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Song of the Burbot: Under-Ice Acoustic Signaling by a Freshwater Gadoid fish

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Song of the Burbot: Under-Ice Acoustic Signaling by a Freshwater Gadoid fish JGLR-00697; No. of pages: 6; 4C: 3 Journal of Great Lakes Research xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Great Lakes Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jglr Song of the burbot: Under-ice acoustic signaling by a freshwater gadoid fish Peter A. Cott a,b,⁎, Anthony D. Hawkins c,1, David Zeddies d,2, Bruce Martin d,2, Thomas A. Johnston b,e,3, James D. Reist f,4, John M. Gunn b,5,DennisM.Higgsg,6 a Department of Fisheries and Oceans, #301, 5205-50th Ave., Yellowknife, Northwest Territories X1A 1E2, Canada b Laurentian University, Vale Living With Lakes Centre, Cooperative Freshwater Ecology Unit, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada c Loughine Ltd, Kincraig, Blairs, Aberdeen AB12 5YT, Scotland, UK d JASCO Applied Sciences, Suite 202 Troop Ave, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1Z1, Canada e Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada f Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada g Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada article info abstract Article history: Burbot (Lota lota) are northern freshwater gadoid fish that spawn under ice-cover, making their reproductive Received 18 October 2013 behavior largely unknown to science. Some members of the cod family vocalize as part of their mating system. Accepted 10 February 2014 These calls are produced by rapidly contracting drumming muscles on their swim bladders. Burbot also possess Available online xxxx drumming muscles, like their marine counterparts, which may enable them to vocalize. To assess the potential for burbot to make calls, pre-spawning adult burbot were collected and placed in a large under-ice enclosure Communicated by Thomas Hrabik in Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada, along with a recorder that monitored low frequency sound Index words: over their spawning period. The recorded acoustic data revealed that burbot called coincident with the onset Burbot of their spawning period and that the call signatures were stereotypical of swim bladder generated vocalizations Fish calls made by other gadoid fishes. Burbot showed a wide repertoire of calls, from slow knocks to fast buzzing, similar Gadidae to the closely related haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Although never-before documented, calling by fish Lota lota under ice-cover is likely an important part of the mating system of under-ice spawning gadoids because light lim- Reproduction itation would reduce the usefulness of visual cues. These under-ice communications may be affected by anthro- Spawning Great Slave Lake pogenic noise from increasing resource development in northern regions. © 2014 International Association for Great Lakes Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Introduction (Brawn, 1961; Hawkins and Rasmussen, 1978; Rowe and Hutchings, 2006)orhums(Rowe and Hutchings, 2006), while haddock Some fishes in the commercially important family Gadidae, the cod (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) produce a complex mixture of grunts, fishes (Cohen et al., 1990), produce sounds during their reproductive knocks, hums, and buzzes (Hawkins and Amorin, 2000; Hawkins and period (Hawkins, 1993; Kasumyan, 2009). These sounds are typically Rasmussen, 1978). Although not all cod fish species that possess drum- produced by rapidly contracting striated muscles (drumming muscles) ming muscles vocalize (Hawkins and Rasmussen, 1978), it is clear that located dorso-laterally on the swim bladder (Hawkins and Amorin, the presence of such muscles represents the potential for vocal ability. 2000; Parmentier et al., 2006). Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), produce Burbot (Lota lota) are the only freshwater gadoid (Cohen et al., 1990) simple, stereotyped calls that are limited to low frequency grunts and one of the most widely distributed freshwater fish species in the world (Van Houdt et al., 2005). However, little is known about the re- productive ecology of burbot (McPhail and Paragamian, 2000), largely ⁎ Corresponding author at: Wilfrid Laurier University, WLU-GNWT Partnership, Box because they spawn in mid-winter, under ice-cover (McPhail and 1591, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2P2, Canada. Tel.: +1 867 444 9345. Paragamian, 2000; Scott and Crossman, 1973). The limited light during E-mail addresses: [email protected] (P.A. Cott), [email protected] (A.D. Hawkins), their reproductive period, their relatively sensitive hearing (Cott et al., [email protected] (D. Zeddies), [email protected] (B. Martin), [email protected] (T.A. Johnston), [email protected] (J.D. Reist), 2013a), the presence of drumming muscles, and the fact that their [email protected] (J.M. Gunn), [email protected] (D.M. Higgs). drumming muscle mass increases towards the spawning season (Cott 1 Tel.: +44 1224 868984. et al., 2013b,c) suggest that sound production and reception could 2 Tel.: +1 902 405 3336. play a primary role for burbot in communicating mating cues. 3 Tel.: +1 705 671 3828. We hypothesized that burbot vocalize in association with their 4 Tel.: +1 204 983 5032. 