6 X 10.Three Lines .P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86292-9 - Parish and Belonging: Community, Identity and Welfare in England and Wales, 1700-1950 K. D. M. Snell Index More information

Subject and persons index

Adair, R., 180 badging the poor, 92 Adamson, J., 247, 331 Bamford, S., 140 Additional Curates Society, 396 Baptists, 167, 422, 430, 469, 473, advertising, 487 482, 494–5 advowsons, 373, 397, 402, 414–15 Baring-Gould, S., 390 agricultural change, 9, 61, 275, Barnes, J., 287 328, 433, 437, 486 Barrett, T., 485 agricultural labourers, 75–7, 434 Bates, H. E., 59 Akroyd, Sir E., 444 bath-houses, 355 Alcock, T., 154 Beadon, Revd G. G., 343 Alexander, N., 113 Beavan, F. J., 299 allotments, 350 Bell, A., 9, 10, 43, 437–8, 455–6 almshouses, 20, 375, 382, 445 belonging see also housing and administration, 445–7, 496–504 Ambler, R., 446 and community, 1–27, 341, 347, 367, American Civil War, 217 370, 428–9, 439, 444–7, 456, 479, American States, structures of, 372 488–91, 496–504 Andrews, C., 144 criteria of, 93–109, 158–9, 210–11, 271, animal insults, 42 297–8, 311–13, 318, 468, 477–78, 496, Anti-Centralisation Society, 5, 397–8 498; see also settlement, heads of anti-clericalism, 414–5 dual or multiple, 2–3, 418–19, 442, anti-poor law movement, 72, 231, 337 445–6, 464, 486–7; see also county see also new poor law identity; nationalism apprenticeship, 32–3, 86, 91, 99, and the family, 457–58, 463, 467, 475, 101–2, 104, 108, 115, 118, 129, 478–9, 485, 487–9 130–1, 133, 134, 135, 145, 148–9, and farms, 462–3, 475, 488–9, 492 196, 353, 498 general issues, 1–27, 445–7, 477–78, 496; see also artisans; settlement, heads of see also localism; parish, ‘home’ Arch, J., 77 and gravestones, 454–95, 502 Archer, J., 54 language of, 88–9, 95–6, 101, 103, 171–6, ardal, 12 476, 454–76, 482, 487–8; armed forces, 237, 307, 357, 376 see also core inhabitants; Armstrong, Revd B., 370 deserving and undeserving poor; artisans, 32–3, 43, 130–1 ‘foreigners’; localism; parish, see also apprenticeship ‘home’; pauper letters asylums, 328, 343, 358, 382 and local xenophobia, 28–80 see also insane and marriage, 162–206, 501 Atterby, S., 53 and office-holding, 339–65 Attlee, C. R., 501 and parochial poor relief, 207–338; Austin, A., 330 see also new poor law; old poor law; automobile, 9, 499, 504 settlement

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86292-9 - Parish and Belonging: Community, Identity and Welfare in England and Wales, 1700-1950 K. D. M. Snell Index More information

520 Subject and persons index belonging (cont.) Buller, C., 82 and religious faith, 439, 442, 504; Bulmer, T. F., 500 see also parishes, new Burge, T., 144 roots of, 111, 158, 447, 458 burgess lists, 355 Bentham, J., 15, 246, 267, 370 burial, 37, 353, 373, 383, 396, 404, Berkin, Revd H., 431 415, 446, 454–95 Best, W., 322 Nonconformist, 469–77, 482 Bible, the, 11, 39, 416, 454, 479 rights to, 459 Bible Christians, 74, 422, 430 see also churchyards; cremation Bicheno, J. E., 91 Burial Acts, 455, 477 bicycle, 62, 165, 200–1, 502 Burial Grounds Act (1890), 469 bigamy, 144 Burial Laws Amendment Act (1880), birds, 50, 61–2 446, 469 Bishop of Worcester, 439 Burn, R., 11, 68, 85, 91, 143, 159 bishops, 414, 416–17, 420, 437, 439, 474 Burrow, Sir J., 148 see also Church of England Bushaway, B., 37 Blackmore, R. D., 49 Bushfield, T., 93, 125 blacksmiths, 33 Butler, E., 141 Blandford, Lord, 403 Blanesburgh Report (1927), 222 calendrical cycles, 67, 496 Bleak House, 400 see also folklore Blomfield, Bishop C., 15, 390, 397 Calvinistic Methodism, 73–4 Blythe, R., 43, 162, 504 Cambridge Camden Society, 369, 395 Boer War, 480 Cambridge Group for the History of bombing of churches, 436–7 Population and Social Structure, Booth, C., 49 63, 163, 195 borough rates, 355 Campbell, Revd A., 269, 290 Borrow, G., 57, 59 canals, 343 Bosanquet, H., 71, 207, 253, 290, 296, 300 capitalism, 2, 8, 24, 25, 97, 109, 111, 158, 456 Bott, E., 148 Captain Swing, 76, 197 boundaries, 14, 30–41, 55, 56, 72, 73, car manufacturing, 497 139, 142, 156, 252, 254, 354–5, Carlile, W., 52 357, 367–8, 370, 373, 375–6, 383, Carr, G., 267, 269, 335 385–6, 404–5, 409, 412, 421, 424, Carr, Revd C., 294 428, 432–3, 439, 444–6, 480, 500 Carr, T., 109 see also parishes, new; settlement, casual poor, 346 disputes; xenophobia casual relief, 132–3 Bowring, J., 265, 312–13, 317, 348 cathedrals, 375, 381, 392 Brammer, B., 382 cemeteries, 466, 469, 473, 490 Bread or Blood riots, 197 census, nineteenth-century, 366–8, 372, Brereton, Revd C. D., 191, 201 378, 385, 444 brick-making, 33 Census of Religious Worship (1851), briefs, 70 170, 188, 344, 405, 411 Briggs, K., 44 centralisation, 4–7, 20, 71, 336–7, 397–8, British empire, 111 477, 479–84, 497–8 Bronte¨, C., 366 Chadwick, E., 15, 238, 250, 252, 255, Brooke, R., 43–4, 47, 485 258–9, 268, 278, 291, 337, 359, Brooks, C., 444 361, 397, 486, 490–1, 504 Brose, O. J., 447 Chadwick, O., 447 Brown, J., 88 Chalmers, T., 388–9, 437 Brown, M., 37 Chamberlain, J., 279 Brown, T., 147 Chamberlain, N., 223 Bryant, H. C., 485 Chambers, R., 41 Buckingham, Duke of, 46 Chambers, W., 144 Bull, S., 316 Changing Village, The, 201

Subject and persons index 521 chapel closures, 431 class, 16, 19, 23, 29–31, 72, 75–80, chapels of ease, 370–1, 400–1, 121–2, 132, 159, 160, 197, 259–60, 404–5, 412, 417 265, 297–8, 435, 457–58, 467–70, charities, 64, 114, 123, 149, 262–3, 472, 481, 484, 499, 501 274, 291, 294, 315, 328, 334, 342, 353–4, see also artisans; gentry; working class 369, 373, 414–15, 441, 445–6, 479 Cleaver, W., 269 Charity Organisation Society (COS), clergy, 36, 38, 81–2, 175, 179–80, 357, 358, 216, 263, 276, 328 369, 371, 389–90, 392, 399, 402, 405–6, Charles I, 430 409, 414–17, 425, 433–4, 437, 439, 442, Charles II, 46 445, 446–7, 473 Chartism, 72, 114, 209, 231, 337, see also Church of England; glebe land 375, 398, 414 Clergy List (1896), 409–14 child paupers, 222, 294, 358 Clergy Sustentation Fund, 433 Children’s Act (1908), 221 clerical freehold, 414 church clerical income, 179–80, 188, 399, 402, bells, 67 404–5, 409, 414–5, 417, 433–5 bequests, 490 clerical magistrates, 369 building, 367, 369, 373, 388–421, coal mines and miners, 33, 40, 336, 342, 427–32, 441–3; geography of 384, 387, 422, 426–7, 431–2, 497 church building, 405–21 see also Forest of Dean doors, 342, 344, 354–5, 357, 361, 364 Cobbett, W., 10, 34–5, 49, 382 extension, 366–455 Cohen, A., 23 patronage, 416–17 Colls, R., 54, 497 rates, 37, 96, 373–4, 414, 418–21, 446, 484 common people, the, 79–80, 110, 113 reform, 370, 387–406 commons, 36–7, 64–5, 72, 122, 133, 134, restoration, 430–1, 440–1, 500 197, 374, 381, 384, 424–5 seating, 387, 389–90, 414, 416, 420–1, 476 Commonwealth, the, 372 Church and State, 15, 442 communications, 6, 8, 27, 104, 498 Church Assembly, 433 community, 1–27, 85, 196, 210–11, Church Building (Banns and Marriages) 274–5, 297–8, 341, 412, 444, 456, Act (1844), 402 481, 485, 488–91, 496–504 Church Building Acts, 371, 393–405, defined, 10–14, 23–4, 496–7, 499–500, 503 412–13, 417 memory, 8, 109–10, 498 Church Building and Endowment occupational, 488, 496–7 Fund, 396 rituals, 488, 496, 498 Church Building Commission, see also belonging; boundaries; 372, 393–7, 400–3 ‘foreigners’; insider–outsider Church of England, 3, 15, 18–19, divisions; office-holding; parishes, 21, 37, 74, 122, 141, 160, 170, new; parish, ‘home’; settlement; social 180, 366–455, 454–95, 504 capital, parochial see also bishops; churchyards; clergy; Congregationalists (Independents), 422, parish, registers; parishes, new; tithes 426–7, 430, 473, 482, 494–5 Church Pastoral Aid Society, 396 Constable, J., 35, 382 churches constables, 37, 109, 139, 140, 142, 355–6, 362 destruction of, 432, 436–7 Constant, A., 164–5, 182, 199 redundant, 431–2 Coode, G., 69, 101 rural scarcity of, 392 Cooper, T., 375 churchwardens, 100, 341, 367, 447 Cooper, T. and A., 88 churchyards, 19, 67, 82, 342–3, 353, Coppock, H., 142, 276 416, 432, 446, 454–95, 500 Copyhold, Inclosure and Tithe civil service, 479 Commission, 386 Civil War, 380, 430 Corder, J., 107, 126, 318, 320 Clare, J., 10, 21, 35–6, 49, 50, 63, core inhabitants, 63, 94–5, 108, 115, 79, 197, 456, 502 121, 159, 196, 198 Clark, Revd J., 478 Cornell, S., 245, 283

