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EPA Export 26-07-2013:23:59:44 Archaeological Assessment, Dredging and Dumping Development, Power Plant, Estuary, Co. Kerry.

Document prepared by:

Boland Archaeological Services Ltd. , Arden Road, Tullamore, Co.Offaly, Tel. and Fax: 0506-41488 Mobile 087 2653468

Data Acquisition: Mr. Donal Boland Data Processing and Interpretation: Mr. Donal Boland Historical Data: Mr. Rory McNeary

Geophysical survey conducted under The National Monuments Act 1930-1994: Licence No. 02R181 020120

Client: Electricity Supply Board

BAS Ltd. Report Number BAS 01-01-03

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Site 1.3 The Development 1.4 Historical and Archaeological Background 1.5 Sites and Monuments Record of Tarbert 1.6 Shipwrecks Listed for the Area of Tarbert

2. THE SITE SURVEY

2.1 The Site Survey Design 2.2 The Foreshore Surveys 2.3 Dredge and Dump Site Surveys

3. IMPACTS CONCLUSIONS MITIGATION

3.1 Impacts 3.2 Conclusions 3.3 Mitigation

4. BIBLIOGRAPHY For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

4.1 Geophysical References 4.2 Historical Sources

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION The Electricity Supply Board. commissioned Boland Archaeological Services Ltd. to conduct an archaeological assessment of a dredging zone and associated dumping area at Tarbert, River Shannon Estuary, . (Figure 1.1). The high-resolution geophysical survey assessment was conducted in November 2002, and the acquired data processed and I interpreted by BAS Ltd. during December 2002.

For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

The aims of the investigation, as outlined by Duchas are:

To identify areas of potential archaeology;

To identify potential archaeological structures;

To identify potential archaeological artefacts;

Provide co-ordinates, which allow relocation of features identified.

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1.2 THE SITE

Tarbert is the name given to an island and town in the parish of Kilnaughton, of Iraghticonnor, county of Kerry (Lewis 1837, 596). The town is situated on a steep slope overlooking the river Shannon, about 35 miles below , and to the south of Tarbert Island, which is connected by a causeway to the main headland (Room 1986, 118). The name Tarbert indicates a narrow neck of land or isthmus (Joyce 1902, III, 567) where boats . and their contents can be carried across. On the southern shore of the lower Shannon estuary between Tarbert ar;Jd the estuary is at its narrowest, being c. 1.25 km wide (O'Sullivan 2001, 40) (fig 1.1, 1.2 & 1.3).

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Figure 1.2: Site location chart

Figure 1.3: Site location image

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1.3 THE DEVELOPMENT

The development, which has been completed, entailed the removal of estuarine silts, which had accumulated along the shoreline adjacent to the cooling water intake of Tarbert power plant.

The silt build-up was removed utilising a grab dredger and associated dump barge. The dredge materi al was disposed of at an adjacent deep-water dumpsite. I

Location of area dredged

Westing Northing go 21 ' 38" W 52° 35' 21 .5" N

Co-ordinates of the dumpsite

Westing Northing go 21 ' 30" W 52° 35' 32" N go 21 ' 15" W 52° 35' 35" N go 21 ' 50" W 52° 35' 53" N go 21 ' 35" W 52° 35' 77" N

Positions given in Degrees, Minutes For, Seconds inspection purposes. WGS84 only. Datum Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

The location of the dredge site and the site at which the dredged material was disposed of is detailed (Fig1.4) on the site chart provided by the Electricity Supply Board.

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Figure 1.4: The location of the dredge and dumpsite.

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1.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

1.4.1 Introduction Tarbert is the name given to an island and town in the parish of Kilnaughton, barony of Iraghticonnor, county of Kerry (Lewis 1837, 596). The town is situated on a steep slope overlooking the river Shannon, about 35 miles below Limerick, and to the south of Tarbert Island, which is connected by a causeway to the main headland (Room 1986, 118). The name Tarbert indicates a narrow neck of land or isthmus (Joyce 1902, III, 567) where boats I and their contents can be carried across. On the southern shore of the lower Shannon estuary between Tarbert and Foynes the estuary is at its narrowest, being c. 1.25 km wide (O'Sullivan 2001 , 40).

The tidal limit of the Shannon estuary is above Limerick City, which is 96 km from the open ocean. The deepest part of the estuary is at its mouth, although relatively deep water also exists in the constricted Tarbert Race, where the tidal flows are greatest. The upper estuary, east of the Tarbert Race, is generally shallower, with extensive mudflats (see O'Sullivan 2001). Maximum tidal velocities occur in the narrowest part of the estuary at Tarbert Race,

reaching 2.5m S-1 north-east of Tarbert Island (Nairn et al. 1997) (48) .

1.4.2 Maritime Activity The Bay of Tarbert extends between the town and the island of the same name and is formed by a deep bight terminated by a small river flowing into it near the town , and is sheltered on the north-west side by the Island. In the past it was an important location for shipping as it was capable of affording 'a safe and commodious roadstead for about 150 vessels of the For inspection purposes only. largest class' and was consideredConsent an of copyright'asylum owner harbour required for' (Lewis any other use.1837). This 'roadstead' enabled ships to anchor south-east of the island, sheltered from westerly and south-westerly winds.

The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw an intensification of maritime activity around the Shannon estuary and harbours such as Tarbert were developed (Henry 1996, 141; Breen and Callaghan 2001 , 239). A pier was built on the south-east side of Tarbert Island during the course of the 1830s, at a pOint recommended by Captain Mudge in his report to the Board of Public Works (Lewis 1837, 597). The City of Steam Packet Company leased a section of the shore at Tarbert and built a stone pier and wharf in the nineteenth century (National Archive file OPW 8/-347, Piers and Harbours). These facilities helped Tarbert consolidate its position as the main ferry point across the estuary and the town became the principal landing­ place for passengers from Dublin and Limerick to and the Lakes of . The Steam Navigation Company also built a road along the shore of the bay, from the town to the island, for the convenience of their passengers. There was at this time no nearer point of embarkation than the inner side of the island. By 1880 there was a further pier at Tarbert

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(Breen and Callaghan 2001 , 238). This pier belonged to the Shannon Commissioners. However, siltation in the harbour was a growing problem (Anon. 1880, 10).

Tarbert was the main Kerry port in the estuary throughout the post-medieval period (Breen and Callaghan 2001) and is clearly depicted on John Speed's map of , published in his Theatre of the empire of Great Britain in 1612 (O'Sullivan, A. 2001, 19). In the nineteenth century the town had an export trade in corn, butter, pigs, and other agricultural produce raised in the surrounding district (Lewis 1837). About 50,000 barrels of grain, and 25,000 I pigs, were annually exported, and the export of butter during the season averaged about 200 firkins per month (Lewis 1837).

