Plasma Physics: an Introduction to Laboratory, Space, and Fusion Plasmas
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Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
Plasma Physics I APPH E6101x Columbia University Fall, 2016
Lecture 1: Plasma Physics I APPH E6101x Columbia University Fall, 2016 1 Syllabus and Class Website http://sites.apam.columbia.edu/courses/apph6101x/ 2 Textbook “Plasma Physics offers a broad and modern introduction to the many aspects of plasma science … . A curious student or interested researcher could track down laboratory notes, older monographs, and obscure papers … . with an extensive list of more than 300 references and, in particular, its excellent overview of the various techniques to generate plasma in a laboratory, Plasma Physics is an excellent entree for students into this rapidly growing field. It’s also a useful reference for professional low-temperature plasma researchers.” (Michael Brown, Physics Today, June, 2011) 3 Grading • Weekly homework • Two in-class quizzes (25%) • Final exam (50%) 4 https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sdo/overview/ Launched 11 Feb 2010 5 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sdo/news/sdo-year2.html#.VerqQLRgyxI 6 http://www.ccfe.ac.uk/MAST.aspx http://www.ccfe.ac.uk/mast_upgrade_project.aspx 7 https://youtu.be/svrMsZQuZrs 8 9 10 ITER: The International Burning Plasma Experiment Important fusion science experiment, but without low-activation fusion materials, tritium breeding, … ~ 500 MW 10 minute pulses 23,000 tonne 51 GJ >30B $US (?) DIII-D ⇒ ITER ÷ 3.7 (50 times smaller volume) (400 times smaller energy) 11 Prof. Robert Gross Columbia University Fusion Energy (1984) “Fusion has proved to be a very difficult challenge. The early question was—Can fusion be done, and, if so how? … Now, the challenge lies in whether fusion can be done in a reliable, an economical, and socially acceptable way…” 12 http://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil 13 14 Plasmasphere (Image EUV) 15 https://youtu.be/TaPgSWdcYtY 16 17 LETTER doi:10.1038/nature14476 Small particles dominate Saturn’s Phoebe ring to surprisingly large distances Douglas P. -
Plasma Physics and Advanced Fluid Dynamics Jean-Marcel Rax (Univ. Paris-Saclay, Ecole Polytechnique), Christophe Gissinger (LPEN
Plasma Physics and advanced fluid dynamics Jean-Marcel Rax (Univ. Paris-Saclay, Ecole Polytechnique), Christophe Gissinger (LPENS)) I- Plasma Physics : principles, structures and dynamics, waves and instabilities Besides ordinary temperature usual (i) solid state, (ii) liquid state and (iii) gaseous state, at very low and very high temperatures new exotic states appear : (iv) quantum fluids and (v) ionized gases. These states display a variety of specific and new physical phenomena : (i) at low temperature quantum coherence, correlation and indiscernibility lead to superfluidity, su- perconductivity and Bose-Einstein condensation ; (ii) at high temperature ionization provides a significant fraction of free charges responsible for in- stabilities, nonlinear, chaotic and turbulent behaviors characteristic of the \plasma state". This set of lectures provides an introduction to the basic tools, main results and advanced methods of Plasma Physics. • Plasma Physics : History, orders of magnitudes, Bogoliubov's hi- erarchy, fluid and kinetic reductions. Electric screening : Langmuir frequency, Maxwell time, Debye length, hybrid frequencies. Magnetic screening : London and Kelvin lengths. Alfven and Bohm velocities. • Charged particles dynamics : adiabaticity and stochasticity. Alfven and Ehrenfest adiabatic invariants. Electric and magnetic drifts. Pon- deromotive force. Wave/particle interactions : Chirikov criterion and chaotic dynamics. Quasilinear kinetic equation for Landau resonance. • Structure and self-organization : Debye and Child-Langmuir sheath, Chapman-Ferraro boundary layer. Brillouin and basic MHD flow. Flux conservation : Alfven's theorem. Magnetic topology : magnetic helicity conservation. Grad-Shafranov and basic MHD equilibrium. • Waves and instabilities : Fluid and kinetic dispersions : resonance and cut-off. Landau and cyclotron absorption. Bernstein's modes. Fluid instabilities : drift, interchange and kink. Alfvenic and geometric coupling. -