522 Subject and persons index coroners, 291, 357, 362, 377 Ecclesiastical Commission, 15, 367, costume, 34 372, 397–8, 400, 402, 404, cottage destruction, 153–5, 381 409–11, 416, 420, 433–4 cotton industry, 497 ecclesiastical reform, 4, 18, 19, 366–455 famine, 217 Ecclesiologist, The, 369 spinners, 33 Eden, Sir F., 100, 110, 301 County Borough Councils, 208 education, 5, 165, 369, 387–9, 393, 427, 430, County Councils, 208 435, 439, 441, 479–80, 484, 498 county identity, 21, 34, 57, 464 see also pauper children; Sunday county rate, 345, 355–6, 377 schools; urban ‘heathenism’ Courtney, M. A., 46 Edward VII, 501 courtship, 60–1, 165, 170, 186–92, 198–201 Edwards, G., 77, 192, 303 see also marriage Elcock, R., 303–4 Coxon, Revd M., 148 elderly paupers, 219, 222, 235, 245, 249, Crabbe, G., 467 251, 261, 264, 278–9, 290, 294–306–10 Crawshaw, H., 332 see also workhouse cremation, 473, 492, 493 Eliot, G., 9, 35, 464, 483 cricket, 55–6, 464 Eliot, T. S., 3, 15, 201 custom, 56, 476 Ell, P., 378, 409 cymdogaeth, 12, 42 Emerson, P. H., 10 cymuned, 12 emigrants’ letters, 503 emigration, 1, 6, 16, 111, 149–50, Dalton, Revd J. N., 151 156, 158, 503 Darlington, J., 268 emparking, 154–5, 375, 380–1 Daubeny, Revd G., 336 enclosure, 20, 36–7, 65, 72, 79, 119, David, E., 290 122, 154, 156, 180, 197, 381, 386, Davies, J., 257, 300, 309 408–9, 412–13, 416, 424–6, 482 Davies, R., 195 see also commons; open fields Davies, Revd D., 65 endogamy, occupational, 167 Davis, T., 140 Engels, F., 78, 284 Dean Forest (Reafforestation) Englander, D., 259 Act (1667), 424 environmental history, 21, 27 Dean Forest Commission Act (1831), 426 Escourt, T., 147 de-industrialisation, 497, 499 Estabrook, C. B., 166 de-localisation, 1–27, 456, 479–84, 486–8 estate villages, 63, 153, 155, 174 democracy, 8, 445 estates, 34, 37, 155, 264 deserving and undeserving poor, 274–80, European Union, 6, 321 297–305, 317, 500 evangelicalism, 369, 388–90, 417 dialect, 21, 48, 487, 496 Evans, G. E., 61 Dickens, C., 49, 244, 340, 400, 435, 486 Everard, Revd J. B., 434 Digby, A., 233 Everitt, A., 483 diocesan church building societies, 395–6 Eversley, D. E. C., 166 disabled paupers, 270, 310 excluding the poor, 127–57, 311–19, 381 discrimination, Irish, Scots and see also cottage destruction; overseers; English, 319–26 removal of the poor; settlement, Disley, W., 302 prevention of; violence District Visiting Society, 388 extra-parochial places, 39, 173, 355, 367, Divided Parishes Acts, 350, 385, 433 372–82, 385, 387, 394, 402, 404, 408, dock strike (1923), 223 411, 423, 425, 440, 497 Donoughmore, Earl of, 290 see also parishes, new Doyle, A., 269, 336 Drage, G., 220–1 faction fighting, 56–61, 198 drawing pins, 344 fairs, 146 Driver, F., 240 family history, of paupers, 350 Dyer, C., 297 Far From the Madding Crowd, 465

Subject and persons index 523 farm servants, decline or survival of, Gladstone, W., 73, 443 115–16, 118, 120, 157–8, 190, 196, gleaning, 41, 64, 197 198–9, 260, 266, 302 glebe land, 343, 373, 386, 400, 404, farming the poor, 362 414, 420 Farnall, H. B., 147, 271–2, 279–80, 319, globalisation, 2, 6–8, 10, 23, 27, 322–3, 335 160, 456, 498, 504 Fawcett, H., 216, 274, 277–9 Glover, Revd G., 146 Felix Holt, 35 Goldsmith, O., 154 Fenton, R., 486 Goschen, G., 262–3, 273 First World War, 9, 59, 222, 287, gossip, 297–9 295, 434, 455, 480, 497 Gothic revival, 394–5 Firth, F., 486 Graham, Sir J., 114 Fitz-Gerald, G., 116 gravel pits, 315, 329 folk art, 496 gravestones, 19, 122, 171, 454–95 folklore, 26, 44–50, 54, 61–2, 67, cost of, 457 496, 498, 500 and registered burials, 460 food riots, 64, 77, 292 stone for, 454–5 football, 1, 42, 55–6 Gray, T., 339–40, 454 ‘foreigners’, 28, 32, 40, 42–3, 51, Great Fire of London, 436–7 54, 58, 61, 65, 76, 108, 145, 192, 196 Green, S. J. D., 406, 443 see also gypsies; insider–outsider Gregory, I., 409 divisions; settlement, disputes; Grey, G., 319 sojourners; xenophobia Grose, F., 46–8 Forestry Commission, 283 guardians, 71, 81, 93, 113, 152, 208–9, Foster, B., 485 211, 222, 238, 242, 243, 244, 246, 248, Foster, W. G., 485 249, 251, 255, 257–8, 260, 262, 264–77, Fowle, Revd, T. W., 256–7 279–80, 283, 285–6, 288, 291, 294, Fox, G., 75 297–8, 301–5, 314, 316–18, 331–3, Fox, H. S. A., 42, 46 335–7, 339, 344–5, 347–9, 353–4, 356, framework knitters, 33, 285 359–60, 362, 364, 377, 425, 501 franchise, the, 222, 264, 279, 337, elections of, 354, 501; see also 354, 357, 501 franchise, the Friedlander, L., 9 plural voting, 279 friendly societies, 21, 38, 76–7, 103, surcharging of, 331, 337 276, 278, 369, 458–9, 480, 498 women, 365 Frome Wilkinson, Revd J., 301, 330 see also new poor law furniture making, 497 guernseys, 467 Gulson, E., 151, 154, 268, 320–1, 334 Garner, J., 52 Gummer, H., 435 Garnier, R. M., 425 gypsies, 47, 54, 137, 460 Garratt, D., 53, 479 Gaskell, Mrs E., 492 Hall, R., 265, 335 gender, 21, 332 Harbour, E., 132 see also guardians, women; marriage; Harcourt, Lord, 155 new poor law, labour tests for Hardwicke’s Act (1753), 170–6, 178–82, women; suffragettes; widows; 184, 193, 457–8 work–home separation Hardy, T., 20, 46, 67, 465, 485–6, 491–2, 503 genealogists, 1, 478, 483 Harrop, J., 125, 270 General Consolidated Order (1847), 251 Haywain, The, 35 General Medical Order (1842), 251 Hazlerigg family, 381 General Strike (1926), 212, 223 Hearsum, S., 87 gentry, 43, 380–1, 467, 489 Herbert, S., 393 George V, 501 Hey, D., 464 ghettos, urban, 124–5 Highway Act (1862), 356 Gilbert unions, 68, 338, 364, 445 highway districts, 479