These products were chiefly sent to Limerick, with which city and the town of it had a communication, in summer daily, and in winter on alternate days, by the vessels of the Inland Steam Navigation Company. A variety of articles were imported from Limerick, and Lewis (1837) believed this trade would increase as one Mr. Jas. Patterson, of Kilrush, had erected a 'extensive store for general merchandise'.

The importance of the safety of ships entering the estuary was recognised in the seventeenth century when a lighthouse was built at c. 1665 (Breen and Callaghan 2001) . Several other lighthouses were built in the nineteenth century. The lighthouse at Tarbert, constructed on the extreme northern point of the island, was completed in 1835 (Lewis 1837) and enabled vessels to run for this anchorage at night, when driven from those of Carrigaholt and Scattery.

For inspection purposes only. There was also a revenue stationConsent, of under copyright the owner Board required offor anyCustoms, other use. manned by a sUNeyor and six boatmen (Lewis 1837).

Tarbert was a Sea Fencibles District headquarters. The sea fencibles were organised in twenty districts in 1804 (Kerrigan 1995, 166). In nineteen of these districts the sea fencibles manned the signal stations, the number in each district varying from two to eight. The force was made up of fishermen and Merchant seamen commanded by naval officers, including the signal lieutenants at the signal posts.

The Admiralty set up coastal signalling stations around the coast of Ireland between 1804 and 1806 (Kerrigan 1995, 1156). At most of them a 'defensible guard house' or signal tower was erected, except for a few locations where the signal crew and military guard were accommodated in a fort, Martello tower, or lighthouse. This was the case at Tarbert.

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1.4.3 Military Defences A battery of 24-pounders had been constructed by 1783 at Tarbert Island for the protection of the trade of Limerick but was dismantled or abandoned over the next ten years (Kerrigan 1995, 205) . War with France early in 1793 renewed the need for defence of the estuary at Tarbert where invading ships might avail of its safe anchorage. Two batteries were constructed between 1794 and 1795 under the supervision of Colonel James Ferrier of the Royal Irish Engineers each with eight 24-pounders commanding the river and some 6- pounders for landward defence (Kerrigan 1995, 205).

The Tarbert Island Battery was bastion-shaped in plan with two faces overlooking the estuary to the north sited on the highest pa rt of the island about forty feet above water, toward s the south-east of the island. A late 18th century painting of the Shannon depicts a battery close to water level on the north side of the island, which may be the battery of 1783 or one of the two built by Ferrier in the 1790s. In 1811 Tarbert was recorded as having 13 guns, suggesting that this battery at water level or another work was in use as well as the bastion-shaped battery mentioned above. By the time Lewis (1837) was writing the island had a battery and a bomb-proof barrack mounting seven 24-pounders and two howitzers. The Tarbert Island Battery was demolished during the building of the ESB power station (Kerrigan 1995, 208).

1.4.4 Conclusion O'Sullivan (2001 , 271) highlights the inter-tidal area associated with Tarbert as having great archaeological potential when he writes, ". ..the bays and inlets around and Tarbert, Co. Kerry ... hold great potential for exciting survey work." Breen and Callaghan (2001) also highlight the proliferation of wrecks in the mid-estuary off Tarbert Island (see Table 2) . For inspection purposes only. They write, 'The bottom mud ofConsent the ofShannon copyright owner estuary required canfor any be other many use. metres deep, and a vessel deposited into this environment would qu ickly become sealed, ensuring good preservation . However, the identification of the physical location of these sites is extremely difficult and is for the most part dependent on chance finds by local fishermen, finds made during dredging work, or through the deployment of marine geophysical survey equipment in targeted survey areas (Breen and Callaghan 2001, 244).

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1.5 SITES AND MONUMENTS RECORD OF TARBERT

Source: Sites and Monuments Record of Co. Kerry (Sheet 3), Duchas, The Heritage Service.

Site No. Sheet/plan/trace NGC Class KE003-001 003/03/6 10699/14920 Tarbert Star-Shaped Fort KE003-002 003/04/4 10764/14946 Tarbert Island Battery KE003-009 003/07/4 10501114779 Kilpaddoge Rath KE003-00901 003/07/4 10501114780 Kilpaddoge Souterrain KE003-010 003/07/4 10539/14794 Kilpaddoge Rath KE003-01001 003/07/4 10539/14794 Kilpaddoge Souterrain KE003-011 003/07/5 10586/14791 Kilpaddoge Rath KE003-012 003/07/6 10674114792 Tarbert Moated Site Possible KE003-013 003/07/6 10693/14795 Tarbert Cashel

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1.6 SHIPWRECKS LISTED FOR THE AREA OF TARBERT

Source: Hi storic Shipwrecks on the Shannon Estuary, Co. Kerry. Duchas, The Heritage Service.

NAME DATE LOCATION DETAILS Brittania 8,Nov.1825 Between Tarbert and Vessel of Rothsay Glynn Diana 6 Feb. 1820 Near Tarbert to Limerick Llanthewy/Llanthenry 27 Dec. 1902 Beale Bar Iron steamship of Newport Margaret 6 Jan. 1818 Mouth of River Liverpool to Limerick Shannon Premier 26 Oct.lNov. 1898 Between Beale Bar 537 ton steel steamer. and Kilcreadine light Cargo of sugar. Quereda 27 Jan 1834 Off Carrig Island Vessel of Sunderland. Limerick to London. Thetis 30 Nov. 1834 Beale Bar En route to Limerick. Wreck site is marked on the 1921 OS 6" map, Sheet 1 . Unknown Nov. 1839 The Beeves None

Unknown 15 Aug. 1893 For inspection purposesOff only. Tarbert 18 ft . vessel. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Unknown 10 Sept. 1903 Beale Point 'Canoe'. Unknown 9 Feb. 1904 Tarbert Roads Unregistered iron lighter of 12 tons.

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Source: Historic Shipwrecks on the Shannon Estuary, Co. Clare. Duchas, The Heritage SeN ice.

