Preservation News TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION May/June 2011

THE MEDALLIONMEDALLION Marshall’s Mystique Railroad, African American Legacies Shape Northeast Texas City’s Heritage

Sustainability Plays a Role in Historic Courthouse Preservation n Brownsville a Hotbed for Heritage Tourism Preservation news

THC Honors Book THC Announces Annual Award Winners Preservation Award Winners The T.R. Fehrenbach Book Award was presented to three Each year, the Texas Historical Commission (THC) presents prestigious awards to noteworthy authors at the THC’s notable individuals and organizations to emphasize outstanding contributions to annual conference. preserving Texas’ historic resources. The following people were recently honored at the 2011 Annual Historic Preservation Conference in Austin: William S. Clayson’s book ■ The Ruth Lester Lifetime has organized historical tours and Freedom is Not Achievement Award was presented helped to develop a heritage tourism Enough focuses to Jean Ann Ables-Flatt of Terrell. A project centered on the Butterfield on Texas in former THC commissioner, Ables- Overland Trail. the 1960s and Flatt also served for eight years as chair examines how of the Kaufman County Historical ■ The Award of Excellence President Lyndon Commission and is immediate past in Preserving History was presented Johnson’s War president of the Hiram Bennett to two recipients. Rudi Rodriguez on Poverty manifested itself in a Chapter of the Daughters of the of San Antonio has extensively state marked by racial division, Republic of Texas. researched Tejano history on diversity, and endemic poverty. www.TexasTejano.com, authored ■ The Curtis D. Tunnell Lifetime several books, and helped organize the Achievement Award in Archeology Hispanic Heritage Center of Texas. David was presented to Teddy Lou Stickney The Baylor Institute of Oral History Montejano’s of Midland. Stickney has been a provided training and outreach at Quixote’s Soldiers prominent avocational archeologist 24 statewide oral history workshops addresses the since she joined the Texas Archeological involving the THC’s Texas in World interaction Society in 1965. She helped launch War II initiative. among members what is now known as Texas Archeology of different social Month and is renowned for her work ■ The Award of Excellence in Media backgrounds in recording the state’s rock art. Achievement was presented to “The San Antonio’s Chicano community Shape of Texas,” a radio program during the turbulent and politically ■ The George Christian Outstanding produced by South Texas Public creative years of the late 1960s and Volunteer of the Year Award was Broadcasting that has aired more early 1970s. presented to Randy Riepe and Pastor than 520 episodes on Texas history Robert Robertson for their efforts in and architecture on 13 stations protecting and preserving the 1896 throughout Texas. Jaqueline M. College Memorial Park Cemetery, one Moore’s Cow of Houston’s largest historic African ■ The Award of Excellence in Boys and Cattle American cemeteries. Historic Architecture was presented to Men delves into Clayton&Little Architects of Austin. the new truths ■ The John L. Nau, III Award of One of the firm’s recent high-profile of the Old West Excellence in Museums was presented projects was restoring the Byrne-Reed by casting aside to San Angelo Museum of Fine Arts House in Austin, which serves as the romantic images Director Howard Taylor. The award headquarters for Humanities Texas. of cowboys through an analysis of recognizes Taylor’s 26 years of work the class, gender, and labor histories to preserve historic buildings, educate ■ The John Ben Shepperd of ranching in Texas during the and involve the community, and offer County Historical Commission second half of the 19th century. beneficial exhibits. Leadership Award was presented to Doug Braudaway of Del Rio. ■ The Anice B. Read Award of Braudaway has worked extensively Excellence in Community Heritage to document, preserve, and promote Development was presented to Robert local heritage for the Val Verde Montgomery of Denton. Montgomery County Historical Commission. H TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION www.thc.state.tx.us 2 Preservation Profile Challenging History THC Keynote Speaker Promotes Undertold Heritage with Slave Cabin Project

Joseph McGill, Jr., sleeps in slave happy part of the story, while the parts plantations and the history each cabins. It is not a comfortable that are shameful or less significant property holds. experience (physically or emotionally), become footnotes,” McGill said in These owners, like McGill, but he believes that in life, his keynote speech. “I recognize that without these structures, greater challenges bring decided to use all my the stories of enslaved African greater rewards. pent-up energy about this Americans are inevitably threatened McGill works as a not to complain, but to with dismissal or are forgotten. program officer with the do something. I became McGill’s visit to Texas brought home National Trust for Historic the voice of these for- the rarity of this building type within JPreservation’s Southern gotten buildings.” the statewide inventory of cultural and Field Office in Charleston, In anticipation of historic resources. South Carolina. Like many McGill’s arrival, THC staff “With this in mind, our challenge preservationists, his searched for standing is to find these important places free time is spent as an slave quarters in Texas and to accurately and eloquently tell advocate, heritage traveler, and to contribute to the collection of his these important stories,” says Bratten history junkie. experiences. Ravaged by weather and Thomason, director of the THC’s During the National Trust’s neglect, it appeared most of the slave History Programs Division. “The October 2010 conference in Austin, cabins on Texas plantations had been reward is establishing a connection to Texas Historical Commission (THC) demolished over time. However, two history that elevates our self-worth and staff attended McGill’s session about sites were identified and selected for respect for others.” his Slave Cabin Project. McGill has McGill’s March 2011 visit. For more information on McGill’s been sleeping in slave cabins in Days before his conference Slave Cabin Project and his experience South Carolina and Alabama to draw keynote address, McGill slept in two in Texas, visit the Statewide attention to these seldom-preserved significant examples of slave cabins Preservation Plan for Texas online at structures. During his site visits, in Texas––the Egypt Plantation in www.preservationconnection.com. This he engages host communities in Wharton County and the Seward website can also be used as a resource broader discussions about heritage, Plantation in Washington County. Both for sharing information about existing preservation, and culture, and what it plantations are owned and cared for by structures in Texas still tied to slavery. H means to save the real places that tell descendants of the original plantation the real stories. families. Hank and Peggy Ward, This article was written by Amy Hammons and McGill’s passion for connecting owners of the Seward Plantation, and Tracey Silverman, program committee co-chairs with history, experiencing the power Bud Northington, owner of the Egypt for the THC’s 2011 annual conference. of place, and sharing those stories Plantation, are deeply committed with a broader audience resonated to preserving their respective with the attendees’ collective preservation mission. As a result, he was asked to serve as keynote speaker for the THC’s 2011 Annual Historic Preservation Conference THC annual conference keynote in April. In addition to featuring the speaker Joseph important work associated with McGill spent the Slave Cabin Project, THC staff the night in determined it would be an opportunity this cabin on the Egypt Plantation for preservationists to discuss being northwest of more inclusive when telling their Houston as stories and preserving their resources. part of his Slave “Part of the problem, is that Cabin Project. we’ve been teaching people to tell the

May/June 2011 TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION 3 PROGRAM FOCUS

Conservation, Courthouses, Communities Sustainability Plays a Role in Historic Courthouse Preservation

