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Rationally Patterned Electrode of Direct-Current Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Ultrahigh Effective Surface Charge Density

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Rationally Patterned Electrode of Direct-Current Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Ultrahigh Effective Surface Charge Density Rationally patterned electrode of direct-current triboelectric nanogenerators for ultrahigh effective surface charge density Zhihao Zhao Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences Yejing Dai School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University Di Liu Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0927-1416 Linglin Zhou Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shaoxin Li Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhong Lin Wang Georgia Institute of Technology https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-0380 Jie Wang ( [email protected] ) Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4470-6171 Article Keywords: triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), triboelectric charge density, rationally patterned electrode Posted Date: August 6th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-49397/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/17 Abstract As a new-era of energy harvesting technology, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been invented to convert randomly distributed mechanical energy into electric power for Internet of Things (IoTs) and articial intelligence (AI) applications. Enhancement of the triboelectric charge density is crucial for its large-scale commercialization. Here, a microstructure-designed direct-current TENG (MDC-TENG) with rationally patterned electrode structure is presented to enhance its effective surface charge density by increasing the eciency of contact electrication, which achieves a record high charge density of ~5.4 mC m-2 (more than 2 times of the best value reported). The MDC-TENG realizes both the miniaturized device and high output performance. Meanwhile, its effective charge density can be further improved as the device size increases. Our work not only provides a miniaturization strategy of TENG for the application in IoTs and AI as energy supply or self-powered sensor, but also presents a paradigm shift of the large-scale energy harvesting by TENGs. Introduction As a common phenomenon, the contact electrication (CE) has been known for a long time1. Based on the fundamental physical mechanism of CE, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was rst invented by Wang’s group2, which provides a strategy for converting randomly distributed and irregular mechanical energy into electric energy3-5. Various TENGs have been intensively conducted in two categories: coupling CE with electrostatic induction, the TENG gives an alternating current (AC-TENG)6-8; coupling CE with electrostatic breakdown, the TENG generates a direct current (DC-TENG)9,10. These different-types of TENGs provide effective techniques for harvesting distributed mechanical energy, wave energy and biomechanical energy, and show a great potential in application of Internet of Things (IoTs), implantable medical devices, and articial intelligence (AI) as micro/nano energy or self-powered sensors11-16. As an energy harvester, how to improve the output performance of TENG, which is determined by its surface charge density quadratically17, is a crucial problem for its commercial applications. The limitation factors of effective surface charge density of AC-TENG (σAC-TENG), which can be effectively converted into electric power to drive an external load, can be described as18: σAC-TENG = min (σtriboelectrication, σr, air breakdown, σdielectric breakdown) (1) where σtriboelectrication is the triboelectrication charge density, σr, air breakdown is the remained surface charge density after the air breakdown between two friction surfaces, σdielectric breakdown is the maximum charge density that the dielectric can store. The charge density of TENGs can be increased with the 19-21 enhancement of σtriboelectrication by materials optimization and structure design . However, with rising charge density on dielectric surface, the air breakdown will occur between two friction surfaces and part of charges will be released, resulting in the limitation of σr, air breakdown. High vacuum environment can avoid the air breakdown, and thus signicantly improve the charge density of TENG up to ~1 mC m-2.18 Page 2/17 22 Ultrathin friction dielectric lm is another strategy to elevate the threshold of σr, air breakdown . Furthermore, taking advantage of external circuit optimization to break through the limitation of 23,24 25,26 σtriboelectrication, e.g., the charge pumping and charge-excitation , the charge density reaches to a milestone of 2.38 mC m-2.26 However, the effective surface charge density of