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A Thesis Submitted to the G IMPACTS OF EXPOSURE TO OIL SANDS-DERIVED CONTAMINANTS ON THE WHITE SUCKER (CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONII) A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Prince Edward Island Collin James Arens Charlottetown, P. E. I. June, 2017 © 2017, Arens i THESIS/DISSERTATION NON-EXCLUSIVE LICENSE Family Name: Arens Given Name, Middle Name (if applicable): Collin, James Full Name of University: University of Prince Edward Island Faculty, Department, School: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College Degree for which thesis/dissertation Date Degree Awarded: June 26, 2017 was presented: Doctor of Philosophy Thesis/dissertation Title: IMPACTS OF EXPOSURE TO OIL SANDS-DERIVED CONTAMINANTS ON THE WHITE SUCKER (CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONII) Date of Birth. It is optional to supply your date of birth. If you choose to do so please note that the information will be included in the bibliographic record for your thesis/dissertation. August 17th 1981 In consideration of my University making my thesis/dissertation available to interested persons, I, Collin James Arens, hereby grant a non-exclusive, for the full term of copyright protection, license to my University, The University of Prince Edward Island: (a) to archive, preserve, produce, reproduce, publish, communicate, convert into any format, and to make available in print or online by telecommunication to the public for non- commercial purposes; (b) to sub-license to Library and Archives Canada any of the acts mentioned in paragraph (a). I undertake to submit my thesis/dissertation, through my University, to Library and Archives Canada. Any abstract submitted with the thesis/dissertation will be considered to form part of the thesis/dissertation. I represent that my thesis/dissertation is my original work, does not infringe any rights of others, including privacy rights, and that I have the right to make the grant conferred by this non-exclusive license. If third party copyrighted material was included in my thesis/dissertation for which, under the terms of the Copyright Act, written permission from the copyright owners is required I have obtained such permission from the copyright owners to do the acts mentioned in paragraph (a) above for the full term of copyright protection I retain copyright ownership and moral rights in my thesis/dissertation, and may deal with the copyright in my thesis/dissertation, in any way consistent with rights granted by me to my University in this non-exclusive license. I further promise to inform any person to whom I may hereafter assign or license my copyright in my thesis/dissertation of the rights granted by me to my University in this non-exclusive license. Signature Date ii University of Prince Edward Island Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Charlottetown CERTIFICATION OF THESIS WORK We, the undersigned, certify that Collin James Arens, candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, has presented his thesis with the following title: IMPACTS OF EXPOSURE TO OIL SANDS-DERIVED CONTAMINANTS ON THE WHITE SUCKER (CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONII) that the thesis is acceptable in form and content, and that a satisfactory knowledge of the field covered by the thesis was demonstrated by the candidate through an oral examination held on June 26, 2017. Examiners Dr. Suzie Currie (External) Dr. Jonathon Spears (Chair) Dr. Michael van den Heuvel (Supervisor) Dr. Collins Kamunde Dr. Mark Fast iii ABSTRACT The rapid expansion and scale of development associated with the Athabasca oil sands industry has generated concerns regarding potential contamination of the surrounding watershed from industry-derived contaminants. While research to date has demonstrated pathways of exposure through atmospheric deposition and reclamation of oil sands process water, our understanding of how fish in the Athabasca watershed are impacted by these activities are not as well understood. The objective of this dissertation was to determine whether population performance of fishes in the Athabasca watershed have the potential to be impacted by oil sands development. This was assessed by evaluating the impacts of a proposed tailings reclamation strategy (i.e., the creation of end pit lakes) on fish population performance, and by evaluating the current performance of fish in the Athabasca River. White Sucker were selected as the model organism for this work based on their regional availability, spawning period, size, and role as a sentinel species in effects-based monitoring programs. Population performance was evaluated using effects-based indicators of growth, energy storage and reproductive performance in adult fish, as well as survival and rates of deformity in early life stages. Effects were then interpreted in relation to biochemical and chemical indicators of contaminant exposure. Potential estrogenic and androgenic effects were evaluated using a recombinant yeast assay. White Sucker in the Athabasca watershed exhibit effects consistent with metabolic disruption. Biochemical endpoints suggest exposure to atmospherically derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be a contributing factor to these effects. Naphthenic acids were detected in the Athabasca watershed at concentrations below thresholds known to cause impacts on growth or reproduction. Water samples collected from the watershed showed no evidence of (anti-) estrogenic or (anti-) androgenic activity at ecologically relevant concentrations, and no impacts on survival, or rates of deformity in early life stages of White Sucker exposed to this material were evident. iv White Sucker exposed to aged tailings showed reductions in growth and gonad development. Limited available energy, endocrine disruption and chronic stress likely contributed to these effects. Aged tailings showed evidence of anti-estrogenic and anti- androgenic activity; whether these effects resulted from direct binding of the receptors or non- genomic interactions remains unclear. Early life stage exposures showed high instances of developmental abnormalities consistent with blue-sac disease, suggesting effects were related to oxidative stress. Although specific causative agents and mechanisms of action could not be determined from the present study, the observed effects correlated with naphthenic acid exposure. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Jennifer Arens, Chris Beierling, Colleen Campbell, Mike Coffin, Liane Leclerc, Lahni Pohler, Scott Roloson, Dr. Karen Thorpe and Dr. Richard Kavanagh and the staff at Canadian Natural Resources Limited for their assistance with field collections throughout this research program. I would also like to thank Dr. Fabric Berrue, Patricia Bowland, Dr. Russell Kerr, Dr. Karen Kidd, Dr. Glen Van Der Kraak, Jacquie Matsumoto, and Angella Mercer for their support with the various laboratory analyses used herein. I would like to thank Dr. John Sumpter at Brunel University for contributing the recombinant yeast strains used in the yeast estrogen and androgen screens, as well as Dr. Karen Thorpe for her instruction and guidance on their use. Finally, I would also like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Mike van den Heuvel, for his mentorship and guidance throughout my graduate program. This work was supported by Syncrude Canada Limited, Suncor Energy Inc., Shell Canada Energy, Total E&P Canada, and Canadian Natural Resources Limited under the auspices of Canadian Oil Sands Network for Research and Development, and by Canada Research Chair and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Collaborative Research and Development grants held by Dr. Mike van den Heuvel. vi Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my wife, Jennifer, who has been a constant source of encouragement and support. I am truly thankful for having you in my life. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS IMPACTS OF EXPOSURE TO OIL SANDS-DERIVED CONTAMINANTS ON THE WHITE SUCKER (CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONII) ...........................................................................................I THESIS/DISSERTATION NON-EXCLUSIVE LICENSE .................................................................... II CERTIFICATION OF THESIS WORK ............................................................................................... III ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... VI TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... XI LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ XII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ XIV CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 ATHABASCA OIL SANDS DEPOSIT .............................................................................................. 2 1.2 ATHABASCA OIL SANDS DEVELOPMENT
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