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THE MEKONG RIVER COMMISSION SECRETARIAT

Flood Risk Assessment in the Nam Mae Kok basin, Thailand

The Flood Management and Mitigation Programme, Component 2: Structural Measures & Flood Proofing in the Lower Mekong Basin

December 2009 Draft Final Report, Volume 6A

  • HASKONING NEDERLAND B.V.
  • UNESCO IHE

Guide to the reporting structure of the Flood Management and Mitigation Programme - Component 2, Structural Measures and Flood Proofing

Component 2 on Structural Measures and Flood Proofing of the Mekong River Commission's Flood Management and Mitigation Programme was implemented from September 2007 till January 2010 under a consultancy services contract between MRCS and Royal Haskoning in association with Deltares and Unesco-IHE. The Implementation was in three Stages, an Inception Phase, and two implementation Stages. During each stage a series of outputs were delivered and discussed with the MRC, the National Mekong Committees and line agencies of the four MRC member countries. A part of Component 2 - on 'Roads and Floods' - was implemented by the Delft Cluster under a separate contract with MRC.

The consultancy services contract for Component 2 specifies in general terms that, in addition to a Final Report, four main products are to be delivered. Hence, the reports produced at the end of Component 2 are structured as follows:

  • Volume 1
  • Final Report

Volume 2

Volume 2A Volume 2B Volume 2C Volume 2D

Characteristics of Flooding in the Lower Mekong Basin:

Hydrological and Flood Hazard in the Lower Mekong Basin; Hydrological and Flood Hazard in Focal Areas; Flood Damages, Benefits and Flood Risk in Focal Areas, and Strategic Directions for Integrated Flood Risk management in Focal Areas.

Volume 3

Volume 3A Volume 3B

Best Practice Guidelines for Integrated Flood Risk Management

Best Practice Guidelines for Flood Risk Assessment; Best Practice Guidelines for Integrated Flood Risk Management Planning and Impact Evaluation;
Volume 3C Volume 3D
Best Practice Guidelines for Structural Measures and Flood Proofing; Best Practice Guidelines for Integrated Flood Risk Management in Basin Development Planning, and

  • Volume 3E
  • Best Practice Guidelines for the Integrated Planning and Design of

Economically Sound and Environmentally Friendly Roads in the Mekong Floodplains of Cambodia and Vietnam1

Volume 4 Volume 5
Project development and Implementation Plan Capacity Building and Training Plan
Demonstration Projects

Component 2 prepared five Demonstration Projects which have been reported separate from the main products:

Volume 6A Volume 6B
Flood Risk Assessment in the Nam Mae Kok basin, Thailand; Integrated Flood Risk Management Plan for the Lower Xe Bangfai basin, Lao PDR;

  • Volume 6C
  • Integrated Flood Risk Management Plan for the West Bassac area,

Cambodia;
Volume 6D Volume 6E
Flood Protection Criteria for the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Flood Risk Management in the Border Zone between Cambodia and Vietnam

The underlying report is Volume 6A of the above series.

1

Developed by the Delft Cluster
MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 2: Structural Measures and Flood Proofing

Summary

This report presents the findings of the FMMP-C2 Demonstration Project that aims to assist Thailand in Flood Risk Assessment in the Nam Mae Kok basin in Chieng Rai province in Thailand.

Based on the analyses presented in the report the following conclusions can be drawn.

Flood prone area in the Nam Mae Kok basin comprise:

Valley of Nam Mae Fang Chiang Rai Province, and Mouth of Nam Mae Kok.

Floods in the upper reaches of the tributaries are flashy. Flashiness decreases further downstream in the Chiang Rai region. In the lower 20-25 km of the Nam Mae Kok near the mouth the flood levels are affected by backwater from the Mekong.

Extreme value distributions of peak flows and the possible range of flood volumes can be used for assessment of the hydrological hazard in the Chiang Rai region regarding peak levels and flood duration. A bivariate distribution for the river mouth.

Data availability and validation

Water level and discharge series of sufficient length are available to asses the hydrological hazard in the Chiang Rai region and near the Nam Mae Kok mouth.

Validation of hydrological data does not appear to be common practice according to sources at the data collecting agencies.

The applied stage-discharge relations for the stations on Nam Mae Kok and tributaries varied strongly from year to year. The number of discharge measurement taken each year suggest that the changes are due to morphological developments in the station controls. Some re-settings of gauges to different gauge zeros seem to have occurred, but have not been recorded.

