NCCN Guidelines®) Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

NCCN Guidelines®) Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal Version 3.2017 — October 10, 2017 NCCN.org Continue Version 3.2017, 10/10/17 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2017, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®. NCCN Guidelines Version 3.2017 Panel Members NCCN Guidelines Index Table of Contents Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal Discussion * Dawn Provenzale, MD, MS/Chair ¤ Þ Michael J. Hall, MD, MS † ∆ Robert J. Mayer, MD † Þ Duke Cancer Institute Fox Chase Cancer Center Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center * Samir Gupta, MD/Vice-chair ¤ Amy L. Halverson, MD ¶ UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Reid M. Ness, MD, MPH ¤ Center of Northwestern University Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Dennis J. Ahnen, MD ¤ University of Colorado Cancer Center Stanley R. Hamilton, MD ≠ Scott E. Regenbogen, MD ¶ The University of Texas University of Michigan Travis Bray, PhD ¥ MD Anderson Cancer Center Comprehensive Cancer Center Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation Heather Hampel, MS, CGC ∆ Niloy Jewel Samadder, MD ¤ Daniel C. Chung, MD ¤ ∆ The Ohio State University Comprehensive Huntsman Cancer Institute at the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital University of Utah Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute Moshe Shike, MD ¤ Þ Gregory Cooper, MD ¤ Jason B. Klapman, MD ¤ Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/ Moffitt Cancer Center University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Thomas P. Slavin Jr, MD ∆ Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig David W. Larson, MD, MBA¶ City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Institute Mayo Clinic Cancer Center Cancer Center Dayna S. Early, MD ¤ Audrey J. Lazenby, MD ≠ Shajanpeter Sugandha, MD ¤ Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center University of Alabama at Birmingham Jewish Hospital and Washington Comprehensive Cancer Center University School of Medicine Xavier Llor, MD, PhD ¤ Þ Jennifer M. Weiss, MD, MS ¤ James M. Ford, MD † Þ ∆ Yale Cancer Center/ University of Wisconsin Stanford Cancer Institute Smilow Cancer Hospital Carbone Cancer Center Patrick M. Lynch, MD, JD ¤ Francis M. Giardiello, MD, MBA ¤ NCCN The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Mary Dwyer, MS Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Ndiya Ogba, PhD William Grady, MD ¤ Arnold J. Markowitz, MD ¤ ¤ Gastroenterology Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ∆ Cancer genetics Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance Þ Internal medicine Continue † Medical oncology ≠ Pathology ¶ Surgery/Surgical oncology ¥ Patient advocacy NCCN Guidelines Panel Disclosures * Discussion Writing Committee Member Version 3.2017, 10/10/17 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2017, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®. NCCN Guidelines Version 3.2017 Panel Members NCCN Guidelines Index Table of Contents Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal Discussion MULTI-GENE TESTING SUBCOMMITTEE Samir Gupta, MD ¤ UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center Dennis J. Ahnen, MD ¤ University of Colorado Cancer Center Heather Hampel, MS, CGC ∆ The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute NCCN gratefully acknowledges the following individuals for participating in the review of the Lynch syndrome management recommendations for ovarian and endometrial cancer: Travis Bray, PhD ¥ Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation Lee-may Chen, MD Ω UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center Marta Ann Crispens, MD Ω Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Molly Daniels, MS, CGC ∆ The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ¤ Gastroenterology Ω Gynecologic oncology ∆ Cancer genetics Þ Internal medicine Continue † Medical oncology ≠ Pathology ¶ Surgery/Surgical oncology ¥ Patient advocacy * Discussion Writing Committee Member Version 3.2017, 10/10/17 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2017, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®. NCCN Guidelines Version 3.2017 Table of Contents NCCN Guidelines Index Table of Contents Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal Discussion NCCN Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal Panel Members Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that Summary of the Guidelines Updates the best management for any patient High-Risk Colorectal Cancer Syndromes with cancer is in a clinical trial. • Assessment for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndrome (HRS-1) Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. • Obtaining a Comprehensive Assessment for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer (HRS-A) To find clinical trials online at NCCN Non-Polyposis Syndrome Member Institutions, click here: • Lynch Syndrome (Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer) (LS-1) nccn.org/clinical_trials/physician.html. Principles of IHC and MSI Testing for Lynch Syndrome (LS-A) NCCN Categories of Evidence and Cancer Risk Up to Age 70 Years in Individuals with Lynch Syndrome Consensus: All recommendations Compared to the General Population (LS-B) are category 2A unless otherwise specified. Polyposis Syndromes See NCCN Categories of Evidence • APC and MUTYH Genetic Testing Criteria (APC/MUTYH-1) and Consensus. • Familial Adenomatous Polyposis/AFAP (FAP/AFAP-1) Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP-1) ◊ Surgical Options for Treating the Colon and Rectum in Patients with FAP (FAP-A) Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (AFAP-1) MUTYH-Associated Polyposis (MAP-1) • Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS-1) • Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS-1) • Serrated Polyposis Syndrome (SPS-1) • Colonic Adenomatous Polyposis of Unknown Etiology (CPUE-1) • Multi-Gene Testing (GENE-1) The NCCN Guidelines® are a statement of evidence and consensus of the authors regarding their views of currently accepted approaches to treatment. Any clinician seeking to apply or consult the NCCN Guidelines is expected to use independent medical judgment in the context of individual clinical circumstances to determine any patient’s care or treatment. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®) makes no representations or warranties of any kind regarding their content, use or application and disclaims any responsibility for their application or use in any way. The NCCN Guidelines are copyrighted by National Comprehensive Cancer Network®. All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and the illustrations herein may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN. ©2017. Version 3.2017, 10/10/17 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2017, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®. NCCN Guidelines Version 3.2017 Updates NCCN Guidelines Index Table of Contents Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal Discussion Updates in Version 3.2017 of the NCCN Guidelines for Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal from Version 2.2017 include: MS-1 • The discussion section was updated to reflect the changes in the algorithm. Updates in Version 2.2017 of the NCCN Guidelines for Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal from Version 1.2017 include: HRS-1 HRS-2 • Assessment for hereditary cancer • Footnote f was added to the page, "If evaluation is based on family After "Is there a personal history of a known genetic mutation or known history of >1 relative with polyposis, then type of polyps in affected genetic mutation in the family?" and the reply is "No," the following relative (if known) may guide testing." criteria was added, "Family history of: >1 relative with polyposis". ◊ If the response to these criteria is "No" the next question was revised HRS-3 as, "Is there a personal history of colorectal cancer (CRC), endometrial • The “Criteria For Further Risk Evaluation For High-Risk Syndromes or a Lynch syndrome-related cancer?" For Unaffected (No Personal History of Colorectal or Endometrial ◊ If the response to this question is "No" the next question was revised Cancer or Concerning Polyposis)” heading has been revised as, as, "Is there a family history of colorectal, endometrial or a Lynch "Evaluation to Exclude Lynch Syndrome." syndrome-related cancer? The bullets were updated for both a personal history and family ◊ If the response to this question is "No", then "See NCCN Guidelines for history of a Lynch syndrome-related cancer. Colorectal Cancer Screening - Average risk," was clarified by adding, • Footnote g was added, "Tumor screening for mismatch repair deficiency is appropriate for all colorectal and endometrial cancers "unless other significant personal or family history that may indicate regardless of age at diagnosis, however, germline genetic testing is increased risk for hereditary cancer syndrome." generally reserved for patients with early-age at diagnosis; positive • Footnote a was added to this page, "LS-related cancers include colorectal, family history; or abnormal tumor testing results: MSI or loss of endometrial, gastric, ovarian, pancreas, ureter and renal pelvis, brain mismatch repair protein expression. See LS-A for details on tumor (usually glioblastoma), small intestinal cancers, as well as sebaceous screening
Recommended publications
  • Practice Parameters for the Treatment of Patients with Dominantly Inherited Colorectal Cancer
    Practice Parameters For The Treatment Of Patients With Dominantly Inherited Colorectal Cancer Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 2003;46(8):1001-1012 Prepared by: The Standards Task Force The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons James Church, MD; Clifford Simmang, MD; On Behalf of the Collaborative Group of the Americas on Inherited Colorectal Cancer and the Standards Committee of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons is dedicated to assuring high quality patient care by advancing the science, prevention, and management of disorders and diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. The standards committee is composed of Society members who are chosen because they have demonstrated expertise in the specialty of colon and rectal surgery. This Committee was created in order to lead international efforts in defining quality care for conditions related to the colon, rectum, and anus. This is accompanied by developing Clinical Practice Guidelines based on the best available evidence. These guidelines are inclusive, and not prescriptive. Their purpose is to provide information on which decisions can be made, rather than dictate a specific form of treatment. These guidelines are intended for the use of all practitioners, health care workers, and patients who desire information about the management of the conditions addressed by the topics covered in these guidelines. Practice Parameters for the Treatment of Patients With Dominantly Inherited Colorectal Cancer Inherited colorectal cancer includes two main syndromes in which predisposition to the disease is based on a germline mutation that may be transmitted from parent to child.
