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5.1 MIMO Antenna Design University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. INVESTIGATION OF INTEGRATED DECOUPLING METHODS FOR MIMO ANTENNA SYSTEMS A. M. S. SALEH PHD 2019 Investigation of Integrated Decoupling Methods for MIMO Antenna Systems Design, Modelling and Implementation of MIMO Antenna Systems for Different Spectrum Applications with High Port-to-Port Isolation Using Different Decoupling Techniques Adham Maan Saleh SALEH Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Engineering and Informatics University of Bradford 2019 ABSTRACT INVESTIGATION OF INTEGRATED DECOUPLING METHODS FOR MIMO ANTENNA SYSTEMS Design, Modelling and Implementation of MIMO Antenna Systems for Different Spectrum Applications with High Port-to-Port Isolation Using Different Decoupling Techniques Keywords Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna, Isolation, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Neutralization Line (NL), Parasitic Element, Metamaterial, Multi-Band Antenna, Wireless local area network (WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), 5th Generation Mobile technology (5G) Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna technology refers to an antenna with multiple radiators at both transmitter and receiver ends. It is designed to increase the data rate in wireless communication systems by achieving multiple channels occupying the same bandwidth in a multipath environment. The main drawback associated with this technology is the coupling between the radiating elements. A MIMO antenna system merely acts as an antenna array if the coupling between the radiating elements is high. For this reason, strong decoupling between the radiating elements should be achieved, in order to utilize the benefits of MIMO technology. The main objectives of this thesis are to investigate and implement several printed MIMO antenna geometries with integrated decoupling approaches for WLAN, WiMAX, and 5G applications. The characteristics of MIMO antenna performance have been reported in terms of scattering parameters, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), channel capacity loss (CCL), diversity gain (DG), antenna efficiency, antenna peak gain and antenna radiation patterns. Three new 2×2 MIMO array antennas are proposed, covering dual and multiple spectrum bandwidths for WLAN (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz) and WiMAX (3.5 GHz) applications. These designs employ a combination of DGS and neutralization line methods to reduce the coupling caused by the surface current in the ground plane and between the radiating antenna elements. The minimum achieved isolation between the MIMO antennas is found to be better than 15 dB and in some bands exceeds 30 dB. The matching impedance is improved and the correlation coefficient values achieved for all three antennas are very low. In addition, the diversity gains over all spectrum bands are very close to the ideal value (DG = 10 dB). The forth proposed MIMO antenna is a compact dual-band MIMO antenna operating at WLAN bands (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz). The antenna structure consists of two concentric double square rings radiating elements printed symmetrically. A new method is applied which combines the defected ground structure (DGS) decoupling method with five parasitic elements to reduce the coupling between the radiating antennas in the two required bands. A metamaterial-based isolation enhancement structure is investigated in the fifth proposed MIMO antenna design. This MIMO antenna consists of two dual-band arc-shaped radiating elements working in WLAN and Sub-6 GHz 5th generation (5G) bands. The antenna placement and orientation decoupling method is applied to improve the isolation in the second band while four split-ring resonators (SRRs) are added between the radiating elements to enhance the isolation in the first band. All the designs presented in this thesis have been fabricated and measured, with the simulated and measured results agreeing well in most cases. i Acknowledgment Firstly, I want to praise The Almighty Allah who lightened my way during this research. I would also like to thank my supervisors Prof Raed Abd-Alhameed, Prof Peter S. Excell and Prof Neil J. McEwan for supporting, inspiring and guiding me to complete this research: their recommendations were very effective to correct the direction of the work to the right way. I am also thankful to my other supervisor Dr James M. Noras and to Dr Stephen Jones for their unlimited support and guidance. I also wish to express my gratitude to my peer colleagues for their immeasurable support and guidance through this work. I would like to thank my sponsor the Higher Committee for Education Development in Iraq (HCED) for their moral and financial support during this research. Also, I want to thank my employer “Ninevah University” for giving me the permission to complete my PhD study outside the country. I want to acknolowge my wonderful wife (Saba) and my dear kids (Ibraheem, Maryam & Ayoob) who painted a wide smile on my face during the hard moments in this work. Thanks wife for listening to all my complaints patiently throughout my PhD study and during the writing up stage of this work. This PhD work would not be possible without your love and sacrifices. Finally, I want to appreciate my mother for her extreme interest in my education and the unconditional support and the encouragement she has given me throughout my PhD study. ii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................. ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. x List of Tables .............................................................................................................. xxvi List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... xxviii List of Symbols ............................................................................................................ xxx CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1 Motivation ........................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Aim and Objectives ......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Original Contributions to Scientific Knowledge .......................................... 4 1.4 Author’s Publications ..................................................................................... 6 1.5 Thesis Layout................................................................................................... 8 References ...................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER TWO Background and Literature Review of MIMO Antenna Systems iii 2.1 The Concept of MIMO Technology ...................................................................... 12 2.2 Theoretical Background of MIMO Technology ................................................... 14 2.3 History of MIMO Antenna Systems ...................................................................... 17 2.4 Antennas for MIMO Systems ................................................................................ 18 2.5 Mutual Coupling ..................................................................................................... 20 2.6 Mutual Coupling Reduction Methods ................................................................... 22 2.6.1 Antenna Placement and Orientation Method ................................................... 22 2.6.2 Neutralization Line Method ................................................................................ 32 2.6.3 Metamaterials Method ........................................................................................ 38 2.6.4 Parasitic Element Method ................................................................................... 44 2.6.5 Defected Ground Structure Method .................................................................. 51 2.7 Comparison of the Different Mutual Coupling Reduction Methods.................. 58 2.8 MIMO Antennas by Band Classifications ............................................................ 59 2.8.1 Narrow Band MIMO Antennas with Reduced Mutual Coupling ................... 59 2.8.2 Wide Band MIMO Antennas with Reduced Mutual Coupling ....................... 61 2.8.3 Multi-Band MIMO Antennas with Reduced Mutual Coupling ...................... 62 2.9 Hybrid Method for Mutual Coupling Reduction ................................................. 64 2.10 Identification of Gaps in Knowledge (Problem Statement) .............................. 71 2.11 Fundamental Parameters of MIMO Antenna Systems ..................................... 72 2.11.1 Total Active Reflection Coefficient ................................................................... 73 2.11.2 Isolation ..............................................................................................................
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