Post-War Evangelical Theology: a Generational Post-War Evangelical Theology: a Generational Perspective Perspective Derek Tidball Derek Tidball

EQ 81.2 (2009), 145–160 EQ 81.2 (2009), 145–160 Post-war evangelical theology: a generational Post-war evangelical theology: a generational perspective perspective Derek Tidball Derek Tidball

Dr Derek Tidball was Principal of London School of Theology and is now Visiting Scholar Dr Derek Tidball was Principal of London School of Theology and is now Visiting Scholar at Spurgeon’s College, London. at Spurgeon’s College, London. KEY WORDS: Evangelical, scholarship, biblical studies, theology, generation, academy, KEY WORDS: Evangelical, scholarship, biblical studies, theology, generation, academy, postmodern, integration. postmodern, integration. The growth of evangelical scholarship and its relation to the academy is one of The growth of evangelical scholarship and its relation to the academy is one of the remarkable phenomena of the theological scene since the Second World War. the remarkable phenomena of the theological scene since the Second World War. The current generation of evangelical theological students have little apprecia- The current generation of evangelical theological students have little apprecia- tion of the dearth of publications faced by their counterparts in the 1960s and tion of the dearth of publications faced by their counterparts in the 1960s and 70s, nor of the road evangelical theology has travelled since then. This essay is 70s, nor of the road evangelical theology has travelled since then. This essay is an attempt to use a generational approach to map the development of postwar an attempt to use a generational approach to map the development of postwar evangelical theology and to raise questions for the next generation. It is offered evangelical theology and to raise questions for the next generation. It is offered more as a research proposal than a completed thesis.1 Karl Mannheim wrote a more as a research proposal than a completed thesis.1 Karl Mannheim wrote a seminal essay on ‘The Problem of Generations’2 in 1923 that is still ‘regarded as seminal essay on ‘The Problem of Generations’2 in 1923 that is still ‘regarded as the most systematic and fully developed treatment of generation from a socio- the most systematic and fully developed treatment of generation from a sociological perspective’ today.3 Robert Wuthnow has summarised Mannheim’s un- logical perspective’ today.3 Robert Wuthnow has summarised Mannheim’s understanding of a generation unit as: derstanding of a generation unit as: a biological age group which (a) shares a ‘common location in the social a biological age group which (a) shares a ‘common location in the social and historical process’ which limits it to ‘a specific range of potential ex- and historical process’ which limits it to ‘a specific range of potential experience, predisposing it for a certain characteristic type of historically perience, predisposing it for a certain characteristic type of historically relevant action’; (b) has a ‘common destiny’ or interest just as that of a relevant action’; (b) has a ‘common destiny’ or interest just as that of a socioeconomic class; and (c) exhibits ‘identity of responses, a certain af- socioeconomic class; and (c) exhibits ‘identity of responses, a certain af- finity in the way in which all move with and are formed by their common finity in the way in which all move with and are formed by their common experiences.’4 experiences.’4 Mannheim’s use of generation has sometimes been said to describe more Mannheim’s use of generation has sometimes been said to describe more properly ‘a cohort’ since, properly speaking, generation does refer to the struc- properly ‘a cohort’ since, properly speaking, generation does refer to the struc- ture of the parent-child relationship in a kinship group rather than simply, as ture of the parent-child relationship in a kinship group rather than simply, as Mannheim defines it, being a group who have a shared common experience at Mannheim defines it, being a group who have a shared common experience at

1 The initial outline of this paper was given at a conference on Evangelical Identities in 1 The initial outline of this paper was given at a conference on Evangelical Identities in April 2007, at a conference sponsored by Tyndale-Carey Graduate School in Auckland, April 2007, at a conference sponsored by Tyndale-Carey Graduate School in Auckland, New Zealand. New Zealand. 2 Published in English in K. Mannheim, Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge (London: 2 Published in English in K. Mannheim, Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge (London: RKP, 1952). RKP, 1952). 3 Jane Pilcher, ‘Mannheim’s Sociology of Generations’, The British Journal of Sociology 3 Jane Pilcher, ‘Mannheim’s Sociology of Generations’, The British Journal of Sociology 45.3 (1994), 482. 45.3 (1994), 482. 4 Robert Wuthnow, ‘Recent Pattern of Secularization: A Problem of Generations? 4 Robert Wuthnow, ‘Recent Pattern of Secularization: A Problem of Generations? American Sociological Review 41 (1976), 850-1. American Sociological Review 41 (1976), 850-1. 146 • EQ Derek Tidball 146 • EQ Derek Tidball a given time in history. But the word generation is used, both in academic disci- a given time in history. But the word generation is used, both in academic disciplines and popular conversation, in a narrower sense to indicate a kinship group plines and popular conversation, in a narrower sense to indicate a kinship group and a wider sense to refer to what might be strictly termed ‘a social generation’.5 and a wider sense to refer to what might be strictly termed ‘a social generation’.5 The use of the word cohort is currently used to describe a group, such as a stu- The use of the word cohort is currently used to describe a group, such as a stu- dent cohort, with a much more focused social experience than I describe here. dent cohort, with a much more focused social experience than I describe here. The term generation, then, seems an appropriate word to use. The term generation, then, seems an appropriate word to use. In the light of such a definition as Mannheim’s, three clear generations of In the light of such a definition as Mannheim’s, three clear generations of postwar evangelical theologians can be identified leading to a consideration of postwar evangelical theologians can be identified leading to a consideration of the nature of the fourth generation. the nature of the fourth generation. In discussing the nature of religion in America that had been formed by suc- In discussing the nature of religion in America that had been formed by suc- cessive generations of immigrants, Will Herberg popularised Marcus Hansen’s cessive generations of immigrants, Will Herberg popularised Marcus Hansen’s thesis of the ‘principle of third-generation interest’.6 In ways which I shall devel- thesis of the ‘principle of third-generation interest’.6 In ways which I shall devel- op it may serve as a model for the development of postwar evangelical theology op it may serve as a model for the development of postwar evangelical theology through the generations. through the generations. The first generation of newly arrived immigrant families brought with them The first generation of newly arrived immigrant families brought with them the language, customs, values and religion of the old country. They gradually as- the language, customs, values and religion of the old country. They gradually as- similated to the larger community but were marked by a ‘curious combination similated to the larger community but were marked by a ‘curious combination of foreignness and Americanness’.7 Truth to tell, the practice of the old customs of foreignness and Americanness’.7 Truth to tell, the practice of the old customs and religion provided them with a safe haven in which to shelter in the face of and religion provided them with a safe haven in which to shelter in the face of the onslaught of storms of a foreign majority host culture and the pressures of the onslaught of storms of a foreign majority host culture and the pressures of assimilation that battered them. The second generation sought to overcome assimilation that battered them. The second generation sought to overcome these tensions, mostly by forgetting the old country together with its language these tensions, mostly by forgetting the old country together with its language and customs and playing down their heritage at the expense of becoming true and customs and playing down their heritage at the expense of becoming true Americans. Not all sought to escape and pockets of the unreconstructed group Americans. Not all sought to escape and pockets of the unreconstructed group survived and continued to assimilate new arrivals. But many of the second gen- survived and continued to assimilate new arrivals. But many of the second generation became much more at home in what was their land, America. The third eration became much more at home in what was their land, America. The third generation were confident of being Americans and felt no need to prove them- generation were confident of being Americans and felt no need to prove themselves. They had overcome the alienation of the first and second generations. selves. They had overcome the alienation of the first and second generations. Even so, they needed some way of defining what sort of Americans they were. Even so, they needed some way of defining what sort of Americans they were. The Hansen/Herberg thesis posits that this freed them to return to and use some The Hansen/Herberg thesis posits that this freed them to return to and use some of their grandparents’ customs, especially in the realm of religion as a key to de- of their grandparents’ customs, especially in the realm of religion as a key to defining their place in American life and their self-identity more exactly. fining their place in American life and their self-identity more exactly. Expressed in a brief formula, the thesis states that ‘what the son wishes to Expressed in a brief formula, the thesis states that ‘what the son wishes to forget, the grandson wishes to remember’.8 forget, the grandson wishes to remember’.8 There would seem to be similarities between the process described by Hansen There would seem to be similarities between the process described by Hansen and Herberg and postwar evangelical theologians in relation to the wider aca- and Herberg and postwar evangelical theologians in relation to the wider academic, and particularly theological, community. In a preliminary way, this paper demic, and particularly theological, community. In a preliminary way, this paper raises the following questions: (1) how accurate a model is the Hansen/Herberg raises the following questions: (1) how accurate a model is the Hansen/Herberg

5 Pilcher, ‘Mannheim’s Sociology’, 483. 5 Pilcher, ‘Mannheim’s Sociology’, 483. 6 Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An essay in American Religious Sociology 6 Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An essay in American Religious Sociology (Chicago: 1955, University of Chicago Press, 1983), p 30. (Chicago: 1955, University of Chicago Press, 1983), p 30. 7 Herberg, Protestant, 28. 7 Herberg, Protestant, 28. 8 Herberg, Protestant, 30. 8 Herberg, Protestant, 30. Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 147 Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 147 thesis to describe the story of recent evangelical theology, and (2) what of the thesis to describe the story of recent evangelical theology, and (2) what of the fourth generation? fourth generation?