    [Show full text]
  • Fanconi Anemia: Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management
    Fanconi Anemia: Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management Fourth Edition • 2014 We are deeply grateful to the following generous donors, who made this publication possible: Pat and Stephanie Kilkenny Phil and Penny Knight Disclaimer Information provided in this handbook about medications, treatments or products should not be construed as medical instruction or scientific endorsement. Always consult your physician before taking any action based on this information. copyright© 1999; second edition 2003; third edition 2008; fourth edition 2014 Fanconi Anemia: Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management Fourth Edition • 2014 Managing Editor: Laura Hays, PhD Editors: Dave Frohnmayer, JD, Lynn Frohnmayer, MSW, Eva Guinan, MD, Teresa Kennedy, MA, and Kim Larsen Scientific Writers: SciScripter, LLC These guidelines for the clinical care of Fanconi anemia (FA) were developed at a conference held April 5-6, 2013 in Herndon, VA. We owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to Eva Guinan, MD, for serving as moderator of the conference, as she did for the consensus conferences for the first three editions, and for her skill in helping the participants arrive at consensus. We would like to thank all the participants for donating their time and expertise to develop these guidelines. The names and contact information of all participants appear in the Appendix. These guidelines are posted on our Web site and are available from: Fanconi Anemia Research Fund, Inc. Phone: 541-687-4658 or 888-326-2664 (US only) 1801 Willamette Street, Suite 200 FAX: 541-687-0548 Eugene, Oregon 97401 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.fanconi.org Facebook: www.facebook.com/fanconianemiaresearchfund Twitter: https://twitter.com/FAresearchfund Material from this book may be reprinted with the permission of the Fanconi Anemia Research Fund, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal
    NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal Version 2.2019 — August 8, 2019 NCCN.org Continue Version 2.2019, 08/08/19 © 2019 National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN. Printed by PEDRO ANTONIO PARRA BAOS on 11/18/2019 12:12:24 PM. For personal use only. Not approved for distribution. Copyright © 2019 National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc., All Rights Reserved. NCCN Guidelines Index NCCN Guidelines Version 2.2019 Table of Contents Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal Discussion *Dawn Provenzale, MD, MS/Chair ¤ Þ Michael J. Hall, MD, MS † ∆ Arnold J. Markowitz, MD ¤ Duke Cancer Institute Fox Chase Cancer Center Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center *Samir Gupta, MD/Vice-chair ¤ Amy L. Halverson, MD ¶ Robert J. Mayer, MD † Þ UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Center of Northwestern University Cancer Center Dennis J. Ahnen, MD ¤ University of Colorado Cancer Center Stanley R. Hamilton, MD ≠ June Mikkelson, MS, CGC ∆ The University of Texas Roswell Park Cancer Institute Lee-May Chen, MD ¶ MD Anderson Cancer Center UCSF Helen Diller Family Reid M. Ness, MD, MPH ¤ Comprehensive Cancer Center Heather Hampel, MS, CGC ∆ Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center The Ohio State University Comprehensive Daniel C. Chung, MD ¤ ∆ Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital Shajan Peter, MD ¤ Massachusetts General Hospital and Solove Research Institute O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Center at UAB Sigurdis Haraldsdottir, MD, PhD † Gregory Cooper, MD ¤ Stanford Cancer Institute Scott E.
