DOCSLIB.ORG

The Neuroscience of Stigma and Stereotype Threat Derks, Belle; Inzlicht, Michael; Kang, Sonia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Neuroscience of Stigma and Stereotype Threat Derks, Belle; Inzlicht, Michael; Kang, Sonia www.ssoar.info The Neuroscience of Stigma and Stereotype Threat Derks, Belle; Inzlicht, Michael; Kang, Sonia Postprint / Postprint Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: www.peerproject.eu Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Derks, B., Inzlicht, M., & Kang, S. (2008). The Neuroscience of Stigma and Stereotype Threat. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 11(2), 163-181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430207088036 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter dem "PEER Licence Agreement zur This document is made available under the "PEER Licence Verfügung" gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zum PEER-Projekt finden Agreement ". For more Information regarding the PEER-project Sie hier: http://www.peerproject.eu Gewährt wird ein nicht see: http://www.peerproject.eu This document is solely intended exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes for your personal, non-commercial use.All of the copies of Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument this documents must retain all copyright information and other ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen information regarding legal protection. You are not allowed to alter Gebrauch bestimmt. Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments this document in any way, to copy it for public or commercial müssen alle Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise purposes, to exhibit the document in public, to perform, distribute auf gesetzlichen Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses or otherwise use the document in public. Dokument nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated Sie dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke conditions of use. vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-228566 Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2008 Vol 11(2) 163–181 The Neuroscience of Stigma and Stereotype Threat Belle Derks Leiden University Michael Inzlicht and Sonia Kang University of Toronto This article reviews social neuroscience research on the experience of stigma from the target’s perspective. More specifi cally, we discuss several research programs that employ electro- encephalography, event-related potentials, or functional magnetic resonance imaging methods to examine neural correlates of stereotype and social identity threat. We present neuroimaging studies that show brain activation related to the experience of being stereotyped and ERP studies that shed light on the cognitive processes underlying social identity processes. Among these are two projects from our own lab. The fi rst project reveals the important role of the neurocognitive confl ict-detection system in stereotype threat effects, especially as it pertains to stereotype threat ‘spillover’. The second project examines the role of automatic ingroup evaluations as a neural mediator between social identity threats and compensatory ingroup bias. We conclude with a discussion of the benefi ts, limitations, and unique contributions of social neuroscience to our understanding of stigma and social identity threat. keywords EEG, ERP, social identity, social neuroscience, stereotype threat Over the years, methodological and technolo- to important new insights into the cognitive gical advances have allowed social psychologists processes and neural mechanisms underlying to reduce their reliance on explicit self-report intergroup phenomena such as categorization, measures of people’s emotions, attitudes, and prejudice, and stereotyping. For example, the motivations. The movement within the fi eld mechanisms underlying automatic processes has been toward a focus on implicit measure- that were previously difficult or impossible ments, providing for a more accurate and un- to identify can now be studied with neural biased assessment of important psychological phenomena. The recent introduction of methods and technology from cognitive neuro- Author’s note science affords social psychologists yet another Address correspondence to Belle Derks, theoretical advancement; we are now able to Leiden University, Institute for Psychological systematically test predictions related to the Research, Social and Organizational mechanisms underlying social psychological Psychology Unit, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB processes. This merge of social psychology Leiden, the Netherlands and neuroscience, social neuroscience, has led [email: [email protected]] Copyright © 2008 SAGE Publications (Los Angeles, London, New Delhi and Singapore) 11:2; 163–181; DOI: 10.1177/1368430207088036 Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 11(2) techniques like functional magnetic resonance threat. We begin by discussing the effects of pre- imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography judice on targets, including stereotype threat (EEG). Neuroscience techniques allow us to effects and the use of coping mechanisms to explore the role of specifi c neural regions and protect social identity. Then, we describe how systems in complex social psychological phe- these phenomena can be studied with social nomena such as person perception and racial neuroscience techniques. Finally, we examine bias, thereby improving our understanding of the limitations and benefi ts of this work and these phenomena by integrating with what is discuss the value of social neuroscience in already known about these specifi c brain regions relation to more traditional measures. Rather from neuroscience research (see Ochsner & than offering a comprehensive