Courthouse sustainability—an These systems, also called ground heating and cooling units or system oxymoron? How can old buildings so source heat pumps, use the earth’s controls, add “ductless” heating and steeped in the traditions and trappings constant temperature to heat air in cooling in place of window units, and of Western culture possibly adapt to winter and cool it in summer by re-roof with lighter-colored, reflective cutting-edge technology designed to circulating refrigerant through piping “cool” roofing. save the Earth’s resources? below ground. While the installation A few counties also made plans Some would argue we must throw cost can be somewhat higher than to add solar photovoltaic panels or the baby out with the bath-water by other types of systems, they are vegetated roofing to flat roofs behind sacrificing these community landmarks typically 40 percent more efficient parapets, out of view from street level. Cto reach our goals of a sustainable than many conventional systems, with Federal allotments and grants ranged future. Yet each completed restoration an expected longer lifespan. Since all from $23,000 in rural counties to more project throughout Texas proves exterior equipment is typically buried, than $500,000 in urban counties. otherwise by giving new life to down- courthouse squares retain a more Hamilton County took advantage towns and diverting thousands of tons pristine appearance, with uncluttered of both grant programs to fund a geo- of demolition waste from landfills. views of the building. exchange mechanical system for its With more than 10 years of restor- The federal American Recovery courthouse. “Timing was everything,” ation experience, the Texas Historical and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, explained County Judge Randy Mills Commission’s (THC) Texas Historic or Stimulus Act) funded hundreds of about the experience integrating Courthouse Preservation Program grants to cities and counties throughout the high-efficiency system into the (THCPP) continues to integrate Texas to improve energy efficiency. restoration project. modern systems and efficiency practices THC courthouse staff reviewed projects While the THCPP restoration into hundred-year-old structures to help for 30 historic courthouses to install grant funded the bulk of the $6.5 them last into the next century. new fluorescent or LED (light emitting million construction cost, a $40,000 A total of $227 million in state diode) light fixtures, replace centralized federal ARRA allotment helped match funding has been distributed to 82 counties to assist in courthouse preservation planning and construction projects. The number of fully restored courthouses will total 55 by the end of the year. “Recycling these landmarks involves much more than preserving pretty façades,” says THCPP Director Stan Graves. “We typically replace every mechanical, electrical, and plumbing system, plus improve accessibility, security, and sound issues, to give the county an efficient and comfortable place to do business.” Replacing outdated mechanical systems with high-efficiency ones has been a key component of grant projects since the THCPP began in 1999. Nearly 20 percent of courthouses restored by grant funding have used Above: Ground source heat pumps, typically 40 percent more efficient than traditional methods, were geo-exchange systems instead of more installed at the Trinity County Courthouse. Opposite page: Historic windows were repaired and upgraded conventional units. at the Hamilton County Courthouse. TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION www.thc.state.tx.us 4 Green Group The THC’s Sustainability Committee meets monthly to discuss agency-wide initiatives. Over the past two years, the committee has worked on a checklist of workplace issues to improve sustainable efforts through agency purchasing and other practices. The team recently began analyzing energy use in THC facilities, with the objective of developing ways to disseminate tips to staff, provide training opportunities on sustainable practices, and reduce energy use. The committee also designed a webpage, providing a place to view case studies, resources, and other information on THC facilities and historic sites along with the agency’s position statement on sustainability. To learn more, visit www.thc.state.tx.us/historicprop/hpsustain.shtml.

the additional cost of the geo-exchange Recently, the THC’s Architecture natural light and ventilation save system installation. Without assistance Division has begun developing energy costs, but their benefits in from both programs, the upgrade guidelines for solar film and interior improving workplace morale cannot be would not have been possible. storm windows to enhance energy overstated. Although the purchase of new conservation, while preserving these Sustainability rating systems, equipment is often the most defining features of historic buildings. such as the LEED® (Leadership in prominent feature of a restoration, Surprisingly, windows account for only Energy and Environmental Design) the most important aspects of 20 percent of energy loss in buildings, Rating System, reinforce many of the courthouse sustainability involve as compared to roof surfaces, which are same values held by preservationists, low-tech solutions. Many counties typically responsible for 40 percent of particularly in communities centered focus on maintaining, repairing, or heat exchange. on courthouse squares. As the focus of improving the building shell—which “Replacing windows made of development, courthouse restoration includes the roof, walls, windows, old-growth wood or hardy steel with bolsters walkable communities and and doors—as the first line of defense windows designed to last only 20 reduces sprawl by preserving sensitive in energy conservation. years does not make sense in the long outlying land where new justice centers Holes and cracks in the building run,” Graves says. “On the other hand, are often built. façade will defeat all efforts to maintain refurbishing existing windows preserves Once the courthouse has been comfortable indoor temperatures and hand-crafted glass and dwindling stabilized through restoration, a variety humidity. Restoration projects typically resources such as longleaf pine.” of businesses thrive on surrounding start by replacing mortar in masonry Graves adds that with proper blocks to serve employees and walls, cleaning surfaces, patching holes, maintenance—including repainting, visitors. Community connectivity and replacing broken elements. Adding replacing window putty, making is strengthened as the ripple effect weather stripping and caulking joints repairs, and caulking window openings improves commerce, safety, and overall at openings provides important seals on a regular basis—these windows attraction to residents and visitors. against outdoor air infiltration. should last for generations to come. “By measuring the combined To this end, a number of counties As modern suspended ceilings effect of state and local funding, our used the ARRA allotments to improve are removed during the restoration courthouse program has pumped existing window systems in historic process, courthouses fill with light more than $325 million into Texas courthouses. In addition to wood sash and space, a technique known as downtowns, while revitalizing buildings window repair, some counties installed daylighting. The transformation of that would otherwise be destined for high-quality solar film to reduce direct these dark and dingy spaces reminds the landfill,” Graves says. H sunlight and heat, or they added us of the value of daylight and access interior storm window panels to reduce to outside views—values also prized This article was written by Bess Althaus Graham of heat exchange and air infiltration. by environmentalists. Not only do the THC’s Architecture Division. May/June 2011 TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION 5 PROGRAM FOCUS