Whereas the rainfall records are mutually consistent, the discharge series are not. Distinct changes in the records are apparent in the series of Ban Pang Na Kham in the period 1988- 1994, whereas the series of Ban Mae Phaeng is inconsistent with the area adjusted sum of the Kok and Lao flows for almost its entire record.

As a consequence of the Ban Mae Phaeng inconsistency, the SWAT based lateral inflows are overestimated by a factor 2.3.

Hydrological characteristics

Annual rainfall in the Kok basin is largest towards the river mouth (1,700 mm) with lower values of 1,300 to 1,400 mm in the upper reaches of the Nam Mae Kok and the Nam Mae Fang. Rainfall is highest in the months July-September

Evaporation peaks in April-May. Annual totals vary from 1,300 to 1,500 mm. It exceeds rainfall in the period November – April.

The annual average flow volume of the Nam Mae Kok at mouth is about 5.24 BCM. Runoff of Nam Mae Kok at Chiang Rai per unit area is twice the runoff of the Nam Mae Lao. At Chiang Rai the runoff is highest in the months August and September, whereas in Nam Mae Lao September is the month with the largest flow volume.

Stage 2

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Nam Mae Kok Flood Risk Assessment
MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 2: Structural Measures and Flood Proofing

The regime of the Nam Mae Kok is a few weeks in spate relative to the Mekong regime.

Hydrological hazard

The hydrological hazard expressed as extreme discharge for selected return periods with a full range of flood volumes have been determined for the Nam Mae Kok at Ban Pong Na Kham, the Nam Mae Lao at Ban Pong Pu Fuang and the Nam Mae Kok downstream of the Loa confluence. Generally, the GEV fits best to the data, but due to the limited data length the EV1 is not rejected as an alternative.

The annual discharge peaks on the Nam Mae Kok at Ban Pong Na Kham and the Nam Mae Lao at Ban Pong Pu Fuang do generally not occur at the same time. This should be included in the selected boundary conditions for flood hazard assessment with the hydraulic model.

EV1 and GEV distributions fit well to the marginal distributions of observed annual maximum flood peaks and annual flood volumes in the Mekong at Chiang Saen.

The bivariate distribution of annual flood peaks and flood volumes in the Mekong at Chiang Saen can be described by regression equations and GEV-distributions for the regression residuals.

The observed distribution of annual flood volumes in the Nam Mae Kok is well described by an EV-1-distribution.

The bivariate distribution of annual flood peaks and flood volumes in the Nam Mae Kok at mouth can be described by regression equations and GEV-distributions for the regression residuals.

Neither the peak discharges nor the annual flood volumes in the Mekong versus the Nam Mae Kok show significant correlation.

The annual maximum discharges on the Mekong occur on average about two weeks earlier than the annual peaks on the Nam Mae Kok.

Flood hazard

The flooding around Chiang Rai city is complex and its extent is preferably modelled with a 1D2D hydraulic model.

The existing hydraulic model of the Nam Mae Kok needs to be adjusted in the cross-sections particularly for the Lao and recalibrated using appropriate lateral inflows for reliable flood hazard assessment.

A full range of hydrographs (flood peaks and related range of flood volumes) have been developed for flood hazard computations around Chiang Rai city.

Some 150 combinations of water level hydrographs for the Mekong at Sop Kok and discharge hydrographs of the Nam Mae Kok at mouth will be required for flood simulation near the river mouth as input to the Monte Carlo technique to establish the flood maps of required return periods.

Flood damages have been assessed through a data collection and social surveys in 12 communes. Results show that damages have decreased considerably over the past years, likely as a result of the flood control measures that have been implemented in the area at Chiang Rai, but it is also possible that lower floods occurred in the past years. A

  • Stage 2
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  • December 2009

Nam Mae Kok Flood Risk Assessment
MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 2: Structural Measures and Flood Proofing

proper risk assessment could not be established due to issues with the hydraulic model that makes it unsuitable for simulations at this point in time. Flood damage probability curves are presented but should be interpreted with gat caution because these are indicative only, due to lack of hydraulic simulation results.

However, the methodologies to arrive at flood risk assessment have been presented in the report and are based on the Best Practice Guidelines for Flood Risk Assessment (Volume3A)

This report is presented in two distinct parts, Part A presents the Flood Hazard

Assessment and Part B presents the Flood Damage and Flood Risk Assessment and the Social Dimensions of Flooding as perceived by the local population.

  • Stage 2
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Nam Mae Kok Flood Risk Assessment MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 2: Structural Measures and Flood Proofing

Introduction Background

In the Stage 1 Workshop of the Component 2 of the Flood Management and Mitigation Program (FMMP-C2), held in Ho Chi Minh City on 25 September, 2008, it was agreed that the assessment of flood risks in the Lower Nam Mae Kok basin in Thailand will be one of the Demonstration Projects (DP) during the Stage 2 Implementation of the FMMP-C2.