analysis of re- Lieberman, 2001, for a primer on social cognitive search on stereotype threat (see Shapiro & neuroscience). In turn, social neuroscience Neuberg, 2007; Steele, Spencer, & Aronson, informs the fi eld of cognitive neuroscience as 2002), this article offers a glimpse into recent a whole by enriching the current body of know- neuroscience research emerging in the fi eld of ledge with new insights into the intricacies of stigma, detailing how tools borrowed from complex social behaviors and processes. neuroscience and psychophysiology can in- The past few years in particular have seen form our understanding of the target’s per- an explosion of studies using the social neuro- spective. We begin our discussion by providing science approach. As this Special Issue attests, a selective review of stereotype and social iden- work on stereotyping and prejudice is no ex- tity threat. ception. EEG and fMRI methods, for example, have been used in the area of person percep- Stereotype and social identity threat: tion to study the hypothesized relationship be- A brief review tween automatic and controlled processes (e.g. Bartholow, Dickter, & Sestir, 2006; Cunningham Stereotype threat defi ned et al., 2004). To this point, however, most work Stereotype threat has become one of the most on the social neuroscience of intergroup pro- vigorously explored topics of the past decade cesses has focused on the perpetrator’s point in social psychology, with research on the topic of view, focusing, for example, on the mental greeted with much interest within academic processes and brain regions that are activated psychology and among members of the public when people employ stereotypes to perceive and alike. The original Steele and Aronson (1995) interpret their social world (see for examples article is now considered a modern classic (Fiske, Amodio, Devine, & Harmon-Jones, 2007; 2003), and has been cited well over 600 times1. Bartholow et al., 2006; Cunningham et al., Part of the enthusiasm stems from the fact that 2004; Hart et al., 2000; Ito, Willadsen Jensen, the theory of stereotype threat offers a situ- & Correll, 2007; Phelps et al., 2000; Richeson et ational interpretation for the long-lasting and al., 2003; Wheeler & Fiske, 2005). In contrast, seemingly intractable debate over the source surprisingly little social neuroscience research of group differences in academic and cognitive has focused on the target’s point of view. Given performance. This explanation avoids the nature social neuroscience’s role in advancing research vs. nurture trap, by suggesting that situations on stereotyping and prejudice, it is clear that themselves can bring about group differences neuroscience techniques could also advance when threats are ‘in the air’ (Steele, 1997). theory and research on the target’s perspective. Stereotype threat is a situational predica- That is, social neuroscience has great potential ment where individuals are at risk, by dint in fostering a more comprehensive and inte- of their actions or behaviors, of confi rming grated understanding of what it means and negative stereotypes about their group (Steele how it feels to belong to a stigmatized group. & Aronson, 1995). It is the resulting sense that In this article, we review the existing social one might be judged or treated in terms of a neuroscience research on stigma and stereotype negative stereotype. In their original article, 164 Derks et al. neuroscience of stigma Steele and Aronson (1995) suggested that be- stereotype threat effect to a broad array of groups cause African Americans are well aware of the and domains of activity, both in the real world negative stereotypes impugning their intel- and in the lab. Studies have observed the effect of lectual ability, whenever they are in a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Power Changes How the Brain Responds to Others
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: General © 2013 American Psychological Association 2014, Vol. 143, No. 2, 755–762 0096-3445/14/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0033477 Power Changes How the Brain Responds to Others Jeremy Hogeveen Michael Inzlicht Wilfrid Laurier University University of Toronto Scarborough Sukhvinder S. Obhi Wilfrid Laurier University Power dynamics are a ubiquitous feature of human social life, yet little is known about how power is implemented in the brain. Motor resonance is the activation of similar brain networks when acting and when watching someone else act, and is thought to be implemented, in part, by the human mirror system. We investigated the effects of power on motor resonance during an action observation task. Separate groups of participants underwent a high-, neutral, or low-power induction priming procedure, prior to observing the actions of another person. During observation, motor resonance was determined with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) via measures of motor cortical output. High-power participants demonstrated lower levels of resonance than low-power participants, suggesting reduced mirroring of other people in those with power. These differences suggest that decreased motor resonance to others’ actions might be one of the neural mechanisms underlying power-induced asymmetries in processing our social interaction partners. Keywords: power, motor resonance, human mirror system, TMS, social cognitive neuroscience The profound evolution of primate neocortex was influenced by process other individuals. Despite what we know about the effects the computational demands of living in a complex social environ- of power on social information processing, the majority of the ment (Dunbar & Shultz, 2007). For primates, a key factor creating evidence is indirect, and the mechanisms underlying power’s in- structure within the social environment is power.
