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(DDT&E) Considerations for Robust and Reliable Human Rated https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080019636 2019-08-30T04:35:11+00:00Z NASA/TM-2008- 215126/Vol II NESC-RP-06-108/05-173-E/Part 2 Design Development Test and Evaluation (DDT&E) Considerations for Safe and Reliable Human Rated Spacecraft Systems James Miller NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Jay Leggett NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Julie Kramer-White NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas April 2008 TheNASASTIProgramOffice...inProfile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the x CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected advancement of aeronautics and space science. The papers from scientific and technical NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) conferences, symposia, seminars, or other Program Office plays a key part in helping NASA meetings sponsored or co-sponsored by NASA. maintain this important role. x SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, The NASA STI Program Office is operated by technical, or historical information from NASA Langley Research Center, the lead center for NASA’s programs, projects, and missions, often scientific and technical information. The NASA STI concerned with subjects having substantial Program Office provides access to the NASA STI public interest. Database, the largest collection of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. The Program Office is x TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- also NASA’s institutional mechanism for language translations of foreign scientific and disseminating the results of its research and technical material pertinent to NASA’s mission. development activities. These results are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which Specialized services that complement the STI includes the following report types: Program Office’s diverse offerings include creating custom thesauri, building customized databases, x TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of organizing and publishing research results ... even completed research or a major significant phase providing videos. of research that present the results of NASA programs and include extensive data or For more information about the NASA STI Program theoretical analysis. Includes compilations of Office, see the following: significant scientific and technical data and information deemed to be of continuing x Access the NASA STI Program Home Page at reference value. NASA counterpart of peer- http://www.sti.nasa.gov reviewed formal professional papers, but having less stringent limitations on manuscript length E-mail your question via the Internet to and extent of graphic presentations. x [email protected] x TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. Scientific Fax your question to the NASA STI Help Desk and technical findings that are preliminary or of x at (301) 621-0134 specialized interest, e.g., quick release reports, working papers, and bibliographies that contain minimal annotation. 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NASA Center for AeroSpace Information 7115 Standard Drive Hanover, MD 21076-1320 NASA/TM-2008- 215126/Vol II NESC-RP-06-108/05-173-E/Part 2 Design Development Test and Evaluation (DDT&E) Considerations for Safe and Reliable Human Rated Spacecraft Systems James Miller NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Jay Leggett NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Julie Kramer-White NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas NASA Engineering and Safety Center Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia 23681-2199 April 2008 The use of trademarks or names of manufacturers in the report is for accurate reporting and does not constitute an official endorsement, either expressed or implied, of such products or manufacturers by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Available from: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) 7115 Standard Drive Hanover, MD 21076-1320 (301) 621-0390 NASA Engineering and Safety Center Document #: Version: Technical Report RP-06-108 1.0 Design Development Test and Evaluation (DDT&E) Considerations Page #: for Safe and Reliable Human Rated Spacecraft Systems 1 of 697 Volume II Design, Development, Test, and Evaluation (DDT&E) Considerations for Safe and Reliable Human Rated Spacecraft Systems June 14, 2007 NESC Request No. 05-173-E NASA Engineering and Safety Center Document #: Version: Technical Report RP-06-108 1.0 Design Development Test and Evaluation (DDT&E) Considerations Page #: for Safe and Reliable Human Rated Spacecraft Systems 2 of 697 Table of Contents Volume II: Technical Consultation Report 4.0 Structures Systems.............................................................................................. 11 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 11 4.2 Interactions with Other Subsystems/Disciplines .................................................. 12 4.3 Overall High Level Design Process/Drivers......................................................... 14 4.4 Historical Perspective ........................................................................................... 17 4.4.1 Mercury and Gemini Programs............................................................................. 18 4.4.2 Apollo Program..................................................................................................... 20 4.4.3 Space Shuttle Program.......................................................................................... 22 4.4.4 Reusable Launch Vehicles.................................................................................... 24 4.4.5 Evolution of Analysis Tools ................................................................................. 25 4.5 Structural System Key Attributes ......................................................................... 27 4.5.1 Requirements and Conceptual Design (Architecting the Right System).............. 27 4.5.2 Detailed Design and Implementation (Making the System Right)....................... 33 4.5.3 Reliability and Robustness.................................................................................... 41 4.6 Best Practices (Indicator Observable List) ........................................................... 42 4.6.1 Robust ................................................................................................................... 42 4.7 Summary............................................................................................................... 44 5.0 Electrical Systems ............................................................................................... 46 5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 54 5.1.1 Scope of Electrical Systems.................................................................................. 54 5.1.2 Organizing the Design Team ................................................................................ 58 5.1.3 Electrical System Definitions ............................................................................... 59 5.1.4 Electrical Systems Team Members....................................................................... 60 5.2 Analysis of the History of Space Flight Failures.................................................. 61 5.2.1 Failure Causes....................................................................................................... 62 5.2.2 Historical Subsystem Failures............................................................................... 64 5.2.3 Historical Progression of EEE Parts Reliability ................................................... 65 5.2.4 Historical Progression of PCB Reliability ............................................................ 66 5.2.5 Historical Progression of Harness Interconnect Reliability.................................. 67 5.3 Conceiving the “Right System”............................................................................ 67 5.3.1 Electrical Systems Interaction and Influence........................................................ 71 5.3.2 Complexity and Coupling..................................................................................... 73 5.3.3 Identifying Driving Requirements ........................................................................ 76 5.3.4 Identifying Necessary Functions Based on the Mission....................................... 82 5.3.5 Iterative Risk Based Design Approach................................................................. 84 NESC Request No. 05-173-E NASA Engineering and Safety Center Document #: Version: Technical Report RP-06-108 1.0 Design Development Test and Evaluation (DDT&E) Considerations Page #: for Safe and Reliable Human Rated Spacecraft Systems 3 of 697 5.3.6 Electrical Systems Functional Drivers and Trades ............................................... 94 5.3.7 Electrical Systems Design Drivers and Trades................................................... 104 5.3.8 Proven Versus New Technology ........................................................................ 115 5.4 Building the “System Right” .............................................................................. 117 5.4.1 Design Processes................................................................................................. 121 5.4.2 Manufacturing Processes .................................................................................... 127 5.4.3
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