Brazilian Military History: Perspectives on History Writing

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Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: D History, Archaeology & Anthropology Volume 21 Issue 2 Version 1.0 Year 2021 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X

Brazilian Military History: Perspectives on History Writing By Fabio da Silva Pereira Universidade Salgado de Oliveira Abstract- The article aims to present historiographical perspectives for Military History theory. For this, the researchers had access to specialized bibliography to contextualize classics of the three strands, analyzing how history is written from the 19th century to contemporary times. The Traditional, Marxist, and New History currents, concomitant with examples described in works in Military History, received decisive contributions to professional improvement in scientific activity throughout this period. In this way, it provides young researchers with the opportunity to innovate and find new information to deepen the historical knowledge of Military History issues: leaders, institutions, mentality, and values. Keywords: brazilian historiography, theory of history, brazilian military history, history writing. GJHSS-D Classification: FOR Code: 430299

BrazilianMilitaryHistoryPerspectivesonHistoryWriting

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© 2021. Fabio da Silva Pereira. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Brazilian Military History: Perspectives on History Writing

Fabio da Silva Pereira

Abstract 1- The article aims to present historiographical it is possible to understand that currently, what we call perspectives for Military History theory. For this, the “history is seen from above” shows the acts of great researchers had access to specialized bibliography to leaders and the battles and consequences of the action contextualize classics of the three strands, analyzing how for transformations that are more focused on politics history is written from the 19th century to contemporary times. than on society. The Traditional, Marxist, and New History currents, The second stage began at the dawn of the concomitant with examples described in works in Military 1900s, with impacts from that reflection years later, History, received decisive contributions to professional 2021 improvement in scientific activity throughout this period. In this especially in France. The creation of Annales d’historie way, it provides young researchers with the opportunity to économique et sociale. The dissatisfaction that the ear Y innovate and find new information to deepen the historical young historian’s Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre 13 knowledge of Military History issues: leaders, institutions, showed, in the 1910s and 1920s, about to link political mentality, and values. history to the relative poverty of their analyses, reducing Keywords: brazilian historiography, theory of history, complex historical situations to a simple power game brazilian military history, history writing. between large ones – men or countries – ignoring that, below and beyond it, there were structural, collective I. Introduction and individual fields of forces that gave it density and he narrative from different angles calls attention to depth incompatible with what seemed to be the frivolity a closer look based on observing the phenomena of events. Bloch and Febvre founded the Annales T that involve people in time. Therefore, the present magazine, in addition to producing significant personal study intends to elucidate the transformations of work, to make it an instrument for enriching history, for contemporary historiography in the face of the military its approximation with neighboring sciences, and the encouragement of thematic innovation (Burke, 1991). theme. Synthetically, historiography passed through three periods of great relevance: the first stage They sought to highlight, in a different way, the "history ) D corresponded to the historical perception of Leopold seen from below," with the contributions of soldiers who ( von Ranke. Leopold von Ranke (1795 - 1886) is experienced conflicts and changes in the institutional Volume XXI Issue II Version I considered one of the forerunners of scientific history in landscape over time, shifting the focus to more social the nineteenth century. He stood out for spreading the history, with a reduced scope among the categories to importance of the wide use of documentary sources, be analyzed. Furthermore, the observation of the points including "memoirs, diaries, personal and formal letters, that generated some tension between these same government letters, diplomatic pouches and texts, classes was still under the vision of this generation of - and first-hand testimonies from eyewitnesses for historians who prevailed in the scientific scene until the argumentative composition; and by trying to narrate end of the 1970s. history as it occurred. He focused basically in the writing The third and last historiographic current, the of history centered on facts, places, and leaders. Thus, nouvelle histoire – the new history in French, also brought new approaches. It is possible to observe the Author: Ph.D. Student Researcher at Salgado de Oliveira University methodological resource of oral history, the growing

(UNIVERSO). Member of the Scientific Committee of the Military History appreciation of biographies, the interdisciplinary, and Working Group of the National History Association, Rio de Janeiro section (Anpuh - RJ). Professor of Military History, approved for Specific the expansion of documents to be consulted beyond the Functional Qualification Teaching (QFE) at Academia Militar das political and institutional perspective. As a result, an

Agulhas Negras (AMAN). Tutor of Brazilian History at the Federal Global Journal of Human Social Science infinity of research on the military theme appears on a University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO). Degree in History at scale never seen before, having as a political the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Master in Military Operations at Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais(EsAO), consequence the recent creation of Thematic Groups of Master in Public Administration at Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV), Military History in the National Association of History2 Master in Military Education at Centro de Estudos de Pessoal e Forte (A npuh), in Brazil. Duque de Caxias(CEP/FDC). e-mail: [email protected]

2 The Military History Working Group of the National History 1 Academicadvisor: Dr. Fernando da Silva RODRIGUES (UNIVERSO) Association, Rio de Janeiro section (Anpuh/RJ), created in 2016, aims My special thanks to Professor M. Ed. Arlindo José de BARROS to bring together professionals in the area of Human Sciences and JUNIOR (AMAN), who kindly reviewed this study. Social Sciences dedicated to research and teaching in its various

To facilitate the achievement of the research scientific as the theories we have today. Contrary to this, specific objectives were presented, whose what we have always seen in scientific manuals, science organization is based on the contextualization and is not the gradual accumulation of knowledge but the observation of some transformations that characterize complex relationship between theories, data, and the rupture of paradigms in the craft of writing history. To paradigms (Bartelmebs, 2012). It will be interesting to achieve this goal, searches for documents were carried point this traditional paradigm as "Ranke’s history" after out as well as a study of the structured bibliography by the great German Historian Leopold von Ranke, specialists on the subject. although this was less limited by him than his followers Regarding the methodology, the base of the (Burke, 2011). present work is on the contributions of Barros (2013), a) Traditional History Cardoso and Vainfas (2012), according to the following The past we study is just a construct of our classifications: regarding the type (or objective), it is minds (Hobsbawm, 2013). In principle, this is as valid as descriptive research, and, about the methodological the other, whether or not it is supported by logic and procedures, it consists of a bibliographic and evidence. Professor Francisco Falcon3, in one of his documental analysis. classes on the theory of history, emphasized the 2021 historian's commitment to the truth, but this does not II. Literature Review ear become absolute: it is a responsibility that the history Y The transformations in history writing concern

professional assumes when analyzing the sources they 14 what has happened between historians and other have. Any narrative without scientific proof runs the risk

academic researchers in the past. They include surveys of becoming a fictional work, that is, a non-history one. and critical assessments of various trends in history, as The superficial logic and common sense bring well as interventions in debates. The Historian Eric the idea that there are no arguments against facts; Hobsbawm vigorously defends the view that what however, the appearance of new methodologies historians investigate is real (Hobsbawm, 2013). The broadens the debate about them. In this aspect, the point at which historians must start, no matter how far event is the investigative starting point for the historian they may go, is fundamental and, for him, the absolutely through the interpretation of the chosen samples about central distinction between verifiable fact and fiction, a phenomenon. The historians must remember their between evidence-based historical statements which responsibility, which is, above all, to exempt themselves are subject to disclosure and those that are not. The from the passions of political identity. The past is, new history is history written as a deliberate reaction therefore, a permanent dimension of human against the traditional "paradigm," a term put into