Brownsville: A Winning Combination of Preservation and Tourism

This Place Matters! Travel Matters! educating residents and strengthening volunteer research. The cemeteries Most Texas preservationists and travel the community’s preservation ethic. are sources of great community pride industry professionals recognize The preservation accomplishments and serve as vital links to the strength these phrases, and they likely in Brownsville are multi-faceted, from and determination of Brownsville’s have participated in the associated the iconic 1912 Cameron County early residents. In addition, Old City campaigns from the National Trust Courthouse to significant military sites Cemetery’s grounds and monuments, for Historic Preservation and National to diverse historic neighborhoods designated a Historic Texas Cemetery Travel and Tourism Week. These and cemeteries. In particular, the through the THC’s Cemetery initiatives raise awareness about 2007 courthouse restoration through Preservation Program, are maintained Tthe importance of preservation and the THC’s Texas Historic Courthouse through participation in the THC’s RIP tourism to local economies and Preservation Program reaffirms the Guardian program. community character. building’s emotional significance for In Brownsville, the benefits of Brownsville residents. Preservation Draws using preservation and tourism as an “I want to thank the First Lady for Heritage Tourists economic generator have merged into sponsoring this truly deserved award,” As a result of collective dedication an award-winning combination for said Sen. Eddie Lucio of Brownsville. and vision, preservation is palpable residents and visitors in this vibrant “The courthouse has a special place in Brownsville, which was designated South Texas city. This distinctive in my heart. I first worked there as a a Preserve America community in blend prompted the Texas Historical 24-year-old. What I saw then and see 2009. Creative local champions have Commission (THC), in partnership now is a beautiful building. It had been leveraged long-term preservation with the Office of the First Lady, to deteriorating, but thanks to the work of practices into an organized and recognize Brownsville with former county judges, numerous civic well-facilitated heritage tourism the 2011 First Lady’s Texas organizations, and the Texas Historical infrastructure. Treasures Award. Commission, it has been restored.” The Brownsville Historical This award, now in its Another local preservation success Association, in particular, has third year, honors Texas story is the renovation of the 1937 contributed 63 years of leadership communities demonstrating George Kraigher House, designed by in helping preserve Brownsville’s a high level of creativity and internationally renowned architect important historic settings. The group, ingenuity in identifying and Richard Neutra. Included on both along with the City of Brownsville preserving their authentic Preservation Texas’ and America’s and the Brownsville Community “sense of place.” Most Endangered Historic Places Improvement Corporation, partnered Awarded communities in 2004, the city worked with the to receive a $132,870 federal Preserve collaborate locally University of Texas at Brownsville and America grant in 2007 to develop a with preservation, Texas Southmost College (UTB/TSC) GIS-based interactive web application historical, and to save this modern jewel, allowing and place street-scene photo murals, cultural organizations students enrolled in the historic informational kiosks, and bilingual as well as city and building restoration program to receive signage at historically significant county offices. This hands-on preservation experience. resources. Self-guided walking and collaboration is Through this program, student driving tour brochures are available for manifested in wide- craftsmen have assisted with the six areas of town, and visitors can rent ranging participation rehabilitation of nearly a dozen historic an MP3 player for guided audio tours in THC programs, community and campus properties. of the cemetery, courthouse, Fort while continually In 2010, Brownsville’s Old City Brown, and other notable sites. Cemetery and Hebrew Cemetery With funding from a 2010 THC were listed in the National Register of Heritage Tourism Partnership Grant, Historic Places as a result of extensive UTB/TSC will debut a permanent

TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION www.thc.state.tx.us 6 Celebrate Preservation Month in May Spend a day in May celebrating Preservation Month and Texas Travel and Tourism Week with heritage events in First Lady’s Texas Treasures Award communities. For details about these activities and more, visit www.thc.state.tx.us.

Castroville • May 6 Fiorella Friday with heritage Opposite page: Brownsville’s Old City Cemetery greatly benefits from volunteers. Above: The food, artisans, and regional 1928 Southern Pacific Railroad Depot is among entertainment on historic Brownsville’s most-visited heritage attractions. Fiorella Street (Both photos courtesy Curtis Craven). At left: State, city, and THC officials attended the recent Georgetown • ceremony for Brownsville’s First Lady’s Texas May 6 Treasures Award. Celebration of the Arts and tours of the historic downtown square and courthouse every Saturday Fort Brown photo exhibit and furnishings from New Orleans while and Sunday iPod walking tour in May. These overlooking Texas’ last relic Sabal attractions will highlight the vitality palm forest. Mount Vernon • May 21 of an active university campus with These are a few of the dynamic Piney Woods Wine Festival and the preservation of fort structures, educational experiences awaiting “Silhouette Pictures and Antique earthworks, and the fort’s role in the in Brownsville. Why is all of this Cash Registers” exhibit at the 1846 Mexican-American War, Civil War, possible? Because, as Brownsville’s Firestation Museum and both World Wars. Historic Downtown District Director With imagination, companions, Peter Goodman says, “Nobody Nacogdoches • Fridays in May and perhaps one of the four maps should be condemned to grow up lunch and music in downtown available from the Convention and in a city without a past. The lives of square • May 7—historic building Visitors Bureau, Brownsville visitors our children will be enhanced if our loft tours should prepare to be vicariously historic structures are utilized and transported to dramatic moments in made available to the public.” San Marcos • May 7 and 8 Texas history. Meet the culturally and These words reflect the significant Craftsman Homes Tour, Heritage ethnically diverse characters from value Brownsville places on combining Association of San Marcos • early city settlement and the cattle- preservation with public engagement. May 21— Texas Natural & drive era, or witness the ravages of To hear more from Brownsville Western Swing Festival, courthouse yellow-fever epidemics in the historic preservationists and see additional square City Cemetery. Stroll and compare heritage sites, view the First Lady’s historic photo murals to the vibrant Texas Treasures Award video at Waxahachie • May 7 sights and sounds of contemporary www.thc.state.tx.us (available May 10).H Cinco de Mayo Fiesta with music, downtown street scenes. Listen for food, and crafts • May 27–June 5 the Rio Grande paddleboats shipping This article was written by April Garner of the THC’s Plein Air Paint-Out featuring Confederate cotton or bringing fine Community Heritage Development Division. artists in the downtown square

Rally in Brownsville To experience Brownsville’s appeal, visit the city on U.S. Travel and Tourism Week Rally Day (May 10). Events include the official premiere of the THC’s First Lady’s Texas Treasures Award video, free Rally Day tours (guided walks through historic districts, museums, cemeteries, and military sites), and a radio tour launch at Palmito Ranch Battlefield. Visit www.thc.state.tx.us/heritagetourism/htFLTTA.shtml for a detailed itinerary.

May/June 2011 TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION 7 travel texas

Southern Pacific Railroad and ride Marshall: to Marshall. The railroad brought money, settlers, and supplies to Marshall, All Aboard! making it one of the largest and wealthiest towns in East Texas, Railroad, African American Legacies Are Hubs according to the Handbook of Texas Online. By the 1870s, the of Northeast Texas City’s Heritage community boasted an impressive group of lawyers, political leaders, and educators, earning it the nickname “The Athens of Texas.” The railroad brought prosperity and growth to many This growth and prosperity prompted Harrison County Texas towns, but it delivered a different brand of cargo to officials to boldly bolster the city’s profile by offering the Marshall. Beyond the usual goods and services that nurtured Texas and Pacific Railway (T&P) a $300,000 bond subsidy a developing community, the railroad’s presence in Marshall in 1871 to locate its manufacturing shops and administrative played a role in a distinctively educated population and a offices in Marshall. T&P President Jay Gould accepted the lasting cultural legacy. offer, and the town received an immediate population and Marshall’s geographic location in far northeast Texas financial boost from the influx of railroad workers. provided a strategic connection to the region’s active The T&P’s extensive operations became known as the Tsteamboat traffic and emerging railroad lines from points Marshall shops, a 66-acre complex comprised of 57 buildings east. As early as 1858, steamboat passengers arriving at including a roundhouse, car shops, warehouse, and water Swanson’s Landing on the tower. The shops were responsible for all aspects of the T&P’s southern shores of nearby operations, from building and repairing locomotive parts, Caddo Lake could catch rail cars, and tracks to housing corporate offices for land a passenger train on the negotiations, charters, and contracts. “This was a large-scale operation that had a significant impact on Marshall and Harrison County,” said T&P Railway Museum spokesman Sam Cundiff. “In fact, at one point in time, nearly a third of the city’s workforce was employed by the railroad in some capacity.”

TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION www.thc.state.tx.us 8 Among these employees were African American freedmen, Opposite page: The Texas and Pacific many of whom congregated in the Railway transformed Marshall in the 1870s (photo: Marshall Depot, Inc.). railroad’s barrelhouses (warehouse Clockwise, from above: This significant facilities traditionally associated heritage is documented at the city’s with logging camps). Other African railroad museum; A former Carnegie Americans in Marshall were drawn Library is now an administration to educational opportunities, building at Wiley College; The restored courtroom of the 1901 Harrison particularly at Wiley College and, County Courthouse. later, Bishop College. Founded in 1873, Wiley College became the first African American college west of the Mississippi River In 1935, the Wiley College debate team defeated all-white certified by the Freedman’s Aid Society. It began offering reigning national champions, the University of Southern college-level classes in 1885, and has remained a community California. This unprecedented feat was the basis for the cornerstone ever since. fictionalized account in the 2007 film “The Great Debaters.” Wiley College flourished as a result of the large number The team was led by Melvin Tolson, a well-known civil rights of freedmen in Harrison County after Emancipation. Prior activist, poet, dramatist, and English professor at Wiley to the Civil War, the county had the most slaves in the state. College from 1924–47. According to the Handbook of Texas Online, “The census One debate team member who was mentored by of 1860 enumerated 8,784 slaves (59 percent of the total Tolson rose to national prominence during the civil rights population), 145 planters who owned at least 20 bondsmen, movement: James Farmer, Jr. co-founded the Congress and a cotton crop of 21,440 bales.” Coupled with the of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942. As the national burgeoning railroad industry and its need for cheap, manual organization’s chairman, he was a leader in the nonviolent labor, booming Marshall was a hub for African Americans civil disobedience movement of the 1960s and organizer of seeking employment and improved lives. the Freedom Rides in the South. In 1998, he was awarded Many freed slaves and their families created the Presidential Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. opportunities for themselves through education. An early One of Farmer’s early motivations for founding CORE was advocate for learning was Meshack Roberts, a freed slave Marshall’s segregated Paramount Theater, with its offending who served in the state legislature from 1873–78, until he side entrance for African Americans leading to the balcony. was forced from office by the rise of the white Citizens Party While the civil rights movement shook the entire of Harrison County. Though illiterate, one of Roberts’ main country, Marshall was an epicenter in Texas. In 1960, goals was to educate African Americans throughout Texas, lunch counter sit-ins at the segregated Woolworth’s and Fry and he helped in the founding of Wiley College. Hodge Drug Store were some of the largest in the state. The Another prominent champion of education in Marshall nonviolent protests were led by students from local African was Matthew Winfred Dogan, president of Wiley College American colleges (Wiley and Bishop)—the latter founded in from 1896–1942. During his tenure, the school expanded 1881 by the Baptist Home Mission Society. The sit-ins were and rose to national prominence. He was responsible for only partially successful following arrests and court cases. obtaining the Carnegie Foundation grant to build the public Rather than integrate, the downtown lunch counters closed Carnegie Library in 1907. and remained so until the 1990s. It was also during this time that one of the great That limited victory is representative of the challenging accomplishments in African American history occurred. African American history in Marshall, where slavery, Jim May/June 2011 TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION 9 Crow laws, and the fight for civil rights are recent enough that many in the city still deal with their difficult memories. This struggle is an important consideration for Janet Cook, executive director of the Harrison County Historical Museum, who is setting up the permanent exhibits to be housed in the newly restored Harrison County Courthouse. When the museum reopens later this year, the exhibits will follow a timeline of events, with African American history dates intertwined rather than set apart. Cook says there was discussion about a separate African American exhibit, but she acknowledges, “It’s a part of everyone’s history in Harrison County.” “Slavery is a difficult and sensitive subject to deal with,” Cook adds. “It’s a very dark period in our history, but it’s something we can’t just ignore. It’s especially important in Harrison County because after slavery, things like Wiley College and music helped bring us to the place we are today.” Music, in particular, has become a focal point for Marshall’s current cultural heritage, especially its role in the development of the boogie woogie genre (see sidebar on page 13). This barrelhouse-style piano music is honored in the Visitors Bureau (213 W. Austin St. or city’s official campaign titled Marshall, Texas: The Birthplace call 903.935.7868). of Boogie Woogie. A palpable energy surrounds this recent Regardless of your area of historical heritage discovery, and its resultant concerts bring together interest, the best place to start a heritage- people of all ethnicities and ages. themed journey in Marshall is the stately “I grew up in Marshall, and I’d always heard about the Harrison County Courthouse (Houston thriving African American music scene that was here until Street and North Washington Avenue, Prohibition,” recalls Jack Canson, co-director of Marshall, 903.935.8417). Serving as the town’s visual Texas: The Birthplace of Boogie Woogie. “There hasn’t been and visceral centerpiece, the courthouse much news about it since then, but we’re hoping to bring was restored in 2009 through the Texas it back.” Historical Commission’s (THC) Texas Canson is grateful of the surviving legacy, saying, “If Historic Courthouse Preservation Program. there wasn’t so much rich The Neo- African American heritage Classical Beaux Arts style building around here, I’m not sure was constructed in 1901 of corn we’d even be able to pull off yellow brick and carved Lueders this boogie woogie thing.” limestone, with remarkable architectural elements such as colossal pink granite columns Marshall Matters adorned with terra cotta capitals, For heritage travelers, the eagles along the edge of the roof best way to get immersed line, Lady Justice atop a beautifully in Marshall’s rich African restored cupola, and recreated American legacy is through and restored ornamental finishes an educational driving tour, throughout the building. guided by the informative Although the Harrison County Buard History Trail brochure. The brochure offers a Historical Museum is currently being installed in several comprehensive timeline, detailed maps, historic photos, and wings of the courthouse, visitors are still encouraged to insightful background about more than 30 sites related to explore the building to experience its rich history and hand- the history of African Americans in Marshall. Corresponding crafted detailing. As museum director Cook notes, “The markers are installed at most of these locations, which structure itself is our county’s greatest artifact.” include Wiley College, the site of Bishop College, the Similarly significant is the Texas and Pacific Paramount Theater, and the Old Powder Mill Cemetery. Railway Museum and Depot (800 N. Washington Ave., Free copies of the Buard History Trail with an accompanying 903.938.8248, www.marshalldepot.org). All that remains audio CD are available from the Marshall Convention and of the once-vast T&P Railway yards is the historic 1912 TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION www.thc.state.tx.us 10 depot; however, this prominent red-brick building aptly represents the extensive operations that had a significant cultural and developmental impact on Marshall. To get to the museum, visitors must pass through a tunnel below the still-active Amtrak line and enter the depot, where an impressive collection of railroad artifacts awaits. Items include Making the Starr memorabilia from early passenger trains, exhibits detailing Family Home Shine the large-scale manufacturing functions at the shops, and hands-on displays including a model train and pull whistle. The Starr Family Home, one of the Just south of the depot is Marshall’s downtown THC’s 20 historic sites, is among commercial district, containing a diverse mix of shops, Marshall’s most-visited heritage restaurants, and businesses in restored historic buildings tourism attractions. However, that have benefitted from participation in the THC’s Texas the stately 1871 Victorian home, Main Street Program. Among the most-visited sites is the Maplecroft, is currently closed for 1898 Weisman Building (211 North Washington Ave., much-needed preservation work, 903.934.8836), which operated for more than a century as including minor structural repair, a department store until closing in 1989. After an extensive addition of central air conditioning, rehabilitation, the Weisman Center carpentry repairs, and exterior now houses a café and a collection repainting. The site will reopen by of merchants offering antiques, December 1, 2011. pottery, art, and furniture. While work is proceeding at While downtown, consider Maplecroft, site staff is repairing and visiting another popular cultural repainting the remaining structures on attraction—the Michelson the 3.2-acre site that have hosted four Museum of Art (216 North generations of Starr family history. Bolivar St., 903.935.9480, “It’s a lot of work to paint all these www.michelsonmuseum.org), buildings and carefully handle all the featuring a colorful collection artifacts—especially the Maplecroft of paintings and drawings by mansion,” says MaryLin Hocutt, Russian-American artist Leo the site’s office manager. “People in Michelson (1887–1978). Since opening in 1985, the museum Marshall keep calling to see if we’re has expanded its collection open because we host so many events Clockwise, from top: The 1918 Thirkield Hall sits to include early 20th-century throughout the year. I tell them it’ll be prominently on Wiley College campus; Powder awhile, but it will definitely be worth it Mill Cemetery is on the Buard History Trail; The American art and international Harrison County Historical Museum will feature objects such as African masks and when everything’s completed.” cultural exhibits inside the courthouse. On the Chinese opera puppets. In the meantime, Hocutt notes cover: The 1901 Harrison County Courthouse. A few miles from downtown that site staff is available to provide is the historic campus of Wiley off-site programs to school groups College (711 Wiley Ave., 903.923.2400, www.wileyc.edu). Founded in 1873, and community organizations. the oldest African American college in the western United States remains an For more information, contact the important educational institution and boasts several historically significant site at 903.935.3044 or email structures. Among them are the distinguished former Carnegie Library now [email protected]. housing the Willis J. King Administration Building, the 1905 President’s Home, and the 1918 Thirkield Hall. An Official Texas Historical Marker near the President’s Home chronicles the real stories of Wiley College’s notable history. For additional information about heritage tourism destinations The Starr Family Home’s in Marshall and East Texas, order a free copy of the THC’s Texas Blake House is receiving Forest Trail Region travel guide by calling 866.276.6219 or visiting a fresh coat of paint. www.thc.state.tx.us/travel. Regional attractions are also featured in the THC’s free travel booklet African Americans in Texas: A Lasting Legacy, available via the same phone number or www.africanamericansintexas.com. H

