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THE CHRONICLE of Higher Education ® THE CHRONICLE of Higher Education ® Almanac 2019-20 August 23, 2019 • $49 Volume LXV, Number 40 BECAUSE SOMEDAY I’ll be the one spending a semester abroad. Plan for your someday without sacrifi cing the things you want to do today. Together, we’ll help you achieve what matters most. • Live the life you want today, and into the future. • Develop a long-term fi nancial game plan. • Get, and stay, on track toward your goals. Talk with Fidelity today about your fi nances. Because you don’t have to know all the answers—that’s why we’re here to help. Fidelity.com/yoursomeday Investing involves risk, including the risk of loss. 866.715.2058 The trademarks and/or service marks appearing above are the property of FMR LLC and may be registered. Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC, Member NYSE, SIPC. 900 Salem Street, Smithfi eld, RI 02917 © 2017 FMR LLC. All rights reserved. 814031.2.0 COCKRELL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, U. OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN AISLINN WEIDELE/ENNEAD ARCHITECTS THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION Vol. LXV, No. 40 August 23, 2019 Almanac of Higher Education 2019-20 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE NUMBERS AT A GLANCE 2 STUDENTS 22 FINANCE 60 Editor’s Note 2 Enrollment 24 Tu it ion 62 Aid & Debt 30 Endowments 66 THE PROFESSION 4 Online Learning 32 Giving 68 Faculty 6 Outcomes 34 Revenue & Spending 72 Administrators 15 Graduate Students 40 Chief Executives 18 THE STATES 76 DIVERSITY 44 United States 76-77 Gender, Race, & Ethnicity 46 Alabama to Wyoming 78–104 Age & Other Characteristics 54 Sources & Notes 106 International 57 DATA INDEX 107-108 Almanac on the Web: https://chronicle.com/almanac Copyright © 2019 by The Chronicle of Higher Education The Chronicle of Higher Education (ISSN 0009-5982) is published weekly except every other week April through August, the last week in December, and the first week in January, 40 times a year, at 1255 Twenty- Third Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. Subscription rate: $98.00 per year. Periodical postage paid at Washington, D.C., and at additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2019 by The Chronicle of Higher Education Inc. The Chronicle of Higher Education® is a registered trademark of The Chronicle of Higher Education Inc. Registered for GST at The Chronicle of Higher Education Inc. GST No. R-129 572 830. POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION, P.O. BOX 16359, NORTH HOLLYWOOD, CA 91615. The Chronicle reserves the right not to accept an ad- vertiser’s order. Only publication of an advertisement shall constitute final acceptance of the advertiser’s order. 2 THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION August 23, 2019 THE NUMBERS AT A GLANCE Editor’s Note hat is happening to African-Amer- ican-student enrollment at colleges? The Diversity section of this, our 32nd annual Almanac of Higher Ed- ucation issue, explores that question. NearlyW 365,000 fewer black students enrolled in high- er education in 2017 than in 2010 (see Page 52). We asked ourselves: At what types of institutions is black enrollment dropping, and where is it growing (see Page 53)? How well did those institutions serve their students (see Pages 51)? And what are colleges doing to ensure that higher education is accessible (see Page 44), even to those who did not attend the most highly regarded high schools and play the right sports, and who were not born into families with the potential to become major donors (see Pages 68 and 70)? At the same time that enrollment of African-Amer- icans is declining, they are becoming less visible on campuses in other ways. Many are adult students who study exclusively online and may never set foot on campus until graduation day, if then. The data in our U OF OREGON Students section reflect how widespread online educa- Even as the chance to earn tenure erodes (see Page 4), universities celebrate those who make it, as the U. of Oregon tion has become (see Pages 32 and 33). Though plen- did for Eleonora Redaelli, an associate professor of arts administration, and others who received tenure in 2016-17. ty of students have no experience of it, others have known almost no other way of being in college. On- line education is not just the province of the mega-universities — like Southern New Hampshire, Western Governors, and Liberty Universities — but of smaller colleges that see it as a route to expand their reach. These colleges are opening more doors, or, rather, web portals, to higher education to stu- dents who feel they can’t afford the financial and time costs of attending a traditional residential institution. How did those fast-growing colleges (see Page 26) get so big, during a time when overall enrollment in colleges began shrinking (see Page 52)? Some of them spent large sums on advertising and