NAME DATE LOCATION DETAILS Agenoria 28 Jan. 1847 Kilrush 117 ton sailing vessel Albion 6 Jan. 1839 Labasheeda Bay Alice 30 Mar. 1814 In the Shannon Limerick to Liverpool. Alice & James 10 Dec. 1826 Scarlet Rocks, River Limerick to Liverpool. Shannon Anna Belie 21 Nov. 1881 Boland Bay, Kilrush Wooden brigantine, 153 tons. Limerick to PenarthlPenrith. CarQo of oats. Anne 27 Jan. 1847 Kilrush 161 ton sailing vessel. Annunciada 1588 Scattery 700 ton Ragusan IslandlCarngholt Armada ship. Burnt and sank. Atlanta 17 Mar. 1836 Dunaha Brig. Bridgewater 6 Jan. 1818 Mouth of the Shannon Sligo to London. Calpe 13 Nov. 1847 Kilrush 104 ton sailing vessel. Carolinea 27 Jan. 1847 Kilrush Sailing vessel. Catherine 4 Nov. 1849 In the Shannon Limerick to Liverpool. Charity 1839 Labasheeda Bay Cicero 1833 On the River Shannon 434 ton vessel. Ciro 27 Jan. 1847 Kilrush Commerce 5 Apr. 1791 Entrance to Limerick Philadelphia to Dublin River Daniel O'Donnell 6 Jan. 1839 Near Limerick Defiance 1835 In the Shannon 35 ton. Ed 28 Jan. 1847 Kilrush 142 ton E.D.J. 1940/1941 Islevaroo, near Kilrush Motor vessel. Kilrush to Limerick with turf. Sold for scrap. For inspection purposes only. Eleanor 29 Dec.Consent 1823 of copyright owner requiredLabasheda for any other use. Limerick to Liverpool. Eliza 20 Jan. 1821 Kilrush Trinidad to . Eliza 8 Feb. 1822 Near Kilrush Limerick to Swansea Eliza 24 Dec. 1852 Rocks in Scattery 59 ton schooner. Sligo Roads to London. Cargo of meal. Eliza and Ann 27 Jan. 1847 Kilrush Limerick to Liverpool. Elizabeth 27 Jan. 1847 Kilrush Elizabeth and Mary 13 Jan. 1843 In the Shannon Limerick to Liverpool. Esther 18 Mar. 1854 At sea - put into Newport to New York. Kilrush Cargo of iron. Flora 16 Jan. 1818 Mouth of the Shannon Quebec to London Fowey 1 Aug. 1813 Kilbaha Limerick to Plymouth. Cargo of Pork. Friendship 27 Jan. 1847 Kilrush 94 ton vessel Garryone 6 Jan. 1839 Beach at Kilrush Steamer Georgina 9 May 1884 On the Shannon Schooner. Collided with SS Vale. Glencoe 27 Jan. 1847 Kilrush 155 ton vessel. Grecian 6 Jan. 1839 Kilrush Hamilton 6 Jan 1839 Kilrush Revenue Cruiser Helen 28 Dec. 1894 Scattery Island Iron barque. Cargo of grain

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Henry and Anne c. 20 Nov. 1850 Island opposite Kilrush Hepzibah 1 Oct. 1912 Kilcredane, 90 ton schooner. Carrigaholt Kilrush to Aran, in ballast. Hope 20 Jan. 1821 Kilrush or Loop Head London to Limerick Isabella 6 Jan. 1839 Labasheeda Bay John 1 Dec. 1825 Mouth of the Shannon Dublin to Limerick Lamb 12 Apr. 1751 Kilrush Lark 28 Jan. 1803 In the Shannon Fishing boat Maas 27 Jan. 1847 Kilrush Margaret 6,Jan. 1818 Mouth of the Shannon Liverpool to Limerick Mary 24 Dec. 1811 In the Shannon Limerick to London Mary 13 Nov. 1908 Off Querrin Wood and canvas canoe for fishing. Mary Ann 5 Dec. 1817 Kilrush Limerick to Mary Collins 8 Dec. 1817 Cappa, near Kilrush Limerick to Galway. Cargo Laugh stone. Mary of Milford 1875 Boland Rocks, Kilrush 75 ton schooner Myrtle 1828 In the Shannon 100 ton vessel. Perseverance 3 Dec. 1820 Kilrush Pernambuco to Liverpool. Prudence 31 Mar. 1818 Into the Shannon Portuguese schooner. St. Ubes to Limerick. Rebecca 9 Apr. 1853 Kilrush - damaged Newport to New York. and discharged Cargo iron. Spilling Rock 7 Oct. 1889 Shannon region Treenaglass 1 Aug. 1833 Bridges Bank, near 1513 ton steamer. Palaskenry Cargo maize. Triumph 1 Aug. 1851 Off Hog Is., Kilrush America to Limerick. Union 15Jan. 1819 Labasheeda Limerick to London 24 Jan. 1834 Kilrush Galway to London Venus 12 Dec. 1818 Labasheeda Limerick to London Venus 22 May 1890 Near Beeves Rock LH 60 ton wooden smack. Kilrush to For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Limerick. Cargo turf. Victoria 4 Nov. 1853 In the Shannon 100 ton schooner. Limerick to London. Cargo oats. Vietury 18 Jan. 1805 Kilrush Limerick to London Welcome 6 Jan. 1839 Labasheeda Bay Wentworth 30 Sept. 1873 Carrigaholt 254 ton brig. Limerick BeaumontJWentworth to Shields in ballast. William Ash 17 Nov. 1851 Hog's Head Rock Unknown 14 Nov. 1690 Mouth of the Shannon French Frigate. Unknown 4 Nov. 1691 River Shannon French 'Iogboat'. Unknown 12 Aug. 1788 Near Foynes Island Unknown 20 Nov. 1816 Whelp Rock, River Large sail boat Shannon Unknown Feb. 1826 Kibaha Bay Unknown 18 Feb. 1826 Kibaha, Loop Head Unknown c. 20 Nov. 1850 Between Kilrush and Ferry boat. Kilrush to Tarbert Tarbert. Unknown 6 Jan. 1839 Near Limerick Unknown 1 Jan. 1871 Carrigaholt 'Canoe' Unknown Feb. 1903 Near Carrigaholt

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Source: Historic Shipwrecks on the Shannon Estuary, Co. Limerick. Duchas, The Heritage Service.