524 Subject and persons index highway rate, 315, 345, 356–7 269, 290, 319–26, 330, 334–5, Hindle, S., 54, 69, 108, 145, 297, 340, 502 349, 360, 378, 419, 466 Historic Churches Preservation Trust, 396 Irish evictions, 16–17, 155–7 historical demography, 19, 162–3, Irish famine, 54, 75, 324 180, 193, 199 Irish poor relief, 319–20, 330 Hitchcock, A., 88 irremovability, 16, 68, 86, 93, 105, 107, Hobsbawm, E. J., 29 114, 116–19, 123–7, 128, 130, Hodge, 47–8, 192, 487 151–3, 171, 261, 269–72, 310–19, Hodgson, H., 102 322, 324, 338, 346, 348, 378, 479 Hoggart, R., 497 see also excluding the poor; new poor Hollingshead, J., 49 law; settlement Hook, Revd W. F., 391 Horlick, J., 426 Jefferies, R., 10, 21, 56, 143, 187, 485 hosiery industry, 497 Jekyll, G., 57–8, 147 hospitals, 375 Jews, 49, 54, 170, 172 house of correction, 159 Johnston, J., 69 housing, 64, 152, 152–5, 316, 337, 350–1, 496 Jones, D. J. V., 492 see also almshouses; parsonages Jones, G., 406 How Green Was My Valley, 492 Jones, L., 10 Hudson, W. H., 21, 42–3 juries, 357 Humphreys, E., 111 Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer, 91 Hunter, A., 166 Justices of the Peace, 36, 92, 100, 132, Hurren, E., 264 136, 143, 294, 302–3, 320, 335, Hutchinson, Revd W., 331 338, 342, 344, 346–8, 353, 356–9, Hutton, R., 488 362–4, 377, 498 Hutton, W., 174 see also petty sessions; settlement, Huxtable, Revd A., 81, 84, 86 disputes

illegitimacy, 85, 113–15, 123, 133, Kaye-Smith, S., 492 137, 142, 144–6, 198–9, 237, Kendall, S. G., 59 246, 249, 261, 277–8, 306–9, King, S., 145, 360, 365 338, 351–2, 377, 397, 465 King, W., 87, 89, 90 see also new poor law; old poor law kinship, 34, 158, 186–7, 199, 260, Imperial Gazetteer, The, 257, 378, 425 293, 485, 496, 498 Incorporated Church Building Society see also belonging, and the family; (ICBS), 395–6, 413 belonging, and farms; new poor law, indemnity bonds, 145 relief from kin industrial disputes, 223 Kinship at the Core, 95 industrialisation, 13, 22, 129–30, 157, 167, Kirkman, S., 144 178, 181, 190, 198, 217, 369, 408–9, 412, Knatchbull’s Act (1722), 266 422, 430, 432, 438, 443, 496, 498–500 Knight, L., 62 Ingham, J. T., 320, 335, 348 Kussmaul, A., 409 Inns of Court, 375–6 insane, the, 68, 219, 228, 251–2, 274, 288, labour market, 97 306–9, 337, 358 labour rate system, 338 see also asylums lace industry, 497 insider–outsider divisions, 15–16, 19, 25, Lambert, J., 313–18 28–80, 81–161, 175, 191–2, 196–8, 270, Landau, N., 129 310–19, 319–26, 465–6, 482–3 Langton, J., 22, 483 see also ‘foreigners’; sojourners; Lawson, J., 51, 53, 56, 60–1, 140 xenophobia Lee, R., 97 insurance, 480 Leeds Vicarage Act (1844), 391 Ireland and the Irish, 16, 42, 53–4, 57, 76, Lewis, G. C., 312 82, 86, 93, 107, 112–13, 117, 123, 124, Lidbetter, E. J., 69, 159 125, 126, 136, 140, 153, 155–7, 167, 197, Life of Charlotte Bronte¨, The, 492

Subject and persons index 525 Lighting and Watching Act (1833), 359 marriage, 6, 17, 20, 62, 72, 73, 85, 113, limited good, 63–4, 196 139, 143–4, 162–206, 376, 404–5, 409, Liverpool and Wigan Churches 455, 457–58, 461, 481, 489, 501–2 Act (1904), 436 ‘foreign’, 177–80, 182, 193 Llewellyn, R., 492 in France, 186–7 local government, 4–6, 445, 483–4, 504 see also kinship; work–home separation Local Government Act (1894), 5, 446 Marsh, J., 484–5 Local Government Act (1929), 208, 386 Marx, K., 78, 113 Local Government Board, 209, 224, 226, Marxism, 30, 154 228, 233, 248, 254, 262, 263, 277, 279, Massingham, H. J., 10, 20 327, 351, 385, 479 May, C., 87 local history, 3, 7, 14, 23, 110, 447 Mayhew, H., 49 local identity, 6–15, 28–80, 373, 440–7 medieval revivalism, 369–70, 403 see also perambulations memorials, wooden, 460, 471 local insults, 41–9, 59–60, 67, 72 Merry, S., 174 see also ‘foreigners’; xenophobia Methodism, 12, 16, 21, 52, 55, 59, 74–5, local knowledge, 364 78–9, 141, 167, 170, 422, 427, 430–2, see also boundaries; parish, ‘home’; 469, 473, 482, 494–5, 501 perambulations Wesleyan, 422, 427, 430, 494–5 local pride, 1, 20, 28, 58, 77, 110, 122, 155, Methodist burials, 495 160, 265, 456, 480–2, 499, 501, 503 Methodist circuits, 74, 170 see also parish, ‘home’ Metropolis Churches Fund, 396 localism, 1–27, 28–82, 160, 165, 247, 272, Metropolitan Churches Extension 277, 297–8, 315–16, 331–3, 336–8, Fund, 397 340–1, 363–5, 389, 395, 456, 479–84, Metropolitan Common Poor Fund, 220, 487, 489, 503–4 256, 273–4 see also de-localisation; parish, ‘home’ Metropolitan Houseless Poor Acts lodgers, 145–6, 174 (1864–5), 93 London, J., 49, 70 Metropolitan Poor Law Act (1867), 273 London, parish structure of, 390–1 Middlemarch, 154 see also London (in the ‘Places index’) Midwinter, E., 333, 364 London Diocesan Church Building migration, 3, 8, 24, 25, 35, 63, 65, 66, 70, Society, 396 83, 98–100, 109, 111, 125, 129, London Dock Company, 336 150, 156, 158, 160, 164, 176, 178, Longley, H., 254–6 190–2, 196, 198, 201, 271, 299, Lorna Doone, 49 311–12, 321, 456, 481–2, 484–8, 500 Lot, W., 35 see also bicycle; courtship; emigration; Lucas, D., 382 marriage; rural out-migration; Ludbrooke, G., 152 vagrancy Luddism, 197 militia, 37, 93, 133 Lumley, W. G., 73, 383 Millard, J., 165–6 Ministry of Health, 222–3 Mabey, R., 50–1 Mitford, M. R., 55 Mackay, T., 69, 101, 104, 216, 303, Mitson, A., 187 333, 350 modernisation, 3, 13, 488, 499 Making of the English Working Class, see also industrialisation The, 29 Monteagle, Lord, 319 Malthus, Revd T., 215, 216, 294, 299 monumental masons, 457, 463, 477 Malthusian crisis, 116, 197, 199, Moore, A., 107 214–15, 217 moral economy, 64, 132 Mann, H., 438 Moravians, 430 Mann, M., 142 Morgan, W., 174 Mann, T., 468 Moritz, K., 52 maps, 36–7, 229 Morrison, A., 49 markets, 31, 33 movement of corpses, 465

526 Subject and persons index multi-national companies, 8 relief from kin, 249, 263, 276, 278, Munby, A., 460, 467, 471 301–5, 308, 332, 347–8, 358, 489 Murray, C., 397 relief in kind, 226, 285, 288, 292–3 Mutual Thrift, 330 rent payment, 241–3 union common fund, 261, 265–6, 270, Naas, Lord, 334 272, 311, 314–18, 346, 348, 358, 376–7 naming patterns (place-related), 491–2 and urbanisation, 230–4, 253–6, 360 Napoleonic Wars, 65, 197, 214, 389, see also Chadwick, E.; elderly paupers; 434, 466 guardians; illegitimacy; National Agricultural Labourers’ irremovability; Local Government Union, 77 Board; non-resident relief; old poor National Assistance Act (1948), 86, 117 law, continuity after; overseers; Poor nationalism, 14, 41, 480–1, 484, 486, 503 Law Board; Poor Law Commission; navy, 424 relieving officers; Senior, N.; Nelson, W., 148, 159 settlement; workhouse New Parishes Acts, 38, 371–3, Nicholls, Revd H. G., 432 398–405, 441–2 Nicholls, Sir G., 68, 238, 262, 293, New Parishes Measures (1939–43), 432 306, 320, 333, 484 new poor law, 5, 14, 17, 18, 34, 43, 69–72, Nolan, M., 148 86, 115, 119, 120, 121, 126, 130, 139, Nonconformity, 12, 38, 55, 59, 74–5, 140, 143, 147, 157, 158, 159, 191, 122, 124, 167, 170, 177, 259–60, 207–338, 339–65, 371, 374, 397–8, 479, 375, 392–3, 412, 418–19, 428–32, 435, 481, 483–4, 501 442–3, 465, 469–77, 479, 482, 494–5, ‘able-bodied’ defined, 332 500–1 accountancy of, 221, 272–4, 311–18, see also Baptists; Bible Christians; burial, 341–2, 345, 349, 351, 355, 371, 501; Nonconformist; Congregationalists; see also irremovability; new poor law, Methodism; Plymouth Brethren; auditors; new poor law, union Presbyterians; Primitive Methodism; common fund; non-resident relief; Quakers; Roman Catholicism; overseers Unitarians auditors, 220, 239, 261, 330–2, non-resident relief, 68, 71–2, 90, 96–7, 103, 337, 341, 361–3 119, 129–31, 136–8, 195, 237–9, 311 categories of in-door and out-door North and South, 154 pauper, 306–10 categorisation of paupers, 245–7 occupational identity, 464, 468, 491–2 changes in, 212–23 O’Day, R., 416 ‘crusade’ against out-relief, 262–79, 329 Offer, A., 11 General Orders, 233–49, 277 office-holding, 6, 18, 20, 85, 86, 98, ideas of belonging, 305; see also 115, 122, 133, 339–65 irremovability; settlement see also churchwardens; guardians; old in-door and out-door relief costs, 287–9 poor law; new poor law; overseers; infirmaries, 252, 274, 305 relieving officers; settlement, heads of labour tests, 208, 222, 245, 248, 262, O’Hara, D., 188 268–71, 279–87, 293–4, 327–9, Old Age Pensions Act (1908), 296 332, 336 old poor law, 18, 64, 68–70, 78, 122, labour tests for women, 284–5 212–14, 222, 224, 235, 243, 246, 247, loans, 243, 352 274, 248, 251–2, 281, 301, 305, 310, 329, and local repute, 297–9 331, 336, 338, 341, 345–6, 349, 350–3, medical relief, 250–2, 290, 337, 360–2, 364–5, 368–9, 446 346, 358, 441, 479 see also apprenticeship; elderly paupers; non-able bodied paupers, 306–10 illegitimacy; non-resident relief; Official Circulars, 236, 291, 306, 331–2, overseers; poor relief expenditure; 339, 358, 374, 505 settlement regional differences, 223–42 old poor law, continuity after 1834, relief districts, 226 336–7, 360–2