) consciousness, an inevitable component of society's

D circulation by the American science historian Thomas

( institutions, values, and other standards. The problem Volume XXI Issue II Version I Kuhn. for historians is to analyze the meaning nature of the Physicist Thomas Kuhn (1922 – 1996) past in society and locate its changes and demonstrated that sciences are not only human transformations in the exercise of historicity between the constructions but also, and consequently, social and present and the past (Hobsbawm, 2013). historical constructions. This results in a new Total domination of the past could exclude all

- understanding of scientific processes and, thus, of legitimate changes and innovations. It is unlikely that scientific literacy. Kuhn presented the following definition there is any society that does not recognize any of them. of paradigm: “I consider 'paradigms' to be universally Innovation can happen in a form to officially to define the recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, past. It must be a special selection from the infinity of provide model problems and solutions for a community what can be remembered. In this situation, the of practitioners of a science” (Kuhn, 1997). These tasks perception of conflicts is certainly enhanced by of the historian, however, are complex and refer to different understandings of what science is. Kuhn

argues that: "Perhaps science does not develop by 3 Born on March 30, 1933, Francisco José Calazans Falcon was a accumulating individual discoveries and inventions" professor at the former National Faculty of Philosophy (FNFi), at the

Global Journal of Human Social Science (Kuhn, 1997). Thus, when historians dedicate Fluminense Federal University (UFF), at the Pontifical Catholic themselves to the study of a scientific conception or University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC) and is currently a professor of the Post-Graduate Program at Universidade Salgado de Oliveira theory, they realize that, at that time, they were as (UNIVERSO). In addition, he participated in the Committees of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development approaches, including researchers from different civil and military (CNPq), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education backgrounds, interested in presenting and discussing their research Personnel (CAPES), and the Board of Directors of the Carlos Chagas work. In this sense, the social function of the consortium formed by Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro military institutions and higher education institutions stands out for the (FAPERJ). A scholar, he has published several books in the fields of establishment of exchanges with qualified researchers and contact historiography, Brazilian history, contemporary history, and modern with recent national and international historiographic production history (Café História, 2017). Class taught in Theory of History at (ANPUH/RJ, 2021). Salgado de Oliveira University in the second half of 2018.

©2021 Global Journals Brazilian Military History: Perspectives on History Writing presenting opposing points of view than by attempting can be permeated into the formalized social past in the to articulate a consensus. This perspective caused a form of a used, and perhaps, ritualized mythological shift from the ideal of the current of history to that of story, by a tacit modification of the belief system, by the heteroglossia, defined as varied and opposing voices stretching of the normative framework, or in other ways (Burke, 2011). Thus, there is a concern about the scope (Hobsbawm, 2013). of human activity that encourages historians to search The belief that traditional society is static for other disciplines, such as sociology, economics, immutable is a myth of vulgar social science. political science, statistics, linguistics, psychology, and Nevertheless, to some extent, change may remain literature. traditional: a bucket from the past continues to shape The formalized social past is more rigid, as it the present, or so one can imagine. When social change sets the standard for the present. The belief that the accelerates and transforms society beyond a certain present must reproduce the past implies a positively point, the past must cease to be the pattern. The event slow pace of historical change; otherwise, it would not appears as one of the characteristics of traditional be and would not appear realistic. As long as the historiography. Historian Peter Burke has summarized change has been gradual enough to be absorbed, it the paradigm in the following table: 2021 Tab. 1: Perspectives of traditional historiography according to Burke (2011). Adaptation made by the author. ear

According to the traditional paradigm, history is essentially about politics. In the bold Y

Victorian phrase of Cambridge professor of history Saron Sirlei, "history is past 15 politics, politics is present history." Politics was admitted to be essentially state-

1. Alignment with ancient related. And, in other words, it was more national and international than regional. political history However, it does not include what the military theorist Karl von Clausewitz defines as the continuation of politics by other means, namely, war. While other types of history were not entirely excluded by the traditional paradigm, they were marginalized in the sense that they were considered peripheral to the interests of true historians. 2. Traditional historians The histoire événementielle, or history of events, according to Fernand Braudel, think of history as represents nothing but than the foam on the waves of the sea of history. What really essentially a narrative of matters to this classic author are long-term economic and social changes (la longue events durée) and very long-term geo-historical changes. The traditional researcher point of view is that he has always focused on the great deeds of great men, statesmen, generals, or occasionally ecclesiastics. The rest of 3. Traditional history offers humanity was assigned a secondary role in the drama of history. The existence of

a “view from above” this rule is revealed by reactions to its transgression. When Russian writer Alexander ) D

Pushkin was working on an account of a peasant revolt and its leader Pugachev, (

Russian Czar Nicholas II's stated that "such a man has no history." Volume XXI Issue II Version I One of Leopold von Ranke's great contributions to traditional historiography was his exposition of the limitations of narrative sources and his emphasis on the need to base written history on official records, emanating from the government and 4. History should be based preserved in archives. The price of this contribution was the neglect of other kinds of on official documents evidence. Official records generally express the official point of view and to - reconstruct the attitudes of other agents in history, records need to be supplemented by other types of sources. The historian's task is to present readers with the facts, or, as Ranke put it in an oft- quoted sentence, to say "how they actually happened." His modest rejection of philosophical intentions was interpreted by posterity as a presumptuous manifesto 5. The History is objective of history without vicious tendencies. Nowadays, it is generally considered unrealistic. As hard as we struggle to avoid prejudices associated with color, creed, class or gender, we cannot help but look at the past from a particular point of view.

Ranke´s historiography, according to important events, from the perspective of the facts Hobsbawm, concentrated all its efforts on the task of “,as they happened,” revealed, consciously or Global Journal of Human Social Science establishing the facts and, in doing so, contributed very unconsciously, the phenomenon of erasing history. The little to history, except for a set of criteria published in role of history can be understood as a projection from journals that are used to assess certain types of the economy drives to the level of intellectual work of documentary evidence (Hobsbawm, 2013). this double task that consists of remembering and In the meantime, it is possible to verify that forgetting (Ricoeur, 1996). Or even Tzvetan Todorov in these documents and procedures only applied to a his essay "The Abuses of Memory: Memory is not limited class of historical phenomena because they opposed to forgetting." The two contrasting terms figure critically classified certain phenomena as worthy of as the erasure (forgetting) and conservation; memory is, study, while others did not. Such “choice” of the most always and necessarily, an interaction between the two