    [Show full text]
  • 6064.Full.Pdf
    Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase-Dependent DNA Breaks in Class Switch Recombination Occur during G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle and Depend upon This information is current as Mismatch Repair of September 27, 2021. Carol E. Schrader, Jeroen E. J. Guikema, Erin K. Linehan, Erik Selsing and Janet Stavnezer J Immunol 2007; 179:6064-6071; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.6064 Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/content/179/9/6064 References This article cites 51 articles, 21 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/ http://www.jimmunol.org/content/179/9/6064.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists by guest on September 27, 2021 • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2007 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase-Dependent DNA Breaks in Class Switch Recombination Occur during G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle and Depend upon Mismatch Repair1 Carol E.
    [Show full text]
  • "Protein Quaternary Structure: Subunit&Ndash;Subunit
    Protein Quaternary Secondary article Structure: Subunit–Subunit Article Contents . Introduction Interactions . Quaternary Structure Assembly . Folding and Function Susan Jones, University College, London, England . Protein–Protein Recognition Sites . Concluding Remarks Janet M Thornton, University College, London, England The quaternary structure of proteins is the highest level of structural organization observed in these macromolecules. The multimeric proteins that result from quaternary structure formation involve the association of protein subunits through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Protein quaternary structure has important implications for protein folding and function. Introduction from, other components. Using these definitions, the Proteins are organized into a structural hierarchy. The haemoglobin tetramer (comprised of two a and two b polypeptide chain at the primary structural level comprises polypeptide chains) is defined as an oligomer consisting of a linear, noncovalently linked amino acid residue se- two protomers, each consisting of two monomers, i.e. one a quence. Secondary structure is the level at which the linear and one b polypeptide chain. The definition of a subunit sequences aggregate to form structural motifs such as allows the term to be used for either the a-orb-monomer, helices and sheets. The tertiary structure is formed by or for the ab-protomer. The term multimer is also widely packing of the secondary structural elements into one or used in the literature and is defined here as a protein with a more compact globular domains. In many cases proteins finite number of subunits that need not be identical. are composed of only a single polypeptide chain that has The quaternary nature of some proteins was first tertiary structure as its highest level of organization, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Brca2 Is Required for Embryonic Cellular Proliferation in the Mouse
    Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on October 4, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Brca2 is required for embryonic cellular proliferation in the mouse Akira Suzuki, 1'2'6 Jos6 Luis de la Pompa, 1'2'6 RazqaUah Hakem, 1'2 Andrew Elia, 1'2 Ritsuko Yoshida, 1'2 Rong Mo, 3'4 Hiroshi Nishina, 1'2 Tony Chuang, 1'2 Andrew Wakeham, ~'2 Annick Itie, ~'2 Wilson Koo, ~'2 Phyllis Billia, ~'2 Alexandra Ho, 1'2 Manabu Fukumoto, 5 Chi Chung Hui, 3'4 and Tak W. Mak 1'2"7 1Amgen Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1; 2Ontario Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, 3Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 4program in Developmental Biology and Division of Endocrinology Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8; SDepartment of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 606 Mutations of the tumor suppressor gene BRCA2 are associated with predisposition to breast and other cancers. Homozygous mutant mice in which exons 10 and 11 of the Brca2 gene were deleted by gene targeting (Brca2 I°-11) die before day 9.5 of embryogenesis. Mutant phenotypes range from severely developmentally retarded embryos that do not gastrulate to embryos with reduced size that make mesoderm and survive until 8.5 days of development. Although apoptosis is normal, cellular proliferation is impaired in Brca2 ~°-H mutants, both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is increased. Thus, Brca2 l°-H mutants are similar in phenotype to Brcal 5-6 mutants but less severely affected.
