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High Efficient Mobile Wimax with MIMO and Multihop Relay JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 2, NO. 5, AUGUST 2007 7 High Efficient Mobile WiMAX with MIMO and Multihop Relay Yan Q. Bian1 1 Centre for Communication Research, University of Bristol, UK Email: [email protected] Yong Sun2 Andrew R. Nix1 and Joseph P. McGeehan2 2 Toshiba Research Europe Ltd, Bristol, UK Email: {sun, joe.mcgeehan}@toshiba-trel.com, [email protected] Abstract— MIMO and relay technology is currently being In a practical urban environment, the radio channel promoted within the IEEE to enhance performance of linking a Base Station (BS) to a Mobile Station (MS) is broadband wireless standards such as WiMAX. However, more unpredictable. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output due to licensed spectrum, it is necessary to implement highly (MIMO) systems have ability to exploit such NLoS efficient radio resource management. For optimal system channels, and hence increase spectral efficiency [5]. The design, it is beneficial to achieve higher system data throughput with fewer radio resources employed. This inclusion of MIMO techniques alongside flexible sub- paper presents a comprehensive study of MIMO mobile channelization and Adaptive Modulation and Coding WiMAX with multihop relay technology for high efficient (AMC) enables mobile WiMAX technology to improve multiuser transmission. A directional distributed relaying system coverage and capacity. If systems are correctly architecture is introduced in order to leverage link-level and configured, these benefits will result in power and system-level capacity. Practical applications are also spectrum efficient terminals. demonstrated for an example urban environment. Radio relays can also address many of challenges faced in mobile WiMAX deployments. Relay technology Index Terms—WiMAX, MIMO, multihop relay, spectral is being promoted in the IEEE 802.16j multi-hop project efficiency, radio resource sharing, interference, ray tracing, subchannel allocation [6]. It is well-known that multihop relay can be deployed to enhance coverage and capacity [7]. Relays can be used to fill ‘holes’ in coverage map and thus enhance coverage I. INTRODUCTION and data rate at (or even beyond) the BS cell-edge. Multi- WiMAX (World Interoperability for Microwave hop can be formed between the BS and a distant MS Access) continuous its development to achieve high using a number of intermediate Relay Stations (RS). capacity services with large cell coverage. Considerable Fundamentally, if no constraints on radio resource, it is interest currently exists in the exploitation of mobile relatively simple to implement relay transmission. The WiMAX; this is mainly a result of lower infrastructure simplest approach is to assign a unique radio resource to costs and higher data transfer rates compared to current each link, in order to avoid interference between the 3G. The mobile WiMAX air interface adopts a links. However, using this approach, the multi-hop users technology known as Scalable Orthogonal Frequency will rapidly drain the system valuable radio resource. Division Multiple Access (SOFDMA) to achieve This results in poor radio resource efficiency, and hence enhanced multiuser performance in non-line-of-sight low system capacity [8]. Given its commercial (NLoS) multipath environments. The SOFDMA provides applications, relaying in the context of WiMAX must additional resource allocation flexibility. 802.16e [1] conserve radio spectrum and emphasize the need for high transmits using a group of sub-channels, and these can be spectral efficiency. adaptively optimized to maximize performance. For This paper focuses on the above challenges, and cellular Mobile Wireless Access (MWA) applications, emphasizes MIMO enabled mobile WiMAX with power and spectral efficiency is key to a successful multihop relay. Efficiency of relay transmission is deployment. The system performance of the mobile studied, and then a directional distributed relay topology WiMAX based on currently published IEEE 802.16 is proposed. Within this method, interferences are standard has been widely evaluated in [2][3][4]. controlled by spatial separation and dynamic channel allocation. This leads to a high data throughput with reduced demands on radio resources. This effective Based on “Study of radio resource sharing for future mobile MIMO WiMAX deployment with high efficient relays WiMAX with relay”, by Yong Sun, Yan Q. Bian, Andrew R. Nix and presents high potential to achieve truly cost-effective and Paul Strauch; “Performance Evaluation of Mobile WiMAX with MIMO ubiquitous manner. The paper also provides a numerical and Relay Extensions”, by Yan Q. Bian, Yong Sun, Andrew R. Nix and Paul Strauch; which appeared in the Proceedings of IEEE mobile analysis of capacity and coverage expected for, e.g., WiMAX’07 and IEEE WCNC’07, on March 2007 © 2007 IEEE. urban deployments. © 2007 ACADEMY PUBLISHER 8 JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 2, NO. 5, AUGUST 2007 The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. environment scenarios, namely urban micro (cell radius: r Section II presents mobile WiMAX system performance. ≤ 0.5km), urban macro and sub-urban macro (r ≈ 1.5km). Section III discusses the relay efficiency in presence of MIMO correlation, interference and multiuser B. Throughputs and coverages for WiMAX system transmission. In section IV, directional distributed relay It is well-known that MIMO promises transmission architecture is introduced. Then, case studies for a efficiency enhancement which achieves one aspect of practical urban environment are demonstrated in section efficiency enhancement. IEEE 802.16e standard supports V. Finally, the paper is concluded in section VI. a full range of smart antenna technologies. Together with modulation and coding, the link throughput for each user II. ENHANCEMENT WITH MIMO LINK ADAPTATION can be calculated from Packet Error Rate (PER) by It is well-understood that spectral efficiency is the key N D N b RFEC RSTC Clink = × (1 − PER) (2) to good system design. Without loss of generality, the Ts normalized effective system efficiency can be written as where, Ts, ND, Nb, RFEC and RSTC denote the OFDMA system data throughput (1) symbol duration, the number of assigned data subcarriers, ζ sys = total radio resouces allocated the number of bits per subcarrier, FEC coding rate, and Two clear approaches emerge to improve the effective space-time coding rate for the user. Equation (2) implies efficiency. Firstly the system data throughput can be that, a combination of MIMO, AMC and flexible sub- improved by using methods such as high level AMC and channelization is required to maximize the link MIMO. Secondly, improvements can be made to reduce performance. the amount of radio resource required in the system. This Figure 1 illustrates STBC and SM performance for a section focuses on the system performance enhancements 2x2 MIMO-OFDMA system, in an urban macro cell. with MIMO Link Adaptation (LA) in combination with Although the SM combined with higher order modulation OFDMA. Using a statistical approach, it is possible to schemes can increase peak throughput of a link, such demonstrate the potential benefits of a relay enhanced schemes require extremely high SNR levels, thus difficult mobile WiMAX deployment. to exploit (especially near the cell edge). In contrast, the STBC exploits the MIMO structure to offer high levels of A. MIMO-OFDMA PHY model spatial diversity. Results show that, at an SNR of 32dB, For a MIMO OFDMA transmission, space-time coding all modes can be used with STBC, however SM can only (e.g., Space Time Block Coding (STBC) or Spatial use the ½ rate QPSK scheme. It implies that, a suitable Multiplexing (SM)) is performed before OFDMA symbol MIMO orientated LA strategy is critical to fully exploit mapping. Antenna separations at the BS and MSs were the wide range of MIMO systems and channel conditions. set to 10 and 0.5 wavelengths respectively. Following the To generate capacity improvements, the STBC should WirelessMAN-OFDMA PHY air-interface [1], three combine with AMC together. sectors are employed at BS and a frequency reuse factor 2x2 MIMO DL performance 5.5 of one is used between the sectors. A number of initial 1/2 QPSK operational profiles have been defined within the 5 3/4 QPSK 1/2 16-QAM WiMAX Forum Technical Working Group [9]. This 4.5 3/4 16-QAM 2/3 64-QAM paper focuses on the exploitation of 512-FFT downlink 4 ) 3/4 64-QAM s p (DL) PUSC (Partial Usage of Sub-Channels) OFDMA b 3.5 (M Time Division Duplex (TDD) profile operating with a t 5MHz channel bandwidth. For the 512-FFT DL PUSC hpu 3 roug h 2.5 OFDMA, a total of 15 sub-channels are mapped (after t nk renumbering and permuting) in one OFDMA symbol. Li 2 Each sector has access to one third of the total number of 1.5 3 users OFDMA; subcarriers. There are 3 groups (one per sector), with 5 v = 30k m / h 1 STBC:solid line subchannels in each group, and each sub-channel SM: dashed line 0.5 comprises 24 data subcarriers and 4 pilot subcarriers. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 SNR in dB Since the subchannel is the smallest allocation unit for a user on the DL, this profile can support up to 15 users per Figure 1 Comparison of STBC and SM for urban macro environment slot. A CP length of 1/8th of the OFDMA symbol period is defined to ensure that up to 11.2µs of delay spread can To evaluate the area coverage and system throughput, be tolerated [10]. A detailed list of the PHY parameters 300 MSs were uniformly deployed within an urban macro can be found in [4]. and an urban micro cellular area. An effective isotropic Since mobile terminals are allowed to move freely at radiated power (EIRP) of 57.3dBm is applied (assuming street level in the MWA scenario, local surrounding 15dBi sector antenna gain) [2]. Each BS-MS link buildings result in deep shadowing and severe multipath.
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