The background The background Mark Noll has sketched the background to contemporary evangelical scholar- Mark Noll has sketched the background to contemporary evangelical scholarship in a few bold but true brush-strokes. He writes: ship in a few bold but true brush-strokes. He writes: Of most interest to outsiders is the record of traditional Bible-believers Of most interest to outsiders is the record of traditional Bible-believers first competing in the intellectual market-place as full partners in the aca- first competing in the intellectual market-place as full partners in the academic discussion of Scripture (roughly 1880 to 1900); then retreating from demic discussion of Scripture (roughly 1880 to 1900); then retreating from the world to the fortress of faith (roughly 1900 to 1935); then slowly real- the world to the fortress of faith (roughly 1900 to 1935); then slowly real- izing the values of some participation in the wider world (1935-1950), find- izing the values of some participation in the wider world (1935-1950), finding the strategies to put themselves back in the professional picture once ing the strategies to put themselves back in the professional picture once again (1940-1975) and finally confronting new spiritual and intellectual again (1940-1975) and finally confronting new spiritual and intellectual dilemmas because of the success of those ventures (1960 to present).9 dilemmas because of the success of those ventures (1960 to present).9 In using the framework I propose here I am not intending to suggest that In using the framework I propose here I am not intending to suggest that evangelical scholarship began after the Second World War but rather that a new evangelical scholarship began after the Second World War but rather that a new phase began at that stage. There had been evangelical theologians earlier in the phase began at that stage. There had been evangelical theologians earlier in the twentieth century, notably in the UK, Bishop Handley Moule (1841-1920 ), W. H. twentieth century, notably in the UK, Bishop Handley Moule (1841-1920 ), W. H. Griffith Thomas (1861- 1924) and, a little later, T. C. Hammond (1877-1961), but Griffith Thomas (1861- 1924) and, a little later, T. C. Hammond (1877-1961), but these were often seen as churchmen rather than academic theologians.10 In the these were often seen as churchmen rather than academic theologians.10 In the United States, evangelical scholarship had been kept alive during the years of United States, evangelical scholarship had been kept alive during the years of the rise of liberalism and the fundamentalist withdrawal from the mainstream. the rise of liberalism and the fundamentalist withdrawal from the mainstream. At Westminster Seminary, formed in 1929, a notable group of Reformed theo- At Westminster Seminary, formed in 1929, a notable group of Reformed theologians and biblical scholars including Oswald Allis, J Gresham Machen, John logians and biblical scholars including Oswald Allis, J Gresham Machen, John Murray, Cornelius van Til and E. J. Young made their home. Murray, Cornelius van Til and E. J. Young made their home. There were, however, significant differences between the story in the USA There were, however, significant differences between the story in the USA and the UK earlier in the twentieth century11 which, while they did not disap- and the UK earlier in the twentieth century11 which, while they did not disap- pear, were lessened with the emergence of neo-evangelicalism, as it was termed pear, were lessened with the emergence of neo-evangelicalism, as it was termed in the USA,12 and the renaissance of evangelicalism, as Hylson-Smith terms it, in in the USA,12 and the renaissance of evangelicalism, as Hylson-Smith terms it, in the UK.13 The rebirth of an evangelicalism which sought to engage with, rather the UK.13 The rebirth of an evangelicalism which sought to engage with, rather than withdraw from, the wider church and world led to the blossoming of a self- than withdraw from, the wider church and world led to the blossoming of a self- conscious evangelical scholarship that crossed denominational boundaries and conscious evangelical scholarship that crossed denominational boundaries and

9 Mark A. Noll, Between Faith and Criticism: Evangelicals, Scholarship and the Bible 9 Mark A. Noll, Between Faith and Criticism: Evangelicals, Scholarship and the Bible (Leicester: Apollos, 1991), 7. (Leicester: Apollos, 1991), 7. 10 On the background see Kenneth Hylson-Smith, Evangelicals in the Church of 10 On the background see Kenneth Hylson-Smith, Evangelicals in the Church of England 1734-1984 (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1988), 241-255 and 287-297 and Randle England 1734-1984 (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1988), 241-255 and 287-297 and Randle Manwaring, From Controversy to Co-Existence: Evangelicals in the Church of England Manwaring, From Controversy to Co-Existence: Evangelicals in the Church of England 1914-1980 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 39-50. It should be noted 1914-1980 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 39-50. It should be noted that Thomas went to Canada and Hammond to Australia. that Thomas went to Canada and Hammond to Australia. 11 These are explored in Noll, Between Faith & Criticism, 11-90. 11 These are explored in Noll, Between Faith & Criticism, 11-90. 12 George M. Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism (Grand 12 George M. Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991), passim. Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991), passim. 13 Hylson Smith, Evangelicals, 287. 13 Hylson Smith, Evangelicals, 287. 148 • EQ Derek Tidball 148 • EQ Derek Tidball made an impact in the academic world. Reflecting on the period in 1997, James made an impact in the academic world. Reflecting on the period in 1997, James Barr commented that ‘it is indisputable that in recent decades scholarship has Barr commented that ‘it is indisputable that in recent decades scholarship has become more and more important for conservative evangelicals. At one time become more and more important for conservative evangelicals. At one time many of them might have been content to dismiss scholarship as a quite un- many of them might have been content to dismiss scholarship as a quite un- important factor in our understanding of the Bible… but today there is visible a important factor in our understanding of the Bible… but today there is visible a deep anxiety to have learning on one’s side.’14 deep anxiety to have learning on one’s side.’14 A major contributory factor in the renaissance of evangelical scholarship A major contributory factor in the renaissance of evangelical scholarship was, no doubt, the founding of IVF in 1928, the establishment of IVF’s Biblical was, no doubt, the founding of IVF in 1928, the establishment of IVF’s Biblical Research Committee in 1938, and the eventual opening of Tyndale House for Research Committee in 1938, and the eventual opening of Tyndale House for Biblical Research in 1944.15 Nonetheless this would not have happened but for a Biblical Research in 1944.15 Nonetheless this would not have happened but for a generation of gifted scholars, some of whom were not primarily theologians but generation of gifted scholars, some of whom were not primarily theologians but trained in an ancillary discipline, who had a vision for the reviving of evangelical trained in an ancillary discipline, who had a vision for the reviving of evangelical theology. In the USA, a parallel story was unfolding with the rise of institutions theology. In the USA, a parallel story was unfolding with the rise of institutions such as Fuller Seminary that were key vehicles for the expression of neo-evan- such as Fuller Seminary that were key vehicles for the expression of neo-evangelicalism.16 gelicalism.16

The first generation The first generation The first generation were all born in the 1910s. They include F. F. Bruce (1910- The first generation were all born in the 1910s. They include F. F. Bruce (1910- 90); E. J. Carnell (1919-67); Donald Guthrie (1915-92); R. K. Harrison (1920-93); 90); E. J. Carnell (1919-67); Donald Guthrie (1915-92); R. K. Harrison (1920-93); Carl Henry (1913-2003); Derek Kidner (b. 1913); George Eldon Ladd (1911-82); Carl Henry (1913-2003); Derek Kidner (b. 1913); George Eldon Ladd (1911-82); Leon Morris (1914-2006) and Donald Wiseman (b. 1918). J. I. Packer who was Leon Morris (1914-2006) and Donald Wiseman (b. 1918). J. I. Packer who was born in 1926 is the junior member of this generation. The list is not intended born in 1926 is the junior member of this generation. The list is not intended to be exhaustive but illustrative. Encouraging them from the boundaries of the to be exhaustive but illustrative. Encouraging them from the boundaries of the academic world were the ‘organic intellectuals’17 Billy Graham (b. 1918) and Ha- academic world were the ‘organic intellectuals’17 Billy Graham (b. 1918) and Ha- rold Ockenga (1905-85) in the States, and John Stott (b. 1921) and D. M Lloyd- rold Ockenga (1905-85) in the States, and John Stott (b. 1921) and D. M Lloyd- Jones (1899-1981) in Britain. Behind the scenes in the UK, Douglas Johnson, like Jones (1899-1981) in Britain. Behind the scenes in the UK, Douglas Johnson, like Lloyd-Jones, a medical doctor, was to prove a formidable organizing force as well Lloyd-Jones, a medical doctor, was to prove a formidable organizing force as well as a doctrinal guardian. He served as General Secretary of IVF for forty years as a doctrinal guardian. He served as General Secretary of IVF for forty years (1924-1964). (1924-1964). F. F. Bruce, in his autobiography, In Retrospect, claims that the main stimulus F. F. Bruce, in his autobiography, In Retrospect, claims that the main stimulus to the renewal of evangelical scholarship was the Biblical Research Committee to the renewal of evangelical scholarship was the Biblical Research Committee founded by IVF in 1938. ‘The primary purpose of the formation of this Commit- founded by IVF in 1938. ‘The primary purpose of the formation of this Commit- tee,’ he wrote, ‘was to do something to roll away the reproach of anti-intellec- tee,’ he wrote, ‘was to do something to roll away the reproach of anti-intellec- tualism, if not outright obscurantism, which has for too long been attached to tualism, if not outright obscurantism, which has for too long been attached to

14 James Barr, Fundamentalism (1977, London: SCM Press, 1981), 120. 14 James Barr, Fundamentalism (1977, London: SCM Press, 1981), 120. 15 The story of Tyndale House is told in T. A. Noble, Tyndale House and Fellowship: The 15 The story of Tyndale House is told in T. A. Noble, Tyndale House and Fellowship: The first sixty years (Leicester: IVP, 2006). first sixty years (Leicester: IVP, 2006). 16 The story of Fuller is told in George Marsden, Reforming Fundamentalism: Fuller 16 The story of Fuller is told in George Marsden, Reforming Fundamentalism: Fuller Seminary and the New Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987). Seminary and the New Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987). 17 Alister E McGrath, A Passion for Truth (Leicester: Apollos, 1996) 19-20. Organic 17 Alister E McGrath, A Passion for Truth (Leicester: Apollos, 1996) 19-20. Organic intellectuals are ‘understood as thinkers who operate and are respected within a intellectuals are ‘understood as thinkers who operate and are respected within a community, and who gain authority on account of their being seen to represent the community, and who gain authority on account of their being seen to represent the outlook of that community’. outlook of that community’. Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 149 Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 149

