Maryland Historical Magazine

Published Quarterly by The Museum and Library of Maryland History The Maryland Historical Society Winter 1983 THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS, 1983-1984 J. Fife Symington, Jr., Chairman* Robert G. Merrick, Sr., Honorary Chairman Leonard C. Crewe, Jr., Vice Chairman* Brian B. Topping, President* Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr., Vice President* William C. Whitridge, Vice President* E. Phillips Hathaway, Vice President* Richard P. Moran, Secretary* J. Jefferson Miller, II, Vice President* Mrs. Frederick W. Lafferty, Treasurer* Walter D. Pinkard, Sr., Vice President* Samuel Hopkins, Past President* Truman T. Semans, Vice President* Bryson L. Cook, Counsel* Frank H. Weller, Jr., Vice President* * The officers listed above constitute the Society's Executive Committee.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES, 1983-1984 H. Furlong Baldwin H. Irvine Keyser, II (Honorary) Mrs. Emory J. Barber, St. Mary's Co. Richard R. Kline, Frederick Co. Gary Black, Jr. John S. Lalley John E. Boulais, Caroline Co. Calvert C. McCabe, Jr. J. Henry Butta Robert G. Merrick, Jr. Mrs. James Frederick Colwill (Honorary) Michael Middleton, Charles Co. Owen Daly, II W. Griffin Morrel Donald L. DeVries Jack Moseley Leslie B. Disharoon Thomas S. Nichols (Honorary) Deborah B. English Mrs. Brice Phillips, Worcester Co. Charles 0. Fisher, Carroll Co. J. Hurst Purnell, Jr., Kent Co. Louis L. Goldstein, Calvert Co. George M. Radcliffe Anne L. Gormer, Allegany Co. Adrian P. Reed, Queen Anne's Co. Kingdon Gould, Jr., Howard Co. Richard C. Riggs, Jr. William Grant, Garrett Co. Mrs. Timothy Rodgers Benjamin H. Griswold, III David Rogers, Wicomico Co. R. Patrick Hayman, Somerset Co. John D. Schapiro Louis G. Hecht Jacques T. Schlenger Edwin Mason Hendrickson, Washington Co. T. Rowland Slingluff, Jr. (Honorary) T. Hughlett Henry, Jr., Talbot Co. Jess Joseph Smith, Jr., Prince George's Co. Michael Hoffberger John T. Stinson E. Ralph Hostetter, CeciV Co. Bernard C. Trueschler Elmer M. Jackson, Jr., Anne Arundel Co. Thomas D. Washburne William S. James, Harford Co. Jeffrey P. Williamson, Dorchester Co.

COUNCIL, 1983-1984 William Arnold Mrs. John S. Kerns, Jr. Mrs. Howard Baetjer, II Jon Harlan Livezey Thomas M. Caplan Walter D. Pinkard Mrs. Dudley I. Catzen Norman G. Rukert, Sr. Leonard C. Crewe, Jr. W. Cameron Slack Mrs. Hammond J. Dugan, III Vernon Stricklin Walter Fisher William C. Whitridge Ramsey W. J. Flynn Mrs. Vernon H. Wiesand Arthur J. Gutman

Romaine Stec Somerville, Director William B. Keller, Head Librarian Stiles Tuttle Colwill, Curator of the Gallery MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE (ISSN 0025-4258) is published quarterly by The Museum and Library of Maryland History, The Maryland Historical Society, 201 W. Monument St., Baltimore, Md. 21201. Second class postage paid at Baltimore, Md. and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER please send address changes to the MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 201 W. Monument St., Baltimore, Md. 21201. Composed and printed by Waverly Press, Inc., Baltimore, Md. 21202. e Copyright 1984, The Museum and Library of Maryland History, The Maryland Historical Society. HALL OF RECORDS LIBRARY

ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND

LAND Volume 78 Number 4 HISTORICAL Winter 1983 ISSN-0025-4258

CONTENTS

Annual Report of the Maryland Historical Society, 1982-1983 233 Lou Rose Ebenezer Cooke's The Sot Weed Factor and its Uses as a Social Document in the History of Colonial Maryland 272

William G. LeFurgy Prudent Laws and Wise Regulations: Three Early Baltimore Mayor's Messages, 1797-1799 278

C. Herbert Baxley Travel in the 1830s: The Diary of William Minifie 287

Doris Lanier Frederick Douglass's Escape after Harpers Ferry 297

Jo Ann E. Argersinger "The Right to Strike": Labor Organization and the New Deal in Baltimore 299 Book Reviews Preston, Young Frederick Douglass: The Maryland Years; Huggins, Slave and Citizen: The Life of Frederick Douglass; and Walker, Moral Choices: Memory, Desire and Imagination in Nineteenth-Century American Abolition, by Otey M. Scruggs • Shomette, Shipwrecks on the Chesapeake, by John D. Broadwater • Koenig, The Vagabonds: America's Oldest Little Theatre, by Carol Nevin Abromaitis • Campbell, Representative Democracy: Public Policy and Midwestern Legislatures in the Late Nineteenth Century, by Peter H. Argersinger • Badger, North Carolina and the New Deal, by John W. Jeffries ... 319

MARYLAND MAGAZINE OF GENEALOGY Lillian Bayly Marks Tavern and Ordinary Licenses in Baltimore County, Maryland, 1755-1763 326

Book Notes Chew, Genealogy of the Chew Family, by Joseph Carroll Hopkins • Jarboe, Obituaries: A Guide to Sources, by Mary K.' Meyer 341

NEWS AND NOTICES 342 MARYLAND PICTURE PUZZLE 343 INDEX TO VOLUME 78 344

^ *"«\ i • I V 4 EAST VIEW OF BALTIMORE MARYLAND DRAWN BY G. BECK, PHILA- DELPHIA. ENGRAV'D BY T. CARTWRIGHT, LONDON. PUBLISHED JANUARY 1ST. 1802. BY ATKINS & NIGHTINGALE ** Aquatint, printed in colors with hand coloring. 41.7 X 57.6 cm. MdBE (wove paper, watermarked j. WHATMAN), MdBPM, MdHi (mounted on cardboard), VBHo. The earliest known contemporary printed view of Baltimore, shown here, was engraved by T. Cartwright after the painting by George Beck, an English landcapist who was a Baltimore resident in 1796-97. The location from which the view was taken is not known, but it may have been a high spot in what is now Mt. Olivet Cemetery on Frederick Avenue. The stream at the lower left is Gwynns Falls. The harbor with the surrounding town is to the left of the tree. Whetstone Point (now Locust) is the neck of land to the right of the tree, jutting between the basin and the Middle Branch of the Patapsco River. This view was copied in a small engraving (13.8 x 19.4 cm.) by G. Cooke, published in London in 1812 possibly as a book illustration. Impressions are in MdBE, MdBPM, MdHi, and VBHo. Pleasants, Anglo-American Landscape Painters, pp. 13, 14, 29, 30; Stokes and Haskell, Historical Prints, pp. 47-48. /v\s^ SC&a8|-/-3(5

Annual Report July 1, 1982-June 30, 1983 Museum and Library Maryland History Maryland Historical Society

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 78, No. 4, WINTER 1983 OFFICERS

1982-83 * J. Fife Symington, Jr., Chairman * Robert G. Merrick, Sr., Honorary Chairman * Leonard C. Crewe, Jr., Vice Chairman * Frank H. Weller, Jr., President * Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr., Vice President * Richard P. Moran, Secretary * E. Phillips Hathaway, Vice President * Mrs. Frederick W. Lafferty, Treasurer * Truman T. Semans, Vice President * Bryson L. Cook, Counsel * William C. Whitridge, Vice President * Samuel Hopkins, Past President

TRUSTEES

1982-83 H. Furlong Baldwin Elmer M. Jackson, Jr., Anne Arundel Co. Mrs. Emory J. Barber, St. Mary's Co. H. Irvine Keyser, II (Honorary) Gary Black, Jr. Richard R. Kline, Frederick Co. t James R. Herbert Boone, (Honorary) John S. Lalley John E. Boulais, Caroline Co. Calvert C. McCabe, Jr. Thomas W. Burdette Robert G. Merrick, Jr. Mrs. James Frederick Colwill (Honorary) Michael Middleton, Charles Co. Owen Daly, II J. Jefferson Miller, II Donald L. DeVries W. Griffin Morrel Leslie B. Disharoon Jack Moseley Deborah B. English Thomas S. Nichols (Honorary) Charles 0. Fisher, Carroll Co. Mrs. Brice Phillips, Worcester Co. Louis L. Goldstein, Calvert Co. Walter D. Pinkard Anne L. Gormer, Allegany Co. J. Hurst Purnell, Jr., Kent Co. Kingdon Gould, Jr., Howard Co. George M. Radcliffe William Grant, Garrett Co. Adrian P. Reed, Queen Anne's Co. Benjamin H. Griswold, III Richard C. Riggs, Jr. R. Patrick Hayman, Somerset Co. Mrs. Timothy Rodgers Louis G. Hecht David Rogers Edwin Mason Hendrickson, Washington Co John D. Schapiro T. Hughlett Henry, Jr., Talbot Co. Jacques T. Schlenger t Matthew H. Hirsh T. Rowland Slingluff, Jr. Michael Hoffberger Jess Joseph Smith, Jr., Prince George's Co. E. Ralph Hostetter, Ceci7 Co. John T. Stinson Bernard C. Trueschler Thomas D. Washburne * Members of the Executive Committee Jeffrey P. Williamson, Dorchester Co. t Deceased James T. Wollon, Harford Co.

234 Annual Report, 1982-1983 235 COMMITTEES0 1982-83

Committee on Addresses Walter Fisher, Chairman Dr. D. Randall Beirne, Vice Chairman Mrs. George C. Alderman Lester S. Levy Mrs. Louis Azrael Sarah Fenno Lord Ann A. Carusi The Rev. R. Douglas Pitt C. J. Falkenhan G. Luther Washington

Committee on Annual Giving Truman T. Semans, Chairman, Annual Giving Campaign Robert B. Kershaw, Vice Chairman, Annual Giving Campaign John W. Avirett, II Calvert C. McCabe, Jr. Leonard C. Crewe, Jr. Terry M. Rubenstein Clivie C. Haley James F. Turner Mrs. Matthew H. Hirsh

Committee on Buildings and Grounds Walter D. Pinkard, Chairman Richard W. Ayers, Vice Chairman Arthur M. Gompf John W. Peach T. Courtenay Jenkins, Jr. Walter Schamu Robert E. Lewis Walter J. Skayhan, III

Committee on Education Mrs. Vernon H. Wiesand, Chairman Dr. D. Randall Beirne, Vice Chairman Dr. Ann H. Allison Dr. Morgan H. Pritchett Ludlow H. Baldwin Dr. W. Jackson Stenger Anne Brooks Robert Walker Gerson G. Eisenberg

Committee on Finance John T. Stinson, Chairman William C. Whitridge, Vice Chairman Frank A. Bonsai, Jr. Robert G. Merrick, Jr. P. McEvoy Cromwell John E. Motz Benjamin H. Griswold, III Truman T. Semans E. Phillips Hathaway Brian Topping

° The Executive Committee and the Committee Chairmen constitute the Council 236 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Committee on the Gallery Mrs. Howard Baetjer, II, Chairman J. Jefferson Miller, II, Vice Chairman Harry D. Berry, Jr., Consultant Mrs. Robert H. McCauley, Jr. Mrs. Dudley 1. Catzen Edwin Obrecht Louis G. Hecht, Consultant Elisabeth C. G. Packard Eugenia C. Holland Dorothy Mcllvain Scott Bryden B. Hyde Leonie Simmons William R. Johnston, Consultant John R. Williams

Committee on Genealogy Jon Harlan Livezey, Chairman Gary E. Myer, Vice Chairman Norman Bowmaker Dr. Morgan H. Pritchett Anna M. Cartlidge Ella Rowe Lyn Hart Milton Rubincam Phebe Jacobsen A. Russell Slagle (Honorary) Edna A. Kanely Mary Virginia Slaughter Henry R. Kelly Mrs. W. Wallace Symington, Jr. William E. Miller Dr. John Walton Freeman E. Morgan, Jr.