The scope of this project was presented in the Workshop as follows: 1. The results of the socio-economic surveys will be used for the elaboration of damage curves for the urban and rural districts in the Province;

2. Hazard maps will be prepared with the help of hydraulic model under preparation; 3. Flood risk maps will be prepared; 4. Measures for flood risk reduction will be formulated. Regarding the implementation of this project it was agreed that a "Working-group" will be established that will have a dual function, i.e.

1. Provide guidance to the FMMP-C2 consultants in the implementation of the
Demonstration project, especially regarding policy, strategy and institutional issues.

2. Participate in technical sessions that allow for the transfer of technology from the side of the consultants to the technical working-group members.

The Demonstration Projects are also meant to apply best practice guidelines that are developed under the FMMP-C2. The following best practice guidelines are intended to be used in the implementation of this Demonstration Project::

1. Guidelines for Flood Risk Assessment 2. Guidelines for IFRM Planning and Impact Evaluation.

Structure of the Report

This report is presented in two distinct parts, Part A presents the Flood Hazard

Assessment and Part B presents the Flood Damage and Flood Risk Assessment and the Social Dimensions of Flooding as perceived by the local population.

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Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADB

Asian Development Bank

asml BDP DEM DSF

Above mean sea level Basin Development Plan Programme Digital Elevation Model Decision Support Framework

DTM

Digital Terrain Model

DWR EIA FMM FFMP FMMP-C1

Department of Water Resources in Thailand Environmental Impact Assessment Flood Management and Mitigation Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 1 of the MRC FMMP: Flood Warning and Preparedness

FMMP-C2 FMMP-C3 FMMP-C4

Component 2 of the MRC FMMP: Structural Measures and Flood Proofing Component 3 of MRC FMMP: Mediation of Trans-boundary Flood Issues Component 4 of the MRC FMMP: Flood Emergency Management Strengthening

FMMP-C5 FRM

Component 5 of the MRC FMMP: Land Management Flood Risk Management

GEV

Generalised Extreme value

GIS

Geographic Information System Integrated Flood Risk Management Information and Knowledge Management Programme of the MRC Integrated Water Resources Management Korea International Cooperation Agency Lower Mekong Basin

IFRM IKMP IWRM KOICA LMB MRC

Mekong River Commission

MRCS NGO NMC

Mekong River Commission Secretariat Non Government Organisation National Mekong Committee

POR

Plain of Reed

PR

Provincial Road

ProDIP RNE

Project Development and Implementation Plan Royal Netherlands Embassy

TCEV TOR

Two Component Extreme Value Terms of Reference Water Utilization Programme of MRC

WUP WUP-A WWF 1D / 2D / 3D

WUP Basin Modelling and Knowledge Base Project World Wildlife Fund
One Dimensional / Two Dimensional / Three Dimensional

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MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 2: Structural Measures and Flood Proofing

IFRM Glossary

Damage curve

The functional relation between inundation characteristics (depth, duration, flow velocity) and damage for a certain category of elements at risk.

Direct damage

All harm which relates to the immediate physical contact of flood water to people, property and the environment. This includes, for example, damage to buildings, economic assets, loss of standing crops and livestock, loss of human life, immediate health impacts and loss of ecological goods.

Exposure

The people, assets and activities that are threatened by a flood hazard.

Flood control Flood damage

A structural intervention to reduce the flood hazard. Damage to people, property and the environment caused by a flood. This damage refers to direct as well as indirect damage.

Flood damage risk (= Flood risk)

The combination or product of the probability of the flood hazard and the possible damage that it may cause. This risk

can also be expressed as the average annual possible damage.

Flood hazard

A flood that potentially may result in damage. A hazard does not necessarily lead to damage.

Flood hazard map Flood proofing

Map with the predicted or documented extent / depth / velocity of flooding with an indication of the flood probability.

A process for preventing or reducing flood damages to infrastructural works, buildings and/or the contents of buildings located in flood hazard areas.

Flood risk

Comprehensive activity involving risk analysis, and

management

identification and implementation of risk mitigation measures.

Flood risk management measures

Actions that are taken to reduce the probability of flooding or the possible damages due to flooding or both.

Flood risk map

Map with the predicted extent of different levels / classes of

average annual possible damage.

Hydrological hazard Indirect damage

A hydrological event (discharge) that may result in flooding. All damage which relate to the disruption of economic activity and services due to flooding.