English evangelicalism.’18 English evangelicalism.’18 A key task of this generation was to counter ‘Modern Criticism’19 which had A key task of this generation was to counter ‘Modern Criticism’19 which had undermined the authority of the Bible by calling into question both its historical undermined the authority of the Bible by calling into question both its historical accuracy and its unique status as inspired revelation. The purpose was to renew accuracy and its unique status as inspired revelation. The purpose was to renew confidence in the Bible as an intellectually credible, true revelation of God and confidence in the Bible as an intellectually credible, true revelation of God and an infallible20 guide to faith. an infallible20 guide to faith. The very initial strategy seems to have been primarily directed to undermin- The very initial strategy seems to have been primarily directed to undermin- ing the views of the critics. Thus, writing on higher and textual criticism in The ing the views of the critics. Thus, writing on higher and textual criticism in The New Bible Handbook, the unidentified author dwells mainly on Wellhausen’s New Bible Handbook, the unidentified author dwells mainly on Wellhausen’s documentary hypothesis and calls into question its rationalistic presupposi- documentary hypothesis and calls into question its rationalistic presuppositions before pointing out that it is based on (a) a lack of external evidence, (b) tions before pointing out that it is based on (a) a lack of external evidence, (b) unsound foundations regarding the writing in Israel and the religion of Israel, unsound foundations regarding the writing in Israel and the religion of Israel, and (c) the relationship between the dating of the documents and a theory of and (c) the relationship between the dating of the documents and a theory of religious development. It describes the method of analysis as ‘arbitrary and in- religious development. It describes the method of analysis as ‘arbitrary and in- determinate’ before going on to list ‘further weaknesses’. The demolition job determinate’ before going on to list ‘further weaknesses’. The demolition job concludes with the statement that ‘A system reared upon foundations which are concludes with the statement that ‘A system reared upon foundations which are logically unsound and spiritual false cannot be saved from ultimate collapse, in logically unsound and spiritual false cannot be saved from ultimate collapse, in spite of all the labour spent on it’.21 spite of all the labour spent on it’.21 Significantly, although at this initial stage the counter-offensive against mod- Significantly, although at this initial stage the counter-offensive against modern historical criticism gave great weight to spiritual and theological considera- ern historical criticism gave great weight to spiritual and theological considera- tions, such as the ideas of inspiration and revelation, it was evident that evan- tions, such as the ideas of inspiration and revelation, it was evident that evangelicals were already seeking to answer the modern critics on their own grounds gelicals were already seeking to answer the modern critics on their own grounds and to cause the critics’ tools to rebound on them. Before long it was the tools and to cause the critics’ tools to rebound on them. Before long it was the tools of academic language, rather than of faith propositions, that were their major of academic language, rather than of faith propositions, that were their major concern. There was also a move from the negative to a more positive attitude. concern. There was also a move from the negative to a more positive attitude. Typically F. F. Bruce soon published The New Testament Documents: Are they reli- Typically F. F. Bruce soon published The New Testament Documents: Are they reliable?22 The question, he stated, was of supreme importance because Christianity able?22 The question, he stated, was of supreme importance because Christianity was a historical religion and if it could be undermined on the basis of history was a historical religion and if it could be undermined on the basis of history it could be undermined altogether. Writing as a classicist, he argued that ‘the it could be undermined altogether. Writing as a classicist, he argued that ‘the grounds for accepting the New Testament as trustworthy compared very favour- grounds for accepting the New Testament as trustworthy compared very favour- ably with the grounds on which classical students accepted the authenticity and ably with the grounds on which classical students accepted the authenticity and

18 F. F. Bruce, In Retrospect: Remembrance of Things Past (London and Glasgow: Pickering 18 F. F. Bruce, In Retrospect: Remembrance of Things Past (London and Glasgow: Pickering and Inglis, 1980), 122. and Inglis, 1980), 122. 19 This term is used deliberately because it is the term used in a watershed evangelical 19 This term is used deliberately because it is the term used in a watershed evangelical book called The New Bible Handbook, ed. G. T. Manley (London: Inter-Varsity book called The New Bible Handbook, ed. G. T. Manley (London: Inter-Varsity Fellowship, 1947). Manley was another ‘organic intellectual’ who had been a Fellow Fellowship, 1947). Manley was another ‘organic intellectual’ who had been a Fellow of Christ’s College, Cambridge, a senior wrangler at Cambridge, a missionary in India of Christ’s College, Cambridge, a senior wrangler at Cambridge, a missionary in India with CMS, and, subsequently, Vicar of St. Luke’s, Hampstead. See Douglas Johnson, with CMS, and, subsequently, Vicar of St. Luke’s, Hampstead. See Douglas Johnson, Contending for the faith: A History of the Evangelical Movement in the Universities and Contending for the faith: A History of the Evangelical Movement in the Universities and Colleges (Leicester: IVP, 1979), 93-96. Colleges (Leicester: IVP, 1979), 93-96. 20 The word ‘infallible’ was the preferred word in the UK as opposed to ‘inerrant’ which 20 The word ‘infallible’ was the preferred word in the UK as opposed to ‘inerrant’ which was championed by many in the USA. was championed by many in the USA. 21 Manley (ed.) Bible Handbook, 56. 21 Manley (ed.) Bible Handbook, 56. 22 First published by IVP in 1943. 22 First published by IVP in 1943. 150 • EQ Derek Tidball 150 • EQ Derek Tidball credibility of many ancient documents’.23 credibility of many ancient documents’.23 Similarly, Donald Guthrie began his mammoth project of writing New Tes- Similarly, Donald Guthrie began his mammoth project of writing New Tes- tament Introduction in which the arguments of dating, authorship, form and tament Introduction in which the arguments of dating, authorship, form and source criticism, the Synoptic Problem and so on are carefully weighed in the source criticism, the Synoptic Problem and so on are carefully weighed in the context of introducing the characteristics and message of each New Testament context of introducing the characteristics and message of each New Testament book. The first part was published in 1961 with the complete Introduction being book. The first part was published in 1961 with the complete Introduction being produced in one volume in 1970. Guthrie wrote in an irenic manner24 and yet his produced in one volume in 1970. Guthrie wrote in an irenic manner24 and yet his research led to uncompromisingly conservative conclusions. In class, Donald research led to uncompromisingly conservative conclusions. In class, Donald would present a view with which he profoundly disagreed as sympathetically as would present a view with which he profoundly disagreed as sympathetically as possible and then conclude, with a twinkle in his eye, ‘Well, you may choose to possible and then conclude, with a twinkle in his eye, ‘Well, you may choose to believe that…’ It was obvious where he stood. believe that…’ It was obvious where he stood. These scholars were no longer content to assert faith propositions in a vacu- These scholars were no longer content to assert faith propositions in a vacu- um but to assert the truthfulness of the Bible and support its veracity by using um but to assert the truthfulness of the Bible and support its veracity by using the tools of history, archaeology and Egyptology, Assyriology or Classic Studies. the tools of history, archaeology and Egyptology, Assyriology or Classic Studies. Donald Wiseman’s contribution, as an Assyriologist, to Old Testament Studies Donald Wiseman’s contribution, as an Assyriologist, to Old Testament Studies and F. F. Bruce’s work, as a Classicist, to New Testament Studies are examples of and F. F. Bruce’s work, as a Classicist, to New Testament Studies are examples of this. Barr writes that a large part of conservative scholarship came, especially at this. Barr writes that a large part of conservative scholarship came, especially at the time, from ‘the environing fields’, ‘from the margins rather than the centre of the time, from ‘the environing fields’, ‘from the margins rather than the centre of the biblical field’.25 Among other reasons for this he claims that in approaching the biblical field’.25 Among other reasons for this he claims that in approaching biblical studies from the periphery, people felt they were able to be more neutral biblical studies from the periphery, people felt they were able to be more neutral and objective in their study and only indirectly, rather than directly, confront and objective in their study and only indirectly, rather than directly, confront some of the dogmatic faith issues.26 some of the dogmatic faith issues.26 While that argument has merit, it is also true that there was little other op- While that argument has merit, it is also true that there was little other op- tion open to them at the time. Evangelical scholars were the newly arrived im- tion open to them at the time. Evangelical scholars were the newly arrived immigrants in the academic community who, like virtually all immigrant groups, migrants in the academic community who, like virtually all immigrant groups, were suspect and have to start at the margins before becoming increasingly ac- were suspect and have to start at the margins before becoming increasingly acceptable. There were few, if any, models for them to imitate. Bruce, in comment- ceptable. There were few, if any, models for them to imitate. Bruce, in commenting on the start of the Biblical Research Committee admitted that, ‘Few of us on ing on the start of the Biblical Research Committee admitted that, ‘Few of us on the Committee could claim much in the way of theological expertise, but we saw the Committee could claim much in the way of theological expertise, but we saw what had to be done’.27 what had to be done’.27 Those who had theological expertise were for the most part working in evan- Those who had theological expertise were for the most part working in evan-

