DOCSLIB.ORG

World Bank Document

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World Bank Document Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No: 27628-IND PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ON A PROPOSED LOAN Public Disclosure Authorized IN THE AMOUNT OF US$67.3 MILLION AND A PROPOSED CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 47.4 MILLION (US$71.4 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA Public Disclosure Authorized FOR A THIRD URBAN POVERTY PROJECT April 18, 2005 Urban Development Sector Unit East Asia and Pacific Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. Public Disclosure Authorized CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Exchange Rate Currency Unit = Indonesian Rupiah (Rp) US$1 = Rp8,500 US$0.668879 = SDR 1 FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 ADB Asian Development Bank ANDAL Environmental Impact Statement APBD Annual District Development Budget APBN Annual Central Government Development Budget BANGDA Directorate General for Regional Development, MoHA Bappenas National Development Planning Agency Bappeda I/II ProvincialiDistrict Planning Agency BI Bank Indonesia BKKBN National Family Planning Board BKM Badan Keswadayan Masyarakat, ward level community organization BOP Overhead Costs BPD Elected body of representatives BRI Bank Rakyat Indonesia Bupatimalikota DistricUCity Head CAS Country Assistance Strategy CDP Community Development Plan css Community Self Survey DAK Targeted grant mechanism for local government DLN Directorate ofExternal Fund, MoF FGD Focused Discussion Group GO1 Government of Indonesia KabupatenKota DistrictlMunicipality KDP Kecamatan Development Project Kecamatan Sub-di s trict KelurahadLurah Urban sectiodward, comprising on average of 10 RWs/Head of kelurahan KPK Poverty alleviation committee, Komite Pengetasan Kemiskinan KPKN Local Office of National Treasury KSM Community Group, Kelompok Swadaya Masyarakat LKMD Village/kelurahan management group LPM Village/kelurahan management group (new form ofLKMD) MoF Ministry ofFinance MoHA Ministry ofHome Affairs MPW Ministry ofPublic Works NEC National Evaluation Consultant NGO Non Government Organization NMC National Management Consultant oc Oversight Consultant PAPG Poverty alleviation partnership grant PJOK Administrative unit at local level FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY PMU Project Management Unit PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RPAS Regional Poverty Alleviation Strategy RT Neighborhood unit RW Association of neighborhood unit (with some 500 families), Rukun Warga SUSENAS National Household Expenditure Survey UKL/UPL Environmental managementimonitoring procedures UPK Financial management unit of BKM UPP Urban Poverty Project VIP Village Infrastructure Project Vice President: Mr. Jenial-ud-din Kassum, EAPVP Country ManageriDirector: Mr. Andrew Steer, EACIF Sector Manager: Mr. Keshav Varma, EASUR Task Team Leader: Mr. George Soraya, EASUR This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not be otherwise disclosed without World Bank authorization. INDONESIA Third Urban Poverty Project CONTENTS Page A . STRATEGIC CONTEXT AND RATIONALE............................................................................ 3 1. Country and sector issues ....................................................................................................... 3 2 . Rationale for Bank involvement ............................................................................................. 5 3 . Higher level objectives to which the project contributes ........................................................... 5 B . PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................ 6 1. Lending instrument ................................................................................................................ 6 2 . Project development objective and key indicators .................................................................... 6 3 . Project components ............................................................................................................... 6 4 . Lessons learned and reflected in the project design .................................................................. 9 5 . Alternatives considered and reasons for rejection................................................................... 11 C . IMPLEMENTATION.............................................................................................................. 11 1. Institutional and implementation arrangements ...................................................................... 11 2 . Monitoring and evaluation of outcomes/results ...................................................................... 12 3 . Sustainability ...................................................................................................................... 12 4 . Critical risks and possible controversial aspects ..................................................................... 14 5 . Loan/credit conditions and covenants .................................................................................... 15 D. APPRAISAL SUMMARY....................................................................................................... 15 1. Economic and financial analyses .......................................................................................... 15 2 . Technical ............................................................................................................................ 16 3 . Fiduciary ............................................................................................................................ 16 4 . Social ................................................................................................................................. 17 5 . Environment ....................................................................................................................... 18 6 . Safeguard policies ............................................................................................................... 19 7 . Policy Exceptions and Readiness .......................................................................................... 20 Annex 1: Country and Sector Background ................................................................................ 21 Annex 2: Major Related Projects Financed by the Bank and/or other Agencies ....................... 23 Annex 3: Results Framework and Monitoring........................................................................... 