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The Mismatch Between Phenotypes and Genotypes in Lichenized Fungi (Bryoria Sect

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The Mismatch Between Phenotypes and Genotypes in Lichenized Fungi (Bryoria Sect Persoonia 42, 2019: 75–100 ISSN (Online) 1878-9080 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2019.42.04 Evaluating methodologies for species delimitation: the mismatch between phenotypes and genotypes in lichenized fungi (Bryoria sect. Implexae, Parmeliaceae) C.G. Boluda1,2, V.J. Rico1, P.K. Divakar1, O. Nadyeina2, L. Myllys3, R.T. McMullin4, J.C. Zamora1,5, C. Scheidegger 2, D.L. Hawksworth6 Key words Abstract In many lichen-forming fungi, molecular phylogenetic analyses lead to the discovery of cryptic species within traditional morphospecies. However, in some cases, molecular sequence data also questions the separation chemotypes of phenotypically characterised species. Here we apply an integrative taxonomy approach ‒ including morphologi- cryptic species cal, chemical, molecular, and distributional characters ‒ to re-assess species boundaries in a traditionally speciose haplotypes group of hair lichens, Bryoria sect. Implexae. We sampled multilocus sequence and microsatellite data from 142 incomplete lineage sorting specimens from a broad intercontinental distribution. Molecular data included DNA sequences of the standard fungal integrative taxonomy markers ITS, IGS, GAPDH, two newly tested loci (FRBi15 and FRBi16), and SSR frequencies from 18 microsatellite microsatellites markers. Datasets were analysed with Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction, phenogram speciation reconstruction, STRUCTURE Bayesian clustering, principal coordinate analysis, haplotype network, and several dif- species concepts ferent species delimitation analyses (ABGD, PTP, GMYC, and DISSECT). Additionally, past population demography and divergence times are estimated. The different approaches to species recognition do not support the monophyly of the 11 currently accepted morphospecies, and rather suggest the reduction of these to four phylogenetic species. Moreover, three of these are relatively recent in origin and cryptic, including phenotypically and chemically variable specimens. Issues regarding the integration of an evolutionary perspective into taxonomic conclusions in species complexes, which have undergone recent diversification, are discussed. The four accepted species, all epitypified by sequenced material, are Bryoria fuscescens, B. glabra, B. kockiana, and B. pseudofuscescens. Ten species rank names are reduced to synonymy. In the absence of molecular data, they can be recorded as the B. fuscescens complex. Intraspecific phenotype plasticity and factors affecting the speciation of different morphospecies in this group of Bryoria are outlined. Article info Received: 21 December 2017; Accepted: 18 June 2018; Published: 23 August 2018. INTRODUCTION of delimited clades (Jakob & Blattner 2006, Lumley & Sperling 2011), or incomplete lineage sorting (Saag et al. 2014, Leavitt Accurate identification and characterization of species is the et al. 2016). Long-term reproductive isolation may produce basis of communication, conservation, resources management, structured, non-overlapping lineages, whereas an intraspecific and material used in biological research. However, in groups phylogeny, as well as a recent or contemporary speciation of relatively recent origin, species delimitation is often difficult event, may produce reticulated lineages (Abbott et al. 2016). (Jakob & Blattner 2006, Leavitt et al. 2011, Lumley & Sperling The family Parmeliaceae is one of the most studied amongst 2011). Organisms are always evolving, changing in response to lichenised fungi. It contains many genera with species delimita- either selective pressures or genetic drift, so that delimiting units tion problems, such as Cetraria aculeata (Lutsak et al. 2017); to accord species names is not always clear (Naciri & Linder Letharia (Altermann et al. 2014), the Parmotrema reticulatum 2015). Several phenomena can hinder species delimitation: complex (Del-Prado et al. 2016), and Pseudephebe (Boluda et phylogenetic/phenotypic mismatches (Articus et al. 2002, Mark al. 2016). In some cases, a lack of correlation between geno- et al. 2016, Pino-Bodas et al. 2016), ‘intermediate’ specimens types and phenotypes has led to the recognition of cryptic between generally accepted taxa (Seymour et al. 2007), hybridi- species within morphologically indistinguishable or scarcely zation (Konrad et al. 2002, Steinová et al. 2013), an absence indistinguishable morphospecies (Molina et al. 2011a, b, Leavitt 1 Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica (U.D. Botá- et al. 2012a, b, Singh et al. 2015, Boluda et al. 2016, Del-Prado nica), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón et al. 2016), and so far, more than 80 cryptic lineages have been y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; detected in Parmeliaceae (Crespo & Lumbsch 2010, Divakar et corresponding author e-mail: Carlos G. Boluda, [email protected]. 