    [Show full text]
  • Michael Inzlicht, Phd
    Michael Inzlicht, PhD A. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Personal University of Toronto Scarborough Department of Psychology 1265 Military Trail Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada Office: (416) 208-4826 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.michaelinzlicht.com Academic Positions and Appointments Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough 2005-present Research Excellence Faculty Scholar, 2016-2019 Professor, 2015-present Associate Professor, 2010-2015 Assistant Professor, 2005-2010 Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto 2013-present Cross-appointed Professor Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital 2010-present Associate Scientist Behavioural Economics in Action (BEAR), University of Toronto 2016-2018 Research Fellow Visiting Professor, La Sapienza University of Rome 2017 Professor, June-July 2017 School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Toronto 2011-2015 Affiliate Faculty Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University 2004-2005 Assistant Professor Education Post-doctoral fellow, Department of Applied Psychology, New York University 2001-2004 Supervisor: Joshua Aronson PhD, Experimental Psychology, Brown University 1999-2001 Dissertation: Stereotype threat and women and math Supervisor: Talia Ben-Zeev Sc. M, Experimental Psychology, Brown University 1997-1999 Thesis: Minority status and test performance Supervisor: Talia Ben-Zeev B. Sc., Anatomical Sciences, minor in Psychology, McGill University 1991-1994 Professional Activities § Associate Editor, Psychological Science 2018-present
    [Show full text]
  • 1 What's So Great About Self-Control? Examining the Importance of Effortfu
    Running Head: WHAT’S SO GREAT ABOUT SELF-CONTROL? 1 What’s so great about self-control? Examining the importance of effortful self-control and temptation in predicting real-life depletion and goal attainment Marina Milyavskaya Carleton University Michael Inzlicht University of Toronto In press, Social Psychological and Personality Science Key words: self-control; temptation; goal pursuit; ego-depletion; experience-sampling CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Marina Milyavskaya Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Loeb B550, 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6 [email protected] WHAT’S SO GREAT ABOUT SELF-CONTROL? 2 Abstract Self-control is typically viewed as a key ingredient responsible for effective self-regulation and personal goal attainment. This study used experience sampling, daily diary and prospective data collection to investigate the immediate and semester-long consequences of effortful self-control and temptations on depletion and goal-attainment. Results showed that goal attainment was influenced by experiences of temptations rather than by actively resisting or controlling those temptations. This study also found that simply experiencing temptations led people to feel depleted. Depletion in turn mediated the link between temptations and goal attainment, such that people who experienced increased temptations felt more depleted and thus less likely to achieve their goals. Critically, results of Bayesian analyses strongly indicate that effortful self-control was consistently unrelated to goal attainment throughout all analyses. WHAT’S SO GREAT ABOUT SELF-CONTROL? 3 What’s so great about self-control? Examining the importance of effortful self-control and temptation in predicting real-life depletion and goal attainment Self-control has been touted by scientists and the media alike as the great cure for today’s societal problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Saying “No” to Temptation: Want-to Motivation Improves Self-Regulation by Reducing Temptation Rather Than by Increasing Self-Control Marina Milyavskaya, Michael Inzlicht, Nora Hope, and Richard Koestner Online First Publication, May 18, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000045 CITATION Milyavskaya, M., Inzlicht, M., Hope, N., & Koestner, R. (2015, May 18). Saying “No” to Temptation: Want-to Motivation Improves Self-Regulation by Reducing Temptation Rather Than by Increasing Self-Control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000045 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology © 2015 American Psychological Association 2015, Vol. 108, No. 6, 000 0022-3514/15/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000045 Saying “No” to Temptation: Want-to Motivation Improves Self-Regulation by Reducing Temptation Rather Than by Increasing Self-Control Marina Milyavskaya Michael Inzlicht McGill University University of Toronto Nora Hope and Richard Koestner McGill University Self-regulation has been conceptualized as the interplay between controlled and impulsive processes; how- ever, most research has focused on the controlled side (i.e., effortful self-control). The present studies focus on the effects of motivation on impulsive processes, including automatic preferences for goal-disruptive stimuli and subjective reports of temptations and obstacles, contrasting them with effects on controlled processes. This is done by examining people’s implicit affective reactions in the face of goal-disruptive “temptations” (Studies 1 and 2), subjective reports of obstacles (Studies 2 and 3) and expended effort (Study 3), as well as experiences of desires and self-control in real-time using experience sampling (Study 4).