(Todorov, 1995). For reflection, Peter Burke warned of placed by expedition led by Gaspar de Lemos in 1501 in the creation of stereotypes and the lack of searching for the region of Touros6, a municipality in the State of Rio new information based on the fact itself: “Should a Grande do Norte (RN). It is important to highlight that military history from below deal with the common the purpose of this point is not to question the date of soldier, as John Keegan so memorably did (Keegan, the discovery of Brazil but to present the fact that 1995), or should it focus on the civilian experience of Lemos' military expedition dedicated to the recognition war?” (Burke, 2011). and territorial constitution of the Portuguese America. But not everything was Philosophy because, as they say, There is no doubt that the discovery and the "no one lives on breeze." In addition to Philosophy, Greek first document formulated regarding the identification of thought expanded into other areas, such as the invention of the new lands – the Letter by Pero Vaz de Caminha various literary genres, among which History stands out, (Portugal 1940) – was the central structure of the events inaugurated by Herodotus, already in Antiquity known as the that interested to the traditional historian. In short, they “Father of History.” History is a Greek word meaning represented history in the singular, with facts chosen to “research” and therefore encompassed several areas of condition the linear and “progressive” narrative, thus research. However, it soon came to mean “study of the enunciating a purpose. However, countless events can

2021 past,” and Herodotus inaugurated this genre with a monumental work that dealt with the origins of the wars tell the history under the most different perspectives. In

ear between the Greeks and the Persians. He visited numerous this respect, philosophically and methodologically, Y

traditional academic historians tended to display an places, such as Egypt, having coined the famous 16 description of this place as a “gift of the Nile” (Funari, 2020). equally admirable innocence. It is true that innocence

Thus, it was unwilling to concentrate on the coincided with what, in the natural sciences, was a history of events. In fact, in some countries, it had a conscious, albeit controversial, methodology. And what clear institutional bias, but the methodology was we can roughly call that “positivism,” although it is immediately suitable for chronological narrative. doubtful that many academic historians knew that they Contextualizing, one can analyze the integrative project were activists of that movement. of the Brazilian Geographical Historical Institute (IHGB)4, In most cases, they were men who accepted a which contributed, pari passu, to promote facts and given theme as well as and a given geographic area as events that redesigned the military history of Brazilian the most important. We have another example regarding colonization, so that there was predestination for the geographic choice: the centralized narrative of the continuity of command under the Portuguese lineage formation of Brazil based on the importance of the Court since the arrival of Pedro Álvares Cabral's expedition in installed in Rio de Janeiro, all at the expense of regional these lands, on April 22nd, 1500. A curious fact is that, history. Evaldo Cabral de Melo Neto harshly criticizes )

D the process of disintegration of the State of Pernambuco

among other events surrounding this example, it (

Volume XXI Issue II Version I illustrates that the real motivation for the trip was the during the emancipatory conflicts that took place 7 trade market in the Indies5 and also, that the first between 1817 and 1824 . Another controversial fact was territorial landmark in the current Brazilian territory was the process of territorial pacification portrayed by José Honório Rodrigues as a bloody fact in a bloodless revolution of territorial integration after independence in 4 An institutional space dedicated to History would be achieved - 1822 (Rodrigues, 1982). It offers new perspectives on through the foundation of the IHGB in 1838. The moment would not be for less. Some of the imperial institutions, such as Pedro II School and the historical process of territorial unity, as if Brazil were the Imperial Public Archive, were not only created in the same period “predestined” to be a country of continental dimensions as the IHGB but also participated in the same comprehensive project from the beginning, like the narrative that the IHGB of forging the Nation, whether in the creation of a national past or in sought to develop. guaranteeing its future, through the formation of those who would be the citizens of the Empire. As noted by Arno Wehling, these institutions They also accepted the idea of popularized should contribute to consolidating education, culture, and public scientific thought, among others, that, for example, administration in the country; this framework in vain with the moment hypotheses that automatically generate from the of consolidation of liberal institutions, which also occurred in Guizot, pathological study, conscious explanation of a set of France (KODAMA, 2013). 5 Pedro Álvares Cabral's expedition did not receive orders from

Global Journal of Human Social Science Portuguese King Manuel I to head west. However, the route established provided for a diversion of the current that bathes the 6 For preservation reasons, a replica was placed near the Calcanhar southwest of Africa, a fact that prevented the crossing of Boa Lighthouse in the municipality of Touros. The original monument, Esperança Cape (Cape L’ Agulhas, near to Cape Town), located in the made of marble, is located in Forte dos Reis Magos, located in Natal, extreme south from Africa (Portugal, 1940). As a result of the advance capital. towards the west, the sea current initiated in the Azores Archipelago 7 As of 1817, the State of Pernambuco lost more than fifty percent of pushed Cabral's expedition to the Bahian coast. The Letter from Pero its territory. As a result of the defeat by the troops of the Court, the Vaz de Caminha, a member of the Society of Jesus in that Comarca of Alagoas emancipated of that province. In addition, the undertaking, documented lands to the west. However, part of the fleet western and southern portion from Petrolina, corresponding to the continued its journey towards the Indies, and the other part returned to Comarca of São Francisco, became a territory of the Province of Portugal to communicate to the king about the event in April 1500. Bahia.

©2021 Global Journals Brazilian Military History: Perspectives on History Writing chains of cause and effect, or the concepts of Soviets. They did not translate any of their books into determinism, evolution, and so on. They supposed that Russian. Even in France, Hobsbawm confided that he just as scientific scholarship could establish the found it difficult to publish in Paris one of his works: definitive text and succession of the documents they “The Age of Extremes.” The explanatory model shocked published in sophisticated and invaluable volume series; Parisians in the sense that there were a war tha lasted it could also determine the exact truth of history for 31 (thirty-one) years and that the economic and (Hobsbawm, 2013). History was, therefore, an extremely military punishments imposed by the Triple Entente backward discipline. Its contributions were insignificant on those defeated in World War I, catalyzed the and occasional to the understanding of human society, socioeconomic transformations in those countries 9. The past and present. defeated went through a cycle of recession, disenchantment with the liberal model, and the b) Marxism or revisionism History adherence to ultra-nationalist movements, as happened From the end of the nineteenth century, with National Socialism in Germany. scholars of historiography presented new approaches to Additionally, Hobsbawm clarifies his perception historical narrative. A closer look takes the reader back of the transformation of the military profile over the thirty- to 1900, when Karl Lampretch expressed his challenge 2021 one years of conflict. The "trench warfare" aimed to to Ranke’s historians by coining the expression histoire

consume the surplus stocks of large industries. The ear

événementielle, the narrative centered on events (Burke, Y

economic model adopted by England throughout the 2011). The “history seen from above” started to receive nineteenth century led to the use of the concept of total 17 the contribution of the subordinate categories in war, where all efforts of nations focused on combat. command, with privilege for the socioeconomic issue. From this fact, the proletariat that participated in the war That all changed in 1914. World War I involved all the Great effort in the factories, as well as the daily life of soldiers Powers, and indeed all the European states, except Spain, the Netherlands, the three Scandinavian countries, and and citizens who participated in the conflicts, received Switzerland. What's more: troops from overseas were, sent, the attention of researchers. often for the first time, to fight and operate outside their Thus, a transition period from linear factual regions. Canadians fought in France, Australians and New history to structural history began, in which the Zealanders forged national consciousness on an Aegean presented categories enunciated their characteristics – peninsula - "Gallipoli" became their national myth - and, these presented points of tension between them. The most importantly, the United States rejected George narrative perspective received contributions from Washington's warning of "European complications" and sent France, associated with the articulation of two historians, in their soldiers there, thus determining the shape of twentieth-century history. It is almost unnecessary to show Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch. Febvre and Bloch )