2 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute al. 2010). However, in other cases there is a mismatch between WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland. lineages revealed by standard DNA-barcoding markers and 3 Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 long-accepted morphospecies (Articus et al. 2002, Seymour University of Helsinki, Finland. et al. 2007, Velmala et al. 2014, Mark et al. 2016, Kirika et al. 4 Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada. 2016a, b, McMullin et al. 2016). 5 Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, In the morphologically similar ‘beard’ and ‘hair’ lichens of the Sweden. Alectoria sarmentosa, Bryoria sect. Implexae, and Usnea 6 Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; and Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal barbata species complexes (Velmala et al. 2014, Mark et al. Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3DS, United Kingdom. 2016, McMullin et al. 2016), DNA sequences from standard © 2018-2019 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. 76 Table 1 Specimen information and GenBank accession numbers of the Bryoria sect. Implexae samples used in this study. Newly obtained sequences are in bold. Taxon Locality Source/Voucher Lab. code Fig. 2 and Chemistry1 GenBank accession numbers Appendix 4 code ITS IGS GAPDH FRBi15 FRBi16 Bryoria capillaris Canary Islands, Tenerife Velmala et al. (2014) S192 87 Ale., Bar. GQ996289 KJ396490 GQ996261 KY026810 KY002720 Canary Islands, Tenerife MAF-Lich. 20683 L15.15 95 Ale., Bar. KY026899 KY026945 KY026992 KY026807 KY002718 Finland, Etelä-Häme Velmala et al. (2014) L141 84 Ale., Bar. FJ668493 FJ668455 FJ668399 KY026806 KY002697 Finland, Etelä-Savo Velmala et al. (2014) L211 85 Ale., Bar. GQ996287 KJ396487 GQ996259 KY026809 KY002711 Finland, Uusimaa Velmala et al. (2014) S2 88 Ale., Bar KJ396433 KJ396489 KJ954306 KY026811 KY002729 Greece, Peloponese MAF-Lich. 19670 L06.10 91 Ale., Bar. KY026894 KY026940 KY026987 KY026801 KY002715 Norway, Nord-Trøndelag Velmala et al. (2014) L270 86 Bar. GQ996288 KJ396488 GQ996260 ‒ ‒ Spain, Lérida MAF-Lich. 19672 L07.15 90 Ale., Bar. KY026895 KY026941 KY026988 KY026802 KY002716 Spain, Madrid MAF-Lich. 19664 L01.17 89 Ale., Bar. KY026893 KY026939 KY026986 KY026800 KY002694 Spain, Navarra MAF-Lich. 19674 L08.12 92 Ale., Bar. KY026896 KY026942 KY026989 KY026803 KY002695 Spain, Teruel MAF-Lich. 20682 L14.02 94 Ale., Bar., Fum., Pso. KY026898 KY026944 KY026991 KY026805 KY002717 Sweden, Västerbotten MAF-Lich. 19685 L13.03 93 Ale., Bar. KY026897 KY026943 KY026990 KY026804 KY002696 Switzerland, Bivio MAF-Lich. 20687 L16.21 96 Ale., Bar., Nor., Pso. KY026900 KY026946 KY026993 KY026808 KY002719 B. friabilis Canada Velmala et al. (2014) L407 15 Gyr. KJ396435 KJ396492 KJ954308 KY026812 KY002751 Canada, British Columbia Velmala et al. (2014) L355 14 Gyr. KJ396434 KJ396491 KJ954307 ‒ ‒ Canada, British Columbia MAF-Lich. 20602 fri_02 17 Gyr. ‒ KY083555 ‒ ‒ ‒ USA, Alaska Velmala et al. (2014) S395a 16 Gyr. KJ576728 KJ396493 KJ599481 ‒ ‒ B. furcellata Finland, Etelä-Savo Velmala et al. (2014) L147 ‒ Fum. HQ402722 KJ396494 HQ402627 ‒ ‒ B. fuscescens Canada Velmala et al. (2014) S259 71 Fum. KJ396441 KJ396506 KJ954313 ‒ ‒ Canada, Alberta Velmala et al. (2014) S256 70 Fum. GQ996307 KJ396505 GQ996280 KY026825 KY002702 Canada, Alberta Velmala et al. (2014) S260a 72 Fum. KJ396442 KJ396507 KJ954314 ‒ ‒ Canada, Alberta Velmala et al. (2014) S261 73 Fum. KJ396443 KJ396509 KJ954315 ‒ ‒ Canada, Alberta Velmala et al. (2014) S267 74 Fum. KJ576716 KJ396510 KJ599469 ‒ ‒ Canada, Alberta Velmala et al. (2014) S272 75 Fum. KJ576717 KJ396511 KJ599470 ‒ ‒ Canada, Alberta Velmala et al. (2014) S369 77 Fum. KJ396444 KJ396514 KJ954316 ‒ ‒ Canada, Alberta Velmala et al. (2014) S379 78 Fum. KJ396445
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