NAME DATE LOCATION DETAILS Adeona 18 Jan. 1825 Hogshead Rocks, R. Limerick to Liverpool. Shannon Aid 24 Dec. 1852 Tarbert Road Got off. Astrea Jun. 1834 Limerick British Queen 2lFeb. 1847 Limerick Cassandra 7 Jan. 1794 20 leagues from St Ubes to Limerick Limerick Castleragget Oct. 1833 Foynes Is. Turf boat. Limerick to Ballylongford. Collided with a brig near Foynes Island. Colomb us 4/5 Dec. 1851 Harold Rock Odessa to Limerick. Dorothy 20 Nov. 1851 Limerick Limerick to London. Cargo oats. Edgecumbe 21 Dec. 1854 BealBay 108 ton brig. St. John's NB to Limerick. Carqo deals. Elanor Dec. 1832 Limerick 400 ton vessel. Elentheria 6 Feb. 1847 Limerick Eliza Dec. 1759 Limerick Haven London to Limerick. Flora Sept. 1802 Near Limerick Vessel of Greenock. Hannah 22 Jan. 1747 Near Limerick Newfoundland to Limerick. Helena and Mary Dec. 1785 Cratsoe Vessel of Jamaica. Hegarty Heroine 24 Dec. 1852 Limerick 374 ton barque. Jessy 10 Nov. 1851 Meelick Quebec to Limerick. Liverpool 8 Nov. 1825 Between Tarbert and Vessel of Liverpool. For inspection purposesGlynn only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Louis Eleonie 24 Apr. 1852 Limerick Tampico to Harvre. Maid of the Mist 10 Mar. 1847 Limerick Medusa 19 Nov. 1850 Limerick Harbour 310 ton brig. Cargo wheat. Minerva 17 Dec. 1829 Shannon River 86 ton schooner. Cargo oats and butter. Osprey 8 Sept. 1851 Between Tarbert and Swansea to Limerick. Glin Peggy Dec. 1790 Limerick River Limerick to Greenock. Premier 26 Nov. 1898 Between Kilcredane 196 ton steel Light and Beal Bar steamship. Hamburg Buoy to Limerick. Cargo sugar. Solidade 28 Dec. 1781 Limerick River Lisbon to . Thrasher 16 Aug. 1892 River Shannon 40 ton wooden smack. Burnt at Limerick. Topaz 28 Dec. 1900 1 mile below Glin Pier 196 ton brigantine. Carqo wood. Venus 1890 River Shannon Derelict smack. Witte Leeuw 10 Jan. 1849 Off Limerick Rotterdam to Limerick. York Nov. 1758 Near Lim erick Bombay to Limerick.

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Unknown Dec. 1630 Limerick/R. Shannon Spanish carvel. Cargo fish and salt. Unknown Jun. 1832 Between Monsells Open sail boat. Creek and Ballincurra Creek Unknown Feb. 1833 Kerry Head, River Brig. Cargo salt. Shannon Unknown Nov. 1850 The River, Limerick Smack. Unknown Nov. 1850 The river, Limerick Smack. Unknown 25 Dec. 1852 Limerick Brig. Cargo oats. Unknown 6 Aug. 1905 Muckinish Strait 2 ton pleasure boat (sail).

For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

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I 2.0 THE SITE SURVEYS

2.1 THE SITE SURVEY DESIGN

High resolution marine geophysical surveys were conducted over the areas where the dredging and dumping operations were conducted. The surveys comprised a seabed profile, side-scan sonar and proton magnetometer survey.

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Figure 2.1.1 Dredge site survey track lines. For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

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Fi gure 2.1.2 Dump site survey track lines.

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2.2 FORESHORE AND SEABED SURVEYS

2.2.1 The Foreshore Survey

Dredging of the river Shannon adjacent to the water intake at Tarbert power plant was completed in September 2002. The area has been impacted previously by dredging activities during the construction of the power plant and by subsequent maintenance dredging operations.

The riverbed adjacent to the water intake at the Tarbert power plant is sub-tidal and does not dry at any period of the tidal cycle.

The natural foreshore at Tarbert has been impacted and overlain by the construction of stone groins, which extend from the foreshore either side of the intake structure. (Figure 2.2.1)

The lands above the high water line have been utilised for the construction of the power plant and service roadways.

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Figure 2.2.1 Sidescan Sonar overview of the Tarbert power plant intake structure and adjacent riverbed which has been impacted by the dredging operations.

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12.3 DREDGE AND DUMP SITE SURVEYS

2.3.1 Background

The high-resolution geophysical surveys of the proposed development were conducted during November 2002 (Figures 2.3.1). The acquired data was processed and interpreted by BAS Ltd. during December 2002

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52.594

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-9 .366 -9 .364 -9.362 -9.36 -9.358 -9 .356 -.9.354 -9.352 -9 .35 -9 .348

Figure 2.3.1: Track chart of survey route conducted over the dredge and dump site.

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2.3.2 The role of geophysics in marine archaeological assessments

Since the 1960's, a variety of marine geophys ica l techniques have been applied to mariti me archaeology (Frey, 1971 ; Mazel, 1985; Rao, 1988). However, it is only over the past decade that the applicable geophysical techniques have attained the resolu tion requ ired by the maritime archaeologist in site-specific studies. Additionally, the decrease in the cost of these systems has led to a profound increase in thei r application to both reconnaissance and site­ specific archaeological investigations (Hobbs et al., 1994; Barto Arnold, 1996; Quinn, et al., 1997; 1998; 2000; Momber and Green, 2000) . In many countries, geophysical survey is now regarded as standard instrumentation for pre-development and research-led maritime archaeological programmes. The techniques most commonly used in these investigations are bathymetric surveying, side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profiling and magnetometry.

This section of the report details the methodology and results of geophysical surveys conducted over the proposed dredging development at Tarbert by BAS Ltd . All survey procedures were conducted in accordance with the guidelines set out by Duchas - The Heritage Service.

For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

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2.3.3 Methodology

2.3.3.1 Introduction

Interpreters of geophysical data tend to concentrate on anomalies, i. e. on appreciable differences between a constant or smoothly varying background and a very strong or 'anomalous' geophysical signature. Archaeo-geophysical anomalies take many forms. For example, a concentration of iron cannon in gullies on a bedrock substrate wou ld give rise to a sharp magnetic anomaly, but may not be imaged in a side-scan sonar survey. Conversely, a wooden vessel on a planar sand substrate may present a noticeable high-backscatter anomaly on side-scan data, but would not be imaged in a magnetometer survey.

For archaeological surveys, a calm sea-state is an essential pre-requisite as the majority of the geophysical interpretation requires the identification of very subtle anomalies. This necessitates the acquisition of very high-resolution data with corresponding high signal-to­ noise-ratio (SNR). Therefore, geophysical data acquired for archaeological purposes can only be gathered at sea during calm weather conditions.

For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

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2.3.3.2 Differential global positioning system (DGPS)

In order to interpret any geophysical data acquired at sea, the geophysical observation needs to be related to a geographical position. Positional data for the survey, with a quoted accuracy of 1-Sm, was provided by a Litton Marine LMX 400 series differential global positioning system (Figure 2.3.3). Positional data were downloaded at a 1-second interval via a standard RS-232 serial port interface into Hypack software on a PC platform. The WGS-84 elipsoid was used as datum.