Subject and persons index 527 Oliphant, Mrs M., 483 ecclesiastical, 366–455 Oliver Twist, 486 economies, 386–7 open and close parishes, 68, 82–3, ‘home’, 63, 77, 82, 84, 87–9, 98, 105, 113, 126, 127–8, 150, 151, 109, 114, 124, 129, 152, 160–1, 152, 153, 155–6, 174, 187, 273, 378 193, 196, 457, 493, 500–1, 503; see also cottage destruction; estate see also belonging, language of; villages; excluding the poor; settlement settlement, prevention of identity, 110, 440–7, 500, see also local open fields, 36, 64, 141 pride; localism; parish, ‘home’ see also commons language of, 296, 476, 486 Ordnance Survey, 36–7, 39, 384 libraries, 355 orphans, 149, 219, 306–9, 362 moral ideal, 370, 444 Orwell, G., 460, 489 numbers of, 363, 366–7, 385, 480 Out-door Relief General Prohibitory ‘the parish state’, 79 Order (1845), 236 property, 351; see also housing Out-door Relief Prohibitory rates, 342–6, 350, 353, 368; see also Order (1844), 285 overseers Out-door Relief Regulation reform of, 366–455; see also parishes, Orders (1852), 226, 247 new out-relief, value of, 290–6 reformed types of, 400–4, 409 Ouzman, J., 316 registers, 110, 162–206, 457–58, 460; overseers, 18, 70, 87, 89, 91, 93, 100, see also marriage 104, 109, 117, 129, 132, 133, 135, structures, Forest of Dean, 421–32, 137, 139, 140, 141–4, 147, 149, 157, 448–55 211, 243, 244, 251, 258, 298, 316, survival of, 7, 340, 364–5, 440–7, 338, 339–65, 367–8, 372, 374, 376–7, 500–1; see also parishes, new 383, 425, 440, 447, 484, 501 tokens, 467 see also new poor law; old poor law; vestry, 340–2, 355–6, 359, 365, 369, 391, relieving officers 445–7, 482; see also clergy; overseers Overton, J. H., 394 urban, 125, 151, 360, 387–93, 428, Owen, E., 55 435–9, 443–5; see also parishes, Oxford Architectural Society, 395 new; urbanisation Oxford Movement, the, 369, 442 vitality of, 13–14, 340, 367, 370, 373, 429–30, 440–1, 480, 499–504 Paine, H., 297 parishes, new, 6, 14, 15, 18, 38, 153, Paine, T., 78, 142 366–455, 502 Palmer, S., 485 chronology of, 412–4 Palmerston, Lord H. J. T., 396 endowments of, 420–1, 433, 435, 445 parish moral benefits of, 425–7 ambiguity over, 368 problems of, 414–21, 432–40 ancient, 367–8, 403, 439, 446 Parish: A Satire, The, 197, 502 brand, 93–4 Parish Chest, The, 339 break-down of, 275, 339–40, 350, 387–93, Parochial Assessment Act (1836), 356 411–12, 432–9, 444–5, 479, 492–3, parochial church councils, 473 498–9, 504; see also de-localisation; parochial loyalty, 28 Nonconformity; secularisation parochial pluralism, 97 chest, 101, 110 Parry-Jones, D., 10, 42, 55, 59, 140 civil–ecclesiastical divide, 366–73, 396, parsonages, 396, 405, 409, 416–17, 433, 439, 440–7, 480, 502; see also 420, 435–6 Church and State; parishes, new Parsons, Revd R., 425 councils, 5, 446, 479 Pashley, R., 113, 207, 217, 253 defined, 367–8, 374, 399–403; see also Pastoral Measures (1968–83), 432 parishes, new; townships Pastoral Reorganization detached parts, 374, 382–7, 404, Measure (1949), 432 411–12, 424, 440, 451–2 pauper burial, 353, 458, 465–7

528 Subject and persons index pauper children, 245–6, 278, 284, poor relief expenditure, 65–6, 70, 103, 306–10, 362 118–19, 148, 185, 195–6, 198, 212–15, see also orphans 220–1, 224–8, 264–5, 271, 359–60 pauper letters, 34, 83–4, 87–91, 132, 196, 209 see also new poor law; old poor law see also parish, ‘home’ popular protest, 114 pauperism, decline of, 215–18 see also Bread or Blood riots; Chartism; see also new poor law food riots; industrial disputes; Pauperism and Poor Laws, 253 Rebecca riots; riots against new pays, 464 parishes; riots in Forest of Dean; peculiars, 387 rough music; violence Peel, R. F., 164, 182, 199 Port, M. H., 396–7 Peel, Sir R., 393, 399, 413, 415 postcards, 486 pensions, 221, 260, 296–7 postmodernity, 23, 26–7, 375 perambulations, 37–40, 55, 354–5, 498 Potter, H., 332 Perry, P. J., 164–5, 182, 190, 199 potteries, 336, 497 petty sessions, 136, 348, 355 Poulett Scrope, G., 309–10, 319–22, 334–5 photography, 486, 493 Power, A., 346 Phythian-Adams, C., 500 Presbyterians, 430, 495 place names, 41–2 Price, R., 4, 483, 488 Pluralities Acts, 402 Primitive Methodism, 52, 74, 79, plwyf, 12 141, 167, 422, 430, 432 Plymouth Brethren, 430 private rates, 315 poachers, 137, 425 Proctor, Revd P. M., 426, 431 police, 5, 332, 355, 357, 414, 479, 484 Progress in Pudsey, 51 Pollard, S., 112 proprietary chapels, 389–90 Poole, Revd H., 427 Provincial Glossary, 46 poor, the, 96–7, 103, 119 public assistance, defined, 220–1 Poor Law Act (1930), 117 Public Assistance Committees, 208 Poor Law Board, 5, 14, 70, 209, 224, 233, public health, 5 244, 248–50, 259, 261, 263–4, 273, 277, Public Health Act (1848), 357 292, 294, 306, 320, 331–4, 336, 348–9, public nuisances, 357, 376 362, 376, 385, 440, 479, 505 public opinion, 222, 333–5, 338 Poor Law Commission and Report public works, 279, 327–9 (1832–4), 113, 119, 149, 233, 254–5, 276, pugilism, 56–9, 140 291, 306, 330–1, 354, 361, 363 see also violence Poor Law Commission (1834–47), 5, 15, Pugin, A. W. N., 395 209, 224, 233, 235, 238, 243, 244, 248, Pusey, E. B., 439 258, 261, 282, 291, 312, 320–1, 330, 348, 359–61, 365, 385, 397–8, 481, 505 Quakers, 75, 141, 167, 170, 172, poor rates, 96, 102–3, 348, 354, 356–9, 419, 472, 495 370, 377, 383 quality of life, 10, 498–9, 503 see also extra-parochial places; Quarter Sessions, 66, 92, 105, 109, guardians; new poor law; overseers; 130, 136, 138, 148, 345, 349, 351, 356 poor relief expenditure Queen Anne’s Bounty, 180, 402, 415 poor relief, 6, 17, 19, 65–6, 70, 103, 118–19, 148, 185, 195–6, 198, 207–365, 440 railway, 20, 158, 165, 200, 343, 386, rent payment, 291 502, 504 ‘right’ to relief, 103, 108, 276 Rating and Valuation Act (1925), in Wales, 225–6, 230–4, 240, 250, 341, 365 256–61, 297–302, 309–10, 333, rating units, 278, 365 336, 340; see also old poor law; Reay, B., 467 new poor law Rebecca riots, 59, 257, 398 see also guardians; new poor law; Redesdale, Lord, 276 old poor law; overseers; Rees, A., 10 relieving officers Reform Act (1832), 382

