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How Does Corti's Organ Corti's Howdoes FUNDAMENTAL GET LET's Stunning Task

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How Does Corti's Organ Corti's Howdoes FUNDAMENTAL GET LET's Stunning Task Hearing processing LET'S GET FUNDAMENTAL How does Corti's organ It Is often heard: we know a lot about how the ear functions, but hearing processing in the brain is still a black box. The latter might be true, but do we really know everything about 4'5'#4%* #0& &'8'.12/'06 the ear? When looked at In detail, there still are mysteries to be solved,The amazing performance of the hair cell's frequency selectivity, combined with the ability to handle high sound volumes, is not explained yet.The explanation Is hidden in the perspective / The specialists / movements of the organ of Corti in the cochlea. At the Rockefeller University in New York, Corstiaen Versteegh Ph.D. investigates how the micromechanics of the organ of Corti function and thus tries to unravel how the stereocilia on the hair cells perform their stunning task. Corstiaen Versteegh's Ph.D thesis was dedicated to giving a scientific explanation of observations regarding hearing situations: A beep-like noise in By Leendert van der Ent the background does not influence hearing dramatically, but a low frequency [email protected] 1 background noise really makes it hard to understand nearby speech. News News / At the heart of the matter / Wide Angle / Another KVJ AMDIOLHGV INFOS I M 9f1 I .11 IMF 9014 ow many interns can say they have li (Liciti ran a Lumina spiralis / omtca Tympanic cavity contributed to a Nature publication? I Corstiaen Versteegh can. During an in- ternship with professor Jim Hudspeth at the Rockefeller University in New York, he Vestibular /entslra F is sur a restituiti made a 12,000 times enlarged model of - . Jteccssus Hstereocilia, the hairs in the bundle on the surface of hair aphcericus Cochlea Fossa cochlear i* cells (auditory sensory cells). Subsequently, he stu d - Sr/iin nc/ttihuli Lot. semicircular ied the hydrodynamics of this model in water in order Senta lympani canal to measure how much power would be necessary to separate stereocilia from the rest of the hair bundle. That Vestibule study ended up as part of an article In Nature about Post. /(tmic'ircuUir the movement on both sides of a hair cell: is this move- canal ment simultaneous or not? Apart from measurements, Int. acoustic vcstilruli meat us finite element modelling and analytical modelling, Ver- Reces smccplicus steegh’s scale model study was used to help answering this fundamental question. Versteegh: “On top of the stereocilia, a calcium canal University In Rotterdam - a thesis he recently defended opens, enabling ions to stream in to depolarize a tiny successfully. "This research focused on the frequency electrical charge in the hair cell. In that way, the signals selectivity part; how soundwaves propagate in the coch- from the inner ear are transmitted to the brain. Mechani- lea and how interactions occur between various tones. cal movement is transferred into an electrotechnica l Some tones happen to suppress other tones and vice signal. Little is known about this movement, because versa. One could see this research as a fundamental the organ of Corti is very delicate. The movement is tiny approach to the phenomenon of speech in noise. The and the organ cannot be reached in a live animal. It is answer contributes to the general understanding of ho w herefore a subject which is hard to investigate.” the ear processes sound and how various frequencies Yet the performance is fascinating. The human hearing are distinguished.” system is able to distinguish a 0.1% frequency differ- Versteegh says his answers to these questions of sound ence. It is unclear how we manage to do that and how propagation, suppression and interaction - all related this works in relation to background noise. Versteegh: to the basilar membrane - were not quite new, but in "Furthermore, the cells of the inner ear combine this the first place detailed and elaborate. “To summarize selectivity with the ability to also sense very loud sounds. some results: if the movement of the basilar membrane This high selectivity and the capability of handling high increases due to the sound volume, the local sensitivity sound volume at the same time, represents an extraordi- in the cochlea decreases. And as high frequency sound- nary and as yet unexplained performance." waves only cause the base of the cochlea to move, low tones affect the whole of the cochlea, all the way up to The cochlear level the apex. Loud high frequency tones diminish the sen- Before being able to dedicate his attention to this In- sitivity of the cochlea's base, loud low frequency tones triguing question on the basic cell level once again, Ver- diminish the sensitivity in the cochlea as a whole. The steegh first turned to the functioning of the cochlea as influence of the entire frequency range has been proven a whole. He did this for his Ph.D. thesis at the Erasmus for the whole of the cochlea.’’ media From biology to physics Corstiaen Versteegh Ph.D. received his bachelor and master degrees in biology Wikipedia at Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR). He was involved in ecology before developing a fascination for sensory systems. He moved to the broadly oriented Experimental Zoology group, where physics approaches such as finite element models are used to study for instance hydrodynamics related to the movement of animals. Although mastering in another area, he got interested in the sensory physiology of hearing, especially hair cells, and jumped at the opportunity to do an internship with professor Jim Hudspeth at the Rockefeller University in New York. II INF 9D14 ì N ?n I AUniO IO fiV IN F O S Hearing processing Inner hair cells Tectorial membrane / Wikipedia Outer hair cells The organ of Corti ^ Basilar fiber / / Spiral ganglion ▲ Cochlear nerve Stereocilla on a hair cell These facts give a scientific explanation of fairly com - make it easier to optimize the study of the coil taken out mon, everyday observations regarding hearing situa- of the cochlea. “It is a matter of making a cross-section of tions. A beep-like noise in the background does not the cochlea in the right direction, so that you can see pa rt influence hearing dramatically, but a low frequency of the coil without the bone being crushed. During the background noise really makes it hard to understand whole procedure, the difference of potential - necessary nearby speech. to enable normal hearing - between the perilymfe (the liquid around the cochlea) and the endolymfe (the liquid The cellular level inside the cochlea) should remain intact. Now, with his Ph.D. on his resume, Versteegh has Both liquids, with the organ of Corti in between, should already turned back to his previous love, studying hear- therefore remain separated. I’ll try to make a prepara- ing at the cellular level. In fact he even turned back to tion from a mouse, although its cochlea is even smaller the location where he did his internship, with the group than that of a frog. But with mice, if the preparatio n of professor Hudspeth. “Out of two job offerings, this would be a succes, you can connect to a body of test one was the most appealing to me. I was of course work that is already laid down in literature.” flattered that professor Hudspeth wanted me back, but I also like the laboratory managament and laboratory From fundamental to applied culture here at Rockefeller University. You get a lot of This is obviously a lot of effort to establish the move- freedom to experiment here. That has its pro's and its ment of some tiny organ. “But if we want to know what con's, but for me the pro’s dominate.” has gone wrong in a person with damaged hearing - Versteegh works for five months in New York now and we do want to know that - we will first have to find and Is setting up his research for the years to come. out how hearing functions in a situation of healthy hear- “A few years ago, a postdoc in our lab made a working ing. And we don’t know that yet." preparation of the cochlea. You can take out one co il o f It is always easier to work at a cure from a position of in- the cochlea from a laboratory animal, the scala media. depth knowledge of the processes going on, than from If you do that properly, it is possible to keep it alive in our present knowledge position with gaps and black order to attain the ultimate goal: to study the microm e- boxes at some points. “It is important to know how the chanic motion taking place in different parts of the or- physiology of the ear works in order to be able to opti- gan of Corti. Until now, we really don’t know how these mize rehabilitation”, Versteegh concludes. movements take place. This being said - it is extrem ely He finds this type of research both challenging and difficult to do this.’’ exciting. “From the cochlea as a whole, down to the ste- At present Versteegh is busy making a preparation reocilia of the individual cell, there are various orders of chamber with a 3D-printer, which in a later phase will magnitude involved in this research. Furthermore, it asks a multidisciplinary approach with aspects of physics, medicine, biology and other fields. I also like the fun- damental nature of the research. Although there are no LC It is important to know how the physiology direct applications, eventually new findings can affect of the ear works in order to be able treatment.
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