Committee on the Library Arthur J. Gutman, Chairman Richard R. Harwood, III, Vice Chairman Dr. Ferdinand E. Chatard John A. Pentz Curtis Carroll Davis John Beverley Riggs Lyn Hart A. Russell Slagle (Honorary) Edna A. Kanely Charles C. Tharp Jeffrey A. Legum Peter M. VanWingen Lester S. Levy (Honorary) Dr. Huntington Williams (Honorary) Dr. Bayly Ellen Marks

Committee on the Maritime Collection George M. Radcliffe, Chairman Norman G. Rukert, Sr., Vice Chairman Lewis A. Beck, Jr. Brian Hope Hugh Benet, Jr. Kenneth J. Jones Helen Delich Bentley William B. Matthews, Jr. Nancy Brennan Sheridan McClees Donald W. Carroll, Sr. Robert E. Michel, Sr. Randolph W. Chalfant Richard P. Moran S. Vannort Chapman Rolfe Pottberg Dr. Ferdinand E. Chatard J. Dawson Reeder William R. Dorsey, III Charles S. Scarlett, III Barry Dressel Philip B. Schnering T. Marshall Duer, Jr. Melbourne Smith John Goldsborough Earle Albert H. Trout Armin Elsaesser L. Byrne Waterman Frederick E. Hecklinger Rexford L. Wheeler, III William E. Hill Graham Wood Annual Report, 1982-1983 237 Committee on Membership W. Cameron Slack, Chairman Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr., Vice Chairman Charles Bagley, IV James H. McLean P. Raab Christhilf John P. Paca, Jr. Mrs. M. Austin Fine Hardev S. Palta Fletcher R. Hall Robert Walker Mrs. Bryden B. Hyde Andrew J. Young, III

Committee on Programs Mrs. Dudley I. Catzen, Chairman Mrs. Jay Katz, Vice Chairman Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr. The Rev. R. Douglas Pitt Clinton R. Daly George M. Radcliffe Mrs. Gerson G. Eisenberg Mrs. John Schapiro Arthur L. Flinner James W. Stevens Louis G. Hecht Vernon Stricklin Denwood Kelly Mrs. Vernon H. Wiesand Mrs. John S. Kerns, Jr.

Committee on Publications Thomas M. Caplan, Chairman T. Rowland Slingluff, Vice Chairman Dr. Jean H. Baker Edna A. Kanely James H. Bready Dr. Clementine Kaufman Walter Wickes Brewster, Jr. William S. James Dr. Gary L. Browne Alexandra Lee Levin Dr. George H. Callcott John K. MacLean Dr. William Theodore Diirr Dr. Roland C. McConnell Dr. Jack Philip Greene Braxton D. Mitchell Dr. Chester Gregory t Dr. Walter Rundell Gilbert Gude William A. Sager E. Ralph Hostetter Arthur W. Sherwood Henry C. Wheelright

Committee on Public Relations Mary E. Busch, Chairman Vernon Stricklin, Vice Chairman Mrs. Calhoun Bond J. Sidney King Mrs. John W. Felton Mrs. Brice Phillips Jerry J. Hartman Jerry Turner Elmer M. Jackson, Jr.

Speakers Committee

Arthur L. Flinner, Chairman William Arnold, Vice Chairman Dr. Jean Clark Mrs. George Fisher Mrs. William Page Dame Karl W. Gruss Mrs. Raymond P. Delano, Jr. Mrs. Roy Kinard t Deceased 238 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Mrs. Francis C. Marbury Lewis G. Sheppard Richard Molloy William Shure Mrs. Jay M. Neale Christopher Weeks

Special Projects Committee Thomas W. Burdette, Chairman C. Keating Bowie Robert Kershaw James W. Constable David Jeffrey Rice Deborah B. English Benjamin S. Schapiro Mrs. Jay Katz

Women's Committee Mrs. James E. Cantler, Chairman M rs. John S. Kerns, Jr., Vice Chairman I Mrs. Joseph D. Beckley t Mrs. W. T. Dixon Gibbs % Mrs. Marcus M. Bernstein t Elizabeth W. Glascock $ Martha Bokel Eugenia Calvert Holland (Honorary) Mrs. Calhoun Bond % Mrs. Bryden B. Hyde Mrs. Frank C. Brooks Mrs. Jerome Kidder % Mrs. Walter Buck Mrs. William G. Kouwenhoven Mrs. Churchill Gibson Carey Mrs. Allan J. Mead Mrs. N. Blair H. Cochrane Mrs. Samuel S. Merrick Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr. | Mrs. Nicholas B. Merryman % Anne Cole Cromwell j Mrs. Clarence W. Miles Mrs. William Page Dame Mrs. Richard A. Moore X Mrs. Curtis Carroll Davis % Elisabeth C. G. Packard t Mrs. Edward K. Dunn X Mrs. Richard C. Riggs Mrs. Gerson G. Eisenberg Mrs. William Bland Rush Mrs. Charles S. Garland, Jr. Mrs. S. Stevens Sands, Jr. X Mrs. John W. Sause, Jr. Mrs. Paul P. Swett, Jr. % Associate Members Mrs. W. Wallace Symington, Jr. Annual Report, 1982-1983 239 THE STAFF as of June 31, 1983

Administration Romaine Stec Somerville Director Barbara W. Horneffer Coordinator, Audience Programs Jean Bennear Watson Business Administrator Donna R. Schall Administrative Secretary Malinda S. Weisbecker Director of Development Karen Dukes Administrative Secretary, Office of Development Amy C. Cardullo Coordinator, Membership Program Karen Dosch Coordinator, Public Relations Ruth P. Hays Coordinator, Volunteer Programs Madeline Abramson Secretary, Public Programs Barbara Gamse Manager, Museum Shop & Book Store § Shelly Jones Assistant, Museum Shop & Book Store Mary Lou Jones Accounting Manager Charmie McClendon Bookkeeper § Louis Judges Financial Advisor Stephen H. Topping Assistant, Accounting Merrill E. Lavine Registrar § Erik Kvalsvik Photographer § Catherine Drabkin Photo Services Assistant § Dr. Gary L. Browne Editor, MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE § William A. Sager Consultant, Publications § Janet Waddy Assistant, Publications § Francis Marbury Director, Roadside Historical Markers Program § Alfred Matthews Coordinator, County Program

Gallery Stiles Tuttle Colwill Chief Curator Dr. Mary Ellen Hayward Curator, Radcliffe Maritime Museum Gregory R. Weidman Curator of Furniture Judith M. Coram Curator of Textiles Jennifer F. Goldsborough Guest Curator of Silver Nancy B. Wilk Assistant to the Curator Jane Webb Smith Research Assistant, SILVER IN MARYLAND Enolliah B. Williams Assistant, Gallery Phyllis S. Williams Secretary Brenda Pope Secretary, Radcliffe Maritime Museum Mrs. R. Riggs Griffith, IV Consultant, Silver Collection Louis G. Hecht Consultant, Porcelain Collection Mrs. Robert J. Thieblot Guest Curator, Harborplace Exhibits

Library William B. Keller Head Librarian § A. Hester Rich Librarian; Reference Librarian Mary K. Meyer Genealogical Librarian; Acting Librarian Francis P. O'Neill Cataloguer, Reference Division

§ Part time 240 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

William B. Keller, Head Librarian, and Robert Bergman, Director, Walters Art Gallery, discuss 1982 Society Exhibition, "The Mapping of Maryland, 1590-1914: An Overview."

Donna Ellis Manuscripts Librarian Karen A. Stuart Assistant Manuscripts Librarian; Associate Editor, MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Paula Velthuys Prints and Photographs Librarian Laurie A. Baty Assistant Prints and Photographs Librarian § Betty McKeever Key Director, Oral History Elizabeth Monocrusos Consultant, Reference Division Carol J. Harris Reference Division/Manuscripts Assistant Jean Kolb Brandau Secretary Gary E. Myer Genealogical Researcher Dr. Ferdinand Chatard Consultant, Maritime Manuscripts

Education Department Judith Van Dyke Director of Education Nancy B. Martel Assistant, Education Ann F. Forbush Assistant, Education

§ Part time Annual Report, 1982-1983 241 The Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe § Dr. Edward C. Carter II Editor in Chief Dr. John C. Van Home Associate Editor § Dr. Darwin H. Stapleton Assistant Editor for Engineering and Technology § Geraldine S. Vickers Secretary/Transcriber William B. Forbush, III Assistant Editor § Jeffrey A. Cohen Assistant Editor for Architectural History § Tina H. Sheller Assistant Editor to 6/83 § Lisa Mae Robinson Research Assistant from 6/83

Building Services Department Kathleen Timmons Manager, Building Services Andrew Catlin Building Services Assistant § Mildred Bennett Telephone Operator Eugene Marciszewski Maintenance Engineer Dock Scott Maintenance Employee Jerome Washington Maintenance Employee Hazel McClinton Housekeeper John McHale Chief Guard § Samuel Assero Guard § John C. Clauss Guard § John L. Hopkins Guard § Joseph Lentz Guard § John Marrow Guard § James Waddy Guard § H. Clifton Watts Guard

§ Part time 242 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

VOLUNTEERS 1982-83

Annual Giving Mrs. Geofrey Bates Mrs. Douglas G. LaVay George Benford John Leatherwood Ronald L. Buchan Mrs. William Manders Charles H. Christie M. Gordon Mann John A. Collard Agnes Maynard Juanita Collier Jack H. Maynard Louis Doetich Eleanor McPisarra John B. Donovan Mrs. Richard P. Moran Mrs. Leo T. Donovan Monica Muntz Mrs. Roger Eisinger Mrs. Christopher O'Neil David Espie George Pierce Mrs. Jack Gaines Finley Robert Pumphrey Mrs. Gilbert Gude Mrs. George R. Tydings Jimmie Hammond Mrs. Clifton Viers Kenneth Hook Mrs. Robert Wetmore Mrs. E. Joseph Knoll, Jr.