Subject and persons index 529 regional novels, 22, 483, 485 Salvation Army, 283 Relief Regulation Order (1911), 20, 245 sanitary districts, 383 relieving officers, 71, 209, 211, 226, Schofield, R. S., 197, 409 238, 258, 276, 291, 297, 303–4, 312 Scotland, poor relief, 334 see also new poor law; overseers Scotland, settlement practice, 117, 350 religion, 15, 21, 22, 259–60, 328, Scotland and the Scottish, 16, 41, 43, 82, 86, 336–7, 345–7, 358, 361, 364, 107, 113, 153, 155–7, 319–26, 321–2, 366–455, 454–95, 496 334, 349, 374, 476, 492 see also church, building; Church of Scottish evictions, 16–17, 155–7 England; clergy; Nonconformity; Second World War, 18, 43, 431, 434, 436 parishes, new; secularisation Second World War evacuation, 78 removal of the poor, 100, 110, 113, secularisation, 367, 418, 439, 442, 447, 479 132, 137, 139, 140, 269–71, 279, Select Committee on Distress from Want of 320, 348–50, 374, 377, 383 Employment (1895), 327–9 see also cottage destruction; excluding Select Vestries Act (1819), 276 the poor; settlement Selfe, H., 294 Reorganization Areas Measure (1944), Senior, E., 319 432, 437 Senior, N., 105, 288, 291, 337–8 respectability, 297–8 servants, yearly, 86, 99, 101–2, 115, 123, see also deserving and undeserving poor 129, 134–5, 141, 145–7, 157, 158, 248, Rider Haggard, H., 192 260, 266, 353, 467–8, 498 rights of way, 37 see also farm servants, decline or riots against new parishes, 414 survival of; settlement, heads of; riots in Forest of Dean, 425–6 settlement, prevention of Rising, D. and S., 87 settlement, 6, 14, 16–17, 19, 20, 24, 37, 39, ritualism, 417 41, 64–73, 81–161, 174–5, 178, 195–6, road building, 283 210, 237, 261, 265, 268–72, 310–19, 321, Rodes, R. E., 369, 441 348–50, 354, 358, 372, 374, 377, 457–58, Rogers, A., 391 479, 481, 501 Roman Catholicism, 113, 169, 433, certificate holders, 98–102, 123, 128–32, 469, 471, 494 133, 135, 137, 139, 145, 174–5 rough music, 414, 440 definition of, 81, 196 Royal Commission on the Aged Poor disputes, 25, 39, 65–73, 105, 109–10, 130, (1895), 279, 291, 296–305, 310 137, 138–9, 140, 142, 349; see also Royal Commission on the Historical ‘foreigners’; insider–outsider Monuments of England, 495 divisions; Justices of the Peace; royal forests, 380 Quarter Sessions; xenophobia Rugg, J., 465 examinations, 83, 92, 100, 111, 134, rural out-migration, 17, 20, 121–2, 125, 135, 137, 146, 148 159, 164–7, 187, 200–1, 254, 272–3, heads of settlement, 85–6, 90, 91, 95–6, 279, 304–5, 381, 387, 437–8, 444, 99–102, 108, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118, 481–2, 484, 486, 487–8, 497, 502 121–2, 129, 133, 134, 146, 147, 150–1, see also emigration; migration; railway 158, 185, 198, 352, 458; see also farm Rural Rides, 34 servants, decline or survival of; new rural–urban tensions, 271–2, 310–2, 437–8 poor law; old poor law see also new poor law, accountancy of; irremovability, discrimination in, urbanisation 310–19 Ruskin, J., 395 local usage, 134 Rust, D., 90 paternal, 102, 117–18, 121, 148, Rutland, Duke of, 468 157–9, 311 Ryder, J., 467–8 poor’s knowledge of, 89–93, 112–14, 126; see also pauper letters; Saint, A., 443 parish, ‘home’ saints’ dedications, 406–9 prevention of, 67, 103–5, 109, 112, 116, Salter, W. D., 123–4, 282 121, 126–7, 145–9, 196–7

530 Subject and persons index settlement (cont.) suburbanisation, 391, 435–6, 438, 497 see also cottage destruction; excluding suffragettes, 337 the poor; farm servants, decline or suicide, 295, 465 survival of; irremovability; Sunday schools, 427, 430, 439, 498 removal of the poor see also education ‘tenement’ defined, 133–5 superstition, 35, 49–50, 459–60 see also excluding the poor; surname distributions, 464, 485 irremovability; old poor law; new Sutcliffe, F. M., 10 poor law; removal of the poor Sutherland, Duke of, 156 Settlement Act (1662), 85–6, 114, Sutton, T., 174 173, 346, 370–2 Sybil, 154 Settlement Act (1795), 98, 102, 114–15, 121, 129, 130, 132–3, 137, 143 Tarlow, S., 478 Shaftesbury, Lord, 366, 443 Tate, W. E., 13, 339, 350, 439 Shakespeare, W., 46 Taylor, J. S., 150 Shaw, J., 138, 143 television, 1–2 Shenstone, W., 52 Tess of the d’Urbervilles, 46 Silas Marner, 35–6 Thane, P., 301 skilled training, 131 Thomas, E., 485 see also apprenticeship; artisans Thomas, F. G., 201 Skinner, Revd J., 144 Thomas, J., 259–60, 300 Skipp, V. H. T., 166 Thompson, D., 30 Slump, Great, 159, 217, 221, 433, 497 Thompson, E. P., 16, 29–32, 80, 132 smallpox, 141 Thompson, F., 10 Smith, A., 112, 113 Thompson, M., 46 Smith, W. J., 438 Thompson, Sir H., 473 smocks, 34, 487 Thomson, D., 301 Smythe, W., 334 tithes, 36–7, 343–4, 367, 371, 373–4, 378, 384, social capital, parochial, 297–8, 500 386, 399–404, 414, 417–18, 420, 443 Sogner, S., 166 Tokugawa shogunate, 112 sojourners, 98, 101, 131, 174 Toleration Act (1689), 473 Sokoll, T., 84 Toulmin-Smith, J., 5 Somerville, A., 207 tourism, 489 Southey, R., 142, 366, 441–2 townships, 13, 16, 24, 32, 51, 168, 333, Speenhamland system, 338 359–60, 370–2, 385, 392, 429, 462–3, Spencer, Earl, 264 470, 476, 484, 497 Spitalfields silk weavers, 125 trade unions, 21, 29, 76–7, 158, 192, Spooner, S., 89 197–8, 291, 302, 480–1, 484 sport, 55–6, 484 Traill, J. C., 393–4 see also cricket; football; pugilism transhumance, 384 Spufford, M., 469, 473, 501–2 transport, 5–6, 8, 9, 10, 27, 35, 76, squatters, 424 435, 456, 479–80, 486, 490, Stanley, W. O., 259 493, 497 Stapleton, B., 196 Tranter, M., 492 starvation, 291, 300–3, 320, 328 Treasury, 5 Statute of Artificers (1563), 32 truck system, 227, 358–9 Stedman Jones, G., 254 Trudget, W., 91 Steer, J., 148 Turner, G., 174 Stell, C., 495 Stevenson, J., 57 Unemployed Workmen’s Act (1905), Stockham, S., 142 220–1, 284 Strange, J.-M., 457 unemployment, 66, 212, 221, 254, Strathern, M., 23, 63, 95 274–5, 279, 280–1, 285–7, 327–9, Street, A. G., 10, 20, 192 335–6, 479, 481 Sturt, G., 10 seasonal, 134, 190–1, 217–19

Subject and persons index 531 Unemployment Insurance White, T., 365 Committee (1927), 222 Whitworth, H., 331 Union Chargeability Act (1865), 76, widows, 142, 222, 237, 247, 263, 309–10, 316, 338, 350, 479 349, 376, 434, 459 Union Charges Act (1848), 270 Williams, D. J., 492 Union of Benefices Act (1919), 432 Williams, K., 213, 217, 219, 264, 295 Union of Benefices Measures (1923–36), Williams, R., 10 432, 436 Williamson, T., 155, 384 Unitarians, 470, 494 Willoby, W., 117 United Reformed Church, 494 Winter, Sir J., 430 urban ‘heathenism’, 387–9 Wood, W., 174 urbanisation, 3, 232–3, 255, 271, 275, Woodford, Bishop J. R., 392 311–12, 318–19, 360, 366, 387–93, Woodforde, Revd J., 144, 370 403, 407–12, 430, 443–4 woollen industry, 497 see also industrialisation; parishes, Wordsworth, Bishop C., 392 new; suburbanisation Wordsworth, W., 489, 492 work–home separation, 2, 491–2, 497 vaccination, 228, 358 workhouse, 17, 68, 120, 159, 160, vagrancy, 86–7, 102, 109, 115, 131, 207–338, 340, 343, 347, 350–1, 133, 136, 137, 139–40, 208, 277, 358, 362, 378, 484, 486, 501 280, 282–3, 288, 307–8, 346, 351 building of, 320–1, 332 see also migration dietaries, 320, 325 Vagrancy Act (1824), 282 in Ireland, 320–1 valuation lists, 343–5 mythology of, 337–8 see also parish, rates refusal to leave, 317–18 Varley, C., 89 sizes of, 219, 244, 256, 264–9 vernacular building, 496 see also guardians; new poor law Vialls, C., 38, 99–100, 138 working class, 16, 29–35, 63, 72–5, 121–2, village feasts, 55–6, 58, 498 125–6, 132, 259–60, 265, 337, 432, 468 Villiers, C., 331–3 see also class; common people; Vincent, J., 21 industrial disputes; popular violence, 43, 51–61, 72, 75, 78, 140–2, protest; trade unions 186, 197, 198, 332, 360–1, 414 Wren, Sir C., 436 Wright, J., 91 wages, 199, 481 Wrightson, K., 502 Wagner, Revd A., 444 Wrigley, E. A., 63, 163, 197, 409 Walmsley, L., 10, 58–9 Wantage, Lady, 154 xenophobia, 15–16, 28–80, 95–6, 105, Ward, S., 301 140, 158, 160, 163, 191, 196–7, watch-making, 33 198, 199, 431, 484, 498–9, 501 Webb, S. and B., 13, 331, 339 see also boundaries; insider–outsider Webb, W., 88 divisions; violence welfare state, 112, 161 Wells, R., 72 Yardley, E., 295 Welsh language, 75, 257, 260, 302, 476 Yasumoto, M., 166 Welsh naming practices, 491–2 Yeast, 154 Wesley, C., 431 Yeoman, Dr J. B., 69 Wesley, J., 58, 74–5, 431, 493 Young, A., 154 White, G. (naturalist), 21, 50, 456 Youngs, F. A., 372 White, G. (poor law writer), 105–6, 238 White, J. M., 64 Zangwill, I., 49

Places index

Places are entered in their own right, and not also under their counties. The spelling of place names here and in the text is as generally found in my sources: hence, for example, the ‘Carnarvon union’ and other often English spellings of places in Wales.