    [Show full text]
  • Stigma As Ego Depletion How Being the Target of Prejudice Affects Self-Control Michael Inzlicht,1 Linda Mckay,2 and Joshua Aronson2
    PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article Stigma as Ego Depletion How Being the Target of Prejudice Affects Self-Control Michael Inzlicht,1 Linda McKay,2 and Joshua Aronson2 1University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada, and 2New York University ABSTRACT—This research examined whether stigma di- since his day—we wonder if the loss of self-control he described minishes people’s ability to control their behaviors. Be- remains a common reaction to the more modern forms of prej- cause coping with stigma requires self-regulation, and self- udice and discrimination. Stigma’s effect on self-control is the regulation is a limited-capacity resource, we predicted focus of this article. that individuals belonging to stigmatized groups are less able to regulate their own behavior when they become THE EFFECTS OF STIGMA conscious of their stigmatizing status or enter threatening environments. Study 1 uncovered a correlation between Stigmatized individuals possess a ‘‘spoiled identity’’ (Goffman, stigma sensitivity and self-regulation; the more Black 1963). They have an attribute that marks them as different and college students were sensitive to prejudice, the less self- leads them to be devalued and marginalized in the eyes of others control they reported having. By experimentally activat- (Major & O’Brien, 2005). As a result, these individuals experi- ing stigma, Studies 2 and 3 provided causal evidence for ence more negative outcomes than their nonstigmatized coun- stigma’s ego-depleting qualities: When their stigma was terparts. African Americans, for example, suffer from academic activated, stigmatized participants (Black students and underachievement and, compared with Whites, face higher risks females) showed impaired self-control in two very dif- of physical attack and have reduced access to housing, em- ferent domains (attentional and physical self-regulation).
    [Show full text]
  • The Neuroscience of Stigma and Stereotype Threat Belle Derks, Michael Inzlicht, Sonia Kang
    The Neuroscience of Stigma and Stereotype Threat Belle Derks, Michael Inzlicht, Sonia Kang To cite this version: Belle Derks, Michael Inzlicht, Sonia Kang. The Neuroscience of Stigma and Stereotype Threat. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, SAGE Publications, 2008, 11 (2), pp.163-181. 10.1177/1368430207088036. hal-00571682 HAL Id: hal-00571682 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00571682 Submitted on 1 Mar 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2008 Vol 11(2) 163–181 The Neuroscience of Stigma and Stereotype Threat Belle Derks Leiden University Michael Inzlicht and Sonia Kang University of Toronto This article reviews social neuroscience research on the experience of stigma from the target’s perspective. More specifi cally, we discuss several research programs that employ electro- encephalography, event-related potentials, or functional magnetic resonance imaging methods to examine neural correlates of stereotype and social identity threat. We present neuroimaging studies that show brain activation related to the experience of being stereotyped and ERP studies that shed light on the cognitive processes underlying social identity processes. Among these are two projects from our own lab.