Plasma Descriptions I: Kinetic, Two-Fluid 1
CHAPTER 5. PLASMA DESCRIPTIONS I: KINETIC, TWO-FLUID 1 Chapter 5 Plasma Descriptions I: Kinetic, Two-Fluid Descriptions of plasmas are obtained from extensions of the kinetic theory of gases and the hydrodynamics of neutral uids (see Sections A.4 and A.6). They are much more complex than descriptions of charge-neutral uids because of the complicating eects of electric and magnetic elds on the motion of charged particles in the plasma, and because the electric and magnetic elds in the plasma must be calculated self-consistently with the plasma responses to them. Additionally, magnetized plasmas respond very anisotropically to perturbations — because charged particles in them ow almost freely along magnetic eld lines, gyrate about the magnetic eld, and drift slowly perpendicular to the magnetic eld. The electric and magnetic elds in a plasma are governed by the Maxwell equations (see Section A.2). Most calculations in plasma physics assume that the constituent charged particles are moving in a vacuum; thus, the micro- scopic, “free space” Maxwell equations given in (??) are appropriate. For some applications the electric and magnetic susceptibilities (and hence dielectric and magnetization responses) of plasmas are derived (see for example Sections 1.3, 1.4 and 1.6); then, the macroscopic Maxwell equations are used. Plasma eects enter the Maxwell equations through the charge density and current “sources” produced by the response of a plasma to electric and magnetic elds: X X q = nsqs, J = nsqsVs, plasma charge, current densities. (5.1) s s Here, the subscript s indicates the charged particle species (s = e, i for electrons, 3 ions), ns is the density (#/m ) of species s, qs the charge (Coulombs) on the species s particles, and Vs the species ow velocity (m/s). -
Rheology of Human Blood Plasma: Viscoelastic Versus Newtonian Behavior
week ending PRL 110, 078305 (2013) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 15 FEBRUARY 2013 Rheology of Human Blood Plasma: Viscoelastic Versus Newtonian Behavior M. Brust,1 C. Schaefer,1 R. Doerr,1 L. Pan,2 M. Garcia,2 P.E. Arratia,2 and C. Wagner1,* 1Experimentalphysik, Universita¨t des Saarlandes, Postfach 151150, 66041 Saarbru¨cken, Germany 2Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA (Received 16 August 2012; revised manuscript received 5 December 2012; published 15 February 2013) We investigate the rheological characteristics of human blood plasma in shear and elongational flows. While we can confirm a Newtonian behavior in shear flow within experimental resolution, we find a viscoelastic behavior of blood plasma in the pure extensional flow of a capillary breakup rheometer. The influence of the viscoelasticity of blood plasma on capillary blood flow is tested in a microfluidic device with a contraction-expansion geometry. Differential pressure measurements revealed that the plasma has a pronounced flow resistance compared to that of pure water. Supplementary measurements indicate that the viscoelasticity of the plasma might even lead to viscoelastic instabilities under certain conditions. Our findings show that the viscoelastic properties of plasma should not be ignored in future studies on blood flow. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.078305 PACS numbers: 83.50.Jf, 83.60.Wc, 87.19.UÀ Blood is a complex fluid that consists of a suspension of microfluidic devices. The two investigated blood replace- blood cells in a liquid plasma which contains mostly water ment solutions with the same shear but different elonga- as well as proteins, mineral ions, hormones, and glucose. -
In Vitro Demonstration of Cancer Inhibiting Properties from Stratified Self-Organized Plasma-Liquid Interface