Ab Kettleby, 41 Aylburton, 450 Acle, 375 Aylmerton, 303 Africa, 2, 57–8 Alcester, 138 Babraham, 44 Aldershot, 55 Bala, 57, 230 Allendale, 386 Baldon, 56 Alnesbourn Priory, 381 Banbury, 47, 328 Alnham, 204 Bangor, 257 Alnwick, 57 Bardon Hill, 416, 434 Alrewas Hays, 381 Bardon Park, 494 Althorp, 264, 380 Bardsey Island, 381 Alton Pancras, 179, 202 Barlborough, 99 Alverton, 315–16 Barnard Castle, 145 Alvington, 453 Barnet, 231 Ambleside, 462 Barnsley, 323 America, 9, 156 Barnstaple, 230 Andover, 48, 120, 261 Barrow on Soar, 239 Anglesey, 143, 257, 259, 411 Bartholomew Hospital, 382 Appledore, 58, 467 Barton in the Beans, 494 Ardingly, 170, 195, 204 Barton, 44 Arnesby, 494 Barton-upon-Irwell, 331 Arthingworth, 494 Basford, 37 Ashbourne, 174 Batcombe, 57 Ashby de la Zouch, 239, 259, 347, Bath, 98, 135, 231–2, 328, 393 350, 466 Battersea, 383 Ashby Folville, 475, 494 Beachley, 449 Ashby Magna, 494 Beaminster, 230 Ashdown Forest, 39 Beccles, 46, 328 Ashton under Lyne, 231 Bedfordshire, 53, 408 Askerswell, 179, 202 Bedwellty, 223 Aston, 231 Bedworth, 48, 55 Atcham, 231, 234, 264, 333 Beeby, 475, 494 Austrey, 494 Belton, 354, 494 Awre, 424, 453 Belvoir, 380 Axbridge, 230, 343 Bermondsey, 223 Axminster, 230, 291 Berriew, 302

532

Places index 533 Berry, 58 Brinsley, 466 Berry Hill, 449 Bristol, 166, 232, 391, 421, 435 Berwick-upon-Tweed, 324–5 Brixworth, 230, 264, 301, 333 Bethnal Green, 57, 89, 90, 231, 312, 388 Bromsgrove, 166 Bettws Gwerfil Goch, 259 Brothertoft, 382 Bickenhill, 166 Bruntingthorpe, 494 Bideford, 467 Bruton, 57 Bidford, 46 Buckingham, 47 Biggleswade, 230 Buckinghamshire, 151, 471 Bilborough, 46 Bungay, 46 Billesdon, 285–7, 311, 316, 364, 494 Burrington, 46 Binbrook, 378 Burrough on the Hill, 203 Bingley, 140 Burstow, 471 Birkenhead, 321, 360 Burwash, 36, 45 Birmingham, 107, 126, 151, 166, 232, Bury, 232 252, 264, 267, 275, 280, 297, 302, Bury St Edmunds, 232, 327–8 310, 318, 320–1, 332, 408, 411, Byall Fen, 381 418, 435 Bywell St Andrews, 392 Birstall, 170, 187, 203 Bishop’s Wood, 449 Caernarvonshire, 55, 411 Blaby, 286 Calder, River, 343 Black Country, the, 51, 408, 411 Caldy Island, 381 Blackburn, 327–8 Cambridge, 43, 44, 231–2, 278, Blaisdon, 451 375, 391, 421, 497 Blakeney, 426, 449–50 Cambridgeshire, 60–1, 137–8, 313, 433 Blandford, 230, 328–9 Canada, 156, 466 Blawith, 202 Canterbury, 375, 382, 391, 466 Blenheim Park, 380 Canwell, 375 Blockhouse, 377, 382 Cardiff, 53, 230, 243, 290, 297, 298–9, Blything Hundred, 119, 238 301, 321, 327 Bocking, 47 Cardigan, 57, 153, 230 Bolton, 232, 360 Cardiganshire, 153, 411, 492 Borough Fen, 381 Carlton, 48 Borrowdale, 44 Carmarthen, 58, 382 Boston, 384 Carmarthenshire, 42, 151, 153, 411 Bothal, 170, 187, 204 Carnarvon union, 230, 257, 259, Bottesford, 41, 65, 315, 350–1, 358, 260, 267, 299–300, 302, 310 360, 460 Carrington, 392 Bournemouth, 408 Cary, 144 Bourton, 141 Cashalton, 47 Bradenham, 192 Cassington, 195, 204 Bradfield, 264 Castle Ashby, 38 Bradford, 51, 232, 239, 268, 289, Castle Donnington, 494 293, 390, 419 Cavan, County, 320 Braintree, 47, 87–90, 418 Channel Islands, 86, 117, 349 Brathay, 462–3, 475, 494 Chapel-en-le-Frith, 179 Breadsall, 170, 187, 202 Chard, 230 Bream, 448–9 Charnwood, 375, 384, 411, 413, Brecon, 238, 382 416, 421, 427, 461 Bridestow, 454 Chatsworth, 380 Bridlington, 230 Chelmsford, 87, 88 Brighton, 54, 98, 132, 232, 327–8, Chelsea, 42, 231, 383 393, 408, 444 Chepstow, 422, 428 Brill, 48 Cherry Hinton, 44 Brinkley, 104 Cheshire, 69, 240, 336, 411

534 Places index Chester, 151, 321, 375, 382, 391 Derby, 57, 231, 268, 314, 327–8 Chester-le-Street, 223 Derbyshire, 168, 180, 190, 202, Chewton Mendip, 110 230, 313, 336, 408 Chichester, 327, 375 Devon, 58, 455 Chickerell, 170, 179, 202 Dewsbury, 419 Chillingham, 392 Diseworth, 494 Chorlton, 289 Ditchling, 471 Churcham, 428, 450, 453 Ditton, 44 Chute Forest, 375 Docking, 68 Cinderford, 430, 449, 451, 453 Doddington, 392 City of London union, 293, 312, 317, 348 Dolgelly, 257, 267, 295, 300, 310 Claverdon, 138 Doncaster, 142 Clearwell, 450, 452 Donisthorpe, 416 Clifton Campville, 463, 475, 494 Dorchester, 230, 408 Clipston, 494 Dorset, 81–2, 152, 165, 168, 180, Clogheen, 290 182, 190, 191, 192, 198, 199–200, Clovelly, 58 202, 303–4, 408, 503 Clunbury, 48 Dover, 382 Cocking, 170, 187, 204 Downham, 170, 179, 187, 202 Coggeshall, 47 Driffield, 425 Colchester, 391 Dry Sandford, 174 Coleford, 430–1, 448, 450–1 Drybrook, 432, 451, 453 Coleshill, 166 Dudley, 232 Copt Oak, 413 Dunstable, 104 Corbridge, 145 Duresley, 48 Cornwall, 45–6, 55, 107, 240, 408 Durham, 58, 375, 417 Corwen, 259 Dyffryn, 257, 300, 309 Cotham, 316 Coton, 44 Eamont Bridge, 267 Cottingham, 351 Earl Shilton, 494 Countesthorpe, 494 Earls Barton, 38 Coutill, 320 Earsdon, 392 Coventry, 33, 52, 78, 166, 232 East Anglia, 9, 43, 53–4, 61, 90, Cowfold, 195, 204, 466 147, 152, 230, 475–6 Crediton, 230 East Barsham, 170, 187, 203 Creeting, 61 East Dean, 425, 448 Criccieth, 327 East Grinstead, 54 Crick, 494 East Ham, 435 Cricklade, 336 East Leake, 494 Cromer, 58 East London union, 267, 293 Crowell, 204 East Lulworth, 154 Croxton Kerrial, 494 East Stower, 170, 187, 202 Crystal Palace, 383 Eastbourne, 408 Cumberland, 340, 383 Easthampstead, 231 Cumbria, 455 Eastry, 232 Cwmbach Llechryd, 38 Eastville, 392 Eastwell, 170, 187, 195, 203 Darlaston, 58 Ebrington, 45 Dartmoor, 383–4, 454 Edlingham, 168, 177, 179, 187, 195, 204 Daventry, 110, 130, 138 Edmonton, 231 Deal, 327–8 Egdon Heath, 67, 486 Deeping Fen, 378, 381 Elford, 494 Deeping St James, 460 Ellesmere, 232 Denton, 94 Elmdon, 62–3, 164 Depwade, 230 Elvaston, 170, 187, 202

