The Multiplicity of Intermediate and High-Mass B-Type Stars in the Near Infrared

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The Multiplicity of Intermediate and High-Mass B-Type Stars in the Near Infrared Friedrich-Schiller- Universitat¨ Jena Physikalisch-Astronomische Fakultat¨ Astrophysikalisches Institut und Universitats-Sternwarte¨ The multiplicity of intermediate and high-mass B-type stars in the near infrared Die Multiplizit¨atmittelschwerer und massereicher B-Sterne im Nahen Infrarot —Dissertation— zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades Doctor Rerum Naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Physikalisch-Astronomischen Fakult¨at der Friedrich-Schiller-Universit¨at Jena von Dipl.-Phys. Christian Adam geboren am 09. Februar 1980 in Aschersleben Gutachter: 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ralph Neuh¨auser Friedrich-Schiller-Universit¨at Jena Astrophysikalisches Institut und Universit¨ats-Sternwarte 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ernst Paunzen Faculty of Sciences Masaryk University Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics 3. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Pavel Kroupa Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit¨at Bonn Argelander-Institut f¨urAstronomie Tag der Disputation: 29. 06. 2017 “A work as this is never finished, one must simply declare it finished when one has within limits of time and circumstances, done what is possible.” “So eine Arbeit wird eigentlich nie fertig, man muß sie f¨urfertig erkl¨aren, wenn man nach Zeit und Umst¨anden das M¨oglichste getan hat.” Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 16. M¨arz 1787 i Abstract In this thesis a volume-limited sample (D 1 kpc) of 316 B-type stars was investigated ≤ regarding their multiplicity status and the distribution of fundamental parameter such as their separation or mass-ratio distributions to improve our understanding of the formation processes of stellar and multiple systems. For this purpose public archival data of B-type stars in combination with own observations were analysed, obtained by diffraction-limited near-infrared imaging with NAOS-CONICA at the Very Large Telescope located at the Paranal observation site in Chile. For each of the selected target stars the presence of visual companions was investigated and their physical association confirmed or rejected either by analysing their common proper motion or based on a statistical assessment. Given the measured flux-ratio, relative to the primary, for each identified companion, the spectral type, distance and age of the primary, as well as the combined brightness from the 2MASS point source catalogue, the mass of the companion and consequently the mass-ratio q between companion and primary was determined. The projected separation range covered by this sample extends from 20 to about 7000 au. Among the 316 B-type stars a total of 194 sources were resolved in the vicinity of 148 primary stars, including 9 new confirmed detections, 19 previously known but first-time confirmed detections and 38 new resolved candidate companions, respectively. Additional, a white dwarf was found within the sample, the central star of a planetary nebula NGC 246, misleadingly classified as B-type main sequence star. Alongside one previously known com- panion located about 3.8′′ south-east of the white dwarf central star, one new companion was resolved located about 1′′ ( 500 au) north-east of the primary. Combining the results ≈ from multi-epoch observations the physical association of both companions could be con- firmed by common proper motion, making this system the first confirmed hierarchical triple system in the centre of a planetary nebula. Using the obtained separation measurements in combination with available literature data the physical association of 86 stellar companions to their primaries could be confirmed, whereas the results of the common proper motion analysis of 75 visual companions remain inconclusive. Additionally, 33 potential candidate companions have been identified as background objects. Similar to the solar-type binary distribution the measured separation distribution forms a log-normal distribution, but with a peak shifted towards a significantly wider separation of 214+38 au. The estimated mass ratio distribution follows a power-law f (q) qΓ, with −24 ∝ Γ 0.50. Furthermore, there is evidence for a dependency of the mass ratio distribution ≈ − on the binary separation, which tends towards smaller mass ratios for wider binaries. The +2.8 measured companion star fraction of the sample, uncorrected for biases, is 51.3−2.8 per cent and the assessment of higher-order multiples within the sample, combined with literature data yields a lower limit on the frequency of single, binary, triple and higher-order multiple B-type star systems of 38.6+2.8, 38.0+2.8, 15.2+2.2 and 8 per cent, respectively. −2.7 −2.6 −1.8 ≈ ii Zusammenfassung Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der