Antiques Show and Sale Committee Chairmen Mrs. Jay Katz Chairman Mrs. Aristides Alevizatos Vice Chairman Mrs. Peter Y. Martin Vice Chairman Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr Advisory Committee Leonard C. Crewe, Jr Advisory Committee Mrs. Hammond J. Dugan, III Advisory Committee Mrs. Herbert A. May, Jr Advisory Committee Mrs. Thomas Ransone Price Adwsory Committee Mrs. Geary Lee Stonesifer, Jr Advisory Committee Mrs. H. Lee Boatwright, III Decorations Mary E. Busch Publicity Mrs. Frank A. Cappiello, Jr Government House Tour Dudley I. Catzen Exhibitor Liaison Mrs. Dudley I. Catzen "Forbes Magazine Collections" Mrs. F. Markoe Dugan Exhibitor Hospitality George D. Edwards, II Publicity Mrs. T. Albert Farmer Decorations Mrs. Jervis S. Finney Volunteers Mrs. Charles S. Garland, Jr Raffle Mrs. Peter C. Gerard Exhibitor Hospitality Mrs. George A. Hays Special Groups Louis G. Hecht "Curators Choice: Advice for Collectors' T. Townsend Hoen Publication Mr. and Mrs. Michael S. Hoffberger "Curators Choice: Advice for Collectors' Mrs. R. Bowling Hubard Flowers Mrs. William G. Kouwenhoven Tea Room Mrs. Edwin W. Obrecht, Jr Curators Show-Walk Mrs. Robert Wilson Oster Exhibitor Hospitality Mrs. Ken Phillips Tea Room Mrs. Charles E. Rice, Jr Curators Show-Walk Mrs. Robert J. Thieblot Special Exhibit Mrs. George T. Tyler Government House Tour Annual Report, 1982-1983 243 Education Department Tour Guides Mrs. Harold Adams Mrs. Thomas Judkins Mrs. Walter Adolph Mrs. Roy Kinard Mrs. Irving Alter Mrs. Charles Klein Mrs. Lawrence Await Mrs. Robert Kruhm Mrs. William Arnold Mrs. Francis Marbury Mrs. Benjamin Bates Eric Martin Mrs. Frank Brooks Helen Maynard Mrs. Rodney Brooks Dick Molloy Mrs. James Cantler Mrs. Edmund Nelson Beale Cockey Mrs. John Neale Mrs. William Conkling Mrs. John Nuttle Emmett Cosgrove Mrs. Morris Perl Mrs. Page Dame Rita Petza Mrs. Martin Donner Mrs. Roger Powers Regina Dunn Mrs. William Rush Mrs. Ernest Day Mrs. Lester Sachs Mrs. J. Egan Mrs. Bruce Sanders Mrs. William Gaines Mrs. John Sanders Mrs. Frank Gallagher Lewis Sheppard Mrs. John Garber Irene Stewart Mrs. Charles Garland Mrs. Charles Stieff Karl Gruss Mrs. Joseph Tubman Mrs. Alexander Harvey Mrs. Lloyd Wetzler Mrs. John Highby Anne Williams Mrs. Morsell Hines Mrs. Henry Wolfe Mrs. Mark Huss Mrs. Graham Wood Mrs. Bryden Hyde Mrs. Joseph Young

Gallery Harry D. Berry, Jr. Roger S. Hecklinger Ana Maria Colwill Mrs. Richard J. Sarudy Dene Feldman Mrs. C. Parke Scarborough J. Michael Flanigan Mrs. James W. Seller Cindy Green Mrs. Robert J. Thieblot Mrs. R. Riggs Griffith, IV Stephen H. Topping Richard Goodbar Suzanne Udel Joseph R. Hauser Barbara K. Weeks Louis G. Hecht

Information Desk Mrs. Leon Adler Mrs. Ralph Eraser Mrs. Robert Beacham Velva Grebe Rachel Davis Mrs. Henry Hall Mrs. L. Patrick Deering Mrs. H. Vernon Norwood Mrs. F. Markoe Dugan Mrs. Robert Vogel

Library Mrs. G. Maxwell Armor Dr. Ferdinand Chatard Mrs. I. W. Athey Mrs. William Clark Susan Bacon Mrs. Grafflin Cook Mary Barkley P. William Filby Robert W. Barnes Eliza C. Funk Judy Bloomgarden Roger S. Hecklinger 244 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Mrs. Daniel Heifitz Henry A. Naylor, Jr. Edgar Heyl Margaret Neal Louise Kerr Hines Marjorie Och Edna A. Kanely Mrs. Alfred Pruce Thomas Keane Richard Riehl Denwood Kelly Ella Rowe Mary Kendall Robert M. Smith Elmer Larson Eugenia Stalfort Mrs. Carl Lohmeyer Jeffrey Wareheim Joseph C. Maguire Susan Wheeler Alice Martin Anne Williams Mrs. Henry A. Naylor, Jr Charles Wolfe

Museum Shop Mary Barkley Mrs. F. R. Knoop, Jr. Mrs. Robert Beacham Mrs. Bernard Langeluttig Mrs. Ernest Bucking Mrs. Winston Seetoo Mrs. James Cantler Barbara Schlein Mrs. Ridgley D. German Joan Wroten

Public Programs Mrs. Harold Adams Catharine Kahl Lois Baty Edwin Machek Helen Brooks Joseph Machek Mary Carper Theresa McCann Paula Cox Anna Motley Ned Daniels Mary Newberger Helen Epple Ethel Pawlak Peter Genovese Joseph Roberts Hilda Hammond Mrs. George Robinson George Hays Frances Stafford James Hays Mary Strieker John Hays Mary Toskes Mrs. R. Bowling Hubard Kelly Whitherspoon Elizabeth Jackson Mary Wooden Helen Janowiak Margaret Zink William Kafer Ethel Zwick

Public Relations Mrs. Calhoun Bond John P. Hays Helen Brooks Elmer M. Jackson, Jr. Mary E. Busch J. Sidney King Mrs. Richard Cardullo Mrs. Brice Phillips Mrs. Edward Colwill Mrs. Ken Phillips Mrs. Ernest Day Vernon Stricklin Mrs. John W. Felton Brian Topping Jerry Hartman

Radcliffe Maritime Museum Lewis A. Beck John A. Hayward Dr. Ferdinand E. Chatard Roger Hecklinger Janet Farr J. Sheridan McClees Charles Hacker Henry Naylor, Jr. Annual Report, 1982-1983 245 Registrar's Office Mrs. Ernest J. Bucking Stephen Topping Nelson Coleman & Sons Mrs. Robert Vogel Donna Hoover Charles Wolf Mrs. Allen C. Hopkins

J. Fife Symington, Jr., Chairman of the Board of Trustees, greets William Donald Schaefer, Mayor of the City of Baltimore, at Society special event. 246 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

It is with deep appreciation and great affection that I open the Annual Meeting of the Museum and Library of Maryland History by requesting a moment of silence in honor of our Honorary Trustee Herbert Boone, and our active Trustee Matthew Hirsh, both of whom passed on during the past year. I will include also William Hill, a devoted member of the Maritime Committee, in this tribute.1 Each of these gentlemen had served the Society with loyalty and purpose over the past years. We are all so thankful that both Romaine Somerville and Leonard Crewe are back on duty and have fully recovered from their respective illnesses. In accordance with our practice, two trustees, Messrs. James Wollon and Thomas Burdette, were rotated off the Board, and Mrs. Terry M. Rubenstein resigned for family reasons. I know we all wish to join in thanks to all three for their many contributions to the programs of the Society and in the hope that we will continue to have their help and advice. The Society has been stronger and a better place in which to work during the years of Frank Weller's Presidency, and I feel we should all give him a big hand for what he has accomplished. At this time it is my great pleasure to introduce our new President, Brian B. Topping, and three new Vice Presidents J. Jefferson Miller II, Walter Pinkard and Frank H. Weller, Jr. T. Rowland Slingluff has been made an Honorary Trustee, and I take this pleasant opportunity of thanking him as well as introducing new trustees: Mrs. Stewart Rogers, Senator William James of Harford County, and J. Henry Butta, President of the C & P Telephone Company. In line with the Nominating Committee's recommendation to bring the Vice Presidents more into the mainstream, thereby creating a pool for future officers, etc. of the Museum and Library, each will have between one and three committees of the organization with which he or she will become thoroughly familiar. They in turn will keep the President and Council advised. Turning to the Endowment Campaign, I wish to advise the membership and the Board that as of October 14, 1983, we have in hand $3,516,335.06 in cash or pledges—$3,493,771 in cash or pledges having been in hand at the end of the fiscal year (June 30). At this point I wish, in Mr. Crewe's absence, to thank him for all he has done during this past year. I know, were he here, he would wish to introduce Ramsey W. J. Flynn, his co-chairman for Annual Giving in the upcoming year. I wish particularly and personally to thank our curators. Stiles Colwill and Jennifer Goldsbor- ough, for making the Silver Exhibit such a success. Most important, you all realize without such a dedicated staff we could not carry this organization on. Great credit goes out to them for bearing up under the budget restraints of the past year. In closing, I wish to call for a motion of appreciation and gratitude to Marion and Henry Knott for their very generous gift establishing the Knott Chair for Maryland Church History. The Meeting stands adjourned so that we may view Jennifer Goldsborough's very excellent slide presentation "Silver in Maryland." J. Fife Symington, Jr.