that World War II was global. Virtually every independent D founded the journal Annales d'historie économique et (

state in the world got involved, whether they wanted to or Volume XXI Issue II Version I sociale in 1929, and, famously, began to have new not, although the republics of Latin America only impulses after World War II (1939 – 1945) and, above all, participated more nominally. The colonies of the imperial with the death of Bloch in World War II in 19448. Marxist powers had no choice. World War II was a world geography historian Eric Hobsbawm makes a personal revelation class. (HOBSBAWM, 1995). about Karl Marx's contributions: Technological advances also demanded more - It concerns the Marxist approach to history with which I am specialized soldiers, and as a result, the need for new associated. Although the label is vague, I don't reject it. specialized training schools increased. We also observe Without Karl Marx, I would not have developed any interest similar developments in Brazil. After two intermittent in history, which, as taught in the first half of the 1930s, was periods of the adoption of Sergeant schools (1894 – not an inspiring subject. Even if I felt that much of Marx's 1897) and (1921 – 1933), specialist schools were approach to the story needed to be thrown away, I would created, such as the Specialized Instruction Center, now continue to consider, deeply but critically, what the Japanese call a Sensei (Hobsbawm, 2013). the Specialized Instruction School, in 1943, the War Material Instruction Center, current Logistics Sergeant The English researcher refers to the vague School, in 1939 and the Sergeants of Arms School of in label, in bold in the previous quote, because of the facts 1945. that occurred around the publication of his writings. Far Global Journal of Human Social Science According to the example previously illustrated from the ideological conception that one might think about the Second World War (1939-1945), the economic about Marxist or revisionist historiography, the history importance of making logistics of war feasible was states from the categorical material point of view, based mainly on economic aspects, provoked the ire of the 9 The Triple Entente was a military alliance between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia. In practice, it consolidated the previous 8 Marc Bloch, of French Jewish descent, was shot dead by the bilateral agreements: the Franco-Russian Alliance (1891), the Entente German Gestapo during the Nazi occupation of Vichy (France) in Cordiale between France and the United Kingdom (1904), and the 1944. Anglo-Russian Entente (1907) (Britannica, 2018).

emphasized. The activities of the Brazilian Expeditionary Italian campaign in July and August 1944. The Force (FEB)10 depended on the acquisition of the entire categories of troops that prepared from the beginning, supply chain of the Armed Forces of the United States with readiness and own transportation whereas the of America, from uniforms to aircraft. The Chief of Staff Brazilian military personnel, who received basic training of the FEB, Colonel Lima Brayner, categorized the in Rio de Janeiro and needed all the equipment from the logistical situation of the “Pracinhas” before the allies Americans. By exploring the findings of the Chief of Staff and reported a moment of tension in the conversation of the FEB, it becomes clear that the country showed between General Mascarenhas de Moraes and the Chief deficiency, regarding the economic and social point of of the Peninsular Base Section (PBS)11 in Naples, Italy: view, in preparing the Brazilian soldier for a war in which The Supreme board of provision was PBS, which exercised logistics entered all stages of modern combat: a true tyranny over the theater of operations, in terms of Supply and logistics would give a clear victory in World War logistical support, its decisions were not appealable. His II, and at an almost marginal cost, except in human pain, to commander was a Lieutenant General, who was not a the winner. The United States, which had entered World War professor of cordiality. Only when Annapolis arrived did I I at a later stage, entered World War II earlier, in 1941, after begin to understand the extent of our disarmament. Few two years of rearmament, undertaken to provide England

2021 very few officers spoke English. And today, PBS men did not and then the Soviet Union with the means to fight against admit understanding in another language. The clothes and Nazi Germany. American Industry has overtaken its German ear

Y uniforms brought from Brazil washed aboard General Mann and Japanese enemies, though only because of the

and in Agnano's parking lot, shrank immeasurably. The American shipyards. On average, they launched three new 18

fabrics were, criminally, of poor quality, and the colors were Liberty cargo ships a day. Germany could not produce not firm. Men of big complexion had an exotic, depressing submarines as much as it lost them, even before they were and even ridiculous appearance. To partially correct that defeated by introducing long-range aircraft and escort mismatch, all I saw was the inevitable appeal to PBS. And, aircraft carriers in the Battle of the Atlantic. Supply and with this, General Mascarenhas agreed. This inspiration logistics, therefore, which ensured victory in the greatest came from the American liaison officers themselves, who, and most fearsome of wars (Keegan, 1995). advised us to ask urgently for everything we needed after When describing the phenomenon in consulting their chiefs. The disappointments did not take long, however. PBS did not welcome our petition. We categories, we can verify the possibility of comparison shouldn't have come. That was the cold truth. If we were, for between them, such as, for example, the level of example, like South Africans or Canadians, or New industrial development of each country involved in the Zealanders, who brought everything from their country, war, the supply logistic chain, and the soldiers' including transport and maritime escort, the Americans mobilization processes. As a result, it is also verified the would receive us with a number one smile. But there (the sources of transformational tension, that is, the point or ) Brazilians, italics added) only had cannon fodder and the D points that allow the identification of small changes in

( great loyalty, typical of Brazilians. Faced with a voluminous Volume XXI Issue II Version I the way of thinking and acting of the human being, the request from the Brazilian command, the American general materialist conception of history added a new way of did not hide his surprise and, without containing his irreverence, asked through his interpreter, in an ironic tone, explaining the phenomenon: and strictly speaking, it represented a censure: after all, As it happens, I continue to consider that Karl Marx's what have you brought to fight? (Brayner, 1968). materialist conception of history is by far the best guide to

