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Frontiers in Plasma Physics Research: a Fifty-Year Perspective from 1958 to 2008-Ronald C

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Frontiers in Plasma Physics Research: a Fifty-Year Perspective from 1958 to 2008-Ronald C • At the Forefront of Plasma Physics Publishing for 50 Years - with the launch of Physics of Fluids in 1958, AlP has been publishing ar In« the finest research in plasma physics. By the early 1980s it had St t 5 become apparent that with the total number of plasma physics­ related articles published in the journal- afigure then approaching 5,000 - asecond editor would be needed to oversee contributions in this field. And indeed in 1982 Fred L. Ribe and Andreas Acrivos were tapped to replace the retiring Fran~ois Frenkiel, Physics of Fluids' founding editor. Dr. Ribe assumed the role of editor for the plasma physics component of the journal and Dr. Acrivos took on the fluid Editor Ronald C. Davidson dynamics papers. This was the beginning of an evolution that would see Physics of Fluids Resident Associate Editor split into Physics of Fluids A and B in 1989, and culminate in the launch of Physics of Stewart J. Zweben Plasmas in 1994. Assistant Editor Sandra L. Schmidt Today, Physics of Plasmas continues to deliver forefront research of the very Assistant to the Editor highest quality, with a breadth of coverage no other international journal can match. Pick Laura F. Wright up any issue and you'll discover authoritative coverage in areas including solar flares, thin Board of Associate Editors, 2008 film growth, magnetically and inertially confined plasmas, and so many more. Roderick W. Boswell, Australian National University Now, to commemorate the publication of some of the most authoritative and Jack W. Connor, Culham Laboratory Michael P. Desjarlais, Sandia National groundbreaking papers in plasma physics over the past 50 years, AlP has put together Laboratory this booklet listing many of these noteworthy articles. James F. Drake, University of Maryland S. Peter Gary, Los Alamos National Laboratory Ronald M Gilgenbach, Unversityof Michigan John L. Giuliani, Naval Research Laboratory Martin Greenwald, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kimitaka Itoh, National Institute for Fusion Science Wim P. Leemans, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Richard V. E. Lovelace, Cornell University Michael E. Mauel, Columbia University Robert L. McCrory, University of Rochester Robert L. Merlino, University of Iowa William M. Nevins, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory David L. Newman, University of Colorado Andre L. Rogister, Institut fOr Plasmaphysik, JOlich Dmitri D. Ryutov, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Selected Highly Cited Papers from 50 Years ofPlasma Physics A Special Publication Prepared for the 50th Anniversary Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics Dallas, Texas, November 2008 Editor Ronald C. Davidson Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey Selected Papers Published in: Physics ofFluids, 1958-1988 Physics ofFluids B, 1989-1993 and Physics ofPlasmas, 1994-2008 By visiting Physics a/Plasmas at pop.aip.org, you will find a version ofthis special publication in Adobe PDF, with embedded links pointing to each highly cited paper Published by the American Institute of Physics AMERICAN INSTITIJTE OFPHYSICS www.aip.org Submit your manuscript to Physics ofPlasmas at pop.peerx-press.org. Contact Information: Physics ofPlasmas Editorial Office Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory James Forrestal Campus, MS 20 Princeton, New Jersey 08543 USA E-mail: physplas@pppl:gov International Standard Book Number: 978-0-7354-0583-7 AlP Publication Number: R-443 Copyright © 2008 American Institute ofPhysics. All rights reserved. Published by American Institute of Physics Suite INOI 2 Huntington Quadrangle Melville, New York 11747-4502 USA Printed in the United States ofAmerica. Selected Highly Cited Papers from 50 Years ofPlasma Physics Contents Credits-Cover Photographs S4 Frontiers in Plasma Physics Research: A Fifty-Year Perspective from 1958 to 2008-Ronald C. Davidson S5 Selected Papers in: Basic Plasma Phenomena, Waves, Instabilities S7 Nonlinear Phenomena, Turbulence, Transport S22 Magnetically Confined Plasmas, Heating, Confinement S49 Inertially Confined Plasmas, High Energy Density Plasma Science, Warm Dense Matter S75 Ionospheric, Solar-System, and Astrophysical Plasmas S86 Lasers, Particle Beams, Accelerators, Radiation Generation S92 Radiation: Emission, Absorption, Transport S101 Low-Temperature Plasmas, Plasma Applications, Plasma Sources, Sheaths S104 Dusty Plasmas SIlO Selected Highly Cited Papers from 50 Years ofPlasma Physics Credits-Cover Photographs Grateful acknowledgment is given to those who granted permission to reprint the photographs used on the front cover of this special publication. Beginning with the photo in the top left-hand