1 Dr. Walter Rundell, a member of the Publications Committee, died the day after the previous annual meeting. Annual Report, 1982-1983 247 DIRECTORS REPORT

In March of 1983 the National Endowment for the Humanities announced that the Maryland Historical Society had been named one of three Maryland cultural and educational institutions to receive a challenge grant. The $600,000 grant to the Society was the largest awarded in the state and will be used to strengthen the Endowment Campaign and to help fund the Chairs for professional staff which were created as the basis of that campaign. Challenge grant funds can be drawn upon over a period of three years. During that time, the Society must raise from private sources three new dollars for every one dollar awarded by the Humanities group. Another major matching grant, $35,000 for the publication of a catalogue of the Society's furniture collection, was received from the National Endowment for the Arts. Maryland's First Century, a seminar covering 17th century Maryland history, architecture and decorative arts, marked the opening of the Society's celebration of the 350th anniversary of the founding of the colony of Maryland. Co-sponsored by the Society for the Preservation of Maryland Antiquities, the Seminar appropriately took place on Maryland Day. The numerous other projects which the Society has undertaken to celebrate the 350th anniversary also began to take shape in 1982-83. One of the most significant is a new, two-volume general history of Maryland. Robert J. Brugger was selected as the author from an exceptionally qualified group of candidates. Having received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University and taught American history at the University of Virginia and Harvard, Dr. Brugger previously served as associate editor of the James Madison Papers, a publication of the University of Virginia. Preparations for a major exhibition and catalogue of Maryland silver, another 350th anniversary project, dominated the museum scene in 1982-83 under the supervision of Jennifer R. Goldsborough. Other anniversary projects underway are: the publication of a guide to the roadside historical markers, a series of educational radio spots entitled Marylanders Who Made a Difference, and a special exhibit on the Calvert family. Under the auspices of the Museum Assessment Program of the American Association of Museums, Douglas E. Evelyn, Deputy Director of the National Museum of American History inspected and evaluated the Museum and Library of Maryland History as part of the official accreditation process. In the eleven page final report, which concisely and accurately assesses recent progress and proposes future goals, the Society was given high marks in all areas. For better service to the public, the hours for the Museum and Library were expanded and co- ordinated in January of 1983. Both the Museum and Library are now open from 11AM to 4:30PM Tuesday through Friday, and 9AM to 4:30PM on Saturday. Sunday hours are related to special events. The Museum and Library served as the main host for the 15th North American Prints Conference, the theme of which was "Images by and for Marylanders, 1680-1935." The conference, one of the major events in the field of historical American graphic arts, attracted over 150 curators, art historians, collectors, educators and dealers. Thirteen scholarly papers were delivered over a two-day period. Laurie Baty, Society Assistant Prints and Photographs Librarian, was the co- ordinator of the conference. The Society continues its work at Government House and in January a gala reception marked the opening of the fourth public room to be completed under the program, the Victorian Parlour. Researched and implemented under the watchful eye of Mrs. Howard Baetjer, II, the ornately furnished room reflects a stylish Maryland parlor of the 1870's. The Fifth Annual Maryland Antiques Show and Sale, chaired by Mrs. Jay Katz, got off to an excellent start. Attendance at the Preview and on the first public day indicated that it would be the best year ever. However, a major snow storm made the remaining days very lean. In spite of this, the event was a financial success. In other fund raising events, proceeds from the bi-annual auction and gifts-in-kind program approached $60,000 thanks to the efforts of D. Jeffrey Rice and Barbara W. Horneffer. The computerization is progressing. Membership records as well as accounting records including payroll, accounts payable and accounts receivable have been computerized. The preliminary steps for the computerization of Development Records have been completed, and the actual computeri- zation will take place this year. Three long-term staff members retired this year: Hester Rich after 29 years of service in the Library; Mary Meyer, Genealogical Librarian since 1967, and Betty Key, who brought to the Society statewide and national attention and respect through her accomplishments as Director of the Oral History Program. We mourn the passing of Davie Harrell who served with dedication for 248 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE over 25 years in the Membership and Business Offices, and Abbott L. Penniman, past Chairman of the Building and Grounds Committee, who volunteered his expertise and services to oversee the construction of the Thomas and Hugg Building. Finally, I would like to thank all the volunteers who helped to make 1982-83 another active and productive year: those who worked side-by-side with the staff, those who devoted their time and talents to special projects such as the Antiques Show and Sale and those who served as trustees and committee members under the leadership of J. Fife Symington, Jr., Chairman of the Board, Leonard C. Crewe, Jr., Vice-Chairman of the Board/Chief Executive Officer, and Frank H. Weller, Jr., President. Romaine Stec Somerville Annual Report, 1982-1983 249 PRESIDENT'S REPORT

My duties in the office of President of the Maryland Historical Society have provided me with a period of service that has been both enlightening and rewarding. Much of the enjoyment in this position has been provided by the people with whom I have worked on the various committees comprising the Council of the Society. I wish, therefore, to first acknowledge both retiring and new committee chairmen for certain of the Council committees. Among the retiring committee chairmen I wish to acknowledge and thank for their loyal service are the following individuals: for the Annual Giving Committee—Calvert C. McCabe, Jr., Coordinator, and Truman T. Semans, Chairman; for the Finance Committee—John T. Stinson, Chairman; for the Maritime Committee—George M. Radcliffe, Chairman; for the Public Relations Committee—Mary E. Busch, Chairman; for the Speaker's Committee—Arthur L. Flinner, Chairman; for the Special Projects Committee—Thomas W. Burdette, Chairman; and for the Women's Committee—Mrs. James E. Cantler, Chairman. The individuals replacing those retiring on each of the committees, and we welcome them to the Council of the Society, are the following: for the Annual Giving Committee—Ramsey W. J. Flynn, and Leonard C. Crewe, Jr., Co-chairmen; for the Finance Committee—William C. Whitridge, Chairman; for the Maritime Committee—Norman G. Rukert, Sr., Chairman; for the Antique Show and Special Projects Committee—Mrs. Hammond J. Dugan, III, Chairman; for the Public Relations Committee—Vernon Stricklin, Chairman; for the Speaker's Committee—William Arnold, Chair- man; and for the Women's Committee—Mrs. John S. Kerns, Jr., Chairman. In the past it has been the custom to give a synopsis of each committee's activities over the course of the year. Rather than attempt to do that in any comprehensive fashion, I believe it more informative and to the point to give some of the highlights of activities which have occurred at the Society under the sponsorship of some of the standing committees over the fiscal year just ended. Some of those highlights have occurred to me as being perhaps of general interest to the Society's membership, and I thought it appropriate to mention them in this Report. As an example, our Addresses Committee presents four annual endowed lectures each year. In the past, these lectures have been of the traditional format with a variety of topics of an artistic/ intellectual orientation, often given by noteworthy speakers. This past year, however, there was a slight departure and something quite unusual in the form of a dramatic presentation of George Bernard Shaw's Dear Liar as the Norris Lecture. This was a well attended event, and I believe that the Addresses Committee deserves both our commendation and support for an innovative and popular variation. Though it was mentioned at last year's Annual Meeting in October (since that meeting had occurred after the official opening of the France-Merrick Wing which occurred in this fiscal year) both the Building and Grounds Committee and the Gallery Committee were heavily involved in the successful completion of that project which has added much needed exhibit and storage space. The Education Committee, in addition to performing many of its traditional activities, has embarked upon a program developed in connection with the 350th celebration of the founding of Maryland, by preparing a series of brief biographies of important Marylanders to be used in spot broadcasts on both public and possibly commercial radio stations. In addition to this somewhat innovative activity, the Education Committee has also developed special tours for children entitled "Childhood in Early Maryland" as well as a number of "hands-on" tours. The Gallery Committee, in addition to its activities in connection with the France-Merrick Wing, was responsible for sponsoring three "medium sized" and critically well-received exhibits involving Maryland landscape painting (sponsored by the Maryland State Arts Council), the Smithsonian Institution's Innovative Furniture exhibit, and, last but not least, the Society's own and delightful "Up from the Basement, Down from the Attic". The Library Committee too got into the act in terms of putting on exhibits, and it sponsored its first major exhibit in some time in the Fall of 1982 entitled "The Mapping of Maryland." This exhibit was accompanied by an attractive and informative guide which was published under the auspices of the Library Committee and which serves as a handy reference to the history of Maryland maps. In addition, the Library Committee was responsible for the fact that the Society served as the host institution for the major Fifteenth Annual North American Print Conference. Another committee which often is responsible for putting the Society in the public eye is the Maritime Committee, which is presently undergoing the process of re-installing the collection of the Radcliffe Maritime Museum. Nonetheless, the Maritime Committee sponsored a travelling exhibit entitled "Maryland's Traditional Boat Builders." 250 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Frank H. Weller, Jr., President, 1980-1983 (center), with J. Fife Symington, Jr., Chairman of the Board of Trustees, and Mrs. Weller.

The Publications Committee has continued to pursue a branch for a major new history of Maryland to be published in the near future. A search was conducted and, as mentioned elsewhere in this Annual Report, a highly qualified author selected and we all look forward to the publication of what is expected to be a major addition to published texts and histories of the State of Maryland. Last, but certainly not least among those items which we have selected to mention, the Women's Committee has been responsible for sponsoring a number of successful bus trips and annual events and is, of course, the sponsor of the Annual Christmas Party, which is one of the great events held at the Maryland Historical Society. These are but a few of the highlights, intended only to give a flavor of the extent and variety of the Society's activities and perhaps meant to encourage our members to get others to join and partake of the benefits of membership in this wonderful institution. Another important event which occurred during this past year, not necessarily related to such things as exhibits or matters which put us in the public eye, was the fact that the Society was able to reacquire, on very favorable terms, the property formerly occupied by the New Sherwood Hotel directly across the street from the main entrance to the Society. It was felt by the staff, the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees, and the Trustees, that it was extremely important Annual Report, 1982-1983 251 to make certain that the use of that property be compatible with the activities of the Society. Thus, when the opportunity presented itself to reacquire the property, it was viewed as being doubly fortuitous, since it provides us with the flexibility of adding additional parking space, as well as other uses which may be beneficial to the future of the Society. At present, the plans are that the lot will be converted to additional parking space as soon as funds are available. As a last note in this Annual Report, we wish to acknowledge receipt by the Society of a major gift from Mr. and Mrs. J. Fife Symington which will go toward the construction and furnishing of a room to be known as the Jack and Arabella Symington Memorial Library. This library will be dedicated to Maryland sporting arts and memorabilia, and will also provide shelving and space to house the outstanding collection of sporting books presented to the Society by the family of Mr. DeWitt Sage. The library is presently intended to be located in unfinished space above the France- Merrick Wing, and in addition to its intended purpose, will provide hanging space for exhibits of paintings, prints, photographs and other items relating to Maryland sport. This library and the collections that it is intended to house will therefore hopefully add to the scope of appeal of the Museum to that segment of our population who are particularly sporting oriented who may therefore be supportive of the Society because of this new addition to the collections. The sports which are presently intended to be represented by various forms of art, memorabilia, books, etc. shall be such activities as waterfowling, fox hunting, field shooting, timber racing, cock fighting, skiing, stream fishing, beagling, etc. Another year has drawn to a close, and this Report, as we stated at the beginning merely highlights a small segment of the activities in which I was involved during the course of this past year. Others, obviously, are set forth in the Director's Report and the Report of the Chairman of the Board of Trustees. Together they represent the breadth and value of the Society; an institution which is becoming increasingly well known and respected in museum and library circles throughout the country. Frank H. Weller, Jr. 252 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

With grateful appreciation, we list those members and friends who have made contributions to the Society from July 1, 1982 to June 30, 1983.