24 Annex 4: Detailed Project Description ...................................................................................... 27 Annex 5: Project Costs ............................................................................................................... 39 Annex 6: Imp1ement at ion Arrangements ................................................................................... 40 Annex 7: Financial Management and Disbursement Arrangements ......................................... 45 Annex 8: Procurement ............................................................................................................... 51 Annex 9: Economic and Financial Analysis .............................................................................. 62 Annex 10: Safeguard Policy Issues............................................................................................. 64 Annex 11: Project Preparation and Supervision ......................................................................... 82 Annex 12: Documents in the Project File ................................................................................... 84 Annex 3: Statement of Loans and Credits ................................................................................ 85 Annex 4 Country at a Glance ................................................................................................... 87 Annex 5: Sample of Sub-project Proposal Format ................................................................... 88 Annex 16: Revolving Funds for Microcredit .............................................................................. 91 Annex 17: Monitoring and Evaluation ..................................................................................... 102 Annex 18: Strategy to Reduce Fraud and Corruption ............................................................... 109 Annex 19: Strategy to Ensure Gender Mainstreaming and Equality ........................................ 116 Annex 20: Socialization and Training Program........................................................................ 118 Annex 21: Targeting Strategy ................................................................................................... 126 Annex 22: Implementation ofWP program ............................................................................ 132 Map: IBRD 33987 INDONESIA THIRD URBAN POVERTY PROJECT PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC EASUR Date: April 18, 2005 Team Leader: George Soraya Country Director: Andrew D. Steer Sectors: Micro- and SME finance (50%); Sector ManagedDirector: Keshav Varma General water, sanitation and flood protection sector (20%); Other social services (1S%);General transportation sector (1O%);Sub-national govemment administration (5%) Themes: Access to urban services and housing (P);Participation and civic engagement (P);Other urban development (S);Poverty strategy,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Six Case Histories Illustrating Perpetual Poverty in Indonesia
    Issn 2240-0524 Journal of Educational and Social Research Vol. 1, (1) September 2011 Six Case Histories Illustrating Perpetual Poverty in Indonesia Sulaiman Dofford Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology and Anthropology International Islamic University Malaysia Email: [email protected] Abstract Recent studies have shown that a “happiness index” correlates with economies that do not show excessive gap between rich and poor. In other words, even rich people cannot really be happy when surrounded by extreme poverty, no matter how strongly they ignore or deny such destitute conditions. Accordingly, we need methods of securing much better results from “throwing money” at poverty problems than have heretofore occurred. Some Achenese of my acquaintance feel that perhaps 80% of the tremendous amount of post-tsunami disaster aid was lost to corruption and thievery. Keywords: Xenophobia, gotong royong, post-colonial mentality, money ethics, “Bantu Ibu”, communal conformity 1. Introduction This paper presents a few of the technical obstacles to poverty alleviation, collected from my personal experiences living nine years in Indonesia. Our objective is to provide NGO’s or individuals some warnings of the security problems of their well-intended charitable efforts. We need means of securing the safety of donors’ contributions as provided by Social Scientist judgments, rather than the collateral required for bank loans, which is simply not available to the vast majority of the poor and hungry of the world who are nevertheless strong, honest, and eager to work. In short, small amounts of capitalization, micro-financed, may be a more effective solution to the world’s poverty problems, than aid programs involving millions of dollars.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifty Years of Indonesian Development: "One Nation," Under Capitalism
    Fifty Years of Indonesian Development: "One Nation," Under Capitalism ... by Brian McCormack Department of Political Science Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287-2001 USA e-mail: [email protected] Cite: McCormack, Brian. (1999). "Fifty Years oflndoncsian Development: 'One Nation,' Under Capitalism ... " Journal of World-Systems Research http://jwsr.ucr.edu/ 5: 48-73. (cJ 1999 Brian McCormack. [Page 48] Journal o.lWorld-Systems Research In Indonesia much uncertainty remains in the wake of the dramatic changes that unfolded in the latter half of the l990's. By the end of the 20th century, the Indonesian economy was in ruins. The concept of democracy remained contested. The transportation and communication system that once at lea'lt minimall y linked the diverse and at times disparate area'l and peoples of the Indonesian archipelago into an Andcrsonian imagined national community collapsed, making more likely movcmcnt'l for regional autonomy, in turn, making the status of an Indonesian nation itself uncertain. One thing that is certain, however, is that Socharto, the "Father of Development," is history. As political and economic policy makers in Indonesia, the United States, and around the world, and more importantly, Indonesia's men, women, and children pick up the pieces, it is our responsibility to look back and consider the past fifty years. Indonesian development ha'l been marked by a struggle between two opposing forces: one that is commensurate with self-reliance predicated upon an ideology of nationalism, and another that positions Indonesia within global capitalism. The issue that I shall address here is the degree to which the strategies of development were determined by a culture of capitalism or, alternatively, by a culture of nationalism.
