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Περίληψη : Datames (407-362/361 Or 359/358 B.C.) Was Satrap of Cappadocia and Commander of the Expeditionary Force of Artaxerxes II to Egypt

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Περίληψη : Datames (407-362/361 Or 359/358 B.C.) Was Satrap of Cappadocia and Commander of the Expeditionary Force of Artaxerxes II to Egypt IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Παλαιοθόδωρος Δημήτρης Μετάφραση : Βελέντζας Γεώργιος Για παραπομπή : Παλαιοθόδωρος Δημήτρης , "Datames", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7643> Περίληψη : Datames (407-362/361 or 359/358 B.C.) was satrap of Cappadocia and commander of the expeditionary force of Artaxerxes II to Egypt. He revolted successfully against Artaxerxes II but was cunningly killed by his ally Mithradates. Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης ca. 407 B.C. Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου 362/361 or 359/358 B.C. – border of Cappadocia with Hellespontic Phrygia Κύρια Ιδιότητα Satrap of Cappadocia 1. Introduction Datames was an official of the Achaemenid Empire in the years of Artaxerxes II (405-359 B.C.). His father, Camissares, was governor of Cilicia near Cappadocia known as Cataonia.1 His mother was Scythissa, aunt of Thoas, the tyrant of Paphlagonia. Although Camissares is reported as Carian, the family must have been from Persia, as indicated by their Iranian names.2 2. Activities Information about Datames’ activities comes mainly from his biography written by the Roman historian Nepos Cornelius, based on Dinon’s Persika (the history of Persia).3 Datames served as the king’s bodyguard. He fought bravely in a campaign against the Cadusians (385-384 B.C.), where his father, whom he succeeded, was killed.4 In 384 B.C. he participated under Autophradates, the satrap of Lydia, in a campaign to Pisidia and Aspendus, regions friendly to Pharaoh Achoris, who was trying to distract the Persian attacks in Egypt.5 That campaign is connected to the attempted murder against Datames in Aspendus.6 Around 380 B.C. Datames, helped by Ariobarzanes, the satrap of Dascylium, arrested his cousin Thoas, who opposed to the Persian dominion, and led him captive before Artaxerxes. For that action he was appointed co-commander of the Egyptian campaign (380-373 B.C.).7 Earlier studies supported that the presence of Datames in Cilicia during the preparation of the campaign is confirmed by minted staters bearing the Luvian name Tarkumuwa (trkmw in Aramaic), which is no longer accepted.8 There is also another wrong theory that Datames was the satrap of Cilicia.9 Before the onset of the campaign, Datames had suppressed the revolt of Aspes in Cataonia. He must have already become satrap of Cappadocia, although his intervention in Cataonia is related to his rank of military commander in Cilicia.10 However, his quick ascent aroused hostile feelings in the court. On the recommendation of his friend Pantantes, the royal treasurer, Datames left the expeditionary force at Ake, Phoenicia and fled to Cappadocia.11 He then agreed secretly with Ariobarzanes to support him and took action on consolidating his position.12 He assigned trusty associates with the task of guarding the strongholds of his satrapy and unsuccessfully tried to submit the Pisidians.13 Moreover, he annexed part of Paphlagonia, while he besieged and captured the important Greek cities of Δημιουργήθηκε στις 28/9/2021 Σελίδα 1/6 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Παλαιοθόδωρος Δημήτρης Μετάφραση : Βελέντζας Γεώργιος Για παραπομπή : Παλαιοθόδωρος Δημήτρης , "Datames", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7643> Sinope and Amisos, where his mints must have been located.14 After Pharnabazus was recalled (373 B.C.), Datames became the only commander of the army of Egypt.15 He was pronounced a revolter to Artaxerxes II in 370-369 B.C. on the recommendation of his son Sisines.16 Autophradates was ordered to submit him and invaded Cappadocia, though he did not defeat him. There was a ceasefire ratified by Artaxerxes II.17 However, the king continued to consider Datames his enemy and was preparing his murder.18 Datames’ activities during the Satraps' Revolt (366-360 B.C.) are not exactly known. He is reported to have been in Pamphylia and Mesopotamia, but it is difficult to decide whether those events happened in 370-368 or 363-360 B.C.19 In 362 B.C. Datames, because he took sides with Mithradates, Ariobarzanes’ son, who was invading the border between Hellespontic Phrygia and Cappadocia, had to confront the new satrap of Dascylium, Artabazus I.20 The latter’s invasion of Cappadocia failed. Datames was finally killed by Mithradates during their meeting around 361 or 359/358 BC.21 He was succeeded by Sisines.22 3. Evaluation - Opinions Datames became very famous in Antiquity and is considered among the bravest barbarians. Diodorus Siculus praises his nerve, wit and generalship.23 The large number of anecdotes referring to his manoeuvres evidences his excellent military and political abilities. Besides, his incorporation into the