This article was written by Rob Hodges and Andy Rhodes of the THC’s Marketing Communications Division. Photos by Andy Rhodes. May/June 2011 TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION 11 Piece of history

The Boogie Woogie Man Omar Sharriff Brings Musical Legacy Back Home

David Alexander Elam’s momma didn’t like Ray Charles, Albert Collins, and into an open window at the school and want the devil’s music in her house. Buddy Guy. He toured in Europe play the piano in there,” he says. But when she wasn’t there, Elam’s and earned a living as a respected As a student at Pemberton High father would raise a little hell with his pianist in California before an School, Sharriff attended a show by friends, some instruments, and plenty unexpected invitation in 2010 nationally renowned piano player of corn liquor. As a young boy in brought him back home to East Texas, Floyd Dixon, a Marshall native. He Marshall, Elam was mesmerized by the where he now serves as Marshall’s refers to the concert as a significant music they played, which didn’t seem cultural ambassador. turning point in his life. “I decided to be the work of the devil at all. It was “When I first heard about Marshall right then and there—That’s it, I want Dinspirational. And it stuck with him. wanting me to come back, I thought to do that,” he says. Dixon helped “My dad threw some wild parties, it was a joke,” he says. Instead, Sharriff get started in the music man—he and his friends would Sharriff found a welcoming business by suggesting influential create their own fun,” says Elam, community that has benefitted from albums by Art Tatum and Thelonious who now goes by the name Omar a newfound musical legacy and Monk and introducing him to club Sharriff. “They’d play boogie woogie decades of racial tolerance. owners in nearby Shreveport, and old blues music like Robert Life was considerably Texarkana, and Tyler. Johnson and Muddy Waters. I’d different for Sharriff while By 1955, however, racism had go to school the next day and growing up in Marshall. Born in become an inescapable threat. After try to play it on the piano.” 1938, he brawled with white witnessing a black man get beaten in Decades later, Sharriff kids in the street, attended downtown Marshall while policemen would share the stage with a segregated school, sat by idly smoking cigarettes, he and Waters himself, among and entered buildings his family fled to California. Sharriff other legendary musicians through a separate served in the Navy for two years and doorway. His home moved to Oakland, where he began his life was relatively journey as a professional musician. stable thanks to his Sharriff recalls a seminal father, who worked experience while playing a gig at San for a logging company Francisco’s Minny’s Can-Do Club, as a mule skinner (the where a bar patron was observing him man who handled a with keen interest. After the show, he mule team), and his approached Sharriff, expressed his church-minded mother, admiration, and asked him to call if who he describes as he wanted to play at the city’s highest- Christ-like. profile venues. Though suspicious of Sharriff recalls his the man’s intentions, Sharriff ultimately elementary school music teacher made contact and was humbled to Ella Mae Willis providing his discover he was speaking with famous first piano lesson, which was concert promoter Bill Graham. inspiring yet frustrating, since “He booked me as an opener he was unable to practice for Bob Dylan and got me into the without a piano in his Winterland ballroom—that was the home. “When I wanted to greatest thing that ever happened to play, I’d have to climb me.” Sharriff says. “San Francisco was great, man. That city was like a Omar Sharriff plays boogie woogie piano music in his hometown of Marshall, where he recently returned to be beautiful woman—I just loved that the city’s cultural ambassador. whole scene.” TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION www.thc.state.tx.us 12 his given name Tennison convinced Sharriff his (Dave Alexander) intentions were legitimate, and before converting Sharriff was welcomed home on to Islam, when June 10, 2010 for a celebratory he took the concert as part of Omar Sharriff Day. name Omar In February 2011, he permanently Sharriff. By moved back to Marshall, where he the 1980s receives a small stipend and an and ‘90s, he apartment from the city while serving was playing as an artist in residence. primarily in the “I don’t have to worry about Omar Sharriff (at left) and Muddy Waters shared the stage and an enduring San Francisco any of the bad stuff here anymore— friendship in the early 1970s. Bay area and time has taken care of it. God bless eventually in time,” Sharriff says. “Everybody’s For most of the 1960s and ’70s, Sacramento, though the proliferation been so nice to me. I wouldn’t have Sharriff toured regularly along the of club DJs and a decline in believed it if someone told me in West Coast, and, most memorably appreciation for blues-based piano 1955 that one day there’d be an across Europe where he was mobbed left him disillusioned. Omar Sharriff Day in Marshall. It’s a by autograph-seeking fans who When Sharriff received a phone different world, man.”H “made (him) feel like the president of call from Texas musicologist John the United States.” He also released Tennison in January 2010, he was This article was written by Andy Rhodes, several albums during this time under struggling to make ends meet. managing editor of The Medallion.