TENG is still limited by the dielectric breakdown of friction dielectric layer (σdielectric breakdown). As a new type of TENG, the DC-TENG can directly power electronic devices without the auxiliary rectier circuits and energy storage units9. The working mechanism of DC-TENG is based on the triboelectrication effect and the electrostatic breakdown between the friction surface and the charge collecting electrode (detailed in Note S1), which is free from the limitation of σdielectric breakdown. Therefore, the limitation of its effective surface charge density (σDC-TENG) can be described as: σDC-TENG = min (σtriboelectrication, σc, electrostatic breakdown) (2) where σc, electrostatic breakdown is the collected charges from electrostatic breakdown (generally air breakdown), which can be improved by the enhanced thermionic emission of electrons or the avalanche breakdown effect27. However, the reported maximum value is only 0.64 mC m-2 due to the limitation of 27 σtriboelectrication , which is lack of the accumulation process of triboelectric charges compared with AC- TENG. Here, we provided a new strategy to signicantly enhance the charge density of DC-TENG by microstructural design with rationally patterned electrode structure, whose limitation factor can be described as follow: σDC-TENG = k ´ min (σtriboelectrication, σc, electrostatic breakdown) (3) where the k is a factor related to the electrode structure. The microstructure-designed DC-TENG (MDC- TENG) realizes the miniaturized sliding block structure and high output performance at the same time. By tailoring the electrode structure (where k = 50), the effective surface charge density of MDC-TENG with the size of 1 cm ´ 5 cm can be improved to 5.4 mC m-2, which is more than 2 times of existing record for various-type TENGs. Of particular signicance is that the charge density of the MDC-TENG can be further improved with a larger size and a higher k value. Except for the high output performance, its output current is closely related with the motion vector parameters, such as velocity, acceleration and distance. These excellent performances represent potential applications of the MDC-TENG in mechanical energy harvesting and motion vector sensing. Especially, its advantages of miniaturization and simple external circuit resulted from DC output provide a solution strategy for TENGs to be applied in small electronic device systems or micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) as an energy supply resource or self- powered sensor. Moreover, the signicantly enhanced charge density for the large-sized TENG also shows huge potential for the large scale energy harvesting application. Page 3/17 Results Structural design and working mechanism of MDC-TENG The structure of microstructure-designed DC-TENG (MDC-TENG) with rationally patterned electrode is presented in Fig. 1a-c, which possesses multiple ne friction electrodes (FEs) and interlaced charge collected electrodes (CCEs). All of the individual FEs keep a tiny distance with the adjacent CCEs, and there is a very narrow gap existing between the CCEs and the friction layer (Fig. 1b). It can be seen from the scanning electrons microscopy (SEM) image of the MDC-TENG sample (Fig. 1c) that each friction electrode is about 250 µm in width, and the CCE (~100 µm in width) is located between two FEs. The distance between two adjacent FEs is about 1000 µm, so is the distance between two adjacent CCEs. All of the FEs and CCEs are embedded into the acrylic substrate. When the FE rubs with the friction layer (polytetrauoroethene, PTFE), electrons transfer from FE to friction layer due to triboelectrication effect, and then a direct current is produced due to the air breakdown between the CCE and the charged friction layer (Fig. 1d, detailed mechanism of DC-TENG is shown in Supplementary Fig. 1 and Note 1). The reason why the friction electrode width can be miniaturized to microscale dimension in this work can be explained by Fig. 1e. Prior to the atomic-scale contact of two materials, their respective electron cloud keeps separate without overlap (Fig. 1e1). When the slide block slides forward and contacts with the friction layer, the electron transition from M1 to D1 occurs, and the energy potential barrier difference between two materials becomes lower (Fig. 1e2), which is called Wang transition model and has been conrmed by the atomic force Kevin probe microscopy recently4,28,29. Thus, few electrons would transit from M2 to D1 owing to their lower potential difference when M2 overlaps D1 (Fig. 1e3). This assumption has been conrmed by the output performance of DC-TENGs with different widths of FE, as shown in Supplementary Fig. 2. It can be seen that, for the same length and sliding distance of FE, the output charges and short-circuit currents of all the DC-TENGs are not signicantly different with the FE width decreasing from 10 mm to 0.25
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