    [Show full text]
  • Iron Depletion Reduces Abce1 Transcripts While Inducing The
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 22 October 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0252.v1 1 Research Article 2 Iron depletion Reduces Abce1 Transcripts While 3 Inducing the Mitophagy Factors Pink1 and Parkin 4 Jana Key 1,2, Nesli Ece Sen 1, Aleksandar Arsovic 1, Stella Krämer 1, Robert Hülse 1, Suzana 5 Gispert-Sanchez 1 and Georg Auburger 1,* 6 1 Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt am Main; 7 2 Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Germany 8 * Correspondence: [email protected] 9 10 Abstract: Lifespan extension was recently achieved in Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes by 11 mitochondrial stress and mitophagy, triggered via iron depletion. Conversely in man, deficient 12 mitophagy due to Pink1/Parkin mutations triggers iron accumulation in patient brain and limits 13 survival. We now aimed to identify murine fibroblast factors, which adapt their mRNA expression 14 to acute iron manipulation, relate to mitochondrial dysfunction and may influence survival. After 15 iron depletion, expression of the plasma membrane receptor Tfrc with its activator Ireb2, the 16 mitochondrial membrane transporter Abcb10, the heme-release factor Pgrmc1, the heme- 17 degradation enzyme Hmox1, the heme-binding cholesterol metabolizer Cyp46a1, as well as the 18 mitophagy regulators Pink1 and Parkin showed a negative correlation to iron levels. After iron 19 overload, these factors did not change expression. Conversely, a positive correlation of mRNA levels 20 with both conditions of iron availability was observed for the endosomal factors Slc11a2 and Steap2, 21 as well as for the iron-sulfur-cluster (ISC)-containing factors Ppat, Bdh2 and Nthl1.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Section Review
    Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL INIST-CNRS Gene Section Review XRCC2 (X-ray repair cross complementing 2) Paul R Andreassen, Helmut Hanenberg Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA; [email protected] (PRA); Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg- Essen, Essen Germany; [email protected] (HH) Published in Atlas Database: November 2017 Online updated version : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/XRCC2ID334ch7q36.html Printable original version : http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/69759/11-2017-XRCC2ID334ch7q36.pdf DOI: 10.4267/2042/69759 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 France Licence. © 2019 Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology Clinically, the only known FA-U patient in the Abstract world exhibits severe congenital abnormalities, but XRCC2 is one of five somatic RAD51 paralogs, all had not developed, by seven years of age, the bone of which have Walker A and B ATPase motifs. marrow failure and cancer that are often seen in Each of the paralogs, including XRCC2, has a patients from other FA complementation groups. function in DNA double-strand break repair by Keywords homologous recombination (HR). However, their Fanconi anemia, Breast Cancer Susceptibility, individual roles are not as well understood as that Tumor Suppressor, Homologous Recombination, of RAD51 itself. DNA Repair, RAD51 Paralog The XRCC2 protein forms a complex (BCDX2) with three other RAD51 paralogs, RAD51B, RAD51C and RAD51D. It is believed that the Identity BCDX2 complex mediates HR downstream of Other names: FANCU BRCA2 but upstream of RAD51, as XRCC2 is HGNC (Hugo): XRCC2 involved in the assembly of RAD51 into DNA damage foci.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Cancer Genetics
    Review of Cancer Genetics Genes are pieces of information in the cells that make up the body. Cells are the basic units of life. Normally, cells grow, divide and make more cells in a controlled way as the body needs them to stay healthy. Cancer happens when a cell grows out of control in an abnormal way. All cancer is caused by a buildup of mutations (changes) in specific genes. Normally, these genes help the cell grow and divide in a controlled manner. The mutation in the gene damages this process and, as a result, the cell can grow out of control and become cancer. In most people who have cancer, the gene mutations that lead to their cancer cannot be passed on to their children. However, some families have a gene mutation that can get passed on from one generation to another. The differences between sporadic (non-hereditary) and hereditary forms of cancer are reviewed below. Additionally, some families have more cancer than would be expected by chance, but the cancer does not seem to be hereditary. This “familial” form of cancer is also discussed below. Sporadic Cancer Most cancer – 75% to 80% – is sporadic. In sporadic cancer, the gene mutations that cause the cancer are acquired (occur only in the tumor cells) and are not inherited. Risk for acquired gene mutations increases with age and is often influenced by environmental, lifestyle or medical factors. Cancer can sometimes happen by chance. Everyone has some risk of developing cancer in his or her lifetime. Because cancer is common, it is possible for a family to have more than one member who has cancer by chance.