Places index 535 Ely, 180 Glaston, 146 Empingham, 63 Glen Parva, 420–1 English Bicknor, 423, 425, 448, 453 Gloucester, 422, 428, 431 Epsom, 47, 113 Gloucestershire, 421–32 Essex, 35, 63, 435 Godmanchester, 465 Eton, 231 Goodrich, 453 Ettington, 46 Gotham, 44, 45 Ewel, 47 Gower, 12, 58 Ewhurst, 57, 60 Goxhill, 494 Exeter, 54, 232, 289, 312–13, 317, 436 Grace Dieu Park, 381 Exmoor, 380, 384, 411 Grantchester, 43–4, 485 Exton, 62–3 Grasmere, 489 Gravesend, 234, 327 Falmer, 87 Great Bardfield, 88 Fareham, 327 Great Glen, 48 Faringdon, 231–2 Great Stretton, 494 Farne Islands, 381 Greenwich, 325, 327 Feering, 88 Gretton, 494 Fenny Compton, 141 Grimsby, 327 Fens, 44, 47, 60, 231, 372, 374, Groby, 455 378, 381, 384, 392, 408, 411, Groveley Wood, 380 421, 427, 463 Grunty Fen, 381 Ferry Corner Plots, 381 Guernsey, 35, 49 Ferryside, 58 Guiltcross, 152 Ffestiniog, 230 Guist, 351 Flaxley, 424, 451, 453 Gwennap, 57 Fleet, 202 Foleshill, 223 Hackney, 327–8 Folkeston, 45, 327 Hadleigh, 58 Forden, 302 Hale Fen, 381 Forehoe, 284 Halesworth, 46 Forest of Dean, 18, 34, 39–40, 58, Halifax, 406, 444 106, 135, 146, 377, 380, 383–5, Hallaton, 55, 494 392, 408, 411, 421–32 Halsall, 202 Forest of Leicester, 377 Halstead, 87 Fosdyke Fen, 382 Halton, 179, 195, 202 Foston, 494 Hampshire, 42, 380 Fowlmere, 60 Hampstead, 231, 473 France, 198 Hanborough, 170, 187, 204 Freebridge Lynn, 230 Hanbury, 380 Frithville, 392 Harlaston, 475, 494 Frome, 239 Harrington, 494 Fulham, 118, 124, 281 Harston, 44 Full Sutton, 42 Harthill Common, 424 Hartland, 455, 463, 467, 494 Gaddesby, 494 Haslingden, 67 Garsdale, 462, 475, 494 Hastings, 135 Garsington, 56 Haugh, 380 Garstang, 145 Haunton, 494 Gateshead, 223 Havergate Island, 381 Gaulby, 494 Hawkshead, 464, 475, 487, 494 Gedney, 463 Haynes, 166 Gilmorton, 170, 203 Haywood Forest, 376 Glamorganshire, 151, 411 Heanor, 144 Glasgwm, 460 Heather, 350

536 Places index Hebburn, 177, 204 Kedleston, 174, 187, 195, 202 Helhoughton, 170, 187, 203 Kegworth, 494 Helpston, 36, 50, 63, 79 Keighley, 406 Henley on Thames, 328 Kelvedon, 47 Henstead, 303 Kendal, 327 Hereford, 376 Keninghall, 152 Herefordshire, 408 Kensal New Town, 383 Hertfordshire, 231 Kensington, 231, 244, 245, 281 Hewelsfield, 424–5, 449–50, 452–3 Kent, 231, 232, 325, 492 Hexham, 145, 327, 494 Keyham, 203 Heydon, 97 Keynsham, 252 Hickling, 142 Keyworth, 494 Highnam, 449 Kibworth Harcourt, 494 Hinckley, 417 Kidlington, 174 Hog’s Norton, 47 Kilvington, 301 Holbeach, 463 King’s Norton, 494 Holborn, 231 King’s Weir, 380 Holdenby, 155 Kingsbury, 436 Holkham, 154 Kingsmark, 380 Holme by the Sea, 170, 187, 203 Kingsmarsh, 380 Holme Cultram, 383 Kirby Bellars, 315, 350 Holme Hale, 170, 203 Kirby Muxloe, 460, 494 Holyhead, 230, 257 Kirkby Ireleth, 202 Holywell, 63 Kirkham, 381 Honiton, 230 Kirkwall, 57 Hoo, 231, 234 Knighton, 460, 475, 494 Horninghold, 494 Knipton, 170, 203, 494 Horningtoft, 170, 203 Knossington, 494 Hose, 47 Houghton, 155 Laindon-cum-Basildon, 88 Houghton on the Hill, 170, 203 Lake District, 411, 462, 464, 485, 487 Hoylake, 328 Lambeth, 253 Huddersfield, 71, 259 Lampeter, 492 Hudnalls, 424 Lamport, 494 Hugnaston, 174 Lancashire, 33, 55, 168, 190, 202, 227, Hull, 232 230, 231–2, 240, 319, 330, 332–3, Huncote, 48 408, 411, 412, 462 Hungarton, 316 Lancaster, 323 Huntingdonshire, 164, 313 Langrick, 392 Hursley, 234 Langton Herring, 187, 202 Husbands Bosworth, 494 Launde Abbey, 381 Lea Bailey, 450–1 Idlicote, 46 Leeds, 51, 107, 289, 323, 390–1, 419 Ilford, 435 Leek, 327 Ingram, 177, 187, 204 Leicester, 89, 232, 268, 283, 375, 377, Ipswich, 42, 46, 78, 88 408–9, 420, 470, 480, 494 Irthlingborough, 60, 494 Leicestershire, 32, 55, 72–3, 168, 203, Isle of Man, 349 250, 287, 380, 392, 433, 455, 470, 476 Isle of Wight, 68, 380 Leigh on Sea, 58 Islip, 256 Lenton, 37 Italy, 492 Lewes, 382 Lewisham, 47, 267, 325 Japan, 112 Lichfield, 223 Jersey, 466 Lidyard Tregoz, 336 Joy’s Green, 424 Lincoln, 2, 382, 391

Places index 537 Lincolnshire, 47, 152, 228, 230, Malmesbury Abbey, 381 233, 340, 380, 384, 408 Malton, 315 Linton, 450 Manchester, 125, 231, 264, 270, 275, Liscard, 360 280, 283, 289, 306, 321–3, 331, Little Massingham, 191, 201 333, 390, 427, 495 Little Stretton, 494 Market Deeping, 63 Littledean, 424, 451, 453 Markingfield Hall, 381 Littlethorpe, 46 Marston, 46 Liverpool, 208, 231, 266–7, 269, 275, Marylebone, 87, 267 280–1, 289, 290, 320–1, 323, 335, Maxey, 50 365, 390, 436 Measham, 383–4, 494 Llandrindod Wells, 259 Medbourne, 55 Llandudno, 327–8 Medway, 231, 234 Llanelwedd, 38 Melchet Park, 380 Llanenddwyn, 257, 300, 309 Melling, 170, 202 Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa, 62 Merthyr Tydfil, 223, 238, 257, 284 Llangollen, 57 Methley, 166 Llanrhidian, 12 Middlesex, 132, 325, 436 Llanrwst, 230 Midville, 392 Llechryd, 57 Mildenhall, 230 Lleckgwynfarwydd, 143 Mile End Old Town, 231 Lockinge, 154 Milton Abbas, 154, 155 Lockington, 494 Mitcheldean, 431, 451, 453 Loddington, 494 Mitford and Launditch union, 246 London, 33, 49, 54, 57, 68, 71, 78, 87, 90, 93, Monmouth, 422, 425 98, 105, 118–19, 147–8, 151, 191, 223, Monmouthshire, 230, 406, 408, 411 225, 230–4, 240, 253–6, 259, 262, 265, Montgomeryshire, 62, 302 267, 273–5, 279, 281–2, 289, 293–5, 300, More Chichel, 154 320–2, 325–6, 329, 333, 335, 340, 348, Morley, 143, 170, 202 365, 385, 387–91, 393–5, 408–11, 421, Morpeth, 145, 230 427, 435–7, 441, 443–5, 466, 473–4, 497 Moulton, 145 Long Ashton, 315 Mountsorrel, 421 Long Clawson, 47 Muker, 145 Long Horsley, 392 Mynydd Pencarreg, 492 Long Sutton, 463 Long Whatton, 494 Necton, 192, 494 Longhoughton, 177, 187, 204 Needham, 48 Loughborough, 239 Needham Market, 61 Louth, 230, 314–5 Needwood, 380 Lowick, 202 Neithrop, 141 Ludlow, 382 New Forest, 380, 411 Luffield Abbey, 381 New Zealand, 156 Lulworth Castle, 154 Newark, 301, 306, 315–16, 330 Lundy Island, 381 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1, 319–21 Lutterworth, 243, 311 Newent, 422 Lydbrook, 422, 449, 452–3 Newland, 146, 424, 426, 431, 451, 452 Lydford, 454 Newlands, 475, 494 Lydney, 422, 453 Newnham, 431 Newport, 53, 321 Macclesfield, 232 Newton Harcourt, 285 Machynlleth, 230 Newton Regis, 494 Madingley, 44 Newtown, 154 Maidenhead, 151 Nigeria, 464 Maidstone, 232, 328 No Man’s Heath, 375 Malham, 49 No Man’s Land, 375