Integrated flood risk management

The approach to Flood Risk Management that embraces the full chain of a meteorological hazard leading to flood damages and considers combinations of structural and non structural solutions to reduce that damage.

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Nam Mae Kok Flood Risk Assessment
MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 2: Structural Measures and Flood Proofing

Meteorological hazard

A meteorological event (storm) that may result in a hydrological hazard and, eventually, in flooding

Resilience

The ability of a system / community / society to cope with the damaging effect of floods

Susceptibility

The opposite of resilience, that is to say the inability of a system / community / society to cope with the damaging effect of floods

Vulnerability

The potential damage that flooding may cause to people, property and the environment

Stage 2

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December 2009
Nam Mae Kok Flood Risk Assessment

MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 2: Structural Measures and Flood Proofing

Part A Flood Hazard Assessment

  • Stage 2
  • - i -

July 2009

Nam Mae Kok Flood Risk Assessment

MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 2: Structural Measures and Flood Proofing

Contents

12
Introduction...............................................................................................................1 Flood hazard assessment procedures ......................................................................3

2.1 2.2
General...........................................................................................................3 Outline of procedures.....................................................................................3 2.2.1 Tributary floods ................................................................................3 2.2.2 Combined floods...............................................................................3

  • 3
  • Basin description.......................................................................................................5

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
General...........................................................................................................5 Basin description............................................................................................5 Problem description.......................................................................................8 Hydrological data requirement ....................................................................12 Hydrological network and data availability.................................................13 Hydrological characteristics.........................................................................16 3.6.1 Rainfall ...........................................................................................16 3.6.2 Evaporation.....................................................................................17 3.6.3 Water levels and stage-discharge relations .....................................18 3.6.4 Discharges.......................................................................................19

  • 4
  • Hydrological hazard ...............................................................................................24

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
General.........................................................................................................24 Nam Mae Kok at Ban Pong Na Kham.........................................................24 Nam Mae Lao at Ban Pong Pu Fuang..........................................................30 Nam Mae Kok d/s Nam Mae Lao confluence..............................................35 Mekong - Nam Mae Kok confluence...........................................................40 4.5.1 Mekong at Chiang Saen..................................................................40 4.5.2 Discharge rating Sop Kok...............................................................44 4.5.3 Nam Mae Kok at mouth..................................................................44 4.5.4 Correlation between flood peaks and volumes in Nam Mae
Kok and Mekong ............................................................................46

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    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Chiang Mai Province Includes ¨ Why Go? Chiang Mai .................306 Thailand’s northern capital is an overnight train ride and Mae Rim ....................354 light years away from the bustle and bombast of Bangkok. Chiang Dao ................355 Wrestled from Burmese control by the kingdom of Siam, the Doi Ang Khang ........... 357 former capital of the Lanna people is a captivating collec- tion of glimmering monasteries, manic markets, modern Fang ...........................358 shopping centres, and quiet residential streets that would Tha Ton ......................358 not look amiss in a country village. San Kamphaeng Chiang Mai is more country retreat than mega-metropolis, & Bo Sang .................360 but this historic city has evolved into a major traveller cen- Hang Dong ................361 tre, luring everyone from backpacking teenagers to young Ban Tawai ...................361 families, round-the-world retirees and a huge contingent of youthful tourists from China, who are redefining the travel- Doi Inthanon National Park .............361 ler experience in the city. Historic monasteries and cooking courses are just part of the picture. The surrounding province is a jumble of for- ested hills, and thrill seekers flock here for rafting, hiking, mountain biking and other adrenaline-charged activities, Best Places to Eat while less energetic visitors interact with elephants, soak ¨ SP Chicken (p340) in hot springs and wander around experimental farms and lush botanic gardens. ¨ Talat Pratu Chiang Mai (p341) ¨ Ginger & Kafe @ The When to Go House (p342) ¨ Chiang Mai is at its best during the cool season, roughly ¨ Tengoku (p344) from November to February, when temperatures are mild and ¨ Chiang Dao Nest (p357) rain is scarce.
  • History, Culture & Nature Kanchanaburi 3Days 2Nights