- history: the record of human society, or world civilization; of According to the revisionist approach, it is the changes taking place like this society; of revolutions and possible to draw a parallel between the perception of insurrections of one set of people against another, with the readiness of the FEB and other armies at the start of the consequent kingdoms and states endowed with their various levels; of the different activities and occupations of

men, whether to earn a living or in the various sciences and 10 The creation of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB) took place arts; and, in general, of all the transformations suffered by

after the Declaration of War in Decree 10,358, by the then President of society due to its very nature (Hobsbawm, 2013). the Brazilian Republic, Getúlio Dornelles Vargas, on August 31st, On the other hand, criticisms of traditional 1942, approaching the United States after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Ministerial Ordinance No. 4744, of historiography pointed to the limitations of attention to August 9th, 1943, defined the structuring of the FEB and, therefore, it events as a form of scientific narrative. For Hobsbawm, Global Journal of Human Social Science acted, finally, as the 5th North American Army in the Italian region of history is the raw material for nationalist or ethnic, the Apennines between 1944 and 1945. After clashes with the German or fundamentalist ideologies. The past legitimates Nazi army and the German surrender to FEB troops on May 2, 1945, the Brazilian Expeditionary Force had its lightning demobilization on (Hobsbawn, 2013). However, the nation-building June 6th, 1945 process involves myths, mixing historical facts and 11 The Peninsular Base Section (PBS), a large echelon dedicated to fiction. The emergence of manifestations of national the transport, supply, and maintenance of the V US Army and the VIII particularities occurred under Romanticism in the 19th British Army, was responsible for Mediterranean Theater of Operations (Pereira and Faria, 2020). Colonel Lima Brayner pointed out that PBS, century (Kodama, 2013). although it had it all, was responsible for replenishing the supply of Paradoxically, the past remains the most troops deployed in the US and allied countries (Brayner, 1968). efficient analytical tool for constant change, but in a new

©2021 Global Journals Brazilian Military History: Perspectives on History Writing way. It becomes the discovery of history as a process of contributed to the augment of the troops who directional change, development, or evolution. Face of intended to “impose a punishment” to the followers of the overwhelming reality of transformation, even Conselheiro. But, after the failures of the first three conservative thinking turns historicist. A kind of expeditions, especially at the occasion of Colonel historicism, that is, the more or less sophisticated and Moreira César being killed in combat, the Minister of complex extrapolation of past trends. It was the most War Carlos Machado de Bitencourt had difficulties in popular and convenient method of forecasting gathering a force of approximately 14000 (fourteen (Hobsbawm, 2013). History as the “mainline of life,” in thousand) men to the fourth expedition, including which the phenomenon tends to repeat itself given military police from different states of the federation. The some similar circumstances, represents the trap for "justice" that the first three expeditions intended to give those who intend to write and analyze the phenomenon Canudos, equated to an "energetic delegate plan," gave solely based on facts, disregarding geographic and way to fear: the number of "sick documents" among the historical-cultural influences. summoned officers increased considerably, as well as A particular example is reserved for the facts desertion and abandonment of the injured in the involving the military elite and the combats in the late campaign, resulting in investigations and punishments nineteenth century, amid of traditional historiography. after the conflict (Trevisan, 2011). 2021

Despite taking Military History in school (Motta, 1998), Therefore, the historical narrative is not just ear Y

the officers took long to realize that the use of supply about common sense: the ability to discern general routes to supply the troops in the vicinity of Arraial de trends does not imply predicting their precise outcome 19 Canudos, between 1896 and 1897, could not be done in in complex and, in many respects, unknown cultural the same way as the issue was dealt with in other circumstances. According to Hobsbawm, in positivist regions of Brazil, which has continental dimensions. The terms, order follows progress, but the analysis of one supply system was carried out by contracting local tells us little about the desirable pattern of the other suppliers, to whom they distributed insufficient quantities (Hobsbawm, 2013). Master History suggested traditional for the daily consumption of the troops. In addition, historians should anticipate data and results as if it were cattle, similarly to operations in the south, were escorted a mathematical equation, referring the analyst to by pedestrians and were expected to be fed by pasture teleology, that is, the direct prediction of results through areas, a fact totally different from the “caatinga” in the facts and consequences of the past. Bahian wilderness semi-arid region. In short, the revisionist critique of traditional On top of that, there was no specialized section historiography revolves around the superficiality with for the execution of logistical support, which made which historical phenomena are treated because there ) inspection incipient. As an example, in August 1897, a is no delimited boundary between fact and fiction. The D

(

reinforcement of 1000 (one thousand) men and 100 ability to distinguish between the two is critical for Volume XXI Issue II Version I (one hundred) oxen to feed the troop was attacked by historians today. followers of Antônio Conselheiro, reducing to 11 (eleven) These and many other attempts to replace history with myth the amount of the herd that was destined to feed more and invention are not just bad intellectual jokes; after all, than 4000 men (Mc Cann, 2009). To make the setback they can determine what goes into schoolbooks, as the

even worse, the soldiers were being affected by an Japanese authorities knew when they insisted on an aseptic - outbreak of smallpox that decimated the entire troop version of the Japanese war against China in Japan’s and, in this scenario, revealed be chaotic; despite the classrooms. Myth and invention are essential to the politics large financial resources that were allocated to the of identity whereby groups of people, defining themselves today by ethnicity, religion, or national borders past the fourth expedition, the result was not effective on the front present, try to find some certainty in an uncertain world and lines. unstable saying: we are different and better than others. The romanticized approach of the leaders and They are the ones that worry us in universities. Why the the battles at the Escola Militar, and the euphoric spirit12 people who were those myths and intentions are cultured: of the soldiers who were followers of Floriano Peixoto professors, journalists, producers of radio and television. Make no mistake about it. History is not ancestral memory

or collective tradition (Hobsbawm, 2013). Global Journal of Human Social Science 12 The impetuosity could explain the improvidence in the case of the Such examples from Marxist and new history Regiment commanded by Major Febrônio de Brito, which the theater of operations or even the Moreira César column is not known. This historians provide an overview of the structures and atypical Battalion, separated from the hierarchy by a specific political tensions between categories established by situation, left the Federal Capital for Canudos in days, surrounded by a historiographical research methods. In this way, Florianist “romantic aura” of “defense of the Republic” at any price; its revisionism presented these contributions as a way of negligence was such that, as seen, all the logistics related to water, in constructing a scientific narrative. However, this a troop that would move through the hinterland, boils down to an artesian pump, transported into the hinterland without anything that contribution did not solve many of the problems of would allow at least the penetration of the probe (Trevisan, 2011). historical investigation, which generated a new

movement in the late 1970s in France and, in the late How is the present tense defined, if not as a continuum 1980s, in Brazil. between the periods studied and the moment of writing? (...) The characteristic of the history of the present time would c) Contributions for the New Military History consist in what can be called the temporal unity of the But in this universe that expands and fragments subject and the object, of the one who studies and what he with a growing need for guidance, what is the so-called studies. The historian is contemporary with the events New History? How young is it? Is it a temporary fad or a differently from that of physical cohabitation with witnesses. long-term trend? Will it – or should it – replace traditional The period studied is not closed: not to this element of and Marxist history? Or can rivals peacefully coexist? alienation, of alterity, which is typical of studying more distant periods. The cognitive painting that would prevent The expression coined as "new history" was widespread in mental identification with its object of analysis has not yet France. “La nouvelle histoire” is the title of a collection of occurred (Lagrou, 2007). essays edited by the renowned French medievalist Jacques The perception of the risk of disappearance of Le Goff. He assisted in the editing of a massive three- volume collection of essays on new problems, new the historical experience caused by prohibitions, by the approaches, and new objects (Burke, 2011). dilution of meanings, and, with time, by silence, can induce the need to resort to other methodologies, such