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN In vitro Demonstration of Cancer Inhibiting Properties from Stratifed Self-Organized Plasma-Liquid Received: 2 March 2017 Accepted: 11 September 2017 Interface Published: xx xx xxxx Zhitong Chen1, Shiqiang Zhang1, Igor Levchenko2,3, Isak I. Beilis4 & Michael Keidar1 Experiments on plasma-liquid interaction and formation of thinly stratifed self-organized patterns at plasma-liquid interface have revealed a nontrivial cancer-inhibiting capability of liquid media treated at self-organized interfacial patterns. A pronounced cancer suppressing activity towards at least two cancer cells, breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and human glioblastoma U87 cancer lines, was demonstrated in vitro. After a short treatment at the thinly stratifed self-organized plasma-liquid interface pattern, the cancer inhibiting media demonstrate pronounced suppressing and apoptotic activities towards tumor cells. Importantly, this would have been impossible without interfacial stratifcation of plasma jet to thin (of several µm) current flaments, which plays a pivotal role in building up the cancer inhibition properties. Furthermore, thinly stratifed, self-organized interfacial discharge is capable to efciently control the ROS and RNS concentrations in the cancer-inhibiting media. In particular, abnormal ROS/ RNS ratios are not achievable in discharges since they do not form stratifed thin-flament patterns. Our fndings could be tremendously important for understanding the cancer proliferation problem and hence, the potential of this approach in tackling the challenges of high cancer-induced mortality should be explored. Despite tremendous eforts undertaken, cancer and cancer-related diseases still remain among the most dan- gerous and mortiferous abnormalities responsible for about 13% of human death cases, totally accounting for more than 7 million per year1. -
James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Salt
Salt Lake City, Utah A Division of The American Physical Society November 14-18, 2011 James Clerk Maxwell Prize He is the recipient of a number of stationed at CERN full-time since 2001. Fajans has been a Miller Fellow at for Plasma Physics important prizes and awards including He is a founding member of the ATHENA Berkeley, a National Science Foundation the Patten Prize, Bavarian Innovation antihydrogen collaboration and was the Presidential Young Investigator, and "For Pioneering, and seminal contributions Prize, Wissenschaftpreis of the German Physics Coordinator of the experiment that an Office of Naval Research Young to, the field of dusty plasmas, including “Stifterverband”, ERC research grant, produced the first cold antihydrogen atoms Investigator. He is a fellow of the work leading to the discovery of Gagarin Medal, Ziolkowski Medal, NASA at the CERN Antiproton Decelerator in American Physical Society, and served on plasma crystals, to an explanation for achievement awards, URGO Foundation 2002. He is the founder and Spokesperson the Executive Committee of the Division of the complicated structure of Saturn's for Advances in Dermatology Award of the ALPHA collaboration, which Plasma Physics. rings, and to microgravity dusty plasma (plasma treatment of chronic wounds). demonstrated trapping of antihydrogen experiments conducted first on parabolic- atoms in 2010 (the work which is being trajectory flights and then on the honored here). Hangst was elected to Mike Charlton International Space Station." Salt Lake Fun Facts: fellowship of the APS, Division of Plasma Swansea University, United Kingdom Gregor Morfill The people of Salt Lake City consume Physics, in 2005. Max-Planck Institute für more Jell-O per capita than any other city Mike Charlton Extraterrestrische Physik in the United States. -
Frontiers in Plasma Physics Research: a Fifty-Year Perspective from 1958 to 2008-Ronald C
