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Review of Maritime Transport 2012

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Review of Maritime Transport 2012 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2012 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2012 New York and Geneva, 2012 ii REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2012 NOTE The Review of Maritime Transport is a recurrent publication prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat since 1968 with the aim of fostering the transparency of maritime markets and analysing relevant developments. Any factual or editorial corrections that may prove QHFHVVDU\EDVHGRQFRPPHQWVPDGHE\*RYHUQPHQWVZLOOEHUHƅHFWHGLQDFRUULJHQGXPWREHLVVXHGVXEVHTXHQWO\ * * * 6\PEROVRI8QLWHG1DWLRQVGRFXPHQWVDUHFRPSRVHGRIFDSLWDOOHWWHUVFRPELQHGZLWKƄJXUHV8VHRIVXFKDV\PEROLQGLFDWHVD reference to a United Nations document. * * * The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * 0DWHULDOLQWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQPD\EHIUHHO\TXRWHGRUUHSULQWHGEXWDFNQRZOHGJHPHQWLVUHTXHVWHGZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKHGRFXPHQW QXPEHU VHHEHORZ $FRS\RIWKHSXEOLFDWLRQFRQWDLQLQJWKHTXRWDWLRQRUUHSULQWVKRXOGEHVHQWWRWKH81&7$'VHFUHWDULDWDWWKH following address: Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNCTAD/RMT/2012 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales no. E.12.II.D.17 ISBN 978-92-1-112860-4 e-ISBN 978-92-1-055950-8 ISSN 0566-7682 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Review of Maritime Transport 2012 was prepared by the Trade Logistics Branch of the Division on Technology and Logistics, UNCTAD, under the coordination of Jan Hoffmann with administrative support by Florence Hudry, the supervision of José María 5XELDWR DQG WKH RYHUDOO JXLGDQFH RI $QQH 0LURX[ 7KH DXWKRUV ZHUH 5HJLQD} $VDULRWLV +DVVLED} %HQDPDUD +DQQHV )LQNHQEULQN Jan Hoffmann, Azhar Jaimurzina, Anila Premti, Vincent Valentine and Frida Youssef. 7KHGHVNWRSSXEOLVKLQJZDVXQGHUWDNHQE\1DWKDOLH/RULRW$GGLWLRQDOGHVNWRSSXEOLVKLQJDQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVXSSRUWZDVFDUULHGRXW E\:HQG\}-XDQDQGWKHSXEOLFDWLRQZDVHGLWHGE\-RKQ5RJHUV This publication was externally reviewed by the following persons: &KDSWHU &ODUNVRQ5HVHDUFK6HUYLFHV &56 :DOO\0DQGU\N$QGUHD*ROGVWHLQ0HOLVVD'DZQ1HZKRRN &KDSWHU <DQQ$OL[3HWHU)DXVW5LFDUGR6DQFKH] &KDSWHU 6DP%DWHPDQ$GROI.<1J+DULODRV13VDUDIWLV &KDSWHU .L6RRQ+ZDQJ0LFKDHO0DQXHO'RQJ:RRN6RQJ &KDSWHU 0DKLQ)DJKIRXUL$QGUÆ6WRFKQLRO &KDSWHU 6XGKLU*RWD6RSKLH3XQWH.R6DNDPRWR In addition, the publication was internally reviewed in full by Vladislav Chouvalov. iv REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Note ..................................................................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................................................................iii Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................................. viii Explanatory notes..............................................................................................................................................................xi Vessel groupings used in the Review of Maritime Transport ................................................................................................xii Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................ xiii Executive summary ......................................................................................................................................................... xiv 1. DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNTIONAL SEABORNE TRADE ............................................1 A. World economic situation and prospects .....................................................................................................2 B. World seaborne trade..................................................................................................................................5 C. Selected emerging trends affecting international shipping ...........................................................................22 2. STRUCTURE, OWNERSHIP AND REGISTRATION OF THE WORLD FLEET ....................33 $ 6WUXFWXUHRIWKHZRUOGƃHHW ........................................................................................................................34 % 2ZQHUVKLSDQGRSHUDWLRQRIWKHZRUOGƃHHW.................................................................................................40 C. Registration of ships .................................................................................................................................45 D. Shipbuilding, demolition and new orders ....................................................................................................46 3. FREIGHT RATES AND MARITIME TRANSPORT COSTS .............................................57 A. Freight rates .............................................................................................................................................58 B. Freight markets and transport costs ...........................................................................................................68 C. Policy options to reduce maritime transport costs .......................................................................................74 4. PORT DEVELOPMENTS ..........................................................................................79 A. Port throughput ........................................................................................................................................80 B. Recent port developments .........................................................................................................................85 C. Port development outlook ..........................................................................................................................87 5. LEGAL ISSUES AND REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS ................................................95 A. Important developments in transport law ....................................................................................................96 B. Regulatory developments relating to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping and other environmental issues ............................................................................................................................................ 96 C. Other legal and regulatory developments affecting transportation...........................................................................105 D. Status of conventions ..............................................................................................................................110 E. Trade facilitation in international agreements ............................................................................................112 6. SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT AND FINANCE .....................125 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................126 B. Transport sector energy use and emissions ..............................................................................................127 C. Recent developments in sustainable freight transport................................................................................129 ' (QDEOLQJVXVWDLQDEOHIUHLJKWWUDQVSRUWƂQDQFHUHODWHGFRQVLGHUDWLRQV........................................................135 E. Summarizing the points ..........................................................................................................................139 TABLE OF CONTENTS v Annexes I. World seaborne trade by country group (Millions of tons) ...........................................................................146 ,, D 0HUFKDQWƃHHWVRIWKHZRUOGE\ƃDJVRIUHJLVWUDWLRQJURXSVRIHFRQRPLHVDQGW\SHVRIVKLS as at 1 January 2012 (Thousands of GT) .................................................................................................150 ,, E 0HUFKDQWƃHHWVRIWKHZRUOGE\ƃDJVRIUHJLVWUDWLRQgroups of economies and types of ship, as at January 2012 (Thousands of dwt) ...................................................................................................155 ,, F 0HUFKDQWƃHHWVRIWKHZRUOGE\ƃDJVRIUHJLVWUDWLRQgroups of economies and types of ship, as at 1 January 2012 (Number of ships) ..................................................................................................160 ,,, 7UXHQDWLRQDOLW\RIWKHODUJHVWƃHHWVE\ƃDJRIUHJLVWUDWLRQDVDW-DQXDU\ ...................................165 ,9 &RQWDLQHUL]HGSRUWWUDIƂF .........................................................................................................................169 V. UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (ordered by rank at 2012) ........................................................173 LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES Tables 1.1. World economic growth, 1991–2012 ..........................................................................................................3 1.2 Growth in the volume of merchandise trade, by country groups and geographical region, 2008–2011 .............5 1.3. Development in international seaborne trade, selected years.........................................................................6
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