    [Show full text]
  • ADB Summary of Indonesia Poverty Analysis
    SUMMARY OF INDONESIA’S POVERTY ANALYSIS Priasto Aji No. 04 ADB PAPERS ON INDONESIA October 2015 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2015 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org; openaccess.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2015. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Unless otherwise noted in this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by /3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of said license as well as the Terms of Use of the ADB Open Access Repository at openaccess.adb.org/termsofuse This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Electronic Edition of Indonesia in a Reforming World Economy: Effects on Agriculture, Trade and the Environment
    Welcome to the electronic edition of Indonesia in a Reforming World Economy: Effects on Agriculture, Trade and the Environment. The book opens with the bookmark panel and you will see the contents page. Click on this anytime to return to the contents. You can also add your own bookmarks. Each chapter heading in the contents table is clickable and will take you direct to the chapter. Return using the contents link in the bookmarks. The whole document is fully searchable. Enjoy. INDONESIA IN A REFORMING WORLD ECONOMY: Effects on Agriculture, Trade and the Environment Kym Anderson, Randy Stringer, Erwidodo and Tubagus Feridhanusetyawan (eds.) UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE PRESS Indonesia in a Reforming World Economy: Eff ects on Agriculture, Trade and the Environment Kym Anderson, Randy Stringer, Erwidodo and Tubagus Feridhanusetyawan (eds.) In the mid-1990s a joint research project was established between CASER (Bogor), CIES (Adelaide), CSIS (Jakarta) and RSPAS (at ANU, Canberra) to examine interactions between agriculture, trade and the environment in Indonesia. Funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR Project No. 9449), the specifi c objective of the project was to assess the production, consumption, trade, income distributional, regional, environmental, and welfare eff ects in Indonesia of structural and policy changes at home and abroad. Particular attention was to be paid to those structural and policy changes that could aff ect Indonesia’s agricultural sector over the next 5-10 years. Th e implications of national and global economic growth, of regional and multilateral trade liberalisation initiatives, and of Indonesia’s ongoing unilateral policy reforms were the initial focus of the study.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting Growth and Poverty Reduction in Indonesia: What Do Subnational Data Show?
    ERD WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 25 ECONOMICS AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT Revisiting Growth and Poverty Reduction in Indonesia: What Do Subnational Data Show? Arsenio M. Balisacan Ernesto M. Pernia Abuzar Asra October 2002 Asian Development Bank ERD Working Paper No. 25 REVISITING GROWTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN INDONESIA: WHAT DO SUBNATIONAL DATA SHOW? Arsenio M. Balisacan Ernesto M. Pernia Abuzar Asra October 2002 Arsenio M. Balisacan is Professor of Economics at the University of the Philippines, while Ernesto M. Pernia is Lead Economist and Abuzar Asra is Senior Statistician at the Economics and Research Department of the Asian Development Bank. The authors gratefully acknowledge the valuable assistance on the data provided by the P.T. Insan Hitawasana Sejahtera, in particular Swastika Andi Dwi Nugroho and Lisa Kulp for advice. Gemma Estrada provided very able research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the institutions they represent. 27 ERD Working Paper No. 25 REVISITING GROWTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN INDONESIA: WHAT DO SUBNATIONAL DATA SHOW? Asian Development Bank P.O. Box 789 0980 Manila Philippines 2002 by Asian Development Bank October 2002 ISSN 1655-5252 The views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank. 28 Foreword The ERD Working Paper Series is a forum for ongoing and recently completed research and policy studies undertaken in the Asian Development Bank or on its behalf. The Series is a quick-disseminating, informal publication meant to stimulate discussion and elicit feedback.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Economic Impact of Tourism Toward Poverty Alleviation in Indonesia: an Input Output Analysis 24Th IIOA Conference, Seoul