538 Places index Norfolk, 10, 38, 43, 68, 146, 168, 182–3, Peterborough, 63, 230 187, 189–92, 198–9, 201, 203, 226, Piddletown, 170, 202 228, 303, 408, 454–5, 476 Pillerton, 46 Norfolk Broads, 383–4 Pimlico, 54 North Barsham, 179, 187, 203 Plymouth, 408 North Bierley, 239 Polstead, 45 North Erpingham, 303 Poole, 327 North Forty Foot Bank, 381 Pope’s Hill, 39, 424, 452 North Lopham, 152 Poplar, 223 Northamptonshire, 38, 59, 99, 155, Portsea Island, 239 164, 380 Prestbury, 392 Northmoor, 170, 204 Preston, 231, 321, 323 Northumberland, 35, 57, 152, 157, 168, Prestwich, 282, 331 182, 183, 204, 233, 340, 386, 392, 500 Priors Marston, 100 Norway, 76 Prittlewell, 109 Norwich, 64, 89, 105, 232, 375, 391, 408 Prussia, 112 Noseley, 381 Pudsey, 51 Nottingham, 37, 232, 314, 418–19 Puffin Island, 381 Nottinghamshire, 380, 408 Pwllheli, 230 Nowhere, near Yarmouth, 375 Pyrton, 170, 187, 204 Nuneaton, 55, 223 Nuneham Courtenay, 155 Queniborough, 170, 187, 203 Quorn(don), 416, 494 Oakley, 154 Oaks-in-Charnwood, 413, 421, 461 Radford, 37 Okehampton, 230 Radnorshire, 151 Old Sarum, 382 Rampisham, 170, 187, 202 Oldham, 231 Ramsey, 60 Ollerton, 37 Ranton Abbey, 381 Olveston, 166 Raunds, 41, 60 Orford, 378 Ravensthorpe, 494 Orkney, 57 Ravenstonedale, 198 Ormskirk, 323 Reading, 56, 232, 264 Orton, 11 Redruth, 57 Orton on the Hill, 494 Rhayader, 259 Oswestry, 232 Rhodygeidio, 143 Oundle, 267 Richmond, 98, 231, 234 Over, 43 Ringstead, 494 Owston, 285, 494 Ripon, 408–9 Oxford, 231, 375, 391 Rochdale, 208 Oxfordshire, 116, 168, 190, 198, 204 Rockingham Forest, 380 Oxhill, 46 Romney Marsh, 232, 328 Roosdown, 381 Pailton, 243 Rothbury, 230 Painswick, 136 Rotherhithe, 253, 267 Parkend, 422, 427, 448 Rothley, 382, 413 Parkhurst, 380 Roudham, 460 Patterdale, 463, 475, 494 Rowland’s Marsh, 381 Peak Forest, 179 Royston, 43 Peatling Magna, 494 Ruardean, 424, 451 Peatling Parva, 494 Rudgwick, 57, 60 Pebworth, 46 Rugby, 311 Pelham’s Lands, 381 Runham, 170, 203, 375 Pennington, 170, 202 Ruspidge, 453 Penzance, 328 Russia, 60

Places index 539 Ruthin, 58 Shipton-on-Stour, 276 Rutland, 48, 62–3, 151, 408, 433, 464 Shoreditch, 231, 253 Ryal, 494 Shropshire, 166, 230–2, 336 Sibsey, 56 St Andrew by the Wardrobe, 130 Skegness, 475, 494 St Bartholomew, 378 Skipton, 323 St Benedict, 119 Skokholm Island, 381 St Briavels, 40, 106–7, 424–5, 431, Slawston, 494 449–50, 452 Smallburgh, 230 St Faith’s and Horsford, 64 Smalley, 170, 202 St George Bloomsbury, 325 Snelston, 463 St George Hanover Square, 253, 293, Snoring Magna, 170, 203 325, 390 Snoring Parva, 168, 179, 203 St George’s, 231 Snowdonia, 411 St George’s in the East, 54, 231, Solihull, 166 293, 336 Somerset, 49, 239, 315, 432 St Giles Bloomsbury, 231, 325 South Creake, 170, 203 St Helen, 372 South Croxton, 494 St Ives, 44 South Erpingham, 303 St James Clerkenwell, 325 Southampton, 408, 411 St James Westminster, 253, 325 Southrepps, 146 St John Westminster, 325 Southwark, 93, 318–19 St John’s parish, Glasgow, 388 Southwell, 68, 238 St Just, 467 Sowe, 52 St Leonard Shoreditch, 325 Spalding, 378 St Luke Middlesex, 325 Spilsby, 314 St Margaret Westminster, 325 Staffordshire, 48, 336, 380, 408, 463 St Martin-in-the-Fields, 135, 253, 322 Staithes, 62 St Mary Islington, 325 Stalybridge, 142 St Mary Newington, 325 Stamford, 63, 391 St Marylebone, 231, 325, 390 Standlake, 170, 195, 204 St Neots, 314 Stansfield, 343 St Olave, 327 Stanton Harcourt, 204 St Pancras, 300, 306, 325, 390 Staunton, 423 St Saviours Southwark, 231 Steeple Bumpstead, 91, 92 St Thomas’ union, 230, 289, 312–3, 317 Stepney, 231, 294 Salford, 232, 247, 282, 289, 293, 331, 345 Steyning, 271 Sandleford, 372 Stockport, 142, 276–7, 282, 323 Sandwich, 382 Stoke Abbot, 170, 202 Sawston, 61 Stoke on Trent, 232 Scalford, 40 Stokesley, 314 Seagrave, 41, 466 Stoke-Talmage, 237 Seathwaite, 202 Stony Stratford, 165 Seaton, 146 Stoughton, 494 Sedbergh, 231–2, 234, 462 Strand, 70, 231, 280 Selborne, 50 Stratton Strawless, 42 Settle, 323 Sudbury, 378 Sevenoaks, 231 Suffolk, 43, 46, 68, 191, 238, 408, Severn, River, 384, 422, 426, 428, 431 437, 454–5, 476 Shaftesbury, 81 Sunderland, 232 Sheffield, 286, 323, 331–2, 371, 390, 419 Surrey, 325, 471 Shelford, 44 Sussex, 57, 168, 183, 198, 204, 231, Shepshed, 494 471, 492 Sherburn, 375 Sutton in the Elms, 494 Sheringham, 58 Sutton Waldron, 81–2

540 Places index Swaffham, 230 Wakefield, 323 Swaledale, 145 Walesby, 37 Swansea, 53 Walgrave, 494 Sweden, 112 Wallingford, 382 Swinefleet, 383 Walsall, 47, 58 Swithland, 170, 179, 203, 455 Walsden, 343 Switzerland, 112, 466 Walsingham, 230 Swyre, 187, 202 Walthamstow, 435 Syderstone, 170, 179, 203 Wandsworth, 327 Symonds Yat, 493 Warrington, 232, 323 Wartnaby, 203 Taddiport, 42 Warwickshire, 46 Tamworth, 47 Waterloo, 67 Tatenhill, 380 Wayland, 230 Tatham, 179, 203 Weald, the, 411 Tatterford, 179, 195, 203 Week, 46 Tattersett, 203 Welches Dam, 381 Taunton, 268 Welham, 494 Tenby, 327–8 Wellingborough, 60 Theddingworth, 494 Welsh Hampton, 383 Thingoe, 230 West Allen, 386 Thirsk, 315 West Dean, 425, 448 Thorpe Acre, 416, 420–1 West Derby union, 232, 289, 365 Thorpe Langton, 145 West Fen, 381 Thorpe on the Hill, 494 West Ham, 223 Thorpe Thewles, 42 West Kirby, 328 Thrapston, 230, 267, 281 West London union, 332 Three Mile Cross, 56 West Rainham, 147 Thriplow, 60 West Riding, 239 Thurmaston, 170, 203, 420 West Ward, 230, 267, 351 Thursford, 203 Westbury on Severn, 39, 223, Tidenham, 428, 452–3 423, 425 Tiverton, 230 Westminster, 231 Todmorden, 230, 343 Westmorland, 135, 240 Toftrees, 187, 195, 203 Whalley, 202, 392 Tolpuddle, 76 Whalton, 170, 177, 195, 204 Torquay, 408 Whitby, 10, 282, 408 Tower of London, 378, 382 Whitechapel, 93, 125, 231, 233, 234 Toxteth Park, 232 Whittingham Vale, 44 Tranmere, 360 Whittlesey, 232 Tregaron, 230, 233 Whittlewood, 411 Troedyraur, 59 Whitwick, 416 Tron, 388 Wicklewood, 284 Trumpington, 44 Wigan, 289 Tur Langton, 494 Wildmore, 392 Tutbury, 380 Willingham, 152 Twyford, 467, 494 Wiltshire, 187, 336, 485 Wimborne, 300, 303–5, 310 Ulverstone, 202 Wincanton, 239 Upper Broughton, 460 Winchester, 382 Uppingham, 267 Windsor, 231, 285, 375 Urswick, 168, 179, 203 Winwick, 145 Wirrall, 69, 148, 267, 359–60 Vale of Blackmore, 81 Wisbech, 327 Viney Hill, 450 Witchampton, 154

Places index 541 Wolverhampton, 232, 321 Wye, River, 384, 422, 426, 428, 493 Woodford, 494 Wymeswold, 494 Woodhouse Eaves, 413, 494 Woolaston, 448 Yarmouth, 375, 384 Woolwich, 88 Yarnton, 174, 204 Wootton Bassett, 336 Yelvertoft, 494 Wootton Fitzpaine, 168, 202 York, 166, 231–2, 327, 391, 421 Worcester, 377 Yorkley, 58 Wormleighton, 141 Yorkshire, 230, 240, 313, 315, 319, 330, Worth, 87, 132 331–2, 408, 411, 455, 462 Wotton, 48 Yoxhall, 380