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Flood Risk Assessment in the Nam Mae Kok Basin, Thailand

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Flood Risk Assessment in the Nam Mae Kok Basin, Thailand THE MEKONG RIVER COMMISSION SECRETARIAT Flood Risk Assessment in the Nam Mae Kok basin, Thailand The Flood Management and Mitigation Programme, Component 2: Structural Measures & Flood Proofing in the Lower Mekong Basin December 2009 Draft Final Report, Volume 6A HASKONING NEDERLAND B.V. UNESCO IHE Guide to the reporting structure of the Flood Management and Mitigation Programme - Component 2, Structural Measures and Flood Proofing Component 2 on Structural Measures and Flood Proofing of the Mekong River Commission's Flood Management and Mitigation Programme was implemented from September 2007 till January 2010 under a consultancy services contract between MRCS and Royal Haskoning in association with Deltares and Unesco-IHE. The Implementation was in three Stages, an Inception Phase, and two implementation Stages. During each stage a series of outputs were delivered and discussed with the MRC, the National Mekong Committees and line agencies of the four MRC member countries. A part of Component 2 - on 'Roads and Floods' - was implemented by the Delft Cluster under a separate contract with MRC. The consultancy services contract for Component 2 specifies in general terms that, in addition to a Final Report, four main products are to be delivered. Hence, the reports produced at the end of Component 2 are structured as follows: Volume 1 Final Report Volume 2 Characteristics of Flooding in the Lower Mekong Basin: Volume 2A Hydrological and Flood Hazard in the Lower Mekong Basin; Volume 2B Hydrological and Flood Hazard in Focal Areas; Volume 2C Flood Damages, Benefits and Flood Risk in Focal Areas, and Volume 2D Strategic Directions for Integrated Flood Risk management in Focal Areas. Volume 3 Best Practice Guidelines for Integrated Flood Risk Management Volume 3A Best Practice Guidelines for Flood Risk Assessment; Volume 3B Best Practice Guidelines for Integrated Flood Risk Management Planning and Impact Evaluation; Volume 3C Best Practice Guidelines for Structural Measures and Flood Proofing; Volume 3D Best Practice Guidelines for Integrated Flood Risk Management in Basin Development Planning, and Volume 3E Best Practice Guidelines for the Integrated Planning and Design of Economically Sound and Environmentally Friendly Roads in the Mekong Floodplains of Cambodia and Vietnam1 Volume 4 Project development and Implementation Plan Volume 5 Capacity Building and Training Plan Demonstration Projects Component 2 prepared five Demonstration Projects which have been reported separate from the main products: Volume 6A Flood Risk Assessment in the Nam Mae Kok basin, Thailand; Volume 6B Integrated Flood Risk Management Plan for the Lower Xe Bangfai basin, Lao PDR; Volume 6C Integrated Flood Risk Management Plan for the West Bassac area, Cambodia; Volume 6D Flood Protection Criteria for the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Volume 6E Flood Risk Management in the Border Zone between Cambodia and Vietnam The underlying report is Volume 6A of the above series. 1 Developed by the Delft Cluster MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 2: Structural Measures and Flood Proofing Summary This report presents the findings of the FMMP-C2 Demonstration Project that aims to assist Thailand in Flood Risk Assessment in the Nam Mae Kok basin in Chieng Rai province in Thailand. Based on the analyses presented in the report the following conclusions can be drawn. Flood prone area in the Nam Mae Kok basin comprise: Valley of Nam Mae Fang Chiang Rai Province, and Mouth of Nam Mae Kok. Floods in the upper reaches of the tributaries are flashy. Flashiness decreases further downstream in the Chiang Rai region. In the lower 20-25 km of the Nam Mae Kok near the mouth the flood levels are affected by backwater from the Mekong. Extreme value distributions of peak flows and the possible range of flood volumes can be used for assessment of the hydrological hazard in the Chiang Rai region regarding peak levels and flood duration. A bivariate distribution for the river mouth. Data availability and validation Water level and discharge series of sufficient length are available to asses the hydrological hazard in the Chiang Rai region and near the Nam Mae Kok mouth. Validation of hydrological data does not appear to be common practice according to sources at the data collecting agencies. The applied stage-discharge relations for the stations on Nam Mae Kok and tributaries varied strongly from year to year. The number of discharge measurement taken each year suggest that the changes are due to morphological developments in the station controls. Some re-settings of gauges to different gauge zeros seem to have occurred, but have not been recorded. Whereas the rainfall records are mutually consistent, the discharge series are not. Distinct changes in the records are apparent in the series of Ban Pang Na Kham in the period 1988- 1994, whereas the series of Ban Mae Phaeng is inconsistent with the area adjusted sum of the Kok and Lao flows for almost