Cappadocian Dynasty reveals that his reputation made him a legend.24 Contemporary historiography does not always consider his actions reasonable. Some researchers reject the suppositions of ancient writers about Datames’ motives as moralistic and investigate the underlying reasons hidden behind the sparse stories related to his activities. His communication with Ariobarzanes and his activities, which were allegedly coordinated with the operations of the revolted satraps in the West, are believed to have been part of an organised plan against the power of Artaxerxes II, which eventually failed because of poor coordination.25 Other researchers believe that Datames’ revolution had private motives.26 The prevailing view is a combination of the two: urged by private motives to revolt, Datames triggered a state of turmoil in Asia Minor against the central administration, which, although it did not promote an alternative succeeding situation, expressed the concerns, uncertainty and expectations created by the king’s inability to assert his authority over his ambitious subjects.27 At that very moment the Greeks, who did not play a leading part during the internal strife among the Persian officials, realised the inherent weakness in the Achaemenid Empire, which was unable to secure a central administration, and decided to abolish it permanently. 1. Nep. Dat. 1.2. See Bittel, Κ., “Ein persischer Feueraltar aus Kappadokien”, in Weireich, O. (ed.), Satura. Früchte aus der antiken Welt, Festschrift O. Weireich zum 13. März 1951 dargebracht (Baden-Baden 1952) pp. 18-29. The once widely accepted supposition of Meyer, E., Geschichte des Konigreichs Pontos (Leipzig 1879) p. 68, that Nepos’text is incorrect and Camissares was commander of Cappadocia to Cilicia is no longer accepted. Bing, J.D., “Datames and Mazaeus: the Iconography of Revolt and Restoration in Cilicia”, Historia 47 (1998) pp. 47-51, believes that Camissares was satrap of Cilicia Pedias. 2. Iranian origin: Briant, P., “Pouvoir central et polycentrisme culturel dans l’empire achemenide”, AchHist 1 (1987) p. 19, note 47. Names: Justi, F., Δημιουργήθηκε στις 28/9/2021 Σελίδα 2/6 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Παλαιοθόδωρος Δημήτρης Μετάφραση : Βελέντζας Γεώργιος Για παραπομπή : Παλαιοθόδωρος Δημήτρης , "Datames", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7643> Iranisches Namenbuch (Marburg 1963) p. 81 (Camissares) and pp. 154-155 (Datames). 3. Thiel, J.H., “De Dinone Colophonio Nepotis in Vita Datames Auctore”, Mnemosyne 51 (1923) pp. 412-414. The work is dated between 35 and 27 B.C. 4. Nep. Dat 1.1-2. See Diod. S. 15.8.5. 5. Nep. Dat. 2.1; Sekunda, N., “Some Notes on the Life of Datames”, Iran 26 (1985) pp. 39-40. 6. Polyaenus 7.21.4. 7. Incident with Thoas: Nep. Dat. 2.3-5. Promotion: Nep. Dat. 3.1-5. 8. Datames is identified with Tarkumuwa: Lemaire, A., “Remarques à propos du monnayage cilicien d’époque perse et de ses légendes araméennes”, REA 91 (1989) pp. 144-149. Contrary opinion: Harrison, C.M., Coins of the Persian Satraps (Diss. University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia 1982) pp. 172-175. Le Rider, G., “Le monnayage perse en Cilicie au IVe s.”, NAC (1997) pp. 151-167. 9. Bing, J.D., “Datames And Mazaeus: the Iconography of Revolt and Restoration in Cilicia”, Historia 47 (1998) pp. 41-76. 10. Aspes’revolt: Nep. Dat. 4.1-5. Datames is reported by Diodorus Siculus 15.91 as satrap of Cappadocia in 362/361 B.C. Ηe was appointed before the campaign against Aspes, according to Encyclopaedia Iranica 7 (2), see entry “Datames”( R. Schmit). On the other hand, Weiskopf, M., Achaemenid Systems of Governing in Anatolia (Diss. University of California, Berkeley 1982) pp. 205-209, believes that his promotion was his reward for the successful mission against Aspes and dates it later. Bing, J.D., “Datames And Mazaeus: the Iconography of Revolt and Restoration in Cilicia”, Historia 47 (1998) pp. 48-49, believes that Datames’mission is connected with the expeditionary corps against Egypt, when the latter ran short of supplies because of Aspes. 11. Nep. Dat. 5.3-6. He left Mandrocles of Magnesia in his place. 12. Nep. Dat. 7.1; Judeich, W., Kleinasiatische Studien (Marburg 1892) pp. 194, 197-199. 13. Datames sent his son, Arsidaeus, against the Pisidians, but he was killed. Then he attacked with a small force and won a victory, though without subordinating his enemies: see Nep. Dat. 7.2. 14. Submission of Paphlagonia: Polyaenus, 5.6. Siege of Sinope: Polyaenus, 7.21.1-2 and Aen. Tact. 40.4. The capture is evidenced by the coins minted there by Datames. See Harrison, C.M., Coins of the Persian Satraps (Diss. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 1982), pp. 263-265. Amisos: Polyaenus 7.21.1, pseudo-Arist. Oecon. 2,24ab. 15. Nep. Dat. 3.5. After Datames left for Cappadocia, his activities were concurrent with the 374-373 B.C. campaign. He was appointed superior commander during the new efforts against Egypt in 372 B.C. 16. Nep. Dat. 7.1. 17. Autophradates’invasion: Nep. Dat. 8.1-2. Ceasefire: Nep. Dat.
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