Figure 2.3.3: Left: Litton Marine LMX-400 Series differential global positioning system (DGPS); Right: Setting up the DGPS antennae on the deck.

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2.3.3.3 Bathymetric survey

Bathymetry is the measurement of water depths. A critical method for the investigations of sites of high archaeological potential is the production of detailed bathymetric basemaps. Both 2- and 3-dimensional bathymetric models can aid our understanding and interpretation of the cultural landscape, providing morphological maps of the seabed, lakebed and riverbed. It should be noted that this technique provides very little detail on the material properties of the seabed or sub-surface. However, when combined with other geophysical techniques, I bathymetric data can act as a template for site-specific and reconnaissance scale surveys. The simplest method of conducting a bathymetric survey is to interface an echo-sounder with a DGPS. The echo-sounder measures the time taken for an acoustic pulse to be transmitted from the transducer, to the seafloor and back. This time reading is converted to a depth reading by multiplying the time taken by an assumed velocity of sound in water (in this case a velocity of 1500 ms" is used).

The Tarbert bathymetric survey was conducted using a single-beam echo-sounder operating at 200 kHz. Positional and bathymetric data were downloaded at 2-second intervals via an RS-232 serial port interface to a laptop. The bathymetric data were corrected for tidal variations over the survey period and plotted as a series of 2-dimensional contour. Sea swell was negligible throughout the bathymetric survey, thereby negating the need for any swell or heave corrections. Layback corrections were not required as the DGPS antenna was mounted directly above the echo-sounder.

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2.3.3.4 Side-scan sonar survey

Side-scan sonar is the current instrument of choice in seafloor mapping due to its ability to cover large tracts of the seafloor in short time-periods. The most common uses of side-scan sonar include sediment mapping, shipwreck location and downed aircraft location. A basic side -scan sonar system consists of a top-side processing unit, a cable for electronic transmission and towing, and a subsurface unit (a towfi sh) that transmits and receives acoustic energy for imaging, (Figure 2.3.4). Side-scan transmits narrow beams of acoustic energy (sound) out to either side of the towfish and across the bottom. Sound is reflected back from the bottom and from objects to the towfish. Certain frequencies work better than others, high frequenci es such as 500kHz give excellent resolution but the acoustic energy only travels a short distance. Lower frequencies such as 100kHz give lower resolution but the distance the pulse travels is greatly improved. The towfi sh generates one acoustic pulse at a time and waits for the sound to be reflected back. The imaging range is determined by how long the towfish waits before transmitting the next pulse of acoustic energy. The image is thus built up one line of data at a ti me. Hard objects reflect more energy causing a dark signal on the image, soft objects that do not reflect as much energy are imaged as lighter signals. The absence of sound such as shadows behind objects show up as white areas on a sonar image, termed 'acoustic shadows'.

The side-scan sonar survey of the Tarbert site was conducted using a dual-frequency GeoAcoustics Model 159A side-scan sonar towfish and Model SS941 transceiver system at an operational frequency of 500kHz (Figure 2.3.4). Data were acquired without slant-range correction, with swath width set at 47 and 114 m (57 m per channel) . Trackline spacing was For inspection purposes only. fixed, ensuring in excess of Consent200% of seafloorcopyright owner coverage required for anywas other achieved use. throughout the survey.

Sonar data were acquired in SEG-Y format, processed in GeoPro LC on an Apple Macintosh platform and logged to 2GB Jaz disks (Figure 2.3.4).

Figure 2.3.4: a) GeoAcoustics Model 159-A side-scan sonar towfish with Model SS941 transceiver; b) GeoPro LC software on Apple Macintosh platform.

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2.3.3.5 Magnetometer survey

Magnetometers measure the strength of the earth's magnetic field and can detect variations in this field caused by the presence of ferrous material or ferrous objects submerged or buried in the marine environment. The earth's magnetic field varies in intensity over the surface of the earth. At the poles, the field is concentrated and therefore has a high intensity. A magnetometer would read 61,000 nT at the poles, whilst at the equator, the field is quite weak with a typical reading of 24,000 nT. In a localised area, the magnetic field tends to be quite even. If an iron object is introduced into the area (for example a wreck or ordnance), the lines of force are disturbed. The amount of disturbance is a function of the mass of the object.

The magnetometer survey of the Tarbert site was conducted using an Aquascan AX2000 proton magnetometer linked to the Litton Marine LMX-400 DGPS unit. Trackline spacing followed the same 30m pattern as the side-scan sonar survey, thus ensuring adequate coverage for archaeological survey as recommended by Duchas - The Heritage Service.

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2.3.3.6 Post-processing

Post-processing of the geophysical data is broadly sub-divided into the processing of positional information (DGPS), side-scan data and magnetometer data:

• The post-processing of the NMEA strings from the DGPS is conducted to produce the trackline charts of the geophysical surveys. This involves stripping the co-ordinate pairs together with their corresponding GMT time-fix. I • Post-processing of the side-scan sonar data is conducted on a PC platform using Octopus Marine 461 processing software, allowing for slant-range correction, dimension and co-ordinate extraction of the SEG-Y data. • Post-processing of the proton magnetometer data is conducted in Surfer and involves correcting the data for di-urnal variations, gridding the data and contouring it at set intervals. 2- and 3-dimensional plots are then constructed and plotted against bathymetry.

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2.3.4 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

2.3.4.1 Dredge Site Bathymetry

The results of the bathymetric survey of the dredge site are displayed as a 2-dimensional contour plot (Figure 2.3.5) and 3-dimensional model (Figure 2.3.6) and as a surface model (Figure 2.3.7) below. Water depths within the survey area ranged from -2 to -20 meters The water intake channel extends to the south west at a level of -7m The site is characterised by a steep sloping riverbed extending to -10m with a deeper area to the south east which extends to -20m

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52.587-'---r----r----r---.--.--.--.---.---.---.---.--'- ·9.3615 ·9.361 ·9.3605 ·9.36 ·9.3595 ·9.359 ·9.3585 ·9.358 ·9.3575 -9 .357 -9.3565

Figure 2.3.5: 2-dimensional contour plot of bathymetric data acquired over the proposed dredge site .. The dredged intake channel is highlighted by the red box. The bathymetry is contoured at 1 m intervals

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Figure 2.3.6: 3-dimensional model of the results of the bathymetric survey of the dredge site.