• At the Forefront of Plasma Physics Publishing for 50 Years - with the launch of Physics of Fluids in 1958, AlP has been publishing ar In« the finest research in plasma physics. By the early 1980s it had St t 5 become apparent that with the total number of plasma physics related articles published in the journal- afigure then approaching 5,000 - asecond editor would be needed to oversee contributions in this field. And indeed in 1982 Fred L. Ribe and Andreas Acrivos were tapped to replace the retiring Fran~ois Frenkiel, Physics of Fluids' founding editor. Dr. Ribe assumed the role of editor for the plasma physics component of the journal and Dr. Acrivos took on the fluid Editor Ronald C. Davidson dynamics papers. This was the beginning of an evolution that would see Physics of Fluids Resident Associate Editor split into Physics of Fluids A and B in 1989, and culminate in the launch of Physics of Stewart J. Zweben Plasmas in 1994. Assistant Editor Sandra L. Schmidt Today, Physics of Plasmas continues to deliver forefront research of the very Assistant to the Editor highest quality, with a breadth of coverage no other international journal can match. Pick Laura F. Wright up any issue and you'll discover authoritative coverage in areas including solar flares, thin Board of Associate Editors, 2008 film growth, magnetically and inertially confined plasmas, and so many more. Roderick W. Boswell, Australian National University Now, to commemorate the publication of some of the most authoritative and Jack W. Connor, Culham Laboratory Michael P. Desjarlais, Sandia National groundbreaking papers in plasma physics over the past 50 years, AlP has put together Laboratory this booklet listing many of these noteworthy articles. -
Research Report
INSTITUTE OF PLASMA PHYSICS NAOOYA UNIVERSITY Equations for a Plasma Consisting of Matter and Antimatter A. H. Nelson and K. Ikuta IPPJ-131 August 1972 RESEARCH REPORT NAGOYA, JAPAN Equations for a Plasma Consisting of Matter and Antimatter A. H. Nelson end K. Ikuta IPPJ-131 August 1972 Further communication about this report is to be sent to the Research Information Center, Institute of Plasma Physics, Nagoya Uniyersity, Nagoya, JAPAN. Contents Page Abstract 1)Introduction 1 2)Basic Equations 3 2.1) Individual Particle Equations 5 2.2) Ambiplasma Equations 10 2.3) Oebye length in an Ambiplasma 23 3)Waves in an Ambiplasma 25 3.1) Linearized, Cnllisionless Equations 25 3.2) Longitudinal Waves with Bo = 0 28 3.2.1) The dispersion relations 28 3.2.2) Plasma type waves 31 3.2.3) Acoustic type waves 33 3.3) Transverse waves with Bo * k = 0 33 3.3.1) The dispersion relation 33 T.3.2) High Frequency waves 35 3.3.3) Low Frequency waves 39 References 40 ' Figure 1 41 Acknowledgement 42 Abstract A set of fluid type equations is derived to describe the macroscopic behaviour of a plasma consisting of a mixture of matter and antimatter •> The equations ?xe written in a form which displays the full symmetry of the medium with respect to particle charge and mass, a symmetry absent in normal plasmas. This symmetry of the equations facilitates their manipulation and solution, and by way of illustration the equations are used to analyze the propagation of electromagnetic and acoustic waves through a matter-antimatter plasma. -
Status of the National Research Council Study an Assessment Of
National Research Council Assessment --ProspectsProspects for Inertial Fusion Energy Status of the Study “An Assessment of the Prospects for Inertial Fusion Energy” Ronald C. Davidson and Gerald L. Kulcinski, Co-Chairs Prepared for the 2012 International Symposium on Heavy Ion Fusion August 13, 2012 A Broad Study – Concepts and Technical Challenges for Inertial Fusion Energy ` Driver ` Chamber ` Lasers, heavy ions, pulsed ` Tritium handling. power, other approaches, --- . ` Capsule injection and ` Requires high repetition rates manufacturing. and heat handling capabilities. ` Significant neutron ` Ignition bombardment. ` Hot spot versus fast ignition. ` WllWall ma teri ilals an ddd des ign. ` Indirect versus direct drive. ` Implementation ` Understand underlying high ` Environment and safety. energy density (HED) physical ` Cost competitiveness. processes. ` Public acceptance. 