23 F. F. Bruce, The New Testament Documents: Are they reliable? (1943, London: IVP, 23 F. F. Bruce, The New Testament Documents: Are they reliable? (1943, London: IVP, 1959), 5. This was the fifth edition. 1959), 5. This was the fifth edition. 24 Barr, Fundamentalism, 140. Barr contrasts Guthrie’s style with that of Harrison in his 24 Barr, Fundamentalism, 140. Barr contrasts Guthrie’s style with that of Harrison in his companion Introduction to the Old Testament, London, IVP, 1970 of which he writes, companion Introduction to the Old Testament, London, IVP, 1970 of which he writes, ‘the book is full of special pleading and the burning personal antagonism of the writer ‘the book is full of special pleading and the burning personal antagonism of the writer against the critical approach is evident throughout’. against the critical approach is evident throughout’. 25 Barr, Fundamentalism, 128. 25 Barr, Fundamentalism, 128. 26 Noll, Between Faith and Criticism, 85, makes a similar but not identical point. Since 26 Noll, Between Faith and Criticism, 85, makes a similar but not identical point. Since many of the foundations for evangelical scholarship in the UK were laid by those in many of the foundations for evangelical scholarship in the UK were laid by those in university posts they exhibited ‘the blurring characteristic of the British acceptance university posts they exhibited ‘the blurring characteristic of the British acceptance of criticism during the last years of the nineteenth century’. Noll misses the point, at of criticism during the last years of the nineteenth century’. Noll misses the point, at this stage of his argument, that many who made such a contribution were not biblical this stage of his argument, that many who made such a contribution were not biblical scholars but working in related fields or primarily trained in other disciplines. scholars but working in related fields or primarily trained in other disciplines. 27 Bruce, In Retrospect, 122. 27 Bruce, In Retrospect, 122. Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 151 Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 151 gelical institutions rather than the mainstream of academia – Carnell, Henry, to gelical institutions rather than the mainstream of academia – Carnell, Henry, to begin with, and Ladd at Fuller, Guthrie at London Bible College, Kidner at Tyn- begin with, and Ladd at Fuller, Guthrie at London Bible College, Kidner at Tyn- dale House. Morris as Principal of Ridley College, Melbourne and R. K. Harrison dale House. Morris as Principal of Ridley College, Melbourne and R. K. Harrison at Wycliffe College, University of Toronto were closest to the University scene but at Wycliffe College, University of Toronto were closest to the University scene but in theological colleges. The two most integrated into academia were Bruce and in theological colleges. The two most integrated into academia were Bruce and Wiseman and although Bruce made an unprecedented mark as a Professor of Wiseman and although Bruce made an unprecedented mark as a Professor of Biblical Studies, first at Sheffield and then at Manchester, his entrée to the field Biblical Studies, first at Sheffield and then at Manchester, his entrée to the field was as a classics’ scholar. If we cast the net wider we see the pattern repeated was as a classics’ scholar. If we cast the net wider we see the pattern repeated elsewhere with Basil Atkinson at Cambridge, for example, making a contribution elsewhere with Basil Atkinson at Cambridge, for example, making a contribution to evangelical scholarship but from his post as Under-Librarian of the University to evangelical scholarship but from his post as Under-Librarian of the University of Cambridge rather than as a lecturer in theology. of Cambridge rather than as a lecturer in theology. Bruce was among the more adventurous of this generation of evangelical Bruce was among the more adventurous of this generation of evangelical scholars, perhaps because he was a University man, not a theologian, or even scholars, perhaps because he was a University man, not a theologian, or even because of his Brethren background which in some ways provided him with a because of his Brethren background which in some ways provided him with a greater freedom and individualism than those who belonged to other denomi- greater freedom and individualism than those who belonged to other denomi- nations.28 He claims never to have been aware of any tension between his aca- nations.28 He claims never to have been aware of any tension between his academic study and his personal and Christian handling of the Bible. He had a com- demic study and his personal and Christian handling of the Bible. He had a commitment to academic freedom and, in his autobiography, openly stated that the mitment to academic freedom and, in his autobiography, openly stated that the labels of conservative and liberal were irrelevant in a university setting. What labels of conservative and liberal were irrelevant in a university setting. What mattered, he said, was scholarship that involved ‘a commitment to truth, that mattered, he said, was scholarship that involved ‘a commitment to truth, that one is free to follow the evidence wherever it leads, in an atmosphere of free one is free to follow the evidence wherever it leads, in an atmosphere of free enquiry’.29 enquiry’.29 Not all were as at ease with the tension between academic theology and an a Not all were as at ease with the tension between academic theology and an a priori theological stance as Bruce evidently was. Donald Guthrie might, in this priori theological stance as Bruce evidently was. Donald Guthrie might, in this respect, be more typical. For example, his doctoral work was on pseudepigrapha respect, be more typical. For example, his doctoral work was on pseudepigrapha and he was undoubtedly unhappy with evangelicals who concluded that certain and he was undoubtedly unhappy with evangelicals who concluded that certain biblical books were pseudepigraphic, as the second generation began to do. The biblical books were pseudepigraphic, as the second generation began to do. The reliability of the claims of scripture about authorship, dating and the apparent reliability of the claims of scripture about authorship, dating and the apparent claims the documents made about themselves had to be right or else, as far as he claims the documents made about themselves had to be right or else, as far as he was concerned, the rest of their teaching could be called into question.30 was concerned, the rest of their teaching could be called into question.30 The first generation were clearly seeking to establish themselves in new ter- The first generation were clearly seeking to establish themselves in new ter- ritory and, likely newly arrived immigrants, exhibited both a fascination with ritory and, likely newly arrived immigrants, exhibited both a fascination with and a nervousness about their new home. They were nibbling at it from the edge and a nervousness about their new home. They were nibbling at it from the edge rather than contributing to it from the centre, and frequently took refuge in con- rather than contributing to it from the centre, and frequently took refuge in con- ferences where they could relax among their own. But like the generation of the ferences where they could relax among their own. But like the generation of the grandfathers who clung on to precious reminders of the land left behind, they grandfathers who clung on to precious reminders of the land left behind, they provided their sons with openings in the land of new opportunities. provided their sons with openings in the land of new opportunities.

28 I recall that Bruce in his writings and personal support was very supportive of women 28 I recall that Bruce in his writings and personal support was very supportive of women in Christian teaching and leadership and wonder what many of his colleagues in the in Christian teaching and leadership and wonder what many of his colleagues in the Brethren who were generally opposed to such a stance made of him in this and a few Brethren who were generally opposed to such a stance made of him in this and a few other regards. other regards. 29 Bruce, In Retrospect, 143. 29 Bruce, In Retrospect, 143. 30 Personal recollection. This paragraph is based on a number of personal conversations 30 Personal recollection. This paragraph is based on a number of personal conversations with Donald Guthrie. with Donald Guthrie. 152 • EQ Derek Tidball 152 • EQ Derek Tidball

The second generation The second generation The second generation were born in the 1930s and were much more at home in The second generation were born in the 1930s and were much more at home in the world of academic scholarship, adopting its methods with much more ease. the world of academic scholarship, adopting its methods with much more ease. They include Leslie Allen (b. 1935); David Clines (b. 1936?); James Dunn (b. 1939); They include Leslie Allen (b. 1935); David Clines (b. 1936?); James Dunn (b. 1939); R. T. France (b 1938); Murray Harris (b. 1939); I Howard Marshall (b. 1934); Clark R. T. France (b 1938); Murray Harris (b. 1939); I Howard Marshall (b. 1934); Clark Pinnock (b. 1937) and, Anthony Thiselton (b. 1937). Stretching the boundaries of Pinnock (b. 1937) and, Anthony Thiselton (b. 1937). Stretching the boundaries of the decades somewhat we might note Ralph Martin (b. 1925) as something of a the decades somewhat we might note Ralph Martin (b. 1925) as something of a bridge from the first to the second generation and the second generation shad- bridge from the first to the second generation and the second generation shad- ing off into the early third generation in people like John Goldingay (b. 1942), ing off into the early third generation in people like John Goldingay (b. 1942), Gordon Wenham (b. 1943) and Stephen Travis (b. 1944). The mere recitation of Gordon Wenham (b. 1943) and Stephen Travis (b. 1944). The mere recitation of the names is enough to demonstrate what progress evangelical scholars had the names is enough to demonstrate what progress evangelical scholars had made. Four of the above held prestigious chairs in the Universities of Aberdeen, made. Four of the above held prestigious chairs in the Universities of Aberdeen, Durham, Nottingham and Sheffield and the names of the others were greatly Durham, Nottingham and Sheffield and the names of the others were greatly respected in the academic world. When Bruce published his biography, in 1980, respected in the academic world. When Bruce published his biography, in 1980, he claimed there were ‘between thirty-five and thirty31 teachers of biblical and he claimed there were ‘between thirty-five and thirty31 teachers of biblical and related studies who (were) associated with Tyndale Fellowship’ holding posts in related studies who (were) associated with Tyndale Fellowship’ holding posts in British universities. It was, he said, ‘an ample cause for wondering gratitude’ that British universities. It was, he said, ‘an ample cause for wondering gratitude’ that the aspirations of the Bible Research Committee had been fulfilled.32 the aspirations of the Bible Research Committee had been fulfilled.32 The transformation which evangelical scholarship has undergone is evident The transformation which evangelical scholarship has undergone is evident in a number of ways. A comparison between the various editions of IVP’s New in a number of ways. A comparison between the various editions of IVP’s New Bible Commentary is instructive as to the progress made. The first and second Bible Commentary is instructive as to the progress made. The first and second editions of The New Bible Commentary, edited by the first generation, with the editions of The New Bible Commentary, edited by the first generation, with the fourth edition, known as the 21st Century edition, representative chiefly of the fourth edition, known as the 21st Century edition, representative chiefly of the fruit of the second generation,33 demonstrates some of the differences clearly. In fruit of the second generation,33 demonstrates some of the differences clearly. In the first edition of 1953, two-fifths of the contributors were in pastoral ministry the first edition of 1953, two-fifths of the contributors were in pastoral ministry and only four of those in academic posts held them, strictly speaking, in secular and only four of those in academic posts held them, strictly speaking, in secular universities. In the 1970 (third) edition, a shift was evident but the roots were universities. In the 1970 (third) edition, a shift was evident but the roots were still very apparent. The number of ministerial authors had been reduced from still very apparent. The number of ministerial authors had been reduced from twenty to fourteen and the number of academic authors increased from thirty to twenty to fourteen and the number of academic authors increased from thirty to thirty-six. By the time of the 1994 edition only two of the forty-five contributors thirty-six. By the time of the 1994 edition only two of the forty-five contributors were in pastoral ministry, another two were in ‘secular’ work but forty-one were were in pastoral ministry, another two were in ‘secular’ work but forty-one were in academic posts of one sort or another. Five of the academic contributors were in academic posts of one sort or another. Five of the academic contributors were