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Figure 2.3.7: Surface model of the results of the bathymetric survey of the dredge site.

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2.3.4.1 A Dump Site Bathymetry

The results of the bathymetric sUNey of the dump site are displayed as a 2-dimensional contour plot (Figure 2.3.8) and 3-dimensional model (Figure 2.3.9) and as a surface model (Figure 2.3.10) below.

Water depths within the sUNey area ranged from -16 to -56 meters

The site is characterised by a narrow channel to the south east with water depths extending to -28 m. The deepest area of the site is locate to the north west where the riverbed drops rapidly producing water depths of -56m

52.602

16 -18 52.6 -20 -22 -24 52.598 -26

52.596

52.594 For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

52.592

52.59

52.588

Figure 2.3.8: 2-dimensional contour plot of bathymetric data acquired over the proposed dump site. Bathymetry is contoured at 2 m inteNals

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Figure 2.3.9: 3-dimensional model of the results of the bathymetric survey of the proposed dredge site.

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Figure 2.3.10: Surface model of the results of the bathymetric survey recorded over the dump site.

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2.3.4.2 Dredge Site Geology and seabed sediments

The substrate at the dredge site is predominantly characterised by low to medium backscatter, variable tone returns, indicative of a mixed mud / gravel riverbed. (Figure 2.3.11) .

.- . ,' -

, )

;~ '.::. I ·~';· -1 ... ;.. \ ' ..

, .... ~ ." ..- ,

• •,.c- .... -,,"' .""'!I"':,, : .: Figure 2.3.11: Sonagraph indicating the dredged channel substrate

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2.3.4.2A Dump Site Geology and seabed sediments

The substrate at the location of the dump site is predominantly characterised by medium to high backscatter, variable tone returns, indicative of a mixed sand / gravel or hard mud riverbed. (Figure 2.3.12).

...,. ....1" ..,. j;., {". ~ ...'". :~ " ...-~~ ..., < ~ '.' -, .p J~ .1.{ .,'" ..;~. ~ ' ~ .: '..\:.:... Ill " :'1 ~ Ii· .~~ . ",i: .~. ..~ . '& - ~: : '''';.. " ~~ t : (1- .: ... .;.r? : ,', ·r ~ .. " .. ~ ~ . ,. .. ~. i"• .~:~ :.; '. .- '4' ,- ~t jr . . £, " f _;' ~ , ,i; :" ,,~, .. ~.

Figure 2.3.12: Sonagraph indicating the substrate at the location of the dump site

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2.3.4.3 Dredge Site Magnetometer survey results

The proximity of the Tarbert power plant and the water intake structure (figure 2.3.13) rendered a magnetic sUNey useless at this location.

--.-.-

11 ..

It

'\ \ ~, l~ L For inspection purposes only. \ Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

Figure 2.3.13: Location of the power plant in relation to the dredge site and sUNey area

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2.3.4.3A Dump Site Magnetometer survey results

The results obtained from the magnetometer survey of the dumpsite are presented in Figures 2.3.14 to 2.3.1 9/ as 2-dimensional contour plots of magnetic deviation and in figure 2.3.20 as a 3-dimensional contour plot of magnetic deviation. The magnetic deviation in the survey area ranges from a to -3600 NT. There are three 'bulls-eye' anomalies and one large linear anomaly in the survey area, which normally indicate the presence of ferrous material and possibly cultural material. Only one anomaly M2 is located within the dump zone.

The identification tag and position of each anomaly is listed in table 2.3.1 The position of each anomaly relative to the dumpsite boundary is presented in figure 2.3.21 The position of each anomaly relative to the dumpsite boundary and overlaid on the results of the bathmetric survey is presented in figure 2.3.22

52 . ~ ~ . ·0 ¢ ~ ~.. .

~ 1000 52 0- 1200

For inspection purposes only. 1400 Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. 52 1600 ":>4 1800 -2000 52 .594 -2200 fJ -2400 52 .592 -2600 -2800 -3000 52.59

52 .588 '--_,..-__,-- __,..- __,..- __,-- __.,- __,-- __.,- __.,-_---' 600

Figure 2.3.14: 2-dimensional contour plot of magnetic deviation for the survey grid plotted from 100 to -1000 nT.

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52.602 ~ 52 .6 -300

52.598 -600

52.596

52.594 -900

~ <> . 52 .592 0 - -1200 52 .59 ' ({I

52 .588 -1500 -9.366 -9 .364 -9 .362 -9.36 -9 .358 -9. 56 -9.354 -9 .352 -9 .35

Figure 2.3.15: 2-dimensional contour plot of magnetic deviation for the survey grid plotted from 300 to -1500 nT.

52.602

52 .6 For inspection purposes only. ~ Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

52.598

52 .593

52 .594

52 .592

52 .59

52 .588 l...---r-----,,-----r----r---r----,-----r-----,,------r-----' -9.366 -9 .364 -9.362 -9.36 -9.358 -9 .356 -9.354 -9.352 -9.35

Figure 2.3.16: 2-dimensional contour plot of magnetic deviation for the survey grid plotted from 0 to -1000 nT.

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52 .602 C> • (>~ (:J ~ ~c9, - , O·.t; 52.6 <>, 1100 <> 9 c:::) 1400 52.598 Q 1700 • t:l ~ 52.596 €> <> O°j;/ C> • II a 0 C> ~ 52.594 .p ~ ~'14 0 C> 52 .592 0 ~jJ Oo~ • A C> 52 .59 0 4(:;·8

52 .588 -9.366 -9.364 -9.362 -9.36 -9.358 -9.356 -9.354 -9.352 -9.35

Figure 2.3.17: 2-dimensional contour plot of magnetic deviation for the survey grid plotted from -800 to -3500 nT.

1400 52.602 2600 ~ <3 3800 5000 = <) 8200 7400 52. For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. 8600 0 1000 52.598 2200 , 3400 4600 5800 52.596 7000

.~ 8200 9400 00 52.594 • 800 -23000 (:> ~ 24200 52.592 -25400 -26800 -27800 29000 30200 52.59 ...0- 1) 31400 32600 33800 52.588 -35000 -9.366 -9.364 -9.362 -9.36 -9.358 -9.356 -9.354 -9 .352 -9.35

Figure 2.3.18: 2-dimensional contour plot of magnetic deviation for the survey grid plotted from -1 000 to -3500 nT.