marketing (see Pages 22 and 27). Others spent only modest amounts on advertising and still managed, with their more- nuanced approaches, to expand quickly. As students turn to online education, the nature of instruction, and who does the instruction, is chang- ing. At many colleges, students still have a high chance of encountering and learning from tenured or tenure-track professors (see Pages 4 and 14), but the opportunity is shrinking, and it is far from universal. Adjuncts and other nontenured instructors are often the people students see in their classrooms and online SOUTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE U. video lectures. Students who earned degrees online at Southern New Hampshire U., the country’s fastest-growing institution Online education is not the only measure being (see Page 22), came to campus to celebrate their graduation in May. tried to expand access to a more diverse population of students. Some colleges are shrinking their tuition (see Page 60). And many others, including several in- stitutions in Oklahoma (see Page 76), are experiment- ing with ways to help underprepared students over- come the obstacles that make them stumble along the path to a degree. Longtime readers of the Almanac may get a feel- ing as they turn the pages of this issue that they, like Dorothy, have left Kansas and entered Oz. After 31 years of publishing black-and-white tables and charts, the Almanac has embraced color. We hope the splash- es of blue, green, and gold will make some of our data easier to grasp and interpret. Much credit goes to our four designers who created this issue over the past four months, as well as to our photo editor, interactive news editor, data editor and reporter, six copy editors, four freelance reporters, web producer, print publica- tion manager, and editorial associate and assistant, all of whom made valuable contributions to this project. Thanks go as well to the organizations and govern- ment agencies that shared their data, and to the in- stitutional researchers at colleges across the country who gathered and reported the figures for their insti- tutions. From the collective efforts of these hundreds of people, we have created this portrait in numbers of GABRIELA CAMPOS, THE NEW MEXICAN the state of higher education today. Leaders of St. John’s College, which has a campus in Maryland as well as this one in New Mexico, — RUTH HAMMOND, ALMANAC EDITOR thought prestige pricing had gone too far. So they found a way to drop tuition by a third (see Page 60). 4 THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION August 23, 2019 The Profession Colleagues decorated the office of Vince Formica to rejoice when he was promoted to associate professor of biology with tenure at Swarthmore College in 2018. Tenure and Other Variations By TEGHAN SIMONTON hen he was first offered a position one-year contracts that many adjuncts contend with, at Florida Gulf Coast University, in they still deny professors a “presupposition of compe- 1997, Michael McDonald was hesi- tence.” tant. The opportunity to get involved “The problem with any kind of term appointment is with a new institution was enticing, that you’re always on probation,” he says. “For the sake heW says, but everything he knew about higher education of society and the common good, faculty should be af- told him to avoid a place where tenure would never be forded more freedom and autonomy to pursue knowl- offered. edge and truth and to serve society.” “The way the profession was presented to us as stu- There is a rift in academe between those who believe dents was that you shouldn’t accept a position that isn’t that tenure must be protected, to ensure colleges’ quality tenure-granting,” says McDonald, now a professor of and reputation, and those who prefer that it fade away. anthropology and president of the Faculty Senate. Flor- Opponents of tenure associate it with high salaries and ida Gulf Coast was his first job after earning a Ph.D. embarrassing statements by faculty members. Legisla- from the University of Pittsburgh, but he almost didn’t tors in Missouri and Iowa have gained attention by in- take the offer. With tenure comes respect and prestige, troducing bills to abolish tenure, whether for new hires he says; without it, “you risk your professional credi- or all faculty members. bility.” Faculty members worry about death by a thousand As colleges cope with tight budgets and pressure cuts as adjuncts are hired to replace experienced faculty from state legislators, the proportion of full-time facul- members who move to other jobs or retire. Those cuts ty members who are not on the tenure track has grown. are already happening. Non-tenure-track appointments grew from 10 percent The sense of assurance allows scholars to take on proj- of all full-time faculty positions in 2008-9 to 27 percent n spite of outside pressures, more than 2,000 two- ects they might normally avoid.
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