    [Show full text]
  • "Willpower with and Without Effort" by George Ainslie, BBS, 2020
    Willpower Is Overrated Commentary of "Willpower With and Without Effort" by George Ainslie, BBS, 2020 Michael Inzlicht (University of Toronto) & Malte Friese (Saarland University) Michael Inzlicht University of Toronto Department of Psychology 1265 Military Trail Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada Email: [email protected] Website: www.michaelinzlicht.com Tel: 416-208-4826 Malte Friese Saarland University Department of Psychology Campus A2 4 66123 Saarbrücken Germany Email: [email protected] Website: https://www.uni-saarland.de/friese Tel: +49 681 302 3196 Commentary currently in press at Behavioral and Brain Sciences Abstract Any analysis of self-regulation that focuses solely on willpower in conflict-laden situations is insufficient. Research makes clear that the best way to reach one’s goal is not to resist temptations but to avoid temptations before they arrive; it further suggests that willpower is fragile and not to be relied on; and that the best self-regulators engage in willpower remarkably seldom. Word Count Abstract: 60 Word Count Main Text: 983 Word Count References: 831 Word Count Total: 2,032 Willpower Is Overrated Ainslie analyzes the concept of willpower, which he defines as the process of foregoing small short-term rewards in favor of superior long-term rewards. Willpower, according to this view, entails cognitive conflict between two desires, typically with a passing temptation in conflict with some longstanding goal. Here, we submit that any analysis of goal-directed behavior that is restricted to such in-the-heat-of-the-moment cognitive conflict—no matter how fine-grained and valid—will inevitably miss an indispensable part of the self-regulatory process.
    [Show full text]
  • Variation in Cognitive Control As Emotion Regulation
    Psychological Inquiry An International Journal for the Advancement of Psychological Theory ISSN: 1047-840X (Print) 1532-7965 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hpli20 Variation in Cognitive Control as Emotion Regulation Blair Saunders, Marina Milyavskaya & Michael Inzlicht To cite this article: Blair Saunders, Marina Milyavskaya & Michael Inzlicht (2015) Variation in Cognitive Control as Emotion Regulation, Psychological Inquiry, 26:1, 108-115, DOI: 10.1080/1047840X.2015.962396 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2015.962396 Published online: 09 Mar 2015. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 469 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 6 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=hpli20 Download by: [134.117.10.200] Date: 24 August 2017, At: 13:06 Psychological Inquiry, 26: 108–115, 2015 Copyright Ó Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1047-840X print / 1532-7965 online DOI: 10.1080/1047840X.2015.962396 Variation in Cognitive Control as Emotion Regulation Blair Saunders Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Marina Milyavskaya Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada Michael Inzlicht Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Few fields in psychological science
    [Show full text]
  • MARINA MILYAVSKAYA Department of Psychology Carleton University Email: [email protected] Telephone: 613-520-2600 Ext
    MARINA MILYAVSKAYA Department of Psychology Carleton University Email: [email protected] Telephone: 613-520-2600 ext. 7490 ACADEMIC POSITIONS Assistant Professor July 2015 - Present Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada Assistant Professor January – July 2015 Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Adjunct Professor 2013-2015 School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada SSHRC Postdoctoral Research Fellow 2013-2014 Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Working with Dr. Michael Inzlicht EDUCATION Ph.D., Social/Personality and Clinical Psychology 2009-2013 McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Richard Koestner Thesis: Psychological need satisfaction in important life domains. Master of Science, Social Psychology 2007-2009 McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Richard Koestner Thesis: The role of personality in the priming of autonomy-supportive and controlling others: effects on intrinsic motivation. Bachelor of Arts Psychology Honours, Sociology Major, Jewish Studies Minor 2002-2006 McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada GRANTS P.I., Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Insight Grant 2016-2021 Motivation, obstacles, and goal pursuit: the role of motivation in the experience of objective and subjective obstacles and their influence on goal attainment ($256,314 over 5 years) P.I., Ontario Mental Health Foundation New Investigator
    [Show full text]