Tracking Marshall’s Musical Origins So, just how did Marshall become known as the birthplace of boogie woogie? It all started with Texarkana native John Tennison, a San Antonio psychiatrist and boogie woogie expert who extensively researched the genre’s beginnings and arrived at what he refers to as “the most probable conclusion” of Marshall being its city of origin. A compelling convergence of forces in Marshall—primarily involving the state’s largest population of freedmen and the headquarters of the Texas and Pacific Railway—led Tennison to theorize boogie woogie likely originated in the barrelhouses associated with the logging camps on the railroad line. The steady rhythm of the steam wheels (the repetitive sound of four chuffs per turn that translates to an eight-to-the-bar meter) created an ostinato tempo that was simulated with the left-handed bass part of boogie woogie piano music. “We imitate our environment, so when something gets in our head with a pattern like that, we tend to replicate it in a physical manifestation—in this case, the piano,” Tennison says. He adds that his “meta-analysis” is based on reconcilable sources, including oral histories, interviews, and documentation by music historians he is compiling for a book. His thorough research has impressed many entities, resulting in official proclamations and promotion by Texas’ State Historian Light Cummins, the City of Marshall, and National Public Radio. Jack and Nancy Canson, co-directors of the city-sponsored initiative Marshall, Texas, the Birthplace of Boogie Woogie, are enthusiastic about Tennison’s work and have already witnessed its impact on their community. “People in town are hearing about it, reading about it, and talking about it,” Nancy says. “When you mention Omar Sharriff’s name, they say ‘Oh yeah—the boogie woogie man!’ ” The Cansons have organized Boogie Woogie Wednesdays—weekly concerts in the historic down- town district—and other performances to help promote Marshall’s newfound cultural legacy (visit www.boogiewoogiemarshall.com for more information). For details about Tennison’s extensive research, visit www.bowofo.org.

May/June 2011 TEXASTEXAS HISTORICALHISTORICAL COMMISSIONCOMMISSION 13 Site spotlight Legendary Landmark Castroville Historic Site Hosted Travelers and a Pioneering Mill System

Motorists traveling through Castroville Road; over time, it became known as tunnel known as a headrace, which on U.S. Hwy. 90 might catch a glimpse Vance Inn. channeled water from the dam to the of a cluster of historic structures In 1861, Vance built a house mill,” explains José Zapata, Landmark and wonder what they represent. If between the inn and the Medina River, Inn site manager. “Underground they stopped, they would find that which served as his residence until headraces were extremely rare, the limestone buildings contain his death in 1899. especially one this compelling stories from centuries past, Vance also constructed long and dug with connections to early settlers and a bathhouse in the entirely by hand.” Minnovative milling techniques. courtyard, which Zapata adds that The structures comprise the provided the only a 45-foot long bypass Landmark Inn State Historic Site, one man-made bathing tunnel on the east of the Texas Historical Commission’s facility between San side of the headrace (THC) 20 historic properties. Situated Antonio and Eagle Pass diverted and regulated on the west bank of the Medina River, at the time. water flow and also Landmark Inn tells the real stories In 1854, Vance helped remove debris. of the region’s early settlers and sold frontage property Water then moved significant buildings. along the Medina from the headrace into The center of the site’s activity River to George L. the mill pit, a stone is the namesake inn. Constructed in Haass and Laurent structure that by the 1849 by French-Alsatian immigrant Quintle to build early 20th century Cesar Monod, the structure was built a gristmill. To contained a working Landmark Inn exhibits showcase with a rear-detached kitchen and was harness the river’s the site’s former role as an important steel turbine. The force originally used as a home and a dry water power, regional mill. of the water surging goods store. In 1850, John Vance Haass and Quintle from the headrace into purchased the building and enlarged it constructed a 250-foot the mill pit turned the turbine, which by adding a second story and a two- long, 8-foot high dam. To this day, the was connected by a series of belts and tiered porch. Vance original dam spans the Medina River. pulleys to machinery inside the mill. opened the site to At the west end of the dam was a The water then exited the mill pit and weary travelers water-flow entry gate, which included a rejoined the the river downstream. on the adjacent lifting mechanism similar in operation “The entire system used to power San Antonio- to a car jack. A long metal bar was the the mill was a tremendous engineering El Paso “handle,” and the gate slid vertically feat for its time,” Zapata says. “We into a slot. When the mill was in encourage people to get out of their operation, the gate would be opened, cars and visit the site to get a first- and water flowed from the dam into hand look at the history of this the first stage of the site’s pioneering impressive operation.” H mill operation. “One of the most interesting This article was written by Thomas Kroemer of the features of the mill is a 400-foot long Landmark Inn staff.

Landmark Inn State Historic Site 402 E. Florence St. in Castroville 830.931.2133 • www.visitlandmarkinn.com Open daily, 8 a.m.–5 p.m.

www.thc.state.tx.us 14 program focus

Preservation Connection: Texas Statewide Historic Preservation Plan Every 10 years, the Texas Historical Commission (THC) develops a Statewide Historic Preservation Plan. It’s a collaborative process and one of our key respon- sibilities as a State Historic Preser- vation Office under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. This new plan as an opportunity to lay a pathway, or perhaps blaze a trail, for Texans to preserve, protect, and leverage our historic and The THC’s goal is for the 2011-2020 Texas Statewide Historic Preservation Plan to be a living, growing tool for preservation cultural fabric for across the state. As a way to communicate this message, we created a visual representation, the Preservation Plan Tree, to facilitate understanding and interacting with the plan’s main elements. the betterment of our communities statewide. The Historic and Cultural 30,000 contributing buildings Developing the Plan Fabric of Texas and structures. ■ 15,000 Official Texas Historical The THC designed a planning Texas embraces a vast collection of Markers that interpret and process for preservationists across historic and cultural resources. A promote history. Texas to develop this plan from the quick glance reveals Hispanic ranches, ■ 3,600 Recorded Texas ground up. Stakeholders were maritime vessels, bungalow neighbor- Historic Landmarks. offered a variety of ways to be hoods, prehistoric Native American ■ 1,400 officially designated involved and stay informed, including: rock art, mid-century hotels, slave Historic Texas Cemeteries. ■ An online public preservation cemeteries, farmsteads, iron truss ■ 235 historic courthouses that survey in early 2010, which drew bridges, and urban parks. These are just can serve as the focal point of 1,089 respondents. The results a few examples of the countless real their counties. provided a snapshot of local and places that tell the real stories of Texas. ■ 3,000 State Archeological Land- statewide preservation strengths, Our current statewide historic marks, which apply legal protection in issues, challenges, and opportunities. resources inventory contains written accordance with the Antiquities Code ■ More than 100 people contributed information, photographs, and neg- of Texas. to the vision for preservation. atives chronicling more than 225,000 In addition, thousands of historic ■ Nine communities hosted state- sites in Texas. Among these are: places are inventoried in the Texas wide planning forums during summer ■ 3,000 buildings, districts, archeo- Historic Sites Atlas and at the local 2010. More than 250 stakeholders logical sites, structures, and objects level, many of which are designated

cut and save offered feedback on the plan, shared listed in the National Register of Historic as community landmarks and historic local success stories, and developed Places. Of these listings, 350 are districts. Countless historic places community applications. historic districts containing more than remain unidentified throughout the state.