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52.602 " . <>~

52.6 Do,

Q

03 ~ 52.598 • 0

o <:) I> 52.596 ~ <> <:/,(? '" (> .. II 0 0 C> ~ 0

52.594 ·,0 02! • • • t::. 01 ~~ 52 .592 " '" 0 • Ci Oo~ II . (;> 52 .59 0 Intake• .,4.8 "'t> 52.588 -9 .366 -9.364 -9 .362 -9.36 -9 .358 -9 .356 -9.354 -9 .352 -9.35

Figure 2.3.19: Location of dumpsite and the freshwater intake overlain on the magnetic deviation for the survey grid

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Figure 2.3.20: 3-dimensional model plot of magnetic deviation for the survey grid plotted from -1000 to -3500 nT.

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10 Latitude (N) Longitude (W) M1 -9.3582 52.5989 M2 -9.3564 52.5939 M3 -9.3539 52.5951 M4 -9.3655 52.6015

Table 2.3.1: Co-ordinates and ID-tags for the anomalies interpreted from the 2-D contour plots.

The position of each anomaly is plotted in (Figure 2.3.21). The position of each anomaly is plotted against the results of the bathymetric survey for the proposed site (Figure 2.3.22).

The magnetic anomalies are represented by the red dots and the dumpsite boundary by the black diamonds

52.602 1\4 t-

52.6 04• 03 ~ 52.598 •

52.596 For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. ~

52.594 02 01 • 52.592 •

52.59- Intake• 52.588 -9.366 -9.364 -9.362 -9.36 -9.358 -9.356 -9.354 -9.352 -9:35

Figure 2.3.21: Anomaly positions and 10 tags for the magnetic anomalies identified at the proposed site.

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Figure 2.3.22: Anomaly positions and ID tags for the magnetic anomalies identified at the area of the dumpsite plotted against the results of the bathymetric survey.

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2.3.4.4 Dredge site side-scan sonar survey results

No anomalies of possible archaeological potential are interpreted from the side-scan sonar survey of the dredge site. A sonar overview of the dredge site and the water intake structure is imaged in figure 2.3.23

Water Intake Structure

--

Figure 2.3.23: Sidescan overview of the Water intake structure and the adjacent For inspection purposes only. riverbedConsent which of copyright has been owner requiredimpacted for any by other dredging use. operations.

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2.3.4.4A Dump Site Side-scan sonar survey results

A total of five anomalies of possible archaeological potential are interpreted from the side­ scan sonar survey of the proposed site. The 10 tags and Latitude-Longitude pairs for each anomaly are listed in Table 2.3.2. Anomaly dimensions and type-images are listed in Table 2.3.4 and individual descriptions are listed in Table 2.3.3

10 Latitude (N) Longitude (W) L S1 52.59368 9.353606667 S2 52 .59803333 9.358276667 S3 52 .59846 9.359651667 S4 52 .59428667 9.35656 S5 52 .59858 9.359313333

Table 2.3.2: Anomaly list interpreted from the 500 kHz side-scan sonar survey. lat-Iong pairs are given in decimal degrees.

10 Dimensions (m) Tentative Interpretation S1 Linear Anomaly Appears to be a section of exposed cable or chain S2 3m X 1.2m V shaped high backscatter anomaly with possible scouring S3 4.5m X1 .7m High backscatter upstanding anomaly possible rock or debris S4 2.5m x 1m High backscatter upstanding anomaly possible rock or

debris For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. S5 7.2m X 1m Discrete linear anomaly possibly a man made object

Table 2.3.3: Anomaly descriptions. See Table 2.3.4 for side-scan sonar anomaly images.

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~ I O'e- :; I~ im sonar ..

• - <

3m X 1.2m

S3 4.5m X1.7m upstanding .•.. .

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".!..

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S4 2.5m x 1m upstanding

7.2m X 1m upstanding

Table 2.3.4: Side-scan sonar images and dimensions of the anomalies listed in Table 2.3.2.

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The position of each anomaly is plotted against the perimeter of the dumpsite in (Figure 2.3.24). The position of each anomaly is plotted against the results of the bathymetric survey for the proposed site (Figure 2.3.25) .

04 5 03• .- 82•

84• 01• Intake• Figure 2.3.24: Anomaly positions and ID tags for the sidescan anomalies identified at the dumpsite.

-16 -18 For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. -20 -22 -24 -26

Intake•

Figure 2.3.25: Anomaly positions and ID tags for the sidescan anomalies identified at the dump site plotted against the results of the bathymetric survey.

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2.3.4.5 Dump Site Data integration and interpretation

Figure 2.3.26 highlights the spatial distribution of the magnetic (red) and side-scan (orange) anomalies over the dump site.

Figure 2.3.27 highlights the spatial distribution of the magnetic (red) and side-scan (orange) anomalies with respect to bathymetric variation over the dump site.

The limits of the dumpsite are indicated by the black diamonds 01-04

I I I I I I I

52.602- I- ~4

52.6- I- 04 \)} ~5 03 52.598- • ** *. I-

52 .596- I-

84 ~ 81 52.594- ~ I- For inspection purposes only. 02 * Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. 01 • 52 .592- • -

52.59- - Intake• 52.588-L-.._-.-__-.- __--r __ ----,,- __-r- __.-- __-,- __-, __ --, __ --J- -9366 -9.364 -9.362 -9 .36 -9.358 -9.356 -9.354 -9.352 -9 .35

Figure 2.3.26: The position of all anomalies plotted against the dumpsite.

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52 .602

52 .6

52 .598

52 .596

52.594

52 .592

52 .59 Intake• 52.588

For inspection purposes only. Figure 2.3.27: The positionConsent of all ofanomalies copyright owner plotted required foragainst any other theuse. bathemetric survey for the

dumpsite.

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2.3.4.6 Results of Survey

The results of the desktop survey would indicate that the area of and surrounding Tarbert Pier and Tarbert Island have been utilised for maritime activities from an early period

The foreshore survey noted:

~ That the foreshore adjacent to the dredge zone has been impacted previously by the construction of the water intake structure and by dredging operations.

~ That the upper foreshore has been impacted by the construction of an access road and a large power plant facility.

~ That no features or artefacts of archaeological importance were located by the foreshore survey.

The geophysical survey noted:

~ That water depths within the dredge site survey area extended from -2m adjacent to the water intake structure -20m in the channel.

~ The proximity of the Tarbert power plant and the water intake structure rendered a magnetic survey useless at the dredge site location.

~ No anomalies were located by sidescan sonar survey at the dredge site location.

For inspection purposes only. ~ That water depths within Consentthe proposed of copyright ownerdump required site forsurvey any other area use. extended from -16m to

-56m.

~ That one strong 'bulls-eye' magnetic anomaly M2 (which normally indicate the presence of ferrous material and possibly cultural material) was recorded in the area of the proposed dumpsite.