BENEFACTORS The Kiefer Foundation The Lewis Baer Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Klinefelter Baltimore Gas and Electric Company Mrs. Charles M. Knapp, Jr. Joseph DeVries Beckley Loyola Federal Foundation Alex. Brown & Sons Mrs. Benjamin F. Lucas Buckingham School of Frederick County Mrs. H. Benthall Marshall C & P Telephone Company Maryland Shipbuilding & Drydock Company Commercial Credit Corporation Mr. and Mrs. E. Kirkbride Miller Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Crewe, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Mullan Jacob and Annita France Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Henry A. Naylor, Jr. Mr. Howard Head Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Nes, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Walter G. Lohr Mrs. John W. Nicol The Maryland Geneaological Society John J. O'Conor Mercantile Safe Deposit & Trust Company PHH Group Foundation Anne M. & Robert G. Merrick Foundation John P. Paca The Lloyd E. Mitchell Foundation Mrs. D. William Parker The Mullan Foundation Robert L. Rich Murray Corporation Richard C. Riggs, Sr. T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. William A. Rowe, Jr. Henry and Ruth Blaustein Rosenberg Founda- Savings Bank of Baltimore tion Mr. and Mrs. Otto K. Schmied The Rouse Company Mr. and Mrs. Robert Lee Slingluff Mr. and Mrs. Jacques T. Schlenger Society of Colonial Wars in Maryland The Aaron Straus and Lillie Straus Foundation Jerome Schuman Mary Ringgold Trippe Mr. and Mrs. F. P. L. Somerville Mr. and Mrs. Edmund A. Stanley, Jr. Mrs. Charles F. Stein, Jr. SPONSORS Mrs. Gideon N. Stieff Irene Call Addicks Tate Industries Amoco Oil Company Dr. and Mrs. R. Carmichael Tilghman Baltimore Life Insurance Company Mr. and Mrs. William C. Trimble Bethlehem Steel Corporation L. Byrne Waterman Mr. and Mrs. Brodnax Cameron, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Weller, Jr. John P. Coulter Western Electric Corporation Dorothy L. Dorman Mrs. J. Campbell White Mr. and Mrs. Douglas V. Dorman Mrs. Benjamin D. Williams John L. Due Elizabeth K. Wilson Eastmet Foundation Woodward & Lothrop, Incorporated The Ferdinand Eberstadt Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Philip English The Exxon Company, U.S.A. PATRONS First National Bank of Maryland Irene Call Addicks The Bob Fleigh Foundation Alcolac, Inc. Lt. Col. and Mrs. Romeo H. Freer Dr. and Mrs. Warde Allan Dr. and Mrs. William F. Fritz Dr. Ann H. Allison Mr. and Mrs. Drayton C. Harrison Esther Anderton Mr. and Mrs. E. Phillips Hathaway Anonymous Mrs. William B. F. Hax Armco Steel Company The Hecht-Levi Foundation Ayers-Saint, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Hollander, Jr. Mrs. Joseph D. Baker, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Hopkins Mr. and Mrs. Morgan Baldwin Mr. and Mrs. Bryden Bordley Hyde Baltimore Federal Savings & Loan Association Julio M. Iman Joseph A. Bank Clothiers International Business Machines Corporation Mr. and Mrs. William R. Bentley Mr. and Mrs. W. Leonard Kennedy Cornelius Combs Bond Annual Report, 1982-1983 253

Dr. John E. Bordley Albert Gunther, Inc. Marie C. Braun Mr. and Mrs. Roberto I. Gutierrez Mr. and Mrs. J. Dorsey Brown, III Dr. and Mrs. John S. Haines Mrs. Richard J. Brown Mrs. William G. Hardy Mrs. Edwin Nash Broyles Harford Refrigeration Company, Inc. Eunice E. Burdette Harris Auction Galleries, Inc. Jarman Carey Mrs. George Harrison William Carey Katherine A. Harvey Richard Carvell Sidney L. Hechinger Fund George R. Cassels-Smith Mr. and Mrs. Louis G. Hecht Mr. and Mrs. John Chap'pelear Mrs. Samuel M. Hecht Chesapeake Life Insurance Company Mrs. E. Mason Hendrickson W. E. Chesson Mr. and Mrs. T. Hughlett Henry, Jr. S. M. Christhilf&Son, Inc. Mrs. Nathan B. Herman Mrs. Page Bowie Clagett Hilgartner Natural Stone Company Mr. and Mrs. Jack R. Cobb Himmelrich Fund Mrs. Jesse C. Coggins Mr. and Mrs. Amos T. Holland Colonial Dames of America C. A. Porter Hopkins Mr. and Mrs. James F. Colwill Mr. and Mrs. E. Ralph Hostetter John S. Connor, Inc. Mrs. Charles Tilghman Howard Mr. and Mrs. George Constable Mr. and Mrs. H. Thomas Howell Mr. and Mrs. Grafflin Cook, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. C. Brooks Hubbert Albert H. Cousins, Jr. Independent Can Company Edwin A. Daniels, Jr. Insurance, Incorporated Virginia R. Davis Mrs. Richard Jackson Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. DeGroff Mr. and Mrs. George S. Jenkins Delta Management, Inc. Henry W. Jenkins & Sons Company Mr. and Mrs. Mathias J. DeVito Mr. and Mrs. Edward F. Johnson Leslie B. Disharoon Mrs. Robert Johnson Ditch, Bowers & Taylor, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Jay Katz Mrs. George W. Dobbin, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Denwood N. Kelly, Jr. Dorothy L. Dorman Henry F. Kelly Rhoda M. Dorsey Kennecott Refining Corporation John Benjamin Drake Mr. and Mrs. Harvey B. Kershaw, Jr. Mrs. Edward K. Dunn Walter H. Kidd Easco Corporation The Kirk-Stieff Company Eastern Shore Society of Baltimore W. Thorn Kissel, Jr. Edmunds & Hyde, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Knapp Mr. and Mrs. Gerson E. Eisenberg Mrs. Charles H. Knapp, Jr. H. Vernon Eney Charles A. & Martin F. Knott Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Robert E. Farber Koppers Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. L. McLane Fisher Mr. and Mrs. William G. Kouwenhoven The Fitchett-Stick Foundation Dorothy B. Krug Fred's, Inc. Raymond J. Krul Eliza Coale Funk Mr. and Mrs. Frederick W. Lafferty Mr. and Mrs. Stephen H. Gardiner Mr. and Mrs. John S. Lalley Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Garland, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur G. Lambert Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc. Caryle J. Lancaster Mr. and Mrs. W. T. Dixon Gibbs Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Lane Mrs. David C. Gibson Mr. and Mrs. Rodney M. Layton Elizabeth W. Glascock Lee Electric Company Mr. and Mrs. Louis L. Goldstein Mr. and Mrs. George Lemon, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Goodbar Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Walker Lewis Yale Gordon Robert E. Lewis Kingdon Gould, Jr. Lime Kiln Valley Foundation W. R. Grace and Company Marion S. Luby Mr. and Mrs. Frederick J. Green, Jr. James Macgill Mr. and Mrs. Herman Greenberg Macht Philanthropic Fund Grumman Aerospace Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Thomas H. Maddux, III 254 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

William L. Marbury Safeco Title Insurance Company Bayly E. Marks Mr. and Mrs. Charles Scarlett Mrs. J. Sinclair Marks Mr. and Mrs. LeBaron R. Scarlett Margaret M. Marshall Mary P. Scheeler Maryland Casualty Company Samuel Shapiro & Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Alfred G. Masius Regina B. Shepperd Mr. and Mrs. Calvert C. McCabe, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John R. Sherwood F. Moran McConihe The Shipleys of Maryland Thomas W. McElhiney Smelkinson Brothers Corporation Mr. and Mrs. J. Rieman Mclntosh Mrs. Russell E. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Gaines McMillan Society of Cincinnati of Maryland Mr. and Mrs. Henry L. Meledin Sons of the American Revolution Mr. and Mrs. James V. Melton Christian P. Sorensen Mr. and Mrs. John Merryman, Jr. W. A. Speakman, III Joseph Meyerhoff Lucy F. Spedden Mrs. J. Smith Michael Lcdr. Gladys M. Sperrle, USN James R. Miller, Jr. Mrs. Robert F. Stanton Mr. and Mrs. Jay Jefferson Miller Mr. and Mrs. Gordon M. F. Stick, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Karl E. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Charles C. Stieff, II Mr. and Mrs. John W. Mitchell Suburban Trust Company Moldcraft, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Symington, Jr. W. Griffin Morrel, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William Thompson L. Arlette Mouat Mr. and Mrs. Brian B. Topping Harry Myerburg William C. Trimble, Jr. Mrs. Arthur L. Nelson Florence H. Trupp Mr. and Mrs. John M. Nelson, III Tuerkes-Beckers, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Norris Nichols Mr. and Mrs. Douglas C. Turnbull, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. David R. Owen Frances V. W. Turner Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Passano United Auto Workers Union #8 Mrs. William B. Patterson VanSant, Dugdale and Company Duane & Clementine Peterson Charitable Fund Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Wagandt, II Mr. and Mrs. C. Gordon Pitt Mr. and Mrs. Carl E. Wagner, Jr. Joyce Praley-Frederick Mr. and Mrs. John M. Walton, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Herbert R. Preston, Jr. William Wells Mr. and Mrs. William N. S. Pugh Ruth E. Wenzel Mr. and Mrs. Harold G. Purinton Michael Wettach The Tony Purnell Foundation Betty W. Whiting Queen Anne's County Historical Society Mr. and Mrs. John R. Williams Mr. and Mrs. George M. Radcliffe Mr. and Mrs. Edward Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Adrian P. Reed Windjammers of the Chesapeake Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Reese Woman's Eastern Shore Society Mr. and Mrs. William B. Reese Mr. and Mrs. H. Graham Wood Mr. and Mrs. Paul V. Renoff Mrs. Hazel B. Wyatt M. Eleanor Rice Richter, Cornbrooks, Gribble Ruth F. Rickert CONTRIBUTORS Mrs. James H. Riefle, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles T. Albert Mr. and Mrs. John H. Riehl, III Mr. and Mrs. Frank N. Aldrich Mr. and Mrs. Francis C. Rienoff Mr. and Mrs. Charles Edward Allen Riggs, Distler & Company, Inc. American Metaseal Corporation of Maryland Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Riggs, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William R. Amos Mr. and Mrs. F. C. Rittenhouse Arthur Andersen & Company Henry J. Robb Mrs. Paul S. Anderson Eugene E. Roberts Armacost Dorsey Antiques Mr. and Mrs. Timothy M. Rodgers Armco Steel Company Marie R. Rogers Mrs. G. Maxwell Armor, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Morton Rome Mr. and Mrs. Alexander Armstrong Mr. and Mrs. James W. Rouse Atlas Transportation Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Rumford, II Richard P. Baer, III Mr. and Mrs. James F. Russell, III Charles A. Baker Annual Report, 1982-1983 255