31 This seems an odd expression and one wonders whether it should read ‘between 31 This seems an odd expression and one wonders whether it should read ‘between thirty-five and forty teachers…’ There is another delightful misprint in the book with thirty-five and forty teachers…’ There is another delightful misprint in the book with one chapter being listed in the Contents page as ‘Some bore books’. On turning to the one chapter being listed in the Contents page as ‘Some bore books’. On turning to the chapter one is disappointed to read about ‘Some more books’. It would be interesting chapter one is disappointed to read about ‘Some more books’. It would be interesting to know which books Bruce would have commented on if the Contents page had to know which books Bruce would have commented on if the Contents page had been correct! been correct! 32 Bruce, In Retrospect, 127. A similar comment is made about the state of scholarship at 32 Bruce, In Retrospect, 127. A similar comment is made about the state of scholarship at the end of the 1960s in Noble, 137. the end of the 1960s in Noble, 137. 33 R. T. France was the only editor who actually fell within the second generation with J. 33 R. T. France was the only editor who actually fell within the second generation with J. A. Motyer belonging to the earlier one and D. A. Carson and G. J. Wenham belonging A. Motyer belonging to the earlier one and D. A. Carson and G. J. Wenham belonging to the third generation. The work however is representative of the position of the to the third generation. The work however is representative of the position of the middle generation. middle generation. Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 153 Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 153 in secular university posts and thirteen bore the title of full Professor. The editors in secular university posts and thirteen bore the title of full Professor. The editors of this edition paid homage to the editors of earlier editions but commented that of this edition paid homage to the editors of earlier editions but commented that ‘nothing remains from 1953 and little from 1970’.34 ‘nothing remains from 1953 and little from 1970’.34 Whereas the 1953 edition began with a robust article on ‘The authority of Whereas the 1953 edition began with a robust article on ‘The authority of Scripture’ and immediately followed it with an article on ‘Revelation and Inspi- Scripture’ and immediately followed it with an article on ‘Revelation and Inspi- ration’, the 1994 edition began with a gentler, all-inclusive article which was en- ration’, the 1994 edition began with a gentler, all-inclusive article which was entitled ‘Approaching the Bible’ and contained a much greater recognition of the titled ‘Approaching the Bible’ and contained a much greater recognition of the Bible as a human, as well as divine, book. Bible as a human, as well as divine, book. The 21st Century edition. published in 1994, still reaches conservative con- The 21st Century edition. published in 1994, still reaches conservative conclusions but sometimes more tentatively than its predecessors and often with clusions but sometimes more tentatively than its predecessors and often with a greater use being made of non-conservative scholarship. So, for example, the a greater use being made of non-conservative scholarship. So, for example, the Mosaic authorship of Deuteronomy is much more robustly defended in the first Mosaic authorship of Deuteronomy is much more robustly defended in the first and second editions than the latest edition. According to the earlier edition, ‘The and second editions than the latest edition. According to the earlier edition, ‘The claim is distinctly made that Moses “declared” the law and wrote it in a book…’ claim is distinctly made that Moses “declared” the law and wrote it in a book…’ Counter claims consist of arguments which nullify each other and the internal Counter claims consist of arguments which nullify each other and the internal evidence for Mosaic authorship is said to be ‘very strong’.35 In 1994, however, evidence for Mosaic authorship is said to be ‘very strong’.35 In 1994, however, Gordon McGonville36 concludes that ‘the data cannot prove conclusively any of Gordon McGonville36 concludes that ‘the data cannot prove conclusively any of the dates canvassed…’ and he concludes more cautiously that the ‘evidence is the dates canvassed…’ and he concludes more cautiously that the ‘evidence is consistent with its composition in the period following Moses’ death. This may consistent with its composition in the period following Moses’ death. This may have been quite soon after, or within a few generations’.37 have been quite soon after, or within a few generations’.37 In the New Testament, Max Turner clearly affirms the Pauline authorship of In the New Testament, Max Turner clearly affirms the Pauline authorship of Ephesians which, by then, some evangelical scholars were calling into question.38 Ephesians which, by then, some evangelical scholars were calling into question.38 In terms of the authorship of the Pastoral Epistles, however, there is a marked In terms of the authorship of the Pastoral Epistles, however, there is a marked difference of tone rather than of conclusion. The first edition argues strongly difference of tone rather than of conclusion. The first edition argues strongly for Pauline authorship. It briefly alludes to the evidence but chiefly argues from for Pauline authorship. It briefly alludes to the evidence but chiefly argues from the viewpoint of apostolicity being the ground of inclusion in the canon. If Paul the viewpoint of apostolicity being the ground of inclusion in the canon. If Paul did not write 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus, they were to be considered fraudu- did not write 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus, they were to be considered fraudu- lent. Alan Stibbs, the commentator, comments ‘For our part we accept them as lent. Alan Stibbs, the commentator, comments ‘For our part we accept them as Pauline, and desire with God’s help to seek to understand them accordingly’.39 Pauline, and desire with God’s help to seek to understand them accordingly’.39 In the 21st Century edition, Donald Guthrie is no less committed to Paul as the In the 21st Century edition, Donald Guthrie is no less committed to Paul as the author of these epistles, but spends far more time on the evidence pro and con author of these epistles, but spends far more time on the evidence pro and con Pauline authorship and only briefly mentions the moral problem if the work is Pauline authorship and only briefly mentions the moral problem if the work is pseudonymous. It is hard to imagine him including the sort of pious conclusion pseudonymous. It is hard to imagine him including the sort of pious conclusion which Stibbs’ inserted. which Stibbs’ inserted. Alan Stibbs’ comment, it should be said, was entirely in line with the objec- Alan Stibbs’ comment, it should be said, was entirely in line with the objec- tives of the early editions of the Commentary. In publishing the second edition tives of the early editions of the Commentary. In publishing the second edition

34 New Bible Commentary (Leicester: IVP, 1994), vii. Hereinafter 21st Cent. NBC. 34 New Bible Commentary (Leicester: IVP, 1994), vii. Hereinafter 21st Cent. NBC. 35 F. Davidson, A. M. Stibbs and E. F. Kevan (eds.), The New Bible Commentary (1953, 35 F. Davidson, A. M. Stibbs and E. F. Kevan (eds.), The New Bible Commentary (1953, London: IVF, 1954), 195-6. Hereinafter NBC. London: IVF, 1954), 195-6. Hereinafter NBC. 36 In the terms of this paper, McGonville is strictly speaking a third generation postwar 36 In the terms of this paper, McGonville is strictly speaking a third generation postwar evangelical scholar. evangelical scholar. 37 21st Cent. NBC, 199. 37 21st Cent. NBC, 199. 38 21st Cent. NBC, 1222. 38 21st Cent. NBC, 1222. 39 NBC, 1063. 39 NBC, 1063. 154 • EQ Derek Tidball 154 • EQ Derek Tidball just a year after launching the first, the editors commented that they had taken just a year after launching the first, the editors commented that they had taken the opportunity to make a number of ‘minor modifications’ and to replace one the opportunity to make a number of ‘minor modifications’ and to replace one article. But, significantly, they wrote, article. But, significantly, they wrote, Some of the reviews of the first edition seem to have been made without Some of the reviews of the first edition seem to have been made without a clear understanding of the purpose of the Commentary, and it may be a clear understanding of the purpose of the Commentary, and it may be useful, therefore, to repeat that the aim of the work is to give help in the useful, therefore, to repeat that the aim of the work is to give help in the understanding of the contents of the Bible rather than indulge in specula- understanding of the contents of the Bible rather than indulge in specula- tive discussions of an introductory and critical kind.40 tive discussions of an introductory and critical kind.40 Similar changes in emphasis and tone are evident in other publications. A Similar changes in emphasis and tone are evident in other publications. A comparison between the early Tyndale commentaries such as that of Tasker on comparison between the early Tyndale commentaries such as that of Tasker on Matthew, Blaiklock on Acts, and Stibbs on 1 Peter by volumes authored by France, Matthew, Blaiklock on Acts, and Stibbs on 1 Peter by volumes authored by France, Marshall and Grudem provide ample evidence of the changes, even though the Marshall and Grudem provide ample evidence of the changes, even though the latter remain conservative in their conclusions. Tasker’s Matthew did not engage latter remain conservative in their conclusions. Tasker’s Matthew did not engage seriously with critical scholarship. Blaiklock’s Acts showed all the hallmarks of seriously with critical scholarship. Blaiklock’s Acts showed all the hallmarks of being written by a classicist. And Stibbs’ 1 Peter41 was a rich and spiritual exposi- being written by a classicist. And Stibbs’ 1 Peter41 was a rich and spiritual exposi- tion of the epistle rather than a critical commentary. tion of the epistle rather than a critical commentary. In like manner, Evangelicals have at least softened their stance on the au- In like manner, Evangelicals have at least softened their stance on the authorship of 2 Peter. In 1968, Michael Green, a first generation scholar, who had thorship of 2 Peter. In 1968, Michael Green, a first generation scholar, who had researched the issue admitted it was complex but stated that he would ‘assume, researched the issue admitted it was complex but stated that he would ‘assume, provisionally, that the author is Simon Peter’.42 Some of his argument in favour provisionally, that the author is Simon Peter’.42 Some of his argument in favour of Petrine authorship related to the moral question if it was pseudepigraphic of Petrine authorship related to the moral question if it was pseudepigraphic and the lack of discrimination on the part of the church who inserted it in the and the lack of discrimination on the part of the church who inserted it in the canon of Scripture despite it having a number of problems. About such argu- canon of Scripture despite it having a number of problems. About such arguments against Petrine authorship his verdict was ‘I find it very hard to believe’.43 ments against Petrine authorship his verdict was ‘I find it very hard to believe’.43 But R. T. France, in 1993, was much more relaxed about the possibility of 2 Peter But R. T. France, in 1993, was much more relaxed about the possibility of 2 Peter being pseudonymous and argued that deceit would not have been involved. The being pseudonymous and argued that deceit would not have been involved. The real issue was one of interpretation rather than authorship.44 real issue was one of interpretation rather than authorship.44 France developed his position by expanding on the importance of herme- France developed his position by expanding on the importance of herme- neutics to which many evangelicals had been introduced by Anthony Thiselton45 neutics to which many evangelicals had been introduced by Anthony Thiselton45 at the Nottingham National Evangelical Anglican Congress in 1977. It may have at the Nottingham National Evangelical Anglican Congress in 1977. It may have created disquiet among evangelicals at a popular level but evangelical academ- created disquiet among evangelicals at a popular level but evangelical academ- ics had found the perspective ‘a liberating one for the evangelical scholarly en- ics had found the perspective ‘a liberating one for the evangelical scholarly en-