    History, Culture & Nature Kanchanaburi 3Days 2Nights

    C-002 : History, Culture & Nature Kanchanaburi 3Days 2Nights Day1 Hellfire Pass- Hidden railway line –Three Pagoda Pass 0600hrs. Depart from Bangkok 0900hrs. Arrive in Kanchanaburi town and proceed to Hellfire Pass Memorial. 1000hrs. Reach the memorial located in the scenic River Kwai valley. Visit the memorial’s well-presented museum, then start an unforgettable walk (a fairly easy walk of 4 kms, or 2.30 hours approx.) on a railway track running along the edge of the limestone mountain and through a splendid bamboo forest. Several dramatic places, still hidden from most routine tourists, will be amazingly discovered. Coffee/tea and snacks will be served privately at a scenic rest area overlooking the beautiful valley. 1145hrs. Depart for Thong Paphoom district, setting on a mountainous terrain near Thailand- Burma border. C-002 : History, Culture & Nature Kanchanaburi 3Days 2Nights C-002 : History, Culture & Nature Kanchanaburi 3Days 2Nights 1230hrs. Enjoy Thai lunch at local restaurant. After lunch, head for Tha Khanun ` Temple. 1330hrs. Upon arrival, take a walk uphill to visit the 100-year-old temple on a hilltop. Enjoy a spectacular and panoramic view of Thong Paphoom mountainous district. Then continue to visit a railway remnant in a non-touristic area hidden in a fruit orchard of the local village. This was meant to be a joining spot of the railway lines from Thailand and Burma. 1500hrs. Depart for Sangklaburi that joins the border of Thailand and Burma. 1600hrs. On the way, stop at Three Pagoda Pass, a border village and a shopping spot of local products and souvenir from Burma.
  • 2015 Mekong Water Quality Monitoring in Thailand Report

    2015 Mekong Water Quality Monitoring in Thailand Report

    2015 Mekong Water Quality Monitoring in Thailand Report Thailand National Mekong Committee Department of Water Resources Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 2015 Mekong Water Quality Monitoring in Thailand Report Research and Water Quality Analysis Division, Bureau of Research Development and Hydrology, Thailand National Mekong Committee, Department of Water Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. I Contents Page Contents I List of figures II List of tables III Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Mekong River Basin 1 1.2 Overview of the Mekong River and tributaries in Thailand 4 1.3 Objective of the report 5 Chapter 2 Methodology 6 2.1 Sampling plan 6 2.2 Parameters and analytical methods 8 2.3 Data assessment methodology 9 Chapter 3 Results and Discussions 12 3.1 Water quality parameters in Mekong River and tributaries 12 3.2 Water Quality Indices (WQI) 31 Chapter 4 Conclusions and Recommendations 33 4.1 Conclusions 33 4.2 Recommendations 34 References 35 Appendix 36 Appendix A 37 Appendix B 39 Appendix C 42 II List of figures Page Figure 1.1 The primary water quality monitoring stations of the MRC-WQMN in 2015 3 Figure 2.1 The MRC-WQMN sampling sites of Thailand in 2015 6 Figure 3.1 The observed pH at monitoring stations in 2015 13 Figure 3.2 The variation of pH in Mekong River and tributaries from 1985 to 2015 14 Figure 3.3 The observed EC at monitoring stations in 2015 15 Figure 3.4 The variation of EC in Mekong River and tributaries from 1985 to 2015 16 Figure 3.5 The observed TSS at monitoring stations in
  • Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Rong Khun Temple CONTENTS

    Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Rong Khun Temple CONTENTS

    Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Rong Khun Temple CONTENTS CHIANG RAI 8 City Attractions 9 Out-of-city Attractions 13 Special Events 22 Interesting Activities 22 Local Products 23 How to Get There 23 PHAYAO 24 City Attractions 25 Out-of-city Attractions 27 Local Products 38 How to Get There 38 PHRAE 40 City Attractions 41 Out-of-city Attractions 42 Special Events 44 Local Products 45 How to Get There 45 NAN 46 City Attractions 47 Out-of-city Attractions 48 Special Event 54 Local Product 55 How to Get There 55 Chiang Rai Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Republic of the Union of Myanmar Mae Hong Son Chiang Mai Bangkok Lamphun Lampang Mae Hong Son Chiang Mai Lamphun Lampang Doi Pha Tang Chiang Rai Located 785 kilometres north of Bangkok, Chiang Rai is the capital of Thailand’s northern most province. At an average elevation of nearly 600 metres above sea level and covering an area of approximately 11,700 square kilometres, the province borders Myanmar to the north and Lao PDR to the north and northeast. The area is largely mountainous, with peaks rising to 1,500 metres above sea level. Flowing through the hill ranges are several rivers with the most important being the Kok River, near which the city of Chiang Rai is situated. In the far north of the province is the area known as the Golden Triangle, where the Mekong and Ruak Rivers meet to form the Oub Kham Museum borders of Thailand, Myanmar and Lao PDR. Inhabiting the highlands are ethnic hill-tribes centre.