  • Precision Retailing a Behaviorally-Informed and AI-Enabled Translational Science Hub for 21St Century Individual and Collective Health, Wealth, and Wellbeing
    1 Precision Retailing A Behaviorally-Informed and AI-Enabled Translational Science Hub for 21st Century Individual and Collective Health, Wealth, and Wellbeing Summer 2018 Two reading lists are provided: 1. Core articles brought together as foundations for the PR translational research live case discussion. Students have to review the 3 most relevant to enrich their disciplinary work in each session with the class briefing and translational live cases providing an actionable synthesis of all papers for on-going integration into the student’s term project disciplinary enrichment journey. They will be expected to contribute actively to the discussion with a focus on the articles they have chosen to read (P.1-11). 2. Complementary disciplinary and transdisciplinary articles from which each student picks 1 in 5 sessions to produce written brief on the paper contribution and what angle of this research provide insights in the student’s disciplinary enrichment journey. Each student presents 3 of these for class discussion. This comprehensive list will also serve more generally for the term project and longer-term knowledge building (P.11-48). 1. PR Core Articles Session 1 Simon, H. A. (1992). What is an “explanation” of behavior? Psychological science, 3(3), 150-161 Introduction: Precision http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00017.x retailing as an AI-enabled translational hub for Clark, A. (2013). Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the behaviorally-informed future of cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(3), 181-204 disciplinary science, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain- innovation, process, and, sciences/article/whatever-next-predictive-brains-situated-agents-and-the- practice at professional, future-of-cognitive-science/33542C736E17E3D1D44E8D03BE5F4CD9 organizational, systems and policy levels Cacioppo, J.
    [Show full text]
  • A Neuroscience Account of Religion As a Motivated Process Michael Inzlicht a , Alexa M
    This article was downloaded by: [Mr Richard Sosis] On: 25 February 2012, At: 22:50 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Religion, Brain & Behavior Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rrbb20 The need to believe: a neuroscience account of religion as a motivated process Michael Inzlicht a , Alexa M. Tullett a & Marie Good a a Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Available online: 24 Feb 2012 To cite this article: Michael Inzlicht, Alexa M. Tullett & Marie Good (2011): The need to believe: a neuroscience account of religion as a motivated process, Religion, Brain & Behavior, 1:3, 192-212 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2011.647849 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and- conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
    [Show full text]
  • CURRICULUM VITAE Shona Melissa Tritt Education Scholarships And
    CURRICULUM VITAE Shona Melissa Tritt Department of Psychology phone : 416.821.6970 University of Toronto email: [email protected] 100 St. George St. http://shonatritt.com Toronto, ON M5S3G3 Canada Education June 2014 Ph.D Social, Personality, & Abnormal Psychology (expected) University of Toronto Dissertation: “preliminary evidence in support of an arousal model of political orientation,” co-supervised by Drs. Michael Inzlicht & Jordan B. Peterson. June 2010 MSc (with distinction) Psychodynamic Developmental Neuroscience University College London (Post-graduate fellowship, Yale University) MSc thesis: “An event-related potential study of emotional processing in patients with generalized anxiety disorder,” co-supervised by Drs. Linda C. Mayes and Douglas S. Mennin at Yale University. June 2008 B.A. Honours, Psychology Concordia University, Montréal. Honours thesis: “The role of intolerance of uncertainty and frequency of automatic positive thoughts in depressive personality and generalized anxiety disorders,” co-supervised by Drs. Michel J. Dugas and Andrew Ryder Scholarships and Awards 2014-2016 Social Sciences and Humanities Counsel of Canada Postdoctoral Fellowship, $81,000 2013-2014 Ontario Graduate Scholarship Award, $15,000 2012-2013 Social Sciences and Humanities Counsel of Canada Michael Smith Foreign Study Supplement award, $6000. (accepted at New York University under the co- supervision of Drs. John Jost & Jay Van Bavel for a 4 month long stay) 2010-2013 Social Sciences and Humanities Counsel of Canada CGS doctoral scholarship, $105 000. 2010-2013 Fonds de recherche société et culture doctoral scholarship, $60 000 (declined). 2010 Essay Prize for Integration of Psychoanalytic Thought and Contemporary Neuroscience, awarded by Yale University and University College London ($300.).
    [Show full text]