5 Tel.: +1 705 675 4831. reproduction as is the case in certain other members of the cod family 6 Tel.: +1 519 253 3000. that possess swim bladder muscles (Hawkins and Rasmussen, 1978; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.02.017 0380-1330/© 2014 International Association for Great Lakes Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Please cite this article as: Cott, P.A., et al., Song of the burbot: Under-ice acoustic signaling by a freshwater gadoid fish, J Great Lakes Res (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.02.017 2 P.A. Cott et al. / Journal of Great Lakes Research xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Rowe and Hutchings, 2006, 2008). We predicted that burbot calls would freeze the tops of the walls in place with the ice serving as a lid, forming be similar to those of other vocal gadoids and that calls would occur at a 900 m3 enclosure. The ice at the study location was approximately the onset of spawning, possibly to signal reproductive readiness. To 50 cm thick in December, attaining a maximum thickness of 110 cm test this prediction, we monitored wild burbot in an experimental en- by the conclusion of the study. With snow and ice cover, light penetra- closure in a northern lake over the expected spawning period using an tion at 9 m depth is below the detection limit of our light sensing equip- underwater sound recorder. We selected a study location within the ment, i.e., b10.8 lm/m2 (M. Guzzo, P. Blanchfield, P. Cott, unpublished core range of burbot where environmental conditions would be typical data). for this species (Cott et al., 2013b). An automated multi-channel acoustic recorder (AMAR; JASCO Applied Sciences, Victoria, BC, Canada) was suspended in the center of Materials and methods the Lota-tron, 1 m above the lake bottom. An M15B hydrophone (GeoSpectrum Technologies Inc., Dartmouth, NS, Canada) with a sensi- In Canada, burbot typically spawn between January and March, tivity of −160 dBV/μPa was fitted to the AMAR. A continuous recording in shallow water (0–10 m), over a variety of substrates from silt was collected at a sampling rate of 16 kps. This configuration had a and sand to coarse gravel and cobble (McPhail, 2007; McPhail and broadband noise floor of 81 dB re 1 μPa and a spectral noise floor of Paragamian, 2000; Scott and Crossman, 1973).A10m×10m×10m 42 dB re 1 μPa2/Hz at 100 Hz. The AMAR continuously recorded from experimental enclosure (hereafter the Lota-tron) was suspended December 15, 2009 until retrieval on March 6, 2010, spanning the ex- under the ice in Yellowknife Bay, Great Slave Lake near the City of pected spawning period for this burbot population. Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada (62°26′30 N 114°20′70 W; A total of 31 burbot were collected from Yellowknife Bay in close Fig. 1). The Lota-tron was constructed entirely of 1-in. nylon mesh proximity to the Lota-tron, using a combination of baited long lines that allowed for free mixing of the surrounding lake water. Because and gillnets as per Cott et al. (2011); all fishing gear was set in water nylon mesh has a specific gravity almost identical to water it is acousti- depths less than 10 m to minimize barotrauma (Bruesewitz et al., cally transparent when wet. The Lota-tron was deployed through the ice 1993). Thirteen of the captured burbot were placed in the Lota-tron on December 8, 2009, prior to the expected spawning period and posi- from December 19, 2009 to January 13, 2010, and the remaining 18 tioned in a mean water depth of 9.5 m over a firm sandy-silt substrate were collected and added in the period from February 9 to February intermixed with gravel and cobble. This allowed the mesh bottom to 18, 2010. Burbot in the Lota-tron were fed weekly with cut-up cisco rest directly on the substrate, emulating natural spawning habitat. The (Coregonus artedi). During the collection of burbot for use in the Lota- bottom was anchored in place using concrete blocks, with the top cor- tron, fish that were incidentally injured were used for a concurrent ners pulled tight and anchored in place above the ice with ice-screws. study on the reproductive ecology of burbot (Cott et al., 2013b). From The top edge of each wall was equipped with floats allowing the ice to the concurrent reproductive ecology study (Cott et al., 2013b), burbot Fig. 1. Location of the burbot enclosure (Lota-tron) (denoted by the “X”) in Yellowknife Bay, Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada. Please cite this article as: Cott, P.A., et al., Song of the burbot: Under-ice acoustic signaling by a freshwater gadoid fish, J Great Lakes Res (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.02.017 P.A.
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