    [Show full text]
  • BRCA1 and BRCA2 Full Gene Sequence Analysis and Common Deletion/Duplication Variants
    BRCA1 and BRCA2 Full Gene Sequence Analysis and Common Deletion/Duplication Variants Testing includes full gene sequencing of exons and 25 base pairs of introns of BRCA 1 and 2 and the common deletions of BRCA1 (exon 13 del 3.835kb, exon 13 dup 6kb, exon 14-20 del 26kb, exon 22 del 510bp, exon 8-9 del 7.1kb). Sequencing does not include the promoter, enhancers or splicing modulators in intronic regions. Deletion duplication analysis is limited to the commonly reported variants; refer to full deletion/duplication testing. Indication: This testing is indicated for individuals that meet the criteria for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer listed in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. For assistance with interpreting guidelines, please contact Henry Ford Precision Genomic Diagnostics, or refer to genetic counseling for evaluation. Testing on minors is not indicated. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that code for proteins that help repair DNA damage. Inherited mutations in BRCA 1 or 2, in combination with additional acquired mutations, can result in increased risk for developing cancer. Specific mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers, and have been associated with increased risk of several additional types of cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations account for about 20 to 25 percent of hereditary breast cancers and about 5 to 10 percent of all breast cancers. In addition, BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for about 15 percent of ovarian cancers overall. Breast and ovarian cancers associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations tend to develop at younger ages than their nonhereditary counterparts.
    [Show full text]
  • Infrequency of BRCA2 Alterations in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
    Oncogene (1997) 14, 2189 ± 2193 1997 Stockton Press All rights reserved 0950 ± 9232/97 $12.00 Infrequency of BRCA2 alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Haskell Kirkpatrick1, Pamela Waber1, To Hoa-Thai1, Robert Barnes1, Sherri Osborne-Lawrence1, John Truelson2, Perry Nisen1 and Anne Bowcock1 1Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235-8591; 2Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235-8591, USA Alterations of BRCA2 result in increased susceptibility chromosome regions 1p, 3p, 7q, 9p, 11q and 17p to breast cancer in both men and women (relative (Cowan et al., 1992; Jin et al., 1993; Maestro et al., lifetime risks of 0.06 and 0.8 respectively). BRCA2 maps 1993; Rowley et al., 1996; Wu et al., 1994; van der Riet to 13q12-q13 and encodes a transcript of 10 157 bp. et al., 1994; Reed et al., 1996; Nawroz et al., 1994). Other cancers that have been described in BRCA2 Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) studies that frequently mutation carriers include those of the larynx. Human reveal the locale of tumor suppressor genes (Ponder, chromosome 13q has been shown previously by LOH 1988) have been performed by us and others and studies to harbor several tumor suppressor genes for head revealed regions on chromosomes 3, 8, 9, 13, 17p12 and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCCs). We and multiple others (Nawroz et al., 1994; Ah-See et al., therefore examined the role of BRCA2 in the develop- 1994; Li et al., 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome
    Page 1 of 4 Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome Hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer (HBOC) is an autosomal dominant cancer susceptibility syndrome, most commonly associated with an inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation. Approximately 1 in 300 to 1 in 400 people in the general population are born with an inherited mutation in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. The frequency of BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations is approximately 1 in 40 for people with Ashkenazi Jewish heritage. Other high-risk genes associated with hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancers include: PALB2, TP53, PTEN, STK11, CDH1. Additional genes may also be discussed in the context of Hereditary Cancer Program assessment. Confirmation of HBOC is important both for people with cancer, because of the associated risk for another cancer, and to inform appropriate cancer risk management for their adult family members. Note to oncologists/GPOs: if your regular practice includes women who are eligible for BRCA1/BRCA2 testing, we offer training to prepare you to initiate genetic testing for patients whose personal history meets specific criteria. Please contact the Hereditary Cancer Program’s Clinical Coordinator (604-877- 6000 local 672198) if you are interested in this oncology clinic based genetic testing (GENONC) process. Referral Criteria Notes: 1. breast cancer includes DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) and excludes LCIS (lobular carcinoma in situ) 2. ovarian cancer refers to invasive non-mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer; includes cancer of the fallopian tubes, primary peritoneal cancer and STIC (serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma); excludes borderline/LMP ovarian tumours 3. close relatives include: children, brothers, sisters, parents, aunts, uncles, grandchildren & grandparents on the same side of the family.
    [Show full text]