40 NBC, vi. Bruce, In Retrospect, 129, includes excerpts from the reviews of the first 40 NBC, vi. Bruce, In Retrospect, 129, includes excerpts from the reviews of the first edition and concludes, ‘The inference to be drawn from these varying assessments is edition and concludes, ‘The inference to be drawn from these varying assessments is that the Commentary was a reasonably sound piece of work’. that the Commentary was a reasonably sound piece of work’. 41 The introduction to this commentary which did contain a good deal of engagement 41 The introduction to this commentary which did contain a good deal of engagement with the critical was written by Andrew Walls rather than Alan Stibbs. with the critical was written by Andrew Walls rather than Alan Stibbs. 42 Michael Green, 2 Peter and Jude (Tyndale New Testament Commentaries, London: 42 Michael Green, 2 Peter and Jude (Tyndale New Testament Commentaries, London: Tyndale Press, 1968), p 35. Tyndale Press, 1968), p 35. 43 Green, 33. 43 Green, 33. 44 R. T. France, ‘Evangelicalism and Biblical Scholarship (2) The New Testament’, in 44 R. T. France, ‘Evangelicalism and Biblical Scholarship (2) The New Testament’, in Evangelical Anglicans: The role and influence in the church today, R. T. France and A. Evangelical Anglicans: The role and influence in the church today, R. T. France and A. E. McGrath (eds) (London: SPCK, 1993), 52. E. McGrath (eds) (London: SPCK, 1993), 52. 45 Thiselton had done his undergraduate theological training at London Bible College 45 Thiselton had done his undergraduate theological training at London Bible College under Ernest Kevan, Dermot McDonald and Donald Guthrie. under Ernest Kevan, Dermot McDonald and Donald Guthrie. Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 155 Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 155 terprise’.46 Shibboleths that distinguished true evangelicals from others were a terprise’.46 Shibboleths that distinguished true evangelicals from others were a thing of the past and evangelical ‘tradition’ was no longer the arbiter of what was thing of the past and evangelical ‘tradition’ was no longer the arbiter of what was acceptable interpretation. He rejoiced in the freedom it brought, even if it meant acceptable interpretation. He rejoiced in the freedom it brought, even if it meant evangelicalism was less coherent than once it was. In the same book of essays evangelicalism was less coherent than once it was. In the same book of essays Gordon McConville had argued similarly saying that ‘there can be no return for Gordon McConville had argued similarly saying that ‘there can be no return for evangelicals to a “canon” of acceptable views about authorship’ even if evangeli- evangelicals to a “canon” of acceptable views about authorship’ even if evangelical scholars still gained their direction from seeing the Bible as the Word of God. cal scholars still gained their direction from seeing the Bible as the Word of God. There were, he declared, no ‘no-go areas’ to investigation.47 There were, he declared, no ‘no-go areas’ to investigation.47 Both McConville and France accepted however that this opening up of evan- Both McConville and France accepted however that this opening up of evangelical scholarship led to border wars. Just exactly what was ‘permissible in terms gelical scholarship led to border wars. Just exactly what was ‘permissible in terms of critical scholarship’48 if scholars were to be considered evangelical? There of critical scholarship’48 if scholars were to be considered evangelical? There were certainly ‘tensions’, to use France’s word. At various times, and with varying were certainly ‘tensions’, to use France’s word. At various times, and with varying results, scholars like Ralph Martin, Leslie Allen, James Dunn, David Clines and results, scholars like Ralph Martin, Leslie Allen, James Dunn, David Clines and Clark Pinnock49 were all in the eye of the storm.50 The storm hovered over Tyn- Clark Pinnock49 were all in the eye of the storm.50 The storm hovered over Tyn- dale House in the early 1970s and related to the publications’ policy of Tyndale dale House in the early 1970s and related to the publications’ policy of Tyndale Press. Graham Stanton asked whether Tyndale Press could broaden its appeal Press. Graham Stanton asked whether Tyndale Press could broaden its appeal and publish more controversial material produced by the study groups. As a re- and publish more controversial material produced by the study groups. As a result of discussion, a memo drafted by Howard Marshall was distributed which sult of discussion, a memo drafted by Howard Marshall was distributed which pointed out the similarity between the Tyndale Fellowship and other academic pointed out the similarity between the Tyndale Fellowship and other academic professional societies but commented that ‘T. F. would have no raison d’être if professional societies but commented that ‘T. F. would have no raison d’être if it simply duplicated these societies (which had no doctrinal tests and accepted it simply duplicated these societies (which had no doctrinal tests and accepted a variety of presuppositions): it exists to do research from an agreed starting- a variety of presuppositions): it exists to do research from an agreed starting- point of conservative evangelical faith, summarized in the Doctrinal Basis of the point of conservative evangelical faith, summarized in the Doctrinal Basis of the I.V.F.’51 That did not, however, settle the matter and disquiet over the views of I.V.F.’51 That did not, however, settle the matter and disquiet over the views of some members were to continue.52 some members were to continue.52 If further evidence was needed of the growing maturity of evangelical schol- If further evidence was needed of the growing maturity of evangelical scholarship it would be gained from comparing the content and style of Manley’s The arship it would be gained from comparing the content and style of Manley’s The New Bible Handbook with the volume of essays entitled New Testament Interpre- New Bible Handbook with the volume of essays entitled New Testament Interpre- tation: Essays in Principles and Methods published in 1977. Edited by Howard tation: Essays in Principles and Methods published in 1977. Edited by Howard Marshall and authored mostly by second generation postwar evangelical schol- Marshall and authored mostly by second generation postwar evangelical scholars, with a few first generation scholars also contributing, it is far less defensive ars, with a few first generation scholars also contributing, it is far less defensive in its approach and demonstrates that these scholars were beginning to feel very in its approach and demonstrates that these scholars were beginning to feel very much at home in the scholarly world. much at home in the scholarly world.

46 France, ‘Evangelicalism and Biblical Scholarship’, 53. 46 France, ‘Evangelicalism and Biblical Scholarship’, 53. 47 Gordon McConville, ‘Evangelicalism and Biblical Scholarship (1) The Old Testament’ 47 Gordon McConville, ‘Evangelicalism and Biblical Scholarship (1) The Old Testament’ in Evangelical Anglicans, France and McGrath (eds.), 42. in Evangelical Anglicans, France and McGrath (eds.), 42. 48 McConville, ‘Evangelicalism and Biblical Scholarship’, 42. 48 McConville, ‘Evangelicalism and Biblical Scholarship’, 42. 49 Pinnock studied under F. F. Bruce and has most recently been associated with the 49 Pinnock studied under F. F. Bruce and has most recently been associated with the controversy regarding The Openness of God, the title of one of his books published by controversy regarding The Openness of God, the title of one of his books published by Paternoster Press, 1994. Paternoster Press, 1994. 50 On Ralph Martin and Leslie Allen see Ian Randall, Educating Evangelicaism: The 50 On Ralph Martin and Leslie Allen see Ian Randall, Educating Evangelicaism: The Origins, Development and Impact of London Bible College (Carlisle: Paternoster Press, Origins, Development and Impact of London Bible College (Carlisle: Paternoster Press, 2000), 126-30, 205-6, 274-6. 2000), 126-30, 205-6, 274-6. 51 Noble, Tyndale House, 153. 51 Noble, Tyndale House, 153. 52 Noble, Tyndale House, 164-5 and 178-81. 52 Noble, Tyndale House, 164-5 and 178-81. 156 • EQ Derek Tidball 156 • EQ Derek Tidball

Another basis for reflection would be the Word Commentaries, or the New In- Another basis for reflection would be the Word Commentaries, or the New In- ternational Greek Testament Commentary Series when compared, for example, ternational Greek Testament Commentary Series when compared, for example, with the early New London Commentaries. Not only have evangelical commen- with the early New London Commentaries. Not only have evangelical commen- tators demonstrated greater and greater sophistication in their use of scholarly tators demonstrated greater and greater sophistication in their use of scholarly tools but (although admittedly this is a generalisation) they have also been will- tools but (although admittedly this is a generalisation) they have also been will- ing to embrace positions which their predecessors would have rejected.53 ing to embrace positions which their predecessors would have rejected.53 As with the Hansen/Herberg thesis of immigration not all the second gen- As with the Hansen/Herberg thesis of immigration not all the second generation were so keen to reject the symbols of the old country that had been left eration were so keen to reject the symbols of the old country that had been left behind, but the majority were. The second generation worked hard to remove behind, but the majority were. The second generation worked hard to remove obstacles to acceptability by the majority host country and to integrate them- obstacles to acceptability by the majority host country and to integrate themselves as far as possible. So it was with the second generation of scholars, but selves as far as possible. So it was with the second generation of scholars, but what of the third generation? what of the third generation?

The third generation The third generation The Hansen/Herberg thesis argues that the third generation of immigrants know The Hansen/Herberg thesis argues that the third generation of immigrants know that they are Americans and have no need to prove it. This leaves them free to that they are Americans and have no need to prove it. This leaves them free to pick up some of the symbols of the country their families left behind: ‘what the pick up some of the symbols of the country their families left behind: ‘what the son wishes to forget, the grandson wishes to remember’. It gives them a more son wishes to forget, the grandson wishes to remember’. It gives them a more particular identity than the generalised identity of ‘being American’. particular identity than the generalised identity of ‘being American’. In the case of postwar evangelical theology the third generation are, I believe, In the case of postwar evangelical theology the third generation are, I believe, more varied in their response. The third generation are currently senior evan- more varied in their response. The third generation are currently senior evangelical scholars who are in their prime, perhaps approaching retirement but gelical scholars who are in their prime, perhaps approaching retirement but mostly not yet having reached it. They include Richard Bauckham, Don Carson, mostly not yet having reached it. They include Richard Bauckham, Don Carson, Joel Green, Andrew Lincoln, John Goldingay, Wayne Grudem, Gordon McCon- Joel Green, Andrew Lincoln, John Goldingay, Wayne Grudem, Gordon McCon- ville, Alister McGrath, Stephen Travis, Max Turner, Kevin Vanhoozer, David Wells, ville, Alister McGrath, Stephen Travis, Max Turner, Kevin Vanhoozer, David Wells, Gordon Wenham, Chris Wright, Tom Wright, and would have included Stanley Gordon Wenham, Chris Wright, Tom Wright, and would have included Stanley Grenz, but for his premature death. Grenz, but for his premature death. Some of these display very conservative tendencies and conform to the Some of these display very conservative tendencies and conform to the Hansen/Herberg thesis. They are at home in the academy and produce scholar- Hansen/Herberg thesis. They are at home in the academy and produce scholarship which is widely respected even if labelled ‘conservative’. They are big hitters. ship which is widely respected even if labelled ‘conservative’. They are big hitters. But they feel unashamed about identifying with some of the characteristics of But they feel unashamed about identifying with some of the characteristics of the first generation and are robust in their defence, for example, of the inerrancy the first generation and are robust in their defence, for example, of the inerrancy or infallibility of scripture, of the apostolic authorship of disputed epistles and or infallibility of scripture, of the apostolic authorship of disputed epistles and of penal substitution, which was to become a matter of dispute. Carson, Grudem of penal substitution, which was to become a matter of dispute. Carson, Grudem and Wells are vigorous protagonists for the traditional positions while others like and Wells are vigorous protagonists for the traditional positions while others like Wenham or Wright use their scholarship energetically yet gently to reaffirm tra- Wenham or Wright use their scholarship energetically yet gently to reaffirm traditional positions. ditional positions. Others, like Green, Goldingay, and Lincoln have no fear of taking a stand Others, like Green, Goldingay, and Lincoln have no fear of taking a stand against the inherited traditional evangelical consensus. Green, for example, against the inherited traditional evangelical consensus. Green, for example,