~ That three anomalies S3, S4 and S5were located by the sidescan sonar survey over the dumpsite.

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3. IMPACTS CONCLUSIONS MITIGATION

3.1 Impacts

1. The riverbed within the dredge area has been impacted by construction and previous dredging operations. 2. The seabed within the dumping area has be impacted previously by the deposition of dredged materials.

3.2 Conclusions

~ The area of and surrounding Tarbert have been utilised for maritime activities from an early period.

~ A number of recorded wreck sites lie within the area.

~ The riverbed within and surrounding the area of the dredging and dumping development has the potential to retain archaeology.

~ The potential of impacting buried archaeology during future dredging operations must be regarded as being low as the site has been dredged to the required depth on a number of occasions.

~ The impact of depositing dredged silts on top of buried archaeology is not regarded as being high.

For inspection purposes only. ~ No anomalies wereConsent located of copyright by theowner sidescan required for anysurvey other use. within the area surveyed at

and adjacent to the water intake structure and its associated dredged channel.

~ The foreshore adjacent to the dredge zone has been previously impacted by the construction of the water intake structure and an access road.

~ Three anomalies were located by the sidescan survey within the dump site zone.

~ One anomaly was located by the magnetometer survey within the dump zone.

~ The sidescan anomaly S4 corresponds to the magnetic anomaly M2 located within the dump zone.

~ The sidescan anomalies S3 & S5 correspond to the large magnetic anomaly M 1 located to the north east of the dump zone.

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3.3 Mitigation

1. Dumping operations should avoid the locations of the anomalies located by the sidescan sonar survey.

2. Dumping operations should avoid the locations of the anomalies located by the magnetometer survey.

3. Future dumping operations should be conducted between the following positions

P1 52d 35' 33" N 009d 21' 30" W P2 52d 35' 38" N 009d 21' 10" W P3 52d 35' 21" N 009d 21 ' 12" W P4 52d 35' 27" N 009d 20' 49" W

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4. Future dredging and dumping operations should record the position from which material is dredged and the position at which it is deposited.

Boland Archaeolooical Services Ltd. : BAS 01-01-03 Page-49

EPA Export 26-07-2013:23:59:46 Archaeological Assessment, Dredging and Dumping Development, Tarbert Power Plant, River Shannon Estuary, Co. Kerry.

14.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

4.1 Geophysical References

Arnold, J. Barto, 1996, Magnetometer survey of La Salle's ship the Belle, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 25.3/4: 243-249. Frey, D., 1971, Sub-bottom survey of Porto Longo Harbour, Peleponnesus, Greece, The 1 International Jou rnal of Nautical Archaeology, 1: 170-175. Hobbs, C.H., Blanton, D.B., Gammisch, R.A. and Broadwater, J., 1994. A marine archaeological reconnaissance survey using side-scan sonar, Jamestown, Virginia, USA. Journal of Coastal Research 10(2): 351-359. Mazel, C. , 1985, Technology for Marine Archaeology, Oceanus, 28.1: 85-89. Momber, G. and Geen, M., 2000, The application of the Submetrix ISIS 100 Swath Bathymetry system to the management of underwater sites, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 29.1 : 154-162. Quinn, R., Bull, J.M. , Dix, J.K. and Adams, J.R., 1997. The Mary Rose site - geophysical evidence for palaeo-scour marks. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 26.1 : 3-16. Quinn, R. , Adams, J.R., Dix, J.K. and Bull, J.M., 1998. The Invincible (1758) site - an integrated geophysical assessment. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 27.3: 126-138. Quinn, R., Cooper, JAG and Williams, B., 2000. Marine geophysical investigation of the inshore coastal waters of , International Journal of Nautical For inspection purposes only. Archaeology, 29.2: 294-298.Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

Rao, T.C.S., 1988. Geophysical techniques to locate prehistoric sites and artefacts on the continental shelf. In S.R. Rao (Ed .) Marine Archaeology in Indian Ocean Countries. National Institute of Oceanography, Goa: pp. 73-77.

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EPA Export 26-07-2013:23:59:46 Archaeological Assessment, Dredging and Dumping Development, Tarbert Power Plant, River Shannon Estuary, Co. Kerry.

4. 2 Historical Sources

References

Anon . 1880, Report of the Inspectors of Irish Fisheries on the sea and inland fisheries of Ireland for 1879. Dublin . HMSO.

Breen, C. and Callaghan, C. 2001 , 'Post-Medieval Shipwrecks, Harbours and Lighthouses' in O'Sullivan, A. 2001 , Foragers, farmers and fisher in a coastal landscape: An intertidal archaeological survey of thfJ Shannon estuary. Dublin.

Henry, M. The River Shannon. Dublin.

(IMCAAS 1999) Ireland's Marine and Coastal Areas and Adjacent Seas: An Environmental Assessment 1999, Prepared by the Marine Institute on behalf of the Department of Environment & Local Government and the Department of Marine & Natural Resources, Ireland.

Joyce, P.W. 1870, Irish Names of Places. Dublin.

Joyce, P.W . 1902, Irish Local Names Explained. Dublin.

Kerrigan, P. M. 1995, Castles and Fortifications in Ireland, 1485-1945. Collins Press: Cork.

Lewis, S. 1837, A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland (2 vols) . London.

For inspection purposes only. Nairn et al. 1997, Shannon estuaryConsent ofoil copyright spill sensitivityowner required formaps any other and use. clean-up guidelines. A limited circulation report to Shannon estuary anti-pollution team from CORDAH/OPRU, Neyland, Pembrokeshire. Report No. OPRU/40/97.

O'Sullivan, A. 2001 , Foragers, farmers and fisher in a coastal landscape: An intertidal archaeological survey of the Shannon estuary. Dublin.

Room , A. 1986, A Dictionary of Place-Names. Belfast.

Spellissy, S. 1998, The history of Limerick city. Limerick.

Boland Archaeoloaical Services Ltd.: BAS 01 -01 -03 Page-51

EPA Export 26-07-2013:23:59:46 A1CAD NOTES 1, This drawing is copyright No port should be reproduced without the written permission of ESBI. 2, No dimensions are to be scaled off the drawing, IF IN DOUBT ASK 3, Each Contractor/Sub-contractor is totally responsible for checking all site dimensions & \ \ conditions \ 4, All work to comply with all current Irish Standards. British Standards. Building Regulotions. Specifications. Planning and Advertising. Fire \ Heatlh & Safety Codes to be followed by Works \ Contractor/Supplier.

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