Baltimore Photo & Blueprint Company Mrs. Howard DeMuth Mary F. Barada Michael J. and Helle Desimone Gregory H. Barnhill Mr. and Mrs. Donald L. DeVries Mr. and Mrs. John G. Bauer Mrs. Edwin J. Dickerson Mr. and Mrs. J. Pierre Bernard Mr. and Mrs. E. L. Dinning, III Mr. and Mrs. Paul J. Berry H. Russell Dischinger Mr. and Mrs. L. Carter Birely Caroline H. Dixon Mr. and Mrs. Gary Black William R. Dorsey, III Blum's, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. John C. Doub George W. Bookhout, Jr. T. Marshall Duer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. C. Keating Bowie Mr. and Mrs. William B. Dulany Edwin and Hilda M. Brewer Blanton C. Duncan Thomas R. Brookes, Jr. H. A. Brown Dunning, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Rodney J. Brooks, Jr. Durrett-Sheppard Steel Talcott K. Brooks Mr. and Mrs. John Goldsborough Earle Mrs. Frederick W. Brune Anne Edwards Mary R. Brush Mr. and Mrs. Bert T. Edwards Dr. and Mrs. Walter B. Buck William C. Egan Budeke's Paints, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Roger Eisinger E. La Claire Bunke C. E. Ellicott, Jr. Julia T. Burleigh Joy Sperry Emery Mary E. Busch Mr. and Mrs. Palmer L. Estes Dr. Arthur Merrick Bushey Charles C. G. Evans, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Morton Busick Mrs. Henry C. Evans Mrs. Leo Butler S. L. Faidley & A. L. Geyer Nelson C. Byrn Donald R. Farber Ethel H. Cable Mrs. A. Douglas Farquhar David Callard Eugene M. Feinblatt Mrs. C. G. Carey J. H. Filbert, Inc. Howard & May Carpenter Mrs. George C. Finney Mr. and Mrs. Omar R. Carrington Mr. and Mrs. Walter Fisher Mr. and Mrs. James T. Cavanaugh, III Charles J. Fleury Mr. and Mrs. S. Vannort Chapman Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. Flinner Churchill Distributors Mr. and Mrs. Bliss Forbush, Jr. CIGNA Corporation Mr. and Mrs. W. Byron Forbush Brice M. Clagett Harry Ford, II Mr. and Mrs. Clyde M. Clapp Hazel Ann Fox Mrs. William B. Clatanoff Mr. and Mrs. Matthew Freedman Charles P. Coady Mr. and Mrs. G. Ross French Mr. and Mrs. Alexander S. Cochran Mrs. Hans Froelicher, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Peyton Cochran, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Frank F. Furstenberg Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr. Mrs. Addison Gamble Mr. and Mrs. Howard H. Conaway Suzanne K. Gardiner Margaret H. Cooke Mrs. Charles S. Garland, Sr. Mrs. J. Crossan Cooper, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Carson Gibbs Mrs. Levin T. Cooper Mr. and Mrs. William M. Ginder Dr. and Mrs. Joseph Coudon Mrs. F. Lawrence Goodwin Mr. and Mrs. Patrick J. Coughlin, Jr. Mrs. William W. Gordon Mr. and Mrs. George W. Cox. Gray & Sons, Inc. Patricia Andre Crawford Randall Hagner Greenlee Mrs. W. K. Cromwell Mr. and Mrs. R. Riggs Griffith, IV Col. Samuel L. Crook Mr. and Mrs. W. Arthur Grotz, Jr. Mrs. John N. Curlett Mr. and Mrs. Norman M. Gurevich Clinton Riggs Daly Mr. and Mrs. Elmer R. Haile, Jr. Charles C. Daniel Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Hall Mr. and Mrs. Joseph H. Darlington John H. Hampshire, Inc. Rosalie Davison Mr. and Mrs. Mark H. Handwerk Mrs. Alfred DeRopp Mr. and Mrs. Joseph R. Hardiman Irene May Dean Marshall T. Harding Betty G. Dees Mr. and Mrs. Robert Goodloe Harper 256 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Mr. and Mrs. W. Hall Harris, III Professor and Mrs. Thomas F. Marshall Mrs. Alexander Harvey, II Mrs. 0. Jackson Marston M. Rosalia Herman Martin Supply Company Mrs. William Rogers Herod Cynthia K. Mason Edgar G. Heyl William H. Masson, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. W. Paul Hicks, II Mr. and Mrs. Adrian L. McCardell Historical Society of Charles County Dr. and Mrs. H. Berton McCauley Katharine McLane Hoffman Mrs. Ellice McDonald, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Jean Hofmeister Marsha L. McLeod Mr. and Mrs. Guy T. 0. Hollyday Mr. and Mrs. John L. McShane Charlotte K. Hooper Merry-Go-Round Enterprises, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Rogers Birnie Horgan Mr. and Mrs. Walter U. Messner Honorable Outerbridge Horsey Mr. and Mrs. Frederick E. Meyett Richard Peyton Howard Robert E. Michel Richard H. Howland Mr. and Mrs. Clarence W. Miles Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Hubatka, III Captain and Mrs. William R. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Hugh C. Hughes Lieze S. Moffett Dr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Hunt Mr. and Mrs. E. Scott Moore Mr. and Mrs. Eliot P. Hard Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Moore Charles W. Hurst Sandra Moran Julia Pechin Ingle Mr. and Mrs. John M. Morgan Mr. and Mrs. Fielder Israel Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Morgenthau William S. James H. Russell Morrison, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. T. Courtenay Jenkins, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John S. Morton, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. J. T. H. Johnson Dr. Harold E. Mose Mr. and Mrs. Reverdy Johnson Dr. and Mrs. Howard Moses Mr. and Mrs. William R. Johnston Mueller Associates Mr. and Mrs. A. Carroll Jones Mr. and Mrs. John B. Munnikhuysen Honorable and Mrs. Lewis R. Jones Mr. and Mrs. William T. Murray Mr. and Mrs. Birch A. Kailer Mr. and Mrs. Fred Nassauer Mr. and Mrs. M. Shakman Katz Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Naylor, Jr. Stanley Katzenstein Mr. and Mrs. Edmund A. Nelson Mr. and Mrs. William S. Keigler Mr. and Mrs. James A. Nicholas Gary F. and Wendy D. Kelman Mrs. Emory H. Niles Mr. and Mrs. Leroy E. Kirby Mrs. Vernon H. Norwood Mrs. Raymond A. Kirby Mr. and Mrs. Frank B. Ober Mrs. Lloyd Kirkley Edwin White Obrecht Mrs. Trafford P. Klots Dr. and Mrs. Charles O'Donovan, III Joetta Koppenhoefer Mr. and Mrs. Edward P. Offutt L & S Welding Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Kaufman Ottenheimer Matilda C. Lacey Ruth L. and Donald M. Pachuta Mr. and Mrs. Albert Wade Laisy Mr. and Mrs Aaron D. Parker, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Barron P. Lambert Mrs. Elliott H. Pennel Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Lankford, III Mrs. C. Dexter Pennington Senator and Mrs. Julian L. Lapides Karen S. and Oliver Perin Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Latrobe, III Thomas P. Perkins, III Jeffrey Legum Martha Ann Peters Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Legum The Reverend R. Douglas Pitt Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Levy Mr. and Mrs. W. James Price Reverend and Mrs. Justus Liesmann Neva M. Purnell Mr. and Mrs. Arthur D. Littlepage Lynn and Philip Rauch Mr. and Mrs. Daniel A. Lowenthal F. Garner Ranney Dr. and Mrs. Samuel M. M. Lumpkin Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert T. Renout Clara MacFarland Dr. and Mrs. Curt P. Richter Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Major Samuel Riggs, IV Mr. and Mrs. John A. Manfuso, Jr. Robert L. Ritchie Roger N. Mangels Mr. and Mrs. Michael J. Roberts Mr. and Mrs. F. Grainger Marburg Rob Robertson Mr. and Mrs. Francis C. Marbury Mrs. Carey Rogers Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Marmet Mr. and Mrs. C. Bennett Rose Annual Report, 1982-1983 257

Lois H. Rowland Brig. General and Mrs. W. D. Tigertt Mr. and Mrs. Horace V. Rumsey Mr. and Mrs. Philip Ogle Tilghman Stephen Edwin Sanford Mr. and Mrs. Norris W. Tingle Mrs. Raymond G. Scarlett Mr. and Mrs. James L. Topper Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin S. Schapiro United Daughters of the Confederacy Donald P. Seibert United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company Mrs. James W. Seller Dr. and Mrs. William B. Vandegrift Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Sener, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Walter H. Verdier Mrs. Joseph Ward Sener Richard C. Waesche Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Sewell Basil Wagner, Jr. Mrs. Charles H. Sheetz, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Webb Wagner Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Sherwood Dr. and Mrs. Patrick C. Walsh Mr. and Mrs. Willian B. Shippen Margaret C. Warnken C. T. Shortall Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Washburne Mr. and Mrs. George M. Shriver, Jr. WBAL-TV Mr. and Mrs. Robert Campbell Shriver John W. Weil Mr. and Mrs. Hanan Sibel Francis A. Weiskittel Frederick J. Singley, Jr. Mrs. Frank H. Weller, Sr. Jess Joseph Smith, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Paul E. Welsh Phyllis J. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Rex Wheeler, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. W. Meredith Smith, Jr. Virginia H. Whitridge Mrs. Richard B. Snyder Mrs. Paul Foreman Wiest Southern States Cooperative R. Gerard Willse, Jr. J. Kyle Spencer W. H. C. Wilson & Company Samuel Spencer Philip R. Winebrener Mrs. Arthur G. Stovely Walter L. Winkenwerder Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Steiner Emily B. Wirth Mr. and Mrs. George A. Stewart, Jr. Vivian D. Wiser Robert Stinson Gerard Wolf Mr. and Mrs. James B. Stradtner Mr. and Mrs. Ernest E. Wooden Dr. and Mrs. John F. Strahan Mrs. M. Cabell Woodward Mr. and Mrs. John C. Strawhorn Anne W. Woody William Richard Surratt Anne W. Worthington Brig. General and Mrs. Kenneth S. Sweany Charles R. Young Dr. and Mrs. Norman Tarr C. R. Zarfoss Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Taylor C. Patrick Zilliacus Mr. and Mrs. James H. Tayman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William P. Zimmerman, Jr. Doris D. Thomas Margaret Zipp Mr. and Mrs. J. Richard Thomas

OTHERS We are deeply grateful to the many individuals, not listed above, who generously supported the Society with contributions in amounts up to fifty dollars.