53 Space prohibits an examination of more examples that abound. See, for example, 53 Space prohibits an examination of more examples that abound. See, for example, the several dismissive comments Alec Motyer makes in the footnotes of The Message the several dismissive comments Alec Motyer makes in the footnotes of The Message of Exodus (Leicester: IVP, 2005) about John Durham’s acceptance and use of the of Exodus (Leicester: IVP, 2005) about John Durham’s acceptance and use of the documentary hypothesis in his Word Commentary, Exodus (Waco: Word, 1987). documentary hypothesis in his Word Commentary, Exodus (Waco: Word, 1987). Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 157 Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 157 is a noted Luke-Acts scholar, an expert in literary and narrative criticism, but is a noted Luke-Acts scholar, an expert in literary and narrative criticism, but is also known for calling into question the penal substitutionary theory of the is also known for calling into question the penal substitutionary theory of the atonement.54 Evangelicals differ markedly over Goldingay’s writings on Scrip- atonement.54 Evangelicals differ markedly over Goldingay’s writings on Scrip- ture, some finding them refreshing and others holding them as suspect.55 In his ture, some finding them refreshing and others holding them as suspect.55 In his commentary on Daniel he is cautious about its historical value and asserts only commentary on Daniel he is cautious about its historical value and asserts only that the ‘stories reflect historical experiences and events’.56 He claims the visions that the ‘stories reflect historical experiences and events’.56 He claims the visions are pseudonymous and that the book is of a later date than it appears on the are pseudonymous and that the book is of a later date than it appears on the surface. A volume of essays that he edited on Atonement57 was considered by surface. A volume of essays that he edited on Atonement57 was considered by some to soften the wrath of God and the nature of sin. It set such a variety of some to soften the wrath of God and the nature of sin. It set such a variety of models of atonement before its readers that some considered it to speak with an models of atonement before its readers that some considered it to speak with an uncertain sound and to set out a less than a robust biblical gospel. All these posi- uncertain sound and to set out a less than a robust biblical gospel. All these positions would have been questionable to the first generation of evangelical schol- tions would have been questionable to the first generation of evangelical scholars. In reference to Ephesians, Lincoln advances positive arguments in favour of ars. In reference to Ephesians, Lincoln advances positive arguments in favour of pseudonymity and does not see that its detracts from the authority or validity of pseudonymity and does not see that its detracts from the authority or validity of a New Testament document. He is content that Ephesians is part of ‘canonical a New Testament document. He is content that Ephesians is part of ‘canonical Paul’ but does not believe it comes from the ‘pen’ of the ‘historical’ Paul.58 Paul’ but does not believe it comes from the ‘pen’ of the ‘historical’ Paul.58 Stanley Grenz was engaged in a conscious enterprise of translating evangeli- Stanley Grenz was engaged in a conscious enterprise of translating evangelical belief into the categories of postmodernity and to reinterpret what he be- cal belief into the categories of postmodernity and to reinterpret what he be- lieved to be traditional positions in language and forms that made sense to con- lieved to be traditional positions in language and forms that made sense to contemporary culture.59 In doing so he became a victim of the inevitable boundary temporary culture.59 In doing so he became a victim of the inevitable boundary dispute, with Carson dismissing him on one occasion with the comment, ‘With dispute, with Carson dismissing him on one occasion with the comment, ‘With the best will in the world, I cannot see how Grenz’s approach to Scripture can be the best will in the world, I cannot see how Grenz’s approach to Scripture can be called “evangelical” in any useful sense’.60 called “evangelical” in any useful sense’.60 It is impossible in this paper to do any justice to Tom Wright who is among It is impossible in this paper to do any justice to Tom Wright who is among the most original, prolific and influential New Testament scholars of today. He the most original, prolific and influential New Testament scholars of today. He enjoys an international reputation second to none. Suffice it to say that he would enjoys an international reputation second to none. Suffice it to say that he would place himself among the ‘open evangelicals’ in the Church of England.61 Firmly place himself among the ‘open evangelicals’ in the Church of England.61 Firmly

54 Joel B Green and Mark D. Baker, Rediscovering the Scandal of the Cross: Atonement in 54 Joel B Green and Mark D. Baker, Rediscovering the Scandal of the Cross: Atonement in New Testament and Contemporary Contexts (Downers Grove: IVP, 2000). New Testament and Contemporary Contexts (Downers Grove: IVP, 2000). 55 Especially, John Goldingay, Models of Scripture (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans & Carlisle: 55 Especially, John Goldingay, Models of Scripture (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans & Carlisle: Paternoster, 1994). Paternoster, 1994). 56 John E. Goldingay, Daniel, Word Biblical Commentary, (Dallas: Word, 1989), 321. 56 John E. Goldingay, Daniel, Word Biblical Commentary, (Dallas: Word, 1989), 321. 57 Atonement Today, John Goldingay (ed.) (London: SPCK, 1995). 57 Atonement Today, John Goldingay (ed.) (London: SPCK, 1995). 58 Andrew Lincoln, Ephesians, Word Biblical Commentary, (Dallas: Word, 1990), lix- 58 Andrew Lincoln, Ephesians, Word Biblical Commentary, (Dallas: Word, 1990), lix- lxxiii. lxxiii. 59 See especially, Stanley Grenz, Revisioning Evangelical Theology: A fresh Agenda for 59 See especially, Stanley Grenz, Revisioning Evangelical Theology: A fresh Agenda for the 21st Century (Downers Grove: IVP, 1993), Theology for the Community of God, the 21st Century (Downers Grove: IVP, 1993), Theology for the Community of God, (Carlisle: Paternoster, 1994) and Renewing the Centre: Evangelical Theology in a Post- (Carlisle: Paternoster, 1994) and Renewing the Centre: Evangelical Theology in a Post- Theological Area (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2000). Theological Area (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2000). 60 D. A. Carson, The Gagging of God: Christianity Confronts Pluralism (Leicester: Apollos, 60 D. A. Carson, The Gagging of God: Christianity Confronts Pluralism (Leicester: Apollos, 1996), 481. It was a comment that I know from personal conversation caused Stanley 1996), 481. It was a comment that I know from personal conversation caused Stanley Grenz pain because here and elsewhere he felt his integrity called into question. Grenz pain because here and elsewhere he felt his integrity called into question. 61 Evangelicals are often labelled as conservative, open or charismatic evangelicals in 61 Evangelicals are often labelled as conservative, open or charismatic evangelicals in Anglican terms. On open evangelicals see Christina Baxter, ‘Our Mission in Britain II,’ Anglican terms. On open evangelicals see Christina Baxter, ‘Our Mission in Britain II,’ Anvil 20.3 (2003) 191-6. Anvil 20.3 (2003) 191-6. 158 • EQ Derek Tidball 158 • EQ Derek Tidball evangelical in so many respects, his championing of the new perspective on Paul, evangelical in so many respects, his championing of the new perspective on Paul, his writing on the doctrine of scripture and his freedom from a number of classic his writing on the doctrine of scripture and his freedom from a number of classic evangelical shibboleths leave him suspect in the eyes of some evangelicals. evangelical shibboleths leave him suspect in the eyes of some evangelicals. The third generation is healthy in terms of the respect it has earned in the The third generation is healthy in terms of the respect it has earned in the academy and the diversity and weight of contribution made. But a fissure has academy and the diversity and weight of contribution made. But a fissure has begun to open, akin to a division among third generation immigrants. One wing begun to open, akin to a division among third generation immigrants. One wing remains faithful to their origins and traditions and, although clearly different remains faithful to their origins and traditions and, although clearly different from the first generation, and confident in their use of scholarly engagement, are from the first generation, and confident in their use of scholarly engagement, are fairly uncompromising on issues on which the first generation took their stand. fairly uncompromising on issues on which the first generation took their stand. They are not embarrassed to revisit their grandparents’ customs and values. The They are not embarrassed to revisit their grandparents’ customs and values. The other wing is forging ahead with integrating into the host culture of academia. other wing is forging ahead with integrating into the host culture of academia. That culture is far from monochrome, yet it exerts some pressures to conformity That culture is far from monochrome, yet it exerts some pressures to conformity which, if they are to be resisted, call for a vigorous evangelical commitment. which, if they are to be resisted, call for a vigorous evangelical commitment.