    Title: Measuring Economic Impact of Tourism toward Poverty Alleviation in Indonesia: An Input Output Analysis 24th IIOA Conference, Seoul. Category: Satellite accounts: tourism, sports and environment Author: Oscar TIKU. Graduate School of Tourism Science, University of the Ryukyus, Japan 1. Introduction The role of tourism as an important motor in the economic has been recognized worldwide in the past decades, and is forecasted to grow robustly in many regions and countries. According to ILO (2013), in 2012 travel and tourism were estimated to have generated about 9 per cent of global GDP, represented 6% of total exports of goods and services, and accounted for more than 260 million jobs which equivalent to about 8.7% of the overall number of jobs (direct and indirect) or one in every 11 jobs. Its labor-intensive, employment- generating, and locally established characteristics encourage women participation in the workforce in many countries, as well as for youth employment, migrant workers, and rural population (ILO, 2013); provide opportunities for creating self-employment in small and medium size income generating activities (UNWTO, 2014) and community-based enterprises (UNWTO and SNV, 2010) in developing countries and as alternative sources of income (Office for National Statistics of the UK, 2013), and therefore with regard to the supply chain in tourism, one job in the core tourism industry indirectly generates 1.5 additional jobs in the related economy (ILO, 2013). Furthermore, increased number of international tourist arrivals (ITA) to 1133 million in 2014 accounted for the international tourism receipts (ITR) of US$ 1245 billion. Yet, according to Tourism Towards 2030, the number of international tourist arrivals worldwide is forecasted to grow by an average of 3.3% a year over the period 2010 to 2030, and will reach 1.8 billion by 2030, where Asia and the Pacific will gain most of the new arrivals (UNWTO, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Forgotten People: Poverty, Risk and Social Security in Indonesia
    Forgotten People: Poverty, Risk and Social Security in Indonesia <UN> Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Edited by Rosemarijn Hoefte (kitlv, Leiden) Henk Schulte Nordholt (kitlv, Leiden) Editorial Board Michael Laffan (Princeton University) Adrian Vickers (Sydney University) Anna Tsing (University of California Santa Cruz) VOLUME 296 Power and Place in Southeast Asia Edited by Gerry van Klinken (kitlv) Edward Aspinall (Australian National University) VOLUME 6 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/vki <UN> Forgotten People: Poverty, Risk and Social Security in Indonesia The Case of the Madurese By Gerben Nooteboom LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC 3.0) License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The realization of this publication was made possible by the support of kitlv (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies). Cover illustration: Brickmaking enterprise (serobong) of Madurese migrants in East Kalimantan (photo by author). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nooteboom, Gerben, 1970- Forgotten people : poverty, risk and social security in Indonesia : the case of the Madurese / by Gerben Nooteboom. pages cm -- (Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde ; 296/6) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-28250-6 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-28298-8 (e-book) 1. Poor--Indonesia. 2. Peasants--Indonesia--Java--Economic conditions. 3. Madurese (Indonesian people)--Indonesia--Kalimantan Timur--Economic conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dynamic Interpretation of Pancasila in Indonesian State Administration History: Finding Its Authentic Interpretation
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Jurnal Hukum Novelty P-ISSN: 1412-6834 E-ISSN: 2550-0090 Volume 11, Issue 01, 2020, pp. 39-55 The Dynamic Interpretation of Pancasila in Indonesian State Administration History: Finding Its Authentic Interpretation Wendra Yunaldi1 1 Faculty of Law, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract Introduction to The Problem: The term interpretation of Pancasila seems rarely used to measure the substance of the Pancasila as the Indonesian nation’s weltanschauung. The term interpretation refers to the concept of constitutional and cultural meaning so that the order of civic life is in the same direction and under the paradigm of God, humanity, unity, society, and social justice. After the amendment of the 1945 Constitution, the Indonesian constitution has faced many changes. The changes that occurred are to creating a democratic governmental order. Even though the democratic rule of the government has surfaced, one thing for sure is that Pancasila is strengthening the form of Indonesia’s foundation. Because philosophy, enthusiasm, ideas, and thoughts of the nation’s life are determined by the underlying weltanschauung. Purpose/Objective Study: This study is trying to find the authentic interpretation of Pancasila based on its dynamic interpretation throughout Indonesian history. Design/Methodology/Approach: To answer these problems, the method used in this study is normative research with a conceptual approach so that interpretation is obtained by the paradigm built by the nation’s founders. Findings: By referring to library materials, the conclusion that can be drawn from this research is Pancasila, which is misinterpreted rigidly and is state-oriented to castrate the meaning of Pancasila as a public view of life.