2021 Narrative models centered on establishing the 14 facts and with a socioeconomic bias received new as oral history. Oral history can also fill gaps in the ear contributions, to expand the range of interest of history environment in which the main decisions were taken, Y 15

researchers. Criticism of the thought that history could such as, for example, the FEB memoir books. And, 20 more recently, episodes such as the Federal Military

only be studied after 100 (one hundred) years after the fact, or after the object of research had all its members Intervention in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in

dead, became unfounded after new studies on World which the Brazilian Army participated in the complete management of public security in the region between War II World raised political-military collaboration in th st Vichy France.13 The refusal to recognize the February 16 , 2018, and January 1 , 2019 (Brasil, 2018). responsibility of the French State in 1992, 47 (forty- Oral history interviews are taken as sources for

seven years) after the end of the War and finally, 48 understanding the past, along with written documents, years after its release in 1944, is the indicative of the images, and other types of records. They are difficulty of that Republic in gaining access to the characterized by being produced from a stimulus. The obstructed past, that is, a past that has not ended researcher looks for the interviewee and ask them (Cardoso, 2012). questions, usually after the fact or situation under Locating the place where the “emergence” of investigated has been consummated. Furthermore, it is

) history testimony takes place is to carry out the 14 Oral history is a research methodology that consists of conducting D

( movement of a temporal search. The reported recorded interviews with people who can testify about events, Volume XXI Issue II Version I observation ignores the scientist's cold objectivity, which situations, institutions, and ways of life, or other aspects of counts and explains. It is the temporal dimension contemporary history. From the 1990s onwards, the movement around created by the awareness of a non-geographic place, oral history grew a lot in Brazil. In 1994, the Brazilian created the Association of Oral History. The oral history methodology comprises a but temporal from the tension between times, as if it whole set of activities before and after recording the testimonies. It were "a past that does not pass" or a conscious "silence" requires research and data collection for the preparation of interview - about a certain period, produced by the collective scripts. When the work is carried out by an institution that aims to build shame in discourse about the theme, with an air of a collection of testimonies open to the public, it is necessary to take care of the duplication of recordings, conservation, and treatment of taboo. The defeat of France in 1940 and the creation of the recorded material (CPDOC, no data). 15 the State of Vichy started French collaboration with the The collective memory and its legacy, entitled by Jacques Le Goff victorious enemy. The acknowledgment of this episode as a “monument,” has the characteristics of being linked to the power met strong institutional resistance and even among of perpetuation, voluntarily or involuntarily, of historical societies and sending it back to testimonies that are written testimonies in only a historians (Cardoso, 2012). Together with the small portion (Le Goff, 2013). The works written by military personnel emergence of the study focused on testimonies, the from the different levels of the FEB have this characteristic, narrating History of the Present Time made it possible for the testimonies and the presence of some documents necessary to historians to deepen their research in parallel with compose the theme. However, the critical reflection between these

Global Journal of Human Social Science works is the responsibility of the historian and their documentary human experience. Pieter Lagrou, one of the sources, which go beyond written documents (Le Goff, 2013). As researchers at the Institute of History of the Present Time examples, we can cite, among other works, the following books: (IHTP) since 1998, makes the following definition: A FEB by its commander (1947) and “Memórias” (Memories), by João Baptista Mascarenhas de Moraes (2014); The Truth About FEB, by Floriano de Lima Brayner (1968); Brazil in the Second Great War, by Manoel Thomaz Castello Branco (1960); and Statement by Reserve Officials on the FEB (1949). Francisco Ruas Santos also presented 13 On July 14th, 1992, the French President of the Republic refused to works on the subject. However, we highlight the applied research on respond to an appeal by intellectuals calling on him to officially the Sources for the History of FEB (1958), an essay which makes a recognize that the French state of Vichy is responsible for persecution collection of information about the episodes in which the FEB and crimes against Jews in France. participated and the authors of the works that deal with the subject.

©2021 Global Journals Brazilian Military History: Perspectives on History Writing part of a whole set of biographical documents, as well Pomer18, centered on the economic motivation for the as memoirs and autobiographies, which allow us to war in the La Plata region. understand how individuals have experienced and how In this aspect, it is worth highlighting the use, by they interpret events, situations and ways of life of a the new history, of interdisciplinarity to help in the group or society in general. It makes the study of history narrative. Contacts with sociology, geography, political more concrete and closer, facilitating the apprehension science, mathematics, statistics, linguistics, psychology of the past by future generations and the understanding and anthropology also bore fruit, resulting in the of the experiences lived by others (CPDOC, no data). development of works on sociability, culture, and even The priority given to testimonies lived or on discourse analysis (Rémond, 2003). Like political collected directly did not prevent ancient historians from history, it is impossible for military history to practice criticizing these testimonies. Thus, Thucydides, a Greek isolation: crossroads science, multidisciplinarity works philosopher, who considered history as an investigation, for military history like the air works for our breathing says about the Peloponnesian war (5th century BC or (Rémond, 2003). This is because the military theme 431-404 BC): takes on different directions based on the view that the As for the narration of the war events, I thought I should not military does not correspond to a caste but an extension write them relying on information from anyone, nor my of the society that created it (Weigley, 1982). 2021 impressions; I speak only by eyewitnesses or after a review Additionally, interdisciplinarity contributes to the ear

as accurate and complete as possible. Not without difficulty; perception of new values in military training. Hobsbawm Y

the testimonies in each event differ according to the argues that as it is now, technology in its broadest 21 sympathies and memory of each one. My story will have sense belongs to the flexible sector, whereas social less charm than the myth. Still if you want to clarify the organization and ideology or value system belongs to history of the past and recognize the similarities and the inflexible sector (Hobsbawm, 2013). Samuel analogies of the human condition in the future, it is enough for me to find. Its story is a definitive achievement and not Huntington reinforces the thesis of the immutability of an ostentatious work for an audience of the moment military values: (Tucídides, I, 1987). Today soldiers are also French and Americans, Methodists and Catholics, living liberals, and Jewish and anti-Semitic The investigative process enunciated by reactionaries. Any statement given by a military man may Thucydides involved a variety of methods for describing not reflect their attitudes as military that regulates but may, facts concerning politics and war. Political history, as instead, derive from social, economic, political, or religious well as the role played by military commanders, gained origins, irrelevant to their military status, the military mentality a new theoretical -methodological impulse with the is therefore defined abstractly as an ideal type The way of life, in terms of what beliefs of real men and groups can be