May/June 2011 TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION 15 Goals Connect to the Plan Today! The following eight goals represent Visit www.preservationconnection.com and help shape the future of the measurable, positive change that preservation in Texas. Here are some easy ways to be a partner on we, as a preservation community, this journey: want to achieve over the next 10 ■ Cut out this summary for easy reference. Make copies for members years. We have provided examples of of your organization, family, friends, and colleagues. success stories after each goal that ■ demonstrate how partners across Visit the plan online at www.preservationconnection.com and join the preservation network. Texas are already accomplishing ■ the plan. Visit our website at Share your local success stories that connect to this online plan. www.preservationconnection.com These case studies will help build the plan into a dynamic information tool. to learn more about these projects ■ and discover additional outcomes, Use the vision and goals of this plan as a framework for your case studies, and local applications. own local preservation planning, and customize strategies for your community or organization. Goal 1: Survey and Online Inventory proactively address neglect in Goal 6: Connect Preservation Texans undertake a comprehensive its built environment, much of to Related Fields survey of the state’s diverse historic which is historic. The ordinance Preservation is connected and and cultural resources resulting in a encourages rehabilitation and integrated into related fields and publicly accessible online inventory. requires property owners to register activities, building a broader, stronger, ■ The Austin Historical Web Survey vacant buildings with the city and and more diverse community. is a collaboration between the keep them well maintained. ■ Galveston Historical Foundation’s University of Texas at Austin and the Green Revival uses a 19th-century City of Austin to develop an online Goal 4: Leverage Economic historic home as a model to interactive tool for volunteer-driven Development Tools demonstrate the connection between historic resource surveys. It brings Communities leverage preservation- green and sustainable building together citizens’ local knowledge based and traditional economic practices and historic preservation. with the expertise of preservation development tools to revitalize professionals to improve historic historic areas. Goal 7: Cultivate Political survey information. ■ The Brewster County Historical Commitment Commission, with local partnerships, Political commitment is cultivated Goal 2: Emphasize has used county hotel/motel tax for historic preservation. Cultural Landscapes revenue to research, design, and ■ Tom Green County Historical Preservation practices are enhanced fabricate interpretive signage Commission has developed ongoing by emphasizing cultural landscapes. promoting the story of the positive relationships with its ■ The San Antonio Conservation county’s heritage, culture, and elected officials through consistent Society has spearheaded a survey natural attractions. communication, engagement in local and educational campaign for historic projects, and connecting with their farms and ranches in Bexar County. Goal 5: Learn and Experience personal interest in local history. Members have documented more than History through Place 80 sites and are working with property Texas residents and guests learn Goal 8: Build Capacity of the owners and preservation groups to and experience the state’s diverse Preservation Community protect the historic rural character of history through formal education, The existing preservation community South Texas and the Hill Country. recreation, and everyday interactions develops its capacity to function more with historic places. effectively and efficiently. Goal 3: Implement Policies ■ Brownsville-21, a Preserve ■ Preservation Texas hosts a and Incentives America-funded project of the Preservation Summit every two years Cities, counties, and the state Brownsville Historical Association, as a forum to identify issues related implement preservation policies includes multi-media materials, to the preservation of the historic and incentives to effectively manage bilingual walking and driving tours, built environment, develop strategic historic assets. information kiosks, and photomurals approaches and solutions to the ■ The City of El Paso adopted for historic locations throughout issues, and cultivate partnerships a vacant buildings ordinance to the city. across the state. H

TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION www.thc.state.tx.us 16 news in brief

Hearne Celebrates THC Cemetery Depot Restoration Program On April 9, residents Recognized by of Hearne, a Preserve White House America community in The Texas Historical Central Texas, celebrated Commission’s (THC) the grand reopening of its RIP (Record, Investigate, historic train depot. Protect) Guardian Built in 1901 and restored program was recently under a Texas Department recognized by First of Transportation- Lady Michelle Obama administered TEA-21 as a Preserve America grant, the venerable Steward. This designation structure serviced features programs that passengers at the have demonstrated intersection of the a successful use of International & Great volunteer time and Northern and Houston & commitment to help Texas Central Railroads, care for the nation’s then the Missouri historic heritage. The Pacific and Southern The 1901 railroad depot in Hearne, a Preserve America community, was recently restored RIP Guardian program (with correct lettering). A reopening celebration was held on April 9. Pacific Railroads. The was one of only 21 restored depot, moved groups throughout the to its current location in country to receive this 2001, is now filled with railroad artifacts show you how the soldiers who protected national acknowledgment. and memorabilia, Robertson County America’s frontier settlements, patrolled The RIP Guardian statewide network historical exhibits, and antiques from the region, and quelled hostile threats in of cemetery preservation volunteers is local retail stores. the area, lived.” dedicated to protecting historic burial For more information, visit The National Trust has annually grounds in Texas. There are currently 73 www.hearnetexas.info or call selected communities across America RIP Guardian groups throughout the 979.279.2351. for 11 years that offer cultural and state. The first step toward becoming a recreational experiences different from RIP Guardian is to obtain the Historic National Trust Names those found at the typical vacation Texas Cemetery (HTC) designation, San Angelo a Distinctive destination. For more information about which addresses the problem of cemetery Destination the program and the National Trust, destruction by recording as many The National Trust for Historic visit www.preservationnation.org. graveyards as possible. Preservation (NTHP) named the West The program has enabled the official Texas community of San Angelo as one Historic Sites Free Day designation of more than 1,500 historic of its Dozen Distinctive Destinations for to Be Held May 15 cemeteries in 254 counties. Together the 2011. The city was selected for its diverse The THC is hosting its annual Historic HTC designation and RIP Guardian heritage connections, well-preserved and Sites Free Day on Sunday, May 15 at network help preserve and promote vibrant downtown, and “truly unique most of its 20 historic properties (several the real stories of Texas as part of the cultural offerings.” are currently undergoing extensive Cemetery Preservation Program offered In its Distinctive Destinations rehabilitation projects). The sites offer by the THC. summary, the NTHP offers the following visitors the opportunity to experience To learn more about the RIP description of the city: “From its historic Texas’ real stories at military strongholds, Guardians and the HTC designation, murals to celebrated staged gun fights, house museums, and Native American contact the THC’s History Programs San Angelo quite literally brings history settlements. For a complete list of Division at 512.463.5853. For alive for visitors. At historic Fort Concho, properties participating in Historic Sites more information on the Preserve established in 1867, you can step back Free Day, call 512.463.7948 or visit America Stewards program, visit in time with modern-day reenactors who www.texashistoricsites.com. www.preserveamerica.gov. H

May/June 2011 TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION 17 News in brief

National Register News The National Register of Historic Places is the country’s official list of cultural resources deemed worthy of preservation, including more than 3,000 listings in Texas. The following recently listed historic properties represent the real stories reflecting Texas’ cultural heritage.