And the fourth generation? And the fourth generation? Since the fourth generation are, to use the vogue word, ‘emerging’ it is too early to Since the fourth generation are, to use the vogue word, ‘emerging’ it is too early to comment intelligently on what contribution they might make. It is evident that comment intelligently on what contribution they might make. It is evident that evangelical scholars are no longer the coherent tight-knit body they once were. evangelical scholars are no longer the coherent tight-knit body they once were. The current generation are both very numerous and very diverse. Like many a The current generation are both very numerous and very diverse. Like many a fourth generation most think their roots may be interesting but consider them fourth generation most think their roots may be interesting but consider them irrelevant to the questions currently faced. The current battles are largely driven irrelevant to the questions currently faced. The current battles are largely driven by seeking to forge a post-enlightenment theology which is still meaningfully by seeking to forge a post-enlightenment theology which is still meaningfully evangelical. The battlegrounds are chiefly epistemological, hermeneutical and evangelical. The battlegrounds are chiefly epistemological, hermeneutical and ecclesiological. J. R. Middleton and Brian J Walsh’s Truth is Stranger than it Used ecclesiological. J. R. Middleton and Brian J Walsh’s Truth is Stranger than it Used to Be62 was seen by many as a breakthrough book for evangelicals. But it has been to Be62 was seen by many as a breakthrough book for evangelicals. But it has been quickly followed by others. John Franke and Stanley Grenz’s Beyond Foundation- quickly followed by others. John Franke and Stanley Grenz’s Beyond Foundation- alism63 is seminal, as are some of their other related writings. But so far, younger alism63 is seminal, as are some of their other related writings. But so far, younger scholars, coming from a postmodern perspective, have made little contribution scholars, coming from a postmodern perspective, have made little contribution to Biblical Studies. Brian J. Walsh and Sylvia C. Keesmatt’s Colossians Remixed64 to Biblical Studies. Brian J. Walsh and Sylvia C. Keesmatt’s Colossians Remixed64 may serve as a harbinger of fruitful biblical research yet to be published. Perhaps may serve as a harbinger of fruitful biblical research yet to be published. Perhaps it is inevitable that they should be less preoccupied with the text than previous it is inevitable that they should be less preoccupied with the text than previous generations. But wider biblical scholarship is in the process of freeing itself from generations. But wider biblical scholarship is in the process of freeing itself from the often deadening grip of historical criticism and it is an opportune time then the often deadening grip of historical criticism and it is an opportune time then for evangelicals to rediscover a way of releasing the Bible’s message. for evangelicals to rediscover a way of releasing the Bible’s message. The current scene appears wide open with some reasserting the boundaries The current scene appears wide open with some reasserting the boundaries of evangelicalism in a reactionary way and others reaffirming a conservative, but of evangelicalism in a reactionary way and others reaffirming a conservative, but not fundamentalist evangelicalism. At the same time there are those at the other not fundamentalist evangelicalism. At the same time there are those at the other end of the spectrum who are pushing the boundaries with equal vigour beyond end of the spectrum who are pushing the boundaries with equal vigour beyond traditional views of God, scripture, hell and the atonement, while still wanting to traditional views of God, scripture, hell and the atonement, while still wanting to

62 Published in 1995 by IVP in the USA but significantly by SPCK in the UK. 62 Published in 1995 by IVP in the USA but significantly by SPCK in the UK. 63 Westminster John Knox Press, 2001. 63 Westminster John Knox Press, 2001. 64 Downers Grove: IVP, 2005. 64 Downers Grove: IVP, 2005. Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 159 Post-war evangelical theology EQ • 159 claim to be evangelicals. A recent publication, by Gregory MacDonald, for exam- claim to be evangelicals. A recent publication, by Gregory MacDonald, for example, broadens the recent discussion of hell, annihilation and judgement to make ple, broadens the recent discussion of hell, annihilation and judgement to make a case for evangelical universalism.65 a case for evangelical universalism.65 The second generation leaves a home culture with a great deal of inside The second generation leaves a home culture with a great deal of inside knowledge and can branch out having the security of deep roots. The third gen- knowledge and can branch out having the security of deep roots. The third generation still has an active memory of the road travelled and finds some reassur- eration still has an active memory of the road travelled and finds some reassur- ance and identity through returning to the home culture. Both these generations ance and identity through returning to the home culture. Both these generations have the luxury of drawing on deep roots as they venture deeper into academia, have the luxury of drawing on deep roots as they venture deeper into academia, the second more than the third. But it is different for the fourth generation for the second more than the third. But it is different for the fourth generation for whom the roots are tenuous and mostly only a distant memory, with very little whom the roots are tenuous and mostly only a distant memory, with very little seeming relevance for today. The danger is that many in the fourth generation seeming relevance for today. The danger is that many in the fourth generation cease in practice to be evangelical and simply merge with the mainstream, not cease in practice to be evangelical and simply merge with the mainstream, not because the mainstream has been converted, but because they have no appreci- because the mainstream has been converted, but because they have no appreci- ation of what their forebears stood for and what battles they thought were worth ation of what their forebears stood for and what battles they thought were worth fighting. What the second generation may have taken for granted, unless clearly fighting. What the second generation may have taken for granted, unless clearly re-articulated by the third generation, is forgotten altogether by the fourth. The re-articulated by the third generation, is forgotten altogether by the fourth. The current generation of evangelical scholars face the peril of forgetting their dis- current generation of evangelical scholars face the peril of forgetting their dis- tinctiveness and of becoming indistinguishable from others who merely share tinctiveness and of becoming indistinguishable from others who merely share their orthodoxy. their orthodoxy.

Conclusion Conclusion In his study of evangelicalism, Christian Smith has emphasised the importance In his study of evangelicalism, Christian Smith has emphasised the importance for evangelicalism of maintaining just the right distance between itself and the for evangelicalism of maintaining just the right distance between itself and the wider culture, if it is to thrive.66 If the distance is too great, as in Fundamentalism, wider culture, if it is to thrive.66 If the distance is too great, as in Fundamentalism, there is no meaningful communication between the religious minority and the there is no meaningful communication between the religious minority and the main culture. It is either simply ridiculed or worst still ignored. If the distance main culture. It is either simply ridiculed or worst still ignored. If the distance is too little, as in liberalism, the religious minority have nothing distinctive to is too little, as in liberalism, the religious minority have nothing distinctive to offer and so no one looks to them to have anything significant to say. They have offer and so no one looks to them to have anything significant to say. They have become too comfortable in the host culture and can no longer critique it. There become too comfortable in the host culture and can no longer critique it. There needs to be a right distance as well as a right engagement; a right engagement needs to be a right distance as well as a right engagement; a right engagement but a necessary distance as well. This is what leads evangelicalism to be both but a necessary distance as well. This is what leads evangelicalism to be both ‘embattled and thriving’ at the same time. The opposition and vitality belong ‘embattled and thriving’ at the same time. The opposition and vitality belong together. It is difficult to have the one without the other. It is being on the edge, together. It is difficult to have the one without the other. It is being on the edge, in the best sense of that phrase, which gives evangelicalism its vitality. in the best sense of that phrase, which gives evangelicalism its vitality. The challenge for the fourth generation is to maintain the right distance and The challenge for the fourth generation is to maintain the right distance and the right engagement. Some show signs of wanting to create too big a distance the right engagement. Some show signs of wanting to create too big a distance with the result that the gains of the last fifty years may be lost and we find our- with the result that the gains of the last fifty years may be lost and we find our- selves back in the situation of evangelical theology as it was early in the Twenti- selves back in the situation of evangelical theology as it was early in the Twenti- eth Century. But the opposite danger, that danger of not keeping sufficient dis- eth Century. But the opposite danger, that danger of not keeping sufficient distance, is the greater one. tance, is the greater one.

65 Gregory MacDonald, The Evangelical Universalist (Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 65 Gregory MacDonald, The Evangelical Universalist (Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2006). 2006). 66 Christian Smith, American Evangelicalism: Embattled and Thriving (Chicago and 66 Christian Smith, American Evangelicalism: Embattled and Thriving (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1998) passim. London: University of Chicago Press, 1998) passim. 160 • EQ Derek Tidball 160 • EQ Derek Tidball

The Hansen/Herberg thesis generally fits the experience of postwar evangeli- The Hansen/Herberg thesis generally fits the experience of postwar evangelical scholarship. The new kids on the block are now well integrated into the aca- cal scholarship. The new kids on the block are now well integrated into the academic world. They are no longer the newest immigrants. But their integration demic world. They are no longer the newest immigrants. But their integration may have come at a cost, the cost of their losing their distinctive identity and of may have come at a cost, the cost of their losing their distinctive identity and of assimilating to the wider culture of academia uncritically, in a desire to be ac- assimilating to the wider culture of academia uncritically, in a desire to be accepted. Perhaps it is foolish to think that the followers of Christ crucified could cepted. Perhaps it is foolish to think that the followers of Christ crucified could ever comfortably fit institutions where the presuppositions are determined by ever comfortably fit institutions where the presuppositions are determined by the philosophers of this age and which are so enmeshed in the wisdom of this the philosophers of this age and which are so enmeshed in the wisdom of this world (1 Cor. 1:20). History gives us plenty of warnings about the wide path be- world (1 Cor. 1:20). History gives us plenty of warnings about the wide path being strewn with danger. As George Rawlyck stated, when commenting on the ing strewn with danger. As George Rawlyck stated, when commenting on the academic success of evangelical institutions in Canada, such progress ‘may, as academic success of evangelical institutions in Canada, such progress ‘may, as Finke and Stark, have contended, have at its heart a deadly virus – the powerful Finke and Stark, have contended, have at its heart a deadly virus – the powerful tendency to adjust the sacred to meet the demands of world success’.67 What tendency to adjust the sacred to meet the demands of world success’.67 What value is there in gaining the whole academic world, but losing one’s soul? value is there in gaining the whole academic world, but losing one’s soul? Every generation of evangelical scholars, like every generation of evangelical Every generation of evangelical scholars, like every generation of evangelical disciples, have to work out anew what it means be ‘in, but not of’ the host cul- disciples, have to work out anew what it means be ‘in, but not of’ the host culture. And that is never an easy task. It is a special challenge that faces the fourth ture. And that is never an easy task. It is a special challenge that faces the fourth generation of postwar evangelical scholars since they are no longer the suspect generation of postwar evangelical scholars since they are no longer the suspect immigrants on the margins of the academic world. immigrants on the margins of the academic world.

Abstract Abstract This paper uses the Hansen/Herberg thesis of immigration as a model of the This paper uses the Hansen/Herberg thesis of immigration as a model of the changing relationship between three generations of postwar evangelical theo- changing relationship between three generations of postwar evangelical theologians and the academy. The process has been one of gradual, but uneven, logians and the academy. The process has been one of gradual, but uneven, assimilation, as proposed by the Hansen/Herberg thesis, and raises questions assimilation, as proposed by the Hansen/Herberg thesis, and raises questions about the challenge faced by the fourth generation. For this generation the his- about the challenge faced by the fourth generation. For this generation the historical roots of postwar evangelical scholarship are more distant, causing them torical roots of postwar evangelical scholarship are more distant, causing them to face the challenge of what distinguishes evangelical scholarship from other to face the challenge of what distinguishes evangelical scholarship from other contemporary biblical or theological scholarship more acutely than for their contemporary biblical or theological scholarship more acutely than for their predecessors. predecessors.

67 George Rawlyck, Is Jesus your Personal Saviour?: In search of Canadian Evangelicalism 67 George Rawlyck, Is Jesus your Personal Saviour?: In search of Canadian Evangelicalism in the 1990s (Montreal & Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996), 47. Italics in the 1990s (Montreal & Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996), 47. Italics mine. mine.