2 Statement of Task (for the Committee) ` The Committee will prepare a Report that: ` Assesses the prospects for generating power using Inertial Confinement Fusion; ` Identifies the scientific and engineering challenges, cost targets, and R&D objectives associated with developing an Inertial Fusion Energy demonstration plant; and ` Advises the U.S. Department of Energy on the preparation of an R&D roadmap aimed at developing the conceptual design of an Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) demonstration plant. ` The Committee will also prepare an interim report to inform future year planning by the federal government. 3 Statement of Task (for the Target Panel) ` Target Physics Panel ` Requires access to classified target physics information. ` Will inform the Main Committee on the relevant target physics issues. ` The major task activity for the Target Physics Panel is to: Assess the current performance of various fusion target technologies. Describe the R&D challenges to providing suitable targets on the basis of parameters estblihdtablished and provid iddbthCed by the Committ ee. -
POLITECNICO DI MILANO School of Industrial and Information Engineering Department of Energy Master of Science in Nuclear Engineering
POLITECNICO DI MILANO School of Industrial and Information Engineering Department of Energy Master of Science in Nuclear Engineering A model for dynamical oscillations in magnetically confined fusion plasmas at the transition to high confinement Advisor: Graduation Thesis of: Prof. Matteo Passoni Federico Pesamosca 819246 Co-Advisor: Dr. Peter Manz Academic Year 2014-2015 A Franco Blanchini che è stato discreto ma determinante per questa mia scelta. Contents Abstract i Sommario iii Preface v Estratto ix 1 A brief history of fusion research 1 1.1 Scientific roots of nuclear fusion . .2 1.2 The foundation of plasma physics . .3 1.3 Fusion reactor basis . .5 1.4 Geneve 1958: Lawson criterion and Bohm diffusion . 10 1.5 Novosibirsk 1968: unraveling the Tokamak . 15 1.6 Geneve 1985: ITER and beyond . 19 2 Magnetically confined plasma physics and edge phenom- ena 25 2.1 Magnetized Plasmas Description . 26 2.2 Transport in magnetized plasmas . 30 2.2.1 Classical transport . 31 2.2.2 Neoclassical transport . 32 2.2.3 Anomalous transport . 33 2.3 Turbulence . 36 2.3.1 Turbulence in neutral fluids . 37 2.3.2 Turbulence in magnetized plasmas . 40 2.3.3 Interchange instability . 42 2.4 L-H transition . 43 2.4.1 Zonal Flows as collective phenomena . 46 2.4.2 I-phase and Limit Cycle Oscillations . 48 2.4.3 Conclusions on the L-H transition . 50 CONTENTS 2.5 Edge Localized Modes . 50 2.5.1 Classification of Edge Localised Modes . 52 2.6 Thesis goal: LCOs into ELMs transition . 54 3 Physical models for tokamak plasma edge 59 3.1 Overview of reduced dynamical models for plasma edge physics . -
Effects of Charged Particle Heating on the Hydrodynamics of Inertially Confined Plasmas
Effects of Charged Particle Heating on the Hydrodynamics of Inertially Confined Plasmas by Alison Christopherson In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Rochester 2020 ii POWER!! UNLIMITED POWER!! Emperor Palpatine iii I dedicate this thesis to the anonymous referees of my Physical Review E paper for their insight in pointing out how harmful and manipulative my work was to the field of inertial confinement fusion. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Biographical Sketch . xi Acknowledgments . xvi Abstract . xxi Contributors and Funding Sources . xxi List of Tables . xxii List of Figures . xxiv Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Chapter 2: A comprehensive alpha-heating model for the deceleration phase . 8 2.1 Basic physics of alpha heating and ignition . 9 2.2 Implosion simulation database . 17 2.3 One dimensional dynamic hot-spot and shell model . 19 2.3.1 Hot-spot pressure . 25 2.3.2 Shocked-shell velocity . 27 2.3.3 Shock position in shell . 29 v 2.3.4 Hot-spot energy . 30 2.3.5 Hot-spot mass . 35 2.3.6 Shocked-shell mass . 41 2.3.7 Shocked shell momentum balance . 43 2.3.8 Solution of the model . 45 2.4 Conclusions . 48 2.5 Appendix A . 50 Chapter 3: 1D Theory of alpha heating and burning plasmas for inertially con- fined plasmas . 54 3.1 Analysis of measurable alpha-heating metrics . 57 3.1.1 Definition of fα ............................ 57 3.1.2 Inferring fα experimentally . 60 3.1.3 Relation between fα and χα ....................