Untersuchung einer r¨aumlich begrenzten Stichprobe (D 1 kpc) von 316 B Sternen bezuglich¨ ihrer Multiplizit¨at sowie der Verteilung grundle- ≤ gender Parameter wie zum Beispiel deren Abstands- und Massen-Verteilung, mit dem Ziel unser Verst¨andnis uber¨ die zugrunde liegenden Entstehungsprozesse stellarer und multipler Systeme zu erweitern. Hierfur¨ wurden frei verfugbare¨ Archivdaten mit eigenen Beobachtungen kombiniert und analysiert. Die hoch-aufl¨osenden Nah-Infrarot Daten wurden dabei mit Hilfe des NAOS- CONICA Instruments gewonnen, welches am Very Large Telescope montiert ist und sich am Paranal in Chile befindet. Jedes der gew¨ahlten Beobachtungsobjekte wurde auf das Vorhandensein von m¨oglichen Begleitern hin untersucht und deren m¨ogliche physikalische Verbindung zum Prim¨arstern best¨atigt bzw. widerlegt mittels einer Analyse der gemeinsa- men Eigenbewegung oder aufgrund statistischer Uberlegungen.¨ Mit Hilfe des gemessenen Fluss-Verh¨altnisses zwischen Prim¨arstern und jedem identifizierten Begleiter, dem Spektral- typ, Abstand und Alter der Prim¨arkomponente sowie der kombinierten Helligkeit aus dem 2MASS Katalog wurde anschließend die Masse der Begleiter und in letzter Konsequenz das Massenverh¨altnis q zwischen Mutterstern und Begleiter bestimmt. Der Bereich, der durch diese Stichprobe abgedeckten projizierten Abst¨ande, erstreckt sich zwischen 20 und 7000 AE. Unter den 316 B Sternen wurden insgesamt 194 Quellen in der n¨aheren Umgebung von 148 Prim¨arsternen entdeckt, einschließlich 9 neuer best¨atigter Begleiter, 19 bereits bekannter Begleiter, die hier zum ersten Mal best¨atigt werden konn- ten, und 38 neu entdeckter Begleiterkandidaten. Zus¨atzlich wurde in der Stichprobe ein Weißer Zwerg, der Zentralstern des planetarischen Nebels NGC 246, identifiziert, welcher f¨alschlicherweise in der Stichprobe als B Stern gelistet wurde. Neben einem bereits bekann- ten Begleiter, der sich etwa 3.8 Bogensekunden sud-¨ ¨ostlich des Zentralsterns befindet, konn- te ein weiterer neuer Begleiter aufgel¨ost werden, welcher sich nord-¨ostlich vom Prim¨arstern in einem Abstand von etwa 1 Bogensekunde ( 500 AE) befindet. Durch Kombination ver- ≈ schiedener Beobachtungen und mit Hilfe der Eigenbewegung des Sterns konnte festgestellt werden, dass es sich um einen physikalischen Begleiter handelt, was dieses System zum ersten best¨atigten hierarchischen Dreifachsystem im Zentrum eines planetarischen Nebels macht. Durch die Kombination der gemessenen Abst¨ande mit verfugbaren¨ Literaturdaten konnte die gravitative Verbindung von 86 stellaren Begleitern zu ihren Muttersternen nach- gewiesen werden, wohingegen fur¨ 75 Begleiterkandidaten keine aussagekr¨aftigen Ergebnisse aus der Eigenbewegungsanalyse gewonnen werden konnten. Des Weiteren wurden 33 po- tenzielle Begleiter Kandidaten als Hintergrundobjekte identifiziert. Die beobachtete Abstandsverteilung kann, ¨ahnlich zu der bei sonnen¨ahnlichen Sternen ge- messenen, durch eine log-normal Verteilung beschrieben werden, welche allerdings mit einem +38 H¨ochstwert der Verteilung von 214−24 AE signifikant zu weiteren Abst¨anden hin verschoben ist. Die hier bestimmte Verteilung der Massenverh¨altnisse genugt¨ einer power-law Funk- iii tion f (q) qΓ, wobei Γ 0.50 ist. Es wurden weiterhin deutliche Hinweise fur¨ eine ∝ ≈ − Abh¨angigkeit des Massenverh¨altnisses vom Abstand der Komponenten gefunden, mit der Tendenz massen¨armere Begleiter bei gr¨oßeren Abst¨anden zu finden. Die gemessene, unkor- +2.8 rigierte und allgemeine Begleiterh¨aufigkeit betr¨agt 51.3−2.8 %, w¨ahrend eine Absch¨atzung h¨oherrangiger Mehrfachsysteme kombiniert mit Literaturwerten eine untere Grenze fur¨ die +2.8 H¨aufigkeit von Einzel-, Doppel-, Dreifach-, und h¨oherrangigen Systemen von 38.6−2.7 %, 38.0+2.8 %, 15.2+2.2 % bzw. 8 % ergab. −2.6 −1.8 ≈ iv Acknowledgements The creation of this dissertation would not have been possible without the direct, moral and of course financial support of many people, which I would like to express my sincere appreciation for their cooperation. First of all I would especially like to thank my doctoral advisor Prof. Dr. Ralph Neuh¨auser for mentoring this PhD thesis. I highly appreciate his continued support and his imper- turbable trust in the success of this work. I also want to thank Dr. Markus Mugrauer for his guidance throughout the creation of this thesis. We had many fruitful discussions and I learned a great deal from him, especially during our shared observations at the University Observatory Jena in Großschwabhausen or our joint lunches. I am especially indebted to Dr. Tobias Schmidt and Dr. Christian Ginski for their generous helpfulness whenever I came across a problem during the past years. I also had many wide range, fruitful but also critical discussions with Dr. Thomas Eisenbeiß, Dr. Martin Seeliger or Dr. Jan´os Schmidt for which I am very grateful, and which in turn, I believe, helped me to become a better scientist. Furthermore,
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