its entire record. As a consequence of the Ban Mae Phaeng inconsistency, the SWAT based lateral inflows are overestimated by a factor 2.3. Hydrological characteristics Annual rainfall in the Kok basin is largest towards the river mouth (1,700 mm) with lower values of 1,300 to 1,400 mm in the upper reaches of the Nam Mae Kok and the Nam Mae Fang. Rainfall is highest in the months July-September Evaporation peaks in April-May. Annual totals vary from 1,300 to 1,500 mm. It exceeds rainfall in the period November – April. The annual average flow volume of the Nam Mae Kok at mouth is about 5.24 BCM. Runoff of Nam Mae Kok at Chiang Rai per unit area is twice the runoff of the Nam Mae Lao. At Chiang Rai the runoff is highest in the months August and September, whereas in Nam Mae Lao September is the month with the largest flow volume. Stage 2 ‐ S i ‐ December 2009 Nam Mae Kok Flood Risk Assessment MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 2: Structural Measures and Flood Proofing The regime of the Nam Mae Kok is a few weeks in spate relative to the Mekong regime. Hydrological hazard The hydrological hazard expressed as extreme discharge for selected return periods with a full range of flood volumes have been determined for the Nam Mae Kok at Ban Pong Na Kham, the Nam Mae Lao at Ban Pong Pu Fuang and the Nam Mae Kok downstream of the Loa confluence. Generally, the GEV fits best to the data, but due to the limited data length the EV1 is not rejected as an alternative. The annual discharge peaks on the Nam Mae Kok at Ban Pong Na Kham and the Nam Mae Lao at Ban Pong Pu Fuang do generally not occur at the same time. This should be included in the selected boundary conditions for flood hazard assessment with the hydraulic model. EV1 and GEV distributions fit well to the marginal distributions of observed annual maximum flood peaks and annual flood volumes in the Mekong at Chiang Saen. The bivariate distribution of annual flood peaks and flood volumes in the Mekong at Chiang Saen can be described by regression equations and GEV-distributions for the regression residuals. The observed distribution of annual flood volumes in the Nam Mae Kok is well described by an EV-1-distribution. The bivariate distribution of annual flood peaks and flood volumes in the Nam Mae Kok at mouth can be described by regression equations and GEV-distributions for the regression residuals. Neither the peak discharges nor the annual flood volumes in the Mekong versus the Nam Mae Kok show significant correlation. The annual maximum discharges on the Mekong occur on average about two weeks earlier than the annual peaks on the Nam Mae Kok. Flood hazard The flooding around Chiang Rai city is complex and its extent is preferably modelled with a 1D2D hydraulic model. The existing hydraulic model of the Nam Mae Kok needs to be adjusted in the cross-sections particularly for the Lao and recalibrated using appropriate lateral inflows for reliable flood hazard assessment. A full range of hydrographs (flood peaks and related range of flood volumes) have been developed for flood hazard computations around Chiang Rai city. Some 150 combinations of water level hydrographs for the Mekong at Sop Kok and discharge hydrographs of the Nam Mae Kok at mouth will be required for flood simulation near the river mouth as input to the Monte Carlo technique to establish the flood maps of required return periods. Flood damages have been assessed through a data collection and social surveys in 12 communes. Results show that damages have decreased considerably over the past years, likely as a result of the flood control measures that have been implemented in the area at Chiang Rai, but it is also possible that lower floods occurred in the past years. A Stage 2 ‐ S ii ‐ December 2009 Nam Mae Kok Flood Risk Assessment MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 2: Structural Measures and Flood Proofing proper risk assessment could not be established due to issues with the hydraulic model that makes it unsuitable for simulations at this point in time. Flood damage probability curves are presented but should be interpreted with gat caution because these are indicative only, due to lack of hydraulic simulation results. However, the methodologies to arrive at flood risk assessment have been presented in the report and are based on the Best Practice Guidelines for Flood Risk Assessment (Volume3A) This report is presented in two distinct parts, Part A presents the Flood Hazard Assessment and Part B presents the Flood Damage and Flood Risk Assessment and the Social Dimensions of Flooding as perceived by the local population. Stage 2 ‐ S iii ‐ December 2009 Nam Mae Kok Flood Risk Assessment MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 2: Structural Measures and Flood Proofing Introduction Background In the Stage 1 Workshop of the Component 2 of the Flood Management and Mitigation Program (FMMP-C2), held in Ho Chi Minh City on 25 September, 2008, it was agreed that the assessment of flood risks in the Lower Nam Mae Kok basin in Thailand will be one of the Demonstration Projects (DP) during the Stage 2 Implementation of the FMMP-C2.
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