comer and reading clockwise, below are listed the person pictured and the source for each photograph: William P. Allis (standing) and AdolfHurwitz (seated) Photograph by Jacqueline; courtesy ofAIP's Emilio Segre Visual Archives, Physics Today Collection Edward Teller Courtesy ofAIP's Emilio Segre Visual Archives Derek C. Robinson CourtesyofEURATOM-UKAEA Lyman S. Spitzer, Jr. Courtesy ofAIP's Emilio Segre Visual Archives Lev D. Landau Courtesy ofAIP's Emilio Segre Visual Archives, Physics Today Collection Harold P. Furth Courtesy ofLawrence Livennore National Laboratory Burton D. Fried Courtesy ofAIP's Emilio Segre Visual Archives Katherine E. Weimer Courtesy ofAmerican Physical Society, Division ofPlasma Physics Inspecting the torus atJohn Jay Hopkins Laboratory's fusionresearch building are, from left to right: Richard Courant, HidekI Yukawa, Marshall N. Rosenbluth, Marcus Oliphant, Niels Bohr, Edward C. Creutz, and Donald W. Kerst, General Atomic, Division of General Dynamics Corporation Courtesy ofAIP's Emilio Segre Visual Archives Marshall N. Rosenbluth Courtesy ofAIP's Emilio Segre Visual Archives, Physics Today Collection John M. Dawson Courtesy ofAIP's Emilio Segre Visual Archives, Physics Today Collection Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Photograph by Dorothy Davis Locanthi; courtesy ofAIP's Emilio Segre Visual Archives James A. Van Allen Courtesy ofAIP's Emilio Segre Visual Archives Boris Kadomstev Courtesy ofAIP S4 © 2008 American Institute ofPhysics Selected Highly Cited Papers from 50 Years ofPlasma Physics Frontiers in Plasma Physics Research: A Fifty-Year Perspectivefrom 1958 to 2008 This special anniversary publication has been assembled by the Editorial Office of Physics of Plasmas to feature many ofthe outstanding papers published by the journal and its predecessors that have significantly advanced the fundamental understanding ofplasmas over the past fifty years. The abstracts of 221 highly cited papers are included in chronological order by subfield, reproduced as they appeared in the original issues. The earliest papers included in this anniversary publication appeared in the first journal published by the American Institute of Physics (AlP) to include plasma physics, Physics ofFluids. The first issue ofthis journal appeared in January 1958, under the editorship ofFranyoisN. FrenkieL As noted by John T. Scott in his recent history of the Physics ofFluids [J T. Scott, Phys. Fluids 20, 011301 (2008)], the emphasis on plasma physics grew markedly from the first year of publication In 1982, two editors replaced Frenkiel, with Fred 1. Ribe taking on the role of Editor for the plasma physics papers. In 1989, the journal was divided into two separate publications, with the plasma physics papers appearing inPhysics ofFluids B-PlasmaPhysics. Ronald C. Davidson became Editor ofthe journal in 1991, and in 1994, the journal was renamed again, as Physics ofPlasmas. The covers ofthe first issues ofeach ofthese journals are reproduced on the front cover ofthis anniversary publication, along with a collage of photos in memory of some ofthe founding physicists ofthe field. Selecting highly significant papers covering a fifty-year time period has been challenging, and an effort has been made to include papers that represent the diverse subfields of plasma physics. The selection ofmany papers will be obvious to the reader, while the selection ofothers may be somewhat surprising. Our apologies to those readers who have candidate papers that are not included. In any case, we believe you will agree that this anniversary publication indicates that plasma physics is a healthy and vibrant field ofphysics. We look forward to another fifty years ofsignificant progress and landinark publications in Physics ofPlasmas. We wish to thank everyone in the production team at AIP, whose conscientious efforts made the concept for this anniversary publication a reality. Ronald C. Davidson Editor Physics ofPlasmas S5 © 2008 American Institute ofPhysics Selected Cited 50 Years Plaslna THE PHYSICS OF FLUIDS VOLUME 1, NUMBER 4 JULY.AUGUST, 1958 On the Stability of Plasma in Static Equilibrium* M. D. KRUSKAL AND C. R. OBERMAN Project Matterhorn, Princeton University, Princeton, N ew Jersey (Received May 27, 1958) Criteria useful for the investigation of the stability of a system of charged particles are derived from the Boltzmann equation in the small mle limit. These criteria are obtained from the examination of the variation of the energy due to a perturbation, when subject to the general constraint that all regular, time-independent constants of the motion (including the energy) have their equilibrium values. The first-order variation of the energy vanishes trivially, and the second-order variation yields a quadratic form in the displacement variable 1; (which may be introduced because of the well-known properties of this limit). The positive-definiteness of this form is a sufficient
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