Park Road 4 Historic District— Burnet, Burnet County Park Road 4 serves as the entry to Longhorn Cavern State Park, and was designed by the National Park Service (NPS) and Texas State Park Board as a scenic park road, with native landscaping, native stone, and scenic views. The state park, which is included in the district, was one of the first Texas parks to be constructed under the federal relief programs of the New Deal, and is an exceptional example of design and execution in its time. Most Photo by Elizabeth Butman of the construction of the park and park road, which took place from the early 1930s through the 1940s, was accomplished by the Civilian Conservation Corps, with some work by the Works Progress Administration. The district, encompassing the road and park, is a distinctive example of NPS’ state park development in Texas, and of Civilian Conservation Corps construction in Texas.

Blessing Masonic Lodge No. 411—Blessing, Matagorda County Blessing Masonic Lodge has been in continuous use as a Masonic meeting hall since its construction in the community of Deming’s Bridge, circa 1875. It was moved several miles to its current location in the town of Blessing in 1907. An excellent example of a late 19th-century vernacular civic building, the lodge was listed in the National Register in the area of Social History, for its important role in the history of the local Masonic chapter, founded in 1874. The two-story wood-framed building features the traditional Masonic symbol of the “Square, Compasses, and Letter G” on its clipped gable. Both floors have largely open plans, with the upper floor used for private lodge meetings, and the lower floor used as a cafeteria and general gathering place.

Photo by Kristen Brown Other recent National register listings include Matagorda County’s Holman House (Bay City) and Travis County’s Norwood Tower (Austin).

TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION www.thc.state.tx.us 18 County Historical Commission TIPS& TOOLS The Medallion is published bimonthly by the Texas Historical Commission. Address correspondence to: Managing Editor, The Medallion, P.O. Box 12276, Austin, TX 78711-2276. Portions of the newsletter that are not copyrighted or reprinted from other sources may be reprinted with permission. Contributions for the support of this publication are gratefully accepted. For information about alternate formats of this publication, contact the THC at 512.463.6255.

Texas Historical Commission Commissioners: Jon T. Hansen, Chair David A. Gravelle, Vice Chair Diane D. Bumpas, Secretary Thomas E. Alexander Steven L. Highlander Earl Broussard Jr. Sarita A. Hixon Donna D. Carter Sheri S. Krause A. Mario Castillo Gilbert E. Peterson Leslie “Kirk” Courson Thomas R. Phillips Former Cameron CHC Chair Lawrence Lof (left) with his crew in front of the Kraigher House. John W. Crain Nancy M. Steves Lisa A. Hembry Marcus W. Watson Commissioner Emeritus: T. R. Fehrenbach Executive Director: Mark Wolfe The recipient of the First Lady’s Texas the curriculum at the University Medallion Staff: Treasures Award has traditionally of Texas at Brownsville/Texas Heather McBride Director of Marketing fostered strong ties with its local Southmost College. Barbara Putrino Editor Andy Rhodes Managing Editor County Historical Commission The program, which connects Judy Jensen Senior Graphic Designer (CHC). This year’s winner, the City of university students to the community Gina Milligan Graphic Designer Brownsville (see article on page 6), is through practice and service, is a ISSN 0890-7595 Tno exception. result of the experience of former Vol. 48, No. 5–6 The Cameron CHC has received Cameron CHC Chair Lawrence Lof, www.thc.state.tx.us [email protected] the Texas Historical Commission’s now the director of the Historic The Medallion is financed in part by a grant (THC) Distinguished Service Award Rehabilitation Program. Students from the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. All of the agency’s for the last eight years and, along enrolled in this program receive public programs and activities are operated with local preservation partners, hands-on experience in construction free from discrimination on the basis of race, has invested time and money to and in historic preservation. color, national origin, age, gender or disability. Any person who believes he or she has been save the real places that make the Students make a substantial discriminated against should write to Office area unique. These projects use contribution to their community of Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC 20240. national preservation standards while learning skills that in many for rehabilitation (repairing historic areas are unavailable. Additionally, The Medallion is available online at www.thc. material rather than replacing, using they work on the county’s significant state.tx.us/medallionmag/mddefault.shtml. If you would prefer to receive The Medallion construction details specific to cultural and historic resources, electronically instead of through the mail, the resource, etc.) to revitalize the including the Alonso Complex, the please send your name and address to [email protected]. You will be notified by historic fabric of Cameron County. Cueto Building, and the Fort Brown email when each new issue is available on the An impressive aspect of this Cavalry Building and Commander’s THC web site and will no longer receive a preservation partnership is the House. Most notably, students printed copy. resulting technical education. One worked on the Kraigher House, Our Mission successful local initiative, the Historic built in 1937 by famous Vienna To protect and preserve Rehabilitation Program, promotes architect Richard Neutra, known for the state’s historic and prehistoric preservation and restoration introducing the International Style to resources for the use, education, construction training as part of American architecture. H enjoyment, and economic benefit of present and future generations.

May/June 2011 TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION 19 The Medallion Texas Historical Commission PRESORTED STANDARD P.O. Box 12276 U.S. POSTAGE PAID Austin, TX 78711-2276 AUSTIN, TX PERMIT NO. 1938

where on earth...in texas

Where on Earth? You tell us! Write to the Texas Historical Commission, P.O. Box 12276, Austin, TX 78711-2276. You also may fax your answer to 512.463.6374 or email it to [email protected]. The first three people who correctly guess the site will be named with the answer in the July/August issue of The Medallion. The first correct mail answer will be counted, even if correct emails and faxes arrive first. WWant a clue? Erected in 1914 for a German singing society, this structure hosted concerts and festivals in this Texas Independence Trail community.

Answer to the photo from the last issue: The Texan Theater is in down- town Kilgore. It opened in 1942 and served as a movie house, catfish restaurant, and storage facility before its recent rehabilitation to a performance venue.

Congratulations to the first three readers who submitted the correct answer: Gerald Bratz of Longview, Liz Hedges of Carthage, and Cyndi Walker of Henderson. They will receive prizes from our Texas Heritage Trails Program, the THC’s regional tourism initiative, as a token of our appreciation for taking part in the fun. Thanks to all participants! H

POSITION ONLY

Cert no. BV-COC-080319 www.thc.state.tx.us