“nouvelle historie.” Although biographical texts remained )

analyzed. As long as there is no inherent change in the D outside the attention of historians for decades, the ( search for information on political leaders and military function, there will be no change in the context of Volume XXI Issue II Version I personalities helped to open up the range of thematic professional ethics. Improved changes in military possibilities.16 techniques, such as developments in weapons technology or greater importance in the economics of military business, In this way, both the politics and the actions of in no way alter the character of military ethics; just as the the military and civilians who participated in the war discovery of penicillin has provoked no changes in medical effort received new focuses beyond Marx's facts and ethics (Huntington, 1996). - socioeconomic perspective. An example of this new However, in the absence of comparative approach is found in the historiographical vision historical studies, the question of changes in military identified by Francisco Doratioto in “Maldita Guerra: a values must always remain open. Alfred Stepan, for new history of the Paraguayan War,” which helped to fill example, formulated the idea of the “new gaps left by traditional historiographic works on the professionalism,” where this process did not make the Paraguay War, or the Triple Alliance War (1864- 1870), military limited to objective civilian control, as occurred with a focus on the role of military commanders in the 19 in the United States of America (USA) . In this sense, conflict and, above all, in contrast to the Marxist Eliézer Rizzo de Oliveira highlights the use of the Armed 17 narratives of Júlio José Chiavenatto. And León Forces within the homeland “as a last resource to maintain the supremacy of the legitimately established Global Journal of Human Social Science

18 Guerra del Paraguay: ¡Gran negocio! (1968). 19 In the objective sense, civilian control is the maximization of military 16 The heating up of the publishing market for specialized biographies professionalism. More precisely, it is that distribution of political power on military leaders, such as Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) and between military and civilian groups, a distribution that leads to the other commanders, contributed to the fact that biography, as well as emergence of professional attitudes and behavior among the political history, entered the scene of history researchers. For more officialdom. Objective civilian control reaches its peak by “militarizing” details, see DOSSE, François, The biographical challenge (2015). the military, and the antithesis of this control is the participation of the 17 Genocídio Americano: a Guerra do Paraguai (1979). military in politics. (Huntington, 1996).

order” (Oliveira, 1994). Thus, it is possible to conclude total war to a structure that also focus on non-war that the works produced by Oliveira and his study group actions or combat with limited use of force. For at the University of Campinas emphasized the need to example; there are the designation of the Armed Forces return to the study of the military institution, paying for the peace missions of the United Nations. Other attention to its “internal,” “structural,” or “organizational” examples are the interagency operations in support of aspects (Castro, Isecksohn; Kraay, 2004). government bodies, and law and order operations. And In this scope, Thomas Bruneau, while observing all changes are in the evolutionary trajectory of the political-military world, found that cultural aspects legislation, based on chronological grounds in Article interfere in the perception of democratic values within 142 of the Federal Constitution of 1988 (Brasil, 1988). the armed forces (Bruneau & Matei, 2013). This parallel Therefore, military history writing assumes the alters the immutable panorama of objective civil control, complexity inherent to the three historiographic currents outlined by Samuel Huntington (1996), contextualized at – Traditional, Revisionist, and New History – condensing the national level. knowledge and practices of the historian's job. In An example of this change is the gradual shift summary, the table below illustrates some specific th that started in the 1990s, from an institution focused on changes that took place from the 19 century onwards: 2021 Tab. 2: Perspectives of new history historiography according to Burke (2011), and Hobsbawm (2013).

ear Adaptation made by the author. Y

22 Eric Hobsbawm's Contribut ions Peter Burke’s Contributions Political and religious history had visibly The new History began to take an interest in virtually all human activity. declined while national histories seemed Everything has a history, everything has a past that can be reconstructed antiquated. In return there was a in principle and related to the rest of the past. Hence the expression remarkable turn in socio-economic history. “total” history so dear to Annales historians It was no longer common, or really easy, to The new history is more focused on analyzing structures. use ideas as an explanation of history. Current explanations were now given in Several new historians are concerned with “history from below”; and, in terms of social forces, although this other words, with the opinions of ordinary people and their experience of acutely raised the question of the social change. Historians have also shifted their attention from great relationship between the explanation of books to the history of collective mentalities or the history of collective historical events and the explanation of discourses or languages. individual actions. It was difficult to talk about progress or Oral history and the use of specialized statistics, in this case, contribute

) even significant development of events in a to offering new perspectives on what is reported in institutional reports. D

( certain direction. Volume XXI Issue II Version I The new history will draw on all those discoveries being made about humanity by anthropologists, economists, psychologists and sociologists. The movement for change arose out of a fused perception of the inadequacy of the traditional paradigm. Likewise, it is not unreasonable to speak of the crisis of the traditional paradigm of the

- writing of history. However, the new paradigm also has its problems: definition problems, font problems, method problems, explanation problems.

Thus, the historiographic contributions allow the for launching a new fad or for formulating something young researcher a possibility to use new theories and that no one has said before (Hobsbawm, 2013). methods to write history. However, it is also important Thus, history, as a school subject, is currently more for the historian to verify the limitations of each aspect fragmented than ever: historians can speak the

so that he does not to incur an anachronism of the language of economists, of philosophers, of narrative. As can be seen, each current had anthropologists, but these groups find it increasingly contributions in periods, with traditional historiography difficult to talk to each other. The proliferation of Global Journal of Human Social Science being at the forefront until the 1930s, Marxist revisionism historical research and interdisciplinarity has its until the 1970s, and “nouvelle histoire” from the 1980s advantages: it contributes to human knowledge and onwards. encourages stricter methods, and professional Due to the aspects presented, the main standards (Burke, 2011). objective is to show that historiography has been III. CONCLUSION moving in a specific direction throughout several generations, culminating in a new history, basically The objective of this article was to provide an being an existing academic theory projected in the past overview of the historiographic contributions from that can help to accredit new researchers to a reputation Ranke's generation to the present day. Along the pages,

©2021 Global Journals Brazilian Military History: Perspectives on History Writing we observed three approaches to the military history modern social science, politics, and planning have writing. Although the creation of the Military History adopted the model of scientism and technical group work is recent, in 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, it is manipulation that systematically neglected the human important to highlight the thematic relevance and and, above all, historical experience. possible interpretations by old and new researchers. Therefore, it is necessary for the investigator to Since the end of the 1980s, the analyses started to have read the documents between the lines. There is nothing a greater temporal scope. Today, the history wrong with trying to analyze other aspects than the professional can approach the present and the speech, as long as the historian's point of view reflects respective dialogue with the past. Through events, the the fundamental commitment to the truth established in historian analyzes the structures and closely observes his sources. And this is the first barrier that restricts the changes between the time studied and the present innovation, highly sought by the new generation of through the sources and research methods available. historians. Professional analysis, added to the Concluding the main idea, the restriction to interdisciplinary perspective, is beyond documentary high-politics, leaders and facts is not impeditive to confirmation of facts and dates, it assumes a multifocal military historians. The contributions of History to other aspect, showing military history seen from all sides. The scientific disciplines transport the researcher to the 2021 challenge for the military historian is to show how he relationships that are part of everyday life, in a ear forms part of history, relating everyday life to “great contextualized way with the time and the region to be Y

events.” New studies on the military theme are studied. For that reason, the challenge for researchers is 23 presented every year, showing that it is very far from the perception of some contributions to the writing of a ending. scientific work according to the generation to which they Furthermore, the depth of analyses is belong, respecting the historicity of the period they increasing. However, it is necessary to emphasize the propose to research, establishing the past-present historicity regime in which history scholars are involved. connection, pointing out the transformations on the Historians and other analysts of the process and military theme through the ages. development of the natural sciences know that progress is far from linear, but its existence cannot be References Références Referencias disputed. Twentieth-century literature is no better 1. ANPUH/RJ (2021). Military History Working Group than seventeenth-century literature (Hobsbawm, 2013). (GT) – Rio de Janeiro Section. Niterói: Anpuh/RJ.