In Memory of Davie Harrell A. Aubrey Bodine Walker Lewis Dr. & Mrs. Ferdinand E. Chatard Charles B. Major P.W. Filby A. Hester Rich Earl V. Harrell Raymond J. Sturla J.A.S. Kouwenhoven Larry E. Sullivan 258 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Combined Balance Sheets—All Funds JUNE 30, 1983 ASSETS Cash and marketable securities-at cost or do- nated values $5,258,639 (1) Accounts receivable 111,294 Inventories-at lower of cost or market value .... 15,236 Prepaid expenses 25,219 Real estate and equipment-at cost less deprecia- tion of $129,896 3,311,155 (2) Interfund net receivable 229,938 Books, manuscripts, paintings, statues, furniture and other exhibits 3 Total Assets 8,951,484

LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCES Accounts payable and accrued expenses 81,975 Mortgage payable 20,000 Deferred revenue 118,751 Interfund net payable 229,938 Fund balances 8,500,820 Total Liabilities and Fund Balances $8,951,484

(1) Market value $6,113,518. (2) It is the policy of the Society to record depreciation on only a small portion of its real estate which is leased to others and on office furniture and equipment. Annual Report, 1982-1983 259 STATEMENT OF REVENUE AND EXPENSES FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1983

General Funds

REVENUE: Dues $106,022 Contributions and grants 355,196 (1) Legacies and legacy income 15,784 Investment income 381,500 Rentals, sales and service fees 55,930 Admissions 8,126 Auctions 59,236 Antique show 35,006 Other income 23,309 Total Revenue 1,040,109

EXPENSES: Gallery and museum 134,313 Library, prints and manuscripts 158,198 Magazines and history notes 62,007 Educational service 29,579 Public relations, development and fund raising . 125,757 Building operations 289,257 Administration and general 238,778 Total Expenses 1,037,889 Excess of Revenue over Expenses $2,220

(1) Includes grants from city, county and state governments totalling $108,325 260 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Funds (Deficits) for Specified Purposes

ENDOWMENT: Contributions, gains on sales of investments and other income $1,020,276 Expenses 39,227 981,049

PUBLICATIONS: Revenue 20,659 Expenses 17,404 3,255

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIAL FUNDS: Revenue 185,628 Expenses 214,196 (28,568)

LATROBE PROJECT: Revenue 76,733 Expenses 91,507 (14,774)

NOTE: The foregoing combined balance sheet and statement of revenue and expenses have been prepared by the Treasurer of the Maryland Historical Society from the report for the year ended June 30, 1983, submitted by independent public accountants. Requests for copies of this report should be addressed to the Treasurer, Maryland Historical Society, 201 West Monument Street, Baltimore, Md., 21201 Annual Report, 1982-1983 261 GIFTS TO THE Robert Farber COLLECTION—LIBRARY P. William Filby Rudolph F. Fischer Ann Forbush Anna M. Albers Margaret K. Fresco T. May Albright Joseph D. Fusco Sarah McFadden Amos Mr. & Mrs. Donald A. Gallager Robert W. Amos Shirley Gaventa Martha E. Atkinson Frank Gayle Mrs. Herbert Avey Genealogical Publishing Company Al Bakutis George W. Gephart Mrs. M. F. Barada Marian Gillis Mrs. Richard Barroll George L. Glotzbach Penelope H. Batcheler Wayne K. Goettner C. Robert Bell Richard L. Goodbar Joan J. Bidwell Paul M. Goodloe William C. Birely Douglas H. Gordon F. Pauline Blackford Estate Forrest Gossage John Booth Mrs. Walter J. Gourdin Edgar M. W. Boyd Tom Gregory Evelyn Claypool Bracken Selma Grether Clifford Ross Brayton, Jr. J. Neal Griffith Jean Kolb Brandau Arthur J. Gutman Mrs. Charles R. Brennan J. C. Halbrooks Mrs. John K. Brigstocke Jean Brown Hall Mrs. Roland L. Brown, Jr. Thomas Hallowell Theodore L. Brownyard T. Edward Hambleton Max W. Camp Wayne Hamilton Irving Carton Mary Lewin Wethered Clark Handwerk G. R. Cassels-Smith Davie Harrell, Estate of Mrs. Dudley I. Catzen F. Brennan Harrington James E. Cauthorn Ralph Heidelback Cecil County Genealogical Society Edgar Heyl Ferdinand E. Chatard Kathryn Hildebrand Katharine B. Chatard Minnie M. Hill Mrs. Merle V. M. Chelf Louise Kerr Hines John T. Chew, Jr. Historical Society of Talbot County Church Home and Hospital Hoen Building Company Thomas J. C. Claggett William Hollifield Dennis R. Clark Mrs. D. Luke Hopkins John H. Cole Quinn and Aline Hornaday C. Warren Colgan George Horvath, Jr. College Club, American Association of Kathleen K. Howard University Women Robert Hurry Mrs. Roger W. Collins Ailene W. Hutchins Mrs. William Cooney Indiana Historical Society J. P. Cranwell Estate John Irvin Erick Davis Carle A. Jackson Thomas Dentry Johns Hopkins University Mrs. Roy F. Dodd Charles Johnson Joseph Donohue Paul Jung R. V. Dubel Stewart Paul Jung, Jr. John G. Earle Harold K. Kanarek Dorothy E. Earp Edna A. Kanely Miles Eisenstein Thomas Keely, III Ann-Jannette Emerson Robert C. Keets Marie Leighty Engel Denwood N. Kelly Littleton B. Ensey Mary P. W. Kendall and Family Carl N. Everstein Jane W. Kenny H. Kirk Fallin Wilmer L. Kerns 262 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Betty McKeever Key Maryland Society, Daughters of the American Thomas Key Colonists Mr. & Mrs. John T. King, III Maryland Society of Pennsylvania Frederick Shriver Klein Maryland State Highway Administration Robert Koenig Maryland Transit Administration Mrs. Harvey W. Korpman Maryland & District of Columbia Fraternal C. Milton Lang Congress Dorothea B. Lankford Beatrice K. McCauley David K. Leighton, Sr. Lois B. McCauley Mrs. Stable Linn, Jr. James B. McCurley, Jr. Charles P. Lord F. M. McGlannan Louis J. Lulli G. F. Maughmer Irene Lumpins Methodist Historical Society Marrs Mabel Mary K. Meyer A. F. Machemer Okey E. Micheal Hazel Arnold Maclvor Albert R. Miller, Jr. Robert T. Marhenke Donald Mills Julian Marshall Rachel Minick Alice Martin Dorothy F. Montgomery Genevieve Mason William G. D. Morrison Maryland Center for Public Broadcasting Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts Maryland Commission on Afro-American National Society, Daughters of the American History and Culture Revolution Maryland Department of Transportation Henry A. Naylor, Jr. Maryland Genealogical Society Margaret Neal Maryland Geological Survey George F. Needham, III Maryland Hall of Records Mark Neely, Jr.

Stiles T. Colwill, Chief Curator, addressing a tour group at the Maryland Antiques Show and Sale. Annual Report, 1982-1983 263

Frances Nicholas Ichigoro Uchida Thomas H. O'Connor United States Geological Survey Barbara B. O'Keefe Jane W. Van Winckel Patricia D. Olson C. G. Vitek Francis P. O'Neill James F. Waesche Jean J. Page E. R. Wagner, Sr. Edward C. Papenfuse Hiram Walker Museum William C. Parson Josephine W. Wallis Dorothy B. Petterson Lucille A. Wallis Pimlico Race Course Washington County Free Library William D. Pitts Frank H. Weller, Jr. Nicholas M. Prevas Westmoreland County Historical Society Princeton University Susan Wheeler Paul W. Prindle M. White Christine Purnell Donald A. Wiley Edith 0. Pycha Alice 0. Williams Paul A. Reck Thomas J. C. Williams Mrs. Addison Reese William H. Williams Michael C. Reis Sharon Wills A. Hester Rich Deborah Iddings Willson George M. Richard Caleb Winslow Robert K. Richards Robert B. Yule W. V. Richardson Charles T. Roland, Sr. S. Roody GIFTS TO THE Ronald Rooks COLLECTION—MUSEUM Alexander G. Rose, III Ella Rowe Mr. and Mrs. Donald Allison and Mrs. Fritz Mrs. L. Frank Salisbury Hart Barbara Schlein Mrs. John Baldwin Mrs. Henry Schumann Lydia Berry Fred Shelley Alexander Blank Sibyl E. Shelton Mrs. J. Cooper Booth Jay Shockley Mrs. William Brainard Louis E. Shriver Mrs. Irvin Campbell Robert C. Shriver Gertrude Morrow Chambliss Susan Smith Bryson G. Christhilf, Sr. Laura C. Snell Mrs. R. A. Clary Susan W. Solter Mrs. James Frederick Colwill Mrs. Frank P. L. Somerville Stiles T. Colwill Deborah Sprouse Margery Eng Jacob Staiman Mrs. Liberty Eugnikos David W. Steadman Margaret Ferguson Mary Jane Steinhagen Minnie V. Gray Lowry Chew Stephenson Mrs. William C. Gumm Roger E. Stoddard Mr. and Mrs. Mark Handwerk Karen A. Stuart Mrs. W. Hall Harris, III Mason E. Stuart Mildred Hellen, Bequest of Johns H. Stutesman, Jr. Eugenia C. Holland Laurel B. Swan Mrs. Arthur B. Jacques Swarthmore College Mrs. Macgill James Robert H. Swindell Denwood Kelly Mrs. W. W. Symington Mrs. C. Ridgely Lamdin Barbara Taylor Dr. Milton C. Lang Paul R. Teetor Robert Morris Marshall, III Sylvia A. Timmons Dr. and Mrs. Albert R. Miller, Jr. Mrs. Colin Thomas Josephine Cushing Morris Purchase Fund J. Moulton Thomas Edwin W. Obrecht Boyd W. Travis Mrs. C. Gordon Pitt Mrs. William C. Trimble Mrs. Edmund R. Purves 264 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

This extraordinary cylinder desk is part of an important group of Baltimore Empire case furniture ornamented with Gothic panels and the so-called "Caryatid" figures. The carved figures were originally called "tapered therms with mummy heads and feet." The innovative cylinder lid for desks was a popular but expensive option seen on fine Baltimore desks in the Federal and Empire styles. The desk was the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Stone and purchase of the Ellen Howard Bayard Memorial Purchase Fund (82.58).

Margaret Pusey John D. Crissey A. Hester Rich N. H. Cumberland Amy Hayward Sawers Ben Evans Mrs. Campbell Lloyd Stirling Brian Hope Florence Hendler Trupp A. Gordon Janney Mrs. J. Carroll Tulloss Sanford Kotzen R. Austin Tydings Mrs. A. Spencer Marcellis Mrs. Edwin G. Yearly National Oceanic and Atmospheric George H. Way Administration Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Weller, Jr. Mrs. Robert S. Skinner Francis S. Whitman, Jr.