    [Show full text]
  • A Country Private Sector Diagnostic
    CREATING MARKETS IN INDONESIA UNLOCKING THE DYNAMISM OF THE INDONESIAN PRIVATE SECTOR Country Private Sector Diagnostic October 2019 Unlocking the Dynamism of the Indonesian Private Sector: A Country Private Sector Diagnostic A Joint Study by the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation October 2019 A Country Private Sector Diagnostic i Table of Content Table of Content ........................................................................................................................................ i Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. iii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. iv 1. Country Context .................................................................................................................................... 1 2. The Limited Competitiveness and Domestic Orientation of Indonesia’s Private Sector ...................... 5 2.1. The Composition of the Indonesian Private Sector....................................................................... 5 2.1. The Limited Integration of Indonesian Firms into the Global Economy ....................................... 7 2.2. The Low Productivity Levels of Indonesian Firms ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese and Indigenous Indonesians on Their Way to Peace? a Peace and Conflict Analysis According to the Transcend Method
    Conflict Formation and Transformation in Indonesia: Chinese and Indigenous Indonesians on Their Way to Peace? A Peace and Conflict Analysis According to the Transcend Method Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. soc. des Fachbereichs Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften der Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen. vorgelegt von Yvonne Eifert Memelstr. 37 45259 Essen Gutachten durch Prof. Dr. Hanne-Margret Birckenbach Prof. Dr. Dieter Eißel Oktober 2012 Content Glossary and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 1 List of Figures, Tables and Pictures ............................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Conflict Case Study ............................................................................................................ 7 1.2 Subjects and Focus ............................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Theoretical Background of the Research ......................................................................... 26 1.4 Research Method .............................................................................................................. 32 1.5 Thesis Outline .................................................................................................................. 34 2. Analysis of the
    [Show full text]
  • The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized
    Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: 23810-IND Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ONA PROPOSED LOAN IN THE AMOUNT OF US$ 29.5 MILLION AND A PROPOSED CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 55.7 MILLION (US$ 70.5 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE Public Disclosure Authorized REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA FOR THE SECOND URBAN POVERTY PROJECT (UPP2) May 15, 2002 Urban Development Sector Unit East Asia and Pacific Region Public Disclosure Authorized CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective April 2002) Currency Unit = Rupiah Rp. 1 = US$0.00010416 US$1 = Rp. 9,600 FISCAL YEAR January 1 -- December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank ANDAL Environmental Impact Statement APBD Annual district development budget APL Adaptable Program Loan Bappenas National Development Planning Agency Bappeda Provincial/district Planning Agency Bapedalda District level Environmental Agency BI Bank Indonesia BKKBN National Family Planning Board BKM Community Organization (Badan Keswayadan Masyarakat) BPD Elected body of representatives BRI Bank Rakyat Indonesia Bupati/Walikota District/city head CAS Country Assistance Strategy CC Community Cadre CDP Community Development Plan DAK Targeted grant mechanism for local govemment Dinas Local govermment technical agency DLN Directorate of Extemal Fund, Ministry of Finance GOI Govemment of Indonesia KDP Kecamatan Development Project Kecamatanfcamat Subdistrict/head of subdistrict Kelurahan/lurah Urban section comprising on average 10 RWs/ head of kelurahan Kimpraswil Ministry
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia's Palm Oil Expansion & Further Contribution to Economic
    Bard College Bard Digital Commons Senior Projects Spring 2016 Bard Undergraduate Senior Projects Spring 2016 Indonesia’s Palm Oil Expansion & Further Contribution to Economic Fragility Kathryn Devon Dixon Bard College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2016 Part of the Agricultural and Resource Economics Commons, Economic History Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Finance Commons, and the International Economics Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Dixon, Kathryn Devon, "Indonesia’s Palm Oil Expansion & Further Contribution to Economic Fragility" (2016). Senior Projects Spring 2016. 239. https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2016/239 This Open Access work is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been provided to you by Bard College's Stevenson Library with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Indonesia’s Palm Oil Expansion & Further Contribution to Economic Fragility Senior Project Submitted to The Division of Economics of Bard College by Kathryn Devon Dixon Advisor: Professor Felkerson Annandale-on-Hudson, New York May 2016 Acknowledgements To the individuals who seek the realities of the world by exposing human flaws and pursue beyond necessary limits to expose the world of any illegitimate function that contributions to conflicts of interest and lead to a growing chaotic state.
    [Show full text]