These are stories told by men of their time. And there Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/groups/ are still many works of traditional historiography that 151903671615320. stood out for their depth of analysis that still work as a 2. BARTELMEBS, R. C. (2012) Reviewing the ) D paradigm for future perspectives. If we ever read works Structures of Thomas Kuhn's Scientific Revolutions. ( Volume XXI Issue II Version I by older historians, it is either because they provide us In: Revista Ensaio, volume 14, nº 3 p. 351 – 358. with some permanent corpus of historical raw material, Belo Horizonte: UFMG. Retrieved from https://www. an interpretation of an unsurpassed edition of medieval scielo.br/pdf/epec/v14n3/1983-2117-epec-14-03- chronicles, For example, or because they are casually 00351.pdf. interested in a topic that has not cited later works but

3. BRASIL. (1988) Presidency of the Republic. - which, or for another reason, arouse our interest again: Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil. in other words, we concluded that all the works are of Brasília: Deputy Chief of Legal Affairs, 1988. certain importance for the investigation. Retrieved from http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/ The challenge is to break the paradigm of the constituicao/constituicao.htm. commonsense view of history, separating the legend 4. BRASIL. Presidency of the Republic. Decreto n.º 9 and reaffirming the commitment to what is real. For this, 288, de 16 de fevereiro de 2018. Brasília: Deputy it is necessary to dialogue with the innovations of the Chief of Legal Affairs, 2018. Retrieved from http:// three periods, in which each one has peculiar www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2018/ observations, such as the additional resources to the decreto/d9288.htm#:~:text=DECRETO%20N%C2 printed documents, the location of tensions between the

%BA%209.288%2C%20DE%2016,grave%20compro Global Journal of Human Social Science structures and the historical approach, increasingly free metimento%20da%20ordem%20p%C3%BAblica.&t from judgments of value, these are peculiar to social ext=O%20PRESIDENTE%20DA%20REP%C3%9AB communication actions, not to History. The "novel" and LICA%20%2C%20no,que%20lhe%20confere%20o% the linearity attributed to the past, without relevant 20art updates to the investigation of history, can induce the 5. BRITANNICA. (2018) Triple Entente. Retrieved from reader, specialized or not, to memorization and lack of https://global.britannica.com/topic/Triple-Entente. critical reflection of facts and leaders, without 6. BRUNEAU, T. C.; MATEI F. C. (2013) The Routledge problematizing the other sources that are involved in handbook of civil—military relations. London: that historic process. This happens due to the fact that Routlege Taylor & Francis Group.

7. ODÁLIA, N (Translation) (1948). BURKE, P. (Author). 25. OLIVEIRA, E. R (1994). From Geisel to Collor: Armed The Annales school (1929-1989): the french Forces, transition and democracy. Campinas: revolution of historiography. São Paulo: Editora Papirus. Unesp. 26. PEREIRA, F. S; FARIA, D. P (2020). The profile of 8. LOPES, M (Translation) (2011). BURKE, P. (Author). the quartermaster of the Brazilian Army (1940-1950). History writing: new perspectives. São Paulo: Editora In: Brazilian Journal of Development, volume 6, n 9, Unesp. p. 67345-67365. Curitiba: Brazilian Journals. 9. CAFÉ HISTÓRIA(2017). Francisco José Calazans Retrieved from https://www.brazilianjournals.com/ Falcon: a tribute to. Retrieved from https://www. index.php/BRJD/articl e/view/16451. cafehistoria.com.br/homenagem -falcon/. 27. PORTUGAL (1940). The only seven documents from 10. CARDOSO, C. F; VAINFAS, R. (2012). New domains 1500, kept in Lisbon, referring to Pedro Álvares of history. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier. Cabral's voyage. Lisboa: Agência geral das 11. CARDOSO, I. (2012). The past that does not pass: colônias. historical places of testimonies. In: VARELLA, F; 28. RÉMOND, R (2003).For a Political History, 2ª ed. Rio MOLLO, H. M; PEREIRA, M. H. F; MATA, S. Present de Janeiro: Editora FGV. 2021 tense & past uses. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV. 29. RICOEUR, P (1996). Between mémoire et histoire.

ear 12. CASTRO. C; ISECKSOHN, V; KRAAY, H. (2004). Projet. Paris: n° 248. Y

New Brazilian Military History. Rio de Janeiro: FGV 30. RODRIGUES, J. H (1982). Conciliation and reform in

24 Editora. Brazil: a historical-cultural challenge, 2ª ed. Rio de 13. CPDOC. (no data). What is oral history? Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. Janeiro: FGV. Retrieved from https://cpdoc.fgv.br/ 31. TODOROV, T (1995). Les abus de la mémoire. acervo/historiaoral. Paris: Arléa. 14. FUNARI, P. P (2020). Greece and Rome . 6 ed. São 32. TREVISAN, L. N (2011). Patriotic Obsessions: Paulo, Contexto. Origins and Projects of Two Schools of Political 15. PAOLI, M. C (Translation) (1995). HOBSBAWN, E. Thought in the Brazilian Army. Rio de Janeiro: (Author). Age of extremes: the brief 20th century Biblioteca do Exército. (1914 – 1991). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 33. TUCÍDIDES (1987). History of the Peloponnesian 16. MOREIRA, C. K (Translation) (2013). HOBSBAWN, War. Brasília: Editora Universidade de Brasília. E. (Author). About History. São Paulo: Companhia 34. VELHO, O. A (Translation) (1982); WEIGLEY, R. F das Letras. (Author). New Dimensions of Military History, 1st 17. DANTAS, L (Translation) (1996). HUNTINGTON, S. volume. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército. )

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(

Volume XXI Issue II Version I Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército. 18. MC CANN, Frank D (2009). Homeland Soldiers: History of the Brazilian Army (1889 – 1937). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército.

- 19. SOARES, P. M. S (Translation) (1995). KEEGAN, J. (Author). A history of war. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 20. KODAMA, K (2013). How do you build a nation? In: História do Brasil II, volume 2, p. 53 – 84. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação CECIERJ. 21. KUHN, T S (1997). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 5. ed. São Paulo: Editora Perspectiva S.A. 22. LAGROU, P (2007). About the actuality of the

Global Journal of Human Social Science History of the Present Time. In: PÔRTO JÚNIOR, G. (org). History of the Present Time. Bauru: Edusc. 23. LEITÃO, B; FERREIRA, I; BORGES, S (Translation) (2013). LE GOFF, J. (Author). History and memory, 7 ed. Campinas: Editora Unicamp. 24. MOTTA, J (1998). Brazilian Army Officer Training: Military academy curricula and regimes (1810- 1944). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército.