moran who had two of his western Footraces, such as those that take place landscape paintings hanging in the during the Zuni ceremony of Shalako, Capitol for many years. This artwork are spiritual in nature. One Hopi belief added to the image easterners is that running opens pathways for developed of the Southwest even for water to flow, an ever-important those who could not travel there. consideration in the desert. The Hopis have several organized endurance Route 66 was and is the culmination of runs, open to Natives and non-Natives the most dramatic social and economic alike, that emphasize running for the events in the 20th century United States: benefit of both the earth and spirit of the rise of the automobile, the Dust the runner as opposed to the desire to Bowl and Great Depression, and the win or compete. Hopi Louis Tewanima post-WWII era of growth. Its roots

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draw on equally important events in Š Brigham City, Winslow: The the 19th century and earlier, and it foundations of this Mormon continues to evolve with the changes settlement still exist within the city of being seen in the 21st century. Although Winslow. Archaeological studies completely decommissioned by 1985, have been conducted and plans for the road never lost its importance. The restoration are currently being Historic Route 66 Association, the first developed. of its kind, formed just two years later. It is a road with an incredible history Š El Morro National Monument, New itself, but it has also come to symbolize Mexico: A 200 ft. sandstone bluff that the essence of the mythical “open road” has a reliable waterhole at its base. and all the possibilities, dreams, and An ancient pueblo sits atop the bluff, restlessness Americans attach to that and the site has long been used by concept. In a sense, it is not just The travelers as a source of water. More Mother Road, but Every Road. With a than 2,000 petroglyphs and retiring Baby Boomer generation ready inscriptions cover the surface of the to travel, and a growing trend to sandstone, recording the passage of revitalize local economies and centuries of time and hundreds of emphasize the local character of people. communities, Route 66 will continue to play a prominent role in how America Š Chavez Trail, Winslow to Prescott: A defines and envisions itself. designated Historic Trail of Arizona, the Chavez Trail was developed in the late 19th century over part of the RELATED RESOURCES LIST ancient Palatkwapi Trail. The Chavez Trail was an important travel Š Amtrak and BNSF, entire east-west corridor to Prescott, which served as length of the watershed: Amtrak the Territory’s capital from 1863-67 was born when passenger rail service and from 1877-1889. It also served as was reorganized in 1971. Amtrak a section of a much longer travel services Flagstaff, Gallup, and route between Santa Fe and Los Winslow. BNSF resulted from a Angeles. merger of the ATSF and Burlington Northern railways to become the Š Coronado Trail Scenic Byway, Burlington, Northern, Santa Fe. It is Clifton to Springerville: The one of the largest railroads in the northern terminus of the Coronadao country and services freight needs. Trail Scenic Byway is in Both Amtrak and BNSF operate on Springerville, Arizona and it the tracks initially laid through the commemorates Coronado’s route joint effort of the Atlantic & Pacific from present-day Mexico into the and ATSF. present-day American Southwest.

Š Beale Camel Trail/Beale Wagon Š Dine’Tah “Among the People” Road, entire east-west length of Scenic Road, Lupton to Window watershed: A wagon route laid out Rock: This road is a window into by Lt. Edward Beale in 1857-58. It Navajo culture, taking travelers past became the basic travel corridor for canyons and cliffs that define the the ATSF, Route 66, and present-day Navajo landscape, hogans, ancient I-40. It is a designated Historic Trail ruins, petroglyphs, missions, and of Arizona. ending in the modern capital.

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Š General Crook Road, White Mogollon Rim connecting Ft. Apache Mountains: A designated Historic and Prescott, then the Territorial Trail of Arizona, it follows the capital.

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Š Hashknife Pony Express Ride, Southwest that did not become part Holbrook to Scottsdale: Celebrating of Route 66. its 50th year in 2008, the Hashknife Pony Express is the oldest officially Š Mormon Honeymoon Trail, Lee’s sanctioned Pony Express in the Ferry, Arizona to New Mexico and country. Reviving the spirit of the White Mountains: The route taken original Pony Express, riders are by many Mormon families from Utah sworn in as temporary mail carriers to northeast Arizona and western and carry real mail in sacks on New Mexico. A designated Historic horseback as they make their way Trail of Arizona. southwest through the Little Colorado watershed to Scottsdale. Š Naat’tsis’aan “Navajo Mountain” Commemorative envelopes to be Scenic Road, Route 98 from Page to carried by the Hashknife Pony Route 160: The southern portion of Express can be purchased year round this route lies within the Little at locations in and around Holbrook. Colorado River watershed. The route The ride is held every January. takes travelers through the dramatic landscape of intensely colored Š Hopi-Zuni Trail, Hopi to Zuni: An sandstone mixed with desert ancient trail used by Hopis and Zunis grassland valleys. to connect their two settlements. This was almost certainly the route taken Š Paatuwaqatsi Run, Polacca: by the Spanish explorers Tovar and Translated from the Hopi, Cárdenas when they were led by Paatuwaqatsi Run means “Water Is Native guides from Zuni towards the Life Run.” Organized in 2003, the Grand Canyon. The Hopi-Zuni Trail event now attracts over 200 is now a designated Historic Trail of participants to run a roughly 30-mile Arizona. course up and down the Hopi Mesas on trails that are seen traditionally as Š La Posada Hotel, Winslow: The “veins” of the villages. In the Hopi railroad resort hotel that architect perspective, using the trails keeps the Mary Colter considered her veins open, the villages alive, and masterpiece. brings rain clouds. The focus of the run is to build community spirit and Š Madonna of the Trail statue, reinforce cultural values of water and Springerville: The daughters of the running. The run is open to Hopis American Revolution commissioned and non-Hopis alike. one statue for each of the 12 states connected by the National Old Trails Š Painted Desert Inn, Petrified Forest Road. Each statue is identical, National Park: Mary Colter served as although on two sides of the base are interior decorator for this building recorded major historical events now a part of Petrified Forest particular to each statue’s location. In National Park. Hopi artist Fred Springerville, Arizona, one side notes Kabotie painted three murals inside Coronado’s passage and on the other featuring different aspect of Hopi life, side is a tribute to American pioneer including their journeys on ancient mothers who faced the dangers of a trails to retrieve salt. land that was unknown to them. Springerville lies on a rare section of Š Palatkwapi Trail, Walpi to Winslow: the National Old Trails Road in the A long, ancient trail used by

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ancestors of the Hopi during musical fame by installing Standin’ migrations from the south to the on a Corner Park at the intersection Hopi Mesas. The section between of Route 66 and Kinsley Street. The Walpi and Winslow is now a park is crafted after the lyrics of Take designated Historic Trail of Arizona. It Easy by the Eagles which mention Winslow by name. People delight in Š Pistols, Plows, and Petticoats, White having their picture taken next to the Mountains: This self-guided car tour bronze statue of a guitar player who takes visitors to sites in the White is standing in front of a mural that Mountains to explore many historic depicts various lyrics in the song. building and locations that shaped Immediately adjacent to the park will the development of the area. be the Route 66 Performance Plaza, currently under construction. It will Š Ramah Museum, Ramah: This be an outdoor music venue with museum is located in one of the early distinctly Route 66 décor. houses of the Mormon settlement at Ramah and contains many household Š Sunset Cemetery, Homol’ovi Ruins artifacts and pictures from that era. It State Park: A cemetery associated also contains a number of Native with the Mormon pioneer settlement American artifacts from the of Sunset Fort built by Lot Smith. The surrounding region. cemetery was used between 1876 and 1884, and the Fort was occupied till Š San Francisco Peaks Scenic Road about 1888. (Route 180 from MP 224 to 255): This route affords travelers spectacular Š The Long Walk: This is a journey views of the west face of the San Navajos took from their homes to Ft. Francisco Peaks and surrounding Sumner in eastern New Mexico in forests. 1864 when they were forced off the land and into the Bosque Redondo Š Snowflake Historic Homes and reservation by Kit Carson. Many Snowflake Academy, Snowflake: perished during the journey or Snowflake retains many of its during the ensuing four years of Mormon settlers’ homes, several of captivity and the experience is a which can be toured. The homes seminal event in the modern history reflect both the rustic log cabins of of the tribe. the earliest families and the multi- story, well-appointed brick houses of Š Trail of the Ancients, Zuni to later families who were a part of the northwest New Mexico, Utah and general prosperity of the community Colorado: A designated Scenic as a whole. The Snowflake Academy Byway, the trail links many present- was the community’s school for day and ancient Native American decades and the local nonprofit, sites in three states. Snowflake Academy Foundation, is currently in the process of Š Trail of Many Tracks, Sanders to fundraising for restoration of the Zuni to the White Mountains to academy. Winslow: A self-guided audio CD tour that leads visitors off the Š Standin’ on a Corner Park and highway and to many of the Route 66 Performance Plaza, highlights of the White Mountains Winslow: Winslow capitalized on its and Zuni. Created and narrated by

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local residents, it covers Native River watershed, affording travelers American culture, European pioneer views of and access to the incredible history, and describes the local White Mountain range. geology and other natural attributes of the region. Š Zuni-Acoma Trail: An ancient route that connects Zuni to its next-nearest Š White Mountain Scenic Road, Hon- neighbor to the east, Acoma pueblo. Dah to Eagar: The eastern half of this The ancient trail passed El Morro route lies within the Little Colorado bluff and its perennial pool.

PRIMARY REFERENCES

Arizona Office of Tourism n.d. Arizona Scenic Roads. . Accessed 12 February 2008.

Bryant, Keith L. 1984 History of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.

Courlander, Harold 2000 (1971) The Fourth World of the Hopis. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

Duff, Andrew I. 2002 Western Pueblo Identities. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Grattan, Virginia L. 1980 Mary Colter: Builder upon the Red Earth. Northland Press, Flagstaff, Arizona.

Krim, Arthur J. 2005 Route 66: Iconography of the American Highway. Center for American Places, Santa Fe.

Mose, Jr. Don Jr., and Kathryn E. Smith (editors) 2001 Navajo Clan Legends. San Juan School District, Blanding, Utah.

National Park Service 1995 Special Resource Study: Route 66. . Accessed 11 February 2008.

Peterson, Charles S. 1973 Take up Your Mission. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Roberts, Alexa, Richard M. Begay, and Klara B. Kelley 1995 Bits’íís Ninéézi (The River of Neverending Life): Navajo History and Cultural Resources of the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River. Navajo Nation Historic Preservation Department, Window Rock, Arizona.

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