RADCLIFFE MARITIME GIFTS-IN-KIND MUSEUM— William S. Abell GIFTS TO THE Joseph A. Bank Clothiers COLLECTIONS Mrs. Richard Barroll H. Bruce Baty Steven D. Bunker, North Atlantic & Orient Mr. and Mrs. C. Herbert Baxley Trading Co. Mr. William C. Birely Annual Report, 1982-1983

Edgar M. W. Boyd Dr. and Mrs. George T. Nager Judge and Mrs. Austin Brizendine Mrs. George F. Needham, III James Callahan Francis P. O'Neill Andrew Catlin Elisabeth C. G. Packard Center Stage, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Paul S. Parsons Dr. and Mrs. Ewan B. Chambers Mrs. H. Edwin Peters Irving Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Brice Phillips Dr. Sylvan P. Cohen John and Elizabeth Pierson Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr. Margaret Pusey Stiles T. Colwill Charles, John & Eben Reese Mrs. Thomas E. Cox Mr. and Mrs. D. Jeffrey Rice Dr. and Mrs. Curtis C. Davis Kate C. Robinson Alice Diggs, Estate of Stuart Rosenberg Mrs. L. B. Disharoon Ella Rowe Downtown Athletic Club Rust-Oleum Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Gerson G. Eisenberg Dorothy Mcllvain Scott William Voss Elder Dr. and Mrs. Louis Semenoff Mrs. Robert Farber Mrs. Clifford F. Shaw P. William Filby Mr. and Mrs. Louis E. Shecter John Jay Foster Barton Skeen Mrs. Samuel Fox Albert H. Small Mrs. Joseph D. Fusco Mr. and Mrs. F. P. L. Somerville Paul J. Geblein Julia Somerville Mr. and Mrs. W. T. Dixon Gibbs Mrs. Arthur G. Stavely Mr. and Mrs. Irvin Gomprecht Mrs. Charles F. Stein, Jr. Thomas Gordon Mr. and Mrs. John T. Stinson Hester B. Gough Mrs. Campbell Lloyd Stirling Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Gutman Mr. and Mrs. J. Fife Symington, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. John S. Haines Mrs. Vincent Todd, In Memory of Mrs. James T. Edward Hambleton Gilmore Dean Mrs. W. Hall Harris, III Mr. and Mrs. Austin B. Taliaferro Mr. and Mrs. Louis G. Hecht Mrs. R. C. Tilghman Bequest of Mildred Hellen Florence H. Trupp Mr. and Mrs. A. Berthold Hoen Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Tulloss Mr. and Mrs. George D. Hubbard Amira Unver Mr. and Mrs. Bryden B. Hyde Mrs. Peter Van Dyke Mrs. Arthur B. Jacques Virginia State Library Robert S. Jones Jane Boyd Waldsachs Barbara P. Katz Watsons Garden Center William B. Keller Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Weller, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Nagi Khouri Jacquelin M. W. Weisheit Ruth Kiel Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Werner Mr. and Mrs. John T. King, Jr. John Whitridge III Mr. and Mrs. William G. Kouwenhoven Mrs. Edwin G. Yearley Dr. Milton Lang Larry Yeatman Louisa W. Leavitt Dr. and Mrs. Edward F. Lewison The Library Restaurant SPECIAL PROJECTS— Mrs. G. W. Locke ANTIQUE SHOW Mrs. Eugene Lyon AND SALE Estate of Inez C. Malone Dr. Bayly E. Marks Benefactors and Sponsors Maryland Genealogical Society Mrs. Robert H. McCauley, Jr. Baltimore Office of Promotion & Tourism Ann McCloskey C & P Telephone Company Mary K. Meyer Bryson G. Christhilf James R. Miller, Jr. Concord Associates Incorporated Monumental Corporation Mr. & Mrs. Leonard C. Crewe, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Moran Mr. and Mrs. Alonzo G. Decker, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Donald S. Mortimer Eddie's Supermarket 266 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Giant Food Henry and Albert Brown Mr. & Mrs. Kingdon Gould, Jr. Charles Center Inner Harbor Management, Inc. Louis G. Hecht Conoco, Inc. Pimlico Hotel Restaurant & Caterer's, Inc. Charles Evans Development Co. David and Josephine Scheffenacker Harrison Oyster Co. Mr. & Mrs. John D. Schapiro Walter C. Hill and Family Foundation George L. Small Mars Super Markets, Inc. Mr. & Mrs. J. Fife Symington, Jr. Abbott L. Penniman, Jr. Estate Charles T. Turner Mr. and Mrs. George M. Radcliffe Ramsey, Scarlett, Co., Inc. Norman G. Rukert, Sr., Rukert Terminals Corp. SPECIAL PROJECTS- Judge C. Awdry Thompson LIBRARY UNDESIGNATED L. Byrne Waterman Peggy Stewart Williams FUND Michael Wootton Dr. Ferdinand E. Chatard Brooke S. Cook Grafflin Cook, Jr. CITY, COUNTY, STATE P. William Filby Marcelle and Edwin M. Fleischmann AND FEDERAL FUNDING Foundation Allegany County Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Hollander, Jr. Anne Arundel County Commission on Art and J. Jefferson Miller II Culture H. Russell Morrison, Jr. Baltimore County Commission on Arts and A. Hester Rich Sciences Morton E. Rome Caroline County Ella Rowe Cecil County Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Silber City of Baltimore, Mayor's Commission on Art and Culture Harford County RADCLIFFE MARITIME Maryland Committee for the Humanities MUSEUM—SPECIAL Maryland Historical Trust PROJECTS Maryland State Arts Council Montgomery County Association of Maryland Pilots National Endowment for the Arts Baltimore Operational Sail, Ltd. National Endowment for the Humanities Beacon Stevedoring Corp. State of Maryland Annual Report, 1982-1983 267 ENDOWMENT CAMPAIGN VOLUNTEERS H. Furlong Baldwin Samuel Hopkins Gary Black, Jr. Robert G. Merrick, Jr. Mary E. Busch Richard P. Moran Raymond S. Clark W. Griffin Morrel Leonard C. Crewe, Jr. Richard C. Riggs, Jr. Owen Daly, II Terry M. Rubenstein L. Patrick Deering Jacques T. Schlenger Donald L. DeVries Truman T. Semans Charles S. Garland, Jr. J. Fife Symington, Jr. E. Phillips Hathaway Thomas D. Washburne Louis G. Hecht Frank H. Weller, Jr. Matthew H. Hirsh S. Bonsai White, Jr. Michael Hoffberger William C. Whitridge

Through the generosity of the Marion I. and Henry J. Knott Foundation, the Knott Chair for Maryland Church History has been established. This action will enable the Maryland Historical Society Library to continue to offer orientation, bibliographic instruction and reference assistance to the gen- eral public and the scholarly community in Maryland's reli- gious history.

The Knott Chair for Maryland Church History 268 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Leadership Gifts Mercantile Safe Deposit & Trust Company Robert G. Merrick, Jr. The A. S. Abell Company Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. William F. Merrick Leonard C. Crewe, Jr. Monumental Corporation Annita Applegarth France, Estate of Noxell Foundation Inc. Middendorf Foundation Duane and Clementine Peterson Charitable Mr. and Mrs. J. Fife Symington, Jr. Fund United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company Peterson, Howell and Heather Company The Rouse Company Savings Bank of Baltimore Major Gifts John D. Schapiro Truman T. Semans (Gift to the Collection and William G. Baker, Jr. Memorial Fund Pledge) Summerfield Baldwin, Jr. Foundation Union Trust Company of Maryland Baltimore Gas & Electric Company Westinghouse Electric Corporation Black and Decker Manufacturing Company Whiting-Turner Contracting Company Frank A. Bonsai, III (in memory of Frank A. William C. Whitridge Bonsai and Frank A. Bonsai, Jr.) Women's Committee, Maryland Historical Brandywine Foundation Society Alex. Brown and Sons Alex. Brown, Partners of: Walter Wickes Brewster Sustaining Gifts James T. Cavanaugh, III Charles S. Garland, Jr. AAI Corporation B. H. Griswold, III Alban Tractor Company B. H. Griswold, IV Anonymous (in memory of Ellen W. S. Jack S. Griswold Johnston) F. Grainger Marburg Lewis Baer Foundation W. James Price Mr. and Mrs. Howard Baetjer, II Clinton P. Stephens Mrs. J. E. Bailey S. Bonsai White, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin M. Baker, Jr. Frank D. Brown, Jr. Charitable Trust H. Furlong Baldwin I. Towsend Burden, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Ludlow H. Baldwin C & P Telephone Company Mrs. Emory J. Barber Mrs. James Frederick Colwill Mr. and Mrs. J. Pierre Bernard Crown Central Petroleum Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Calhoun Bond Easco Corporation Breezewood Foundation, Inc. Equitable Trust Company Brooks Buick, Inc. Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland Mr. and Mrs. J. Dorsey Brown, III First National Bank of Maryland Bruce Ford Brown Charitable Trust Helen Clay Frick Foundation Mrs. H. Barksdale Brown Dr. Henry Clay Frick II Buckingham School of Frederick County, W. R. Grace and Company Foundation Maryland William Grant Thomas W. Burdette Mr. and Mrs. E. Phillips Hathaway The Campbell Foundation, Inc. The Hecht-Levi Foundation, Inc. Thomas M. Caplan The Herald Mail Company William Carey Samuel and Ann Hopkins Philip Carroll Mr. and Mrs. Bryden Bordley Hyde (Gift to the Dr. and Mrs. Ferdinand E. Chatard Collection and Pledge) Chessie System Railroad International Business Machines Corporation Citicorp Financial, Inc. Ensign C. Markland Kelly, Jr. Memorial Mrs. Charles W. Cole, Jr. Foundation, Inc. Frances Dixon Fenimore Colston and Family Marion I. and Henry J. Knott Foundation Coopers & Lybrand Calvert C. McCabe, Jr. (Deferred Gift) Dr. Curtis Carroll Davis (Gifts-in-Kind) McCormick and Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Donald L. DeVries Sumner T. McKnight Foundation Deborah B. English Macht Philanthropic Fund Ernst and Whinney Maryland Casualty Company Mrs. Henry C. Evans Maryland National Bank Mr. and Mrs. Charles 0. Fisher Annual Report, 1982-1983 269

Mr. and Mrs. L. McLane Fisher Walter and Anne Pinkard Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. Flinner (in memory of Katherine R. Poole Isabella Craig) The Potomac Edison Company Mr. and Mrs. W. Byron Forbush Price Waterhouse and Company Barbara and Alan Gamse Mr. and Mrs. John Pyatak General Elevator Company Mr. and Mrs. George M. Radcliffe (Gifts-in- Charlotte Ober Goodwin Kind) The Irvin Greif Foundation, Inc. Deborah Dixon Redwood Mr. and Mrs. Elmer R. Haile, Jr. Adrian P. Reed J. J. Haines and Company, Inc. Edwin and Ruth Rickert Mr. and Mrs. George T. Harrison, Jr. Riggs Distler and Company, Inc. R. Patrick Hayman Rollins-Luetkemeyer Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Howard Head Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Rumford, II (in memory of Mr. and Mrs. Louis G. Hecht Anthony Morris Tyson) Mr. and Mrs. T. Hughlett Henry, Jr. Frank G. Schenuit Foundation Hill-Chase Steel Company Mr. and Mrs. Jacques T. Schlenger Mr. and Mrs. William E. Hill Mr. and Mrs. Philip B. Schnering Mr. and Mrs. Matthew H. Hirsh Dorothy Mcllvain Scott Eugenia Calvert Holland Donald P. Seibert (in loving memory of J. Clarke Mrs. Arthur U. Hooper and Mary H. Seibert) Anna M. Hosford Ida and Joseph Shapiro Foundation Mr. and Mrs. E. Ralph Hostetter Thomas and Elizabeth Sheridan Foundation Mr. and Mrs. H. Thomas Howell Mr. and Mrs. Donald H. Sherwood Mr. and Mrs. Francis N. Iglehart, Jr. Mrs. H. E. Singlewald Mr. and Mrs. Elmer M. Jackson W. Cameron Slack (Pooled Income Fund) Mr. and Mrs. Stuart S. Janney, Jr. Romaine S. Somerville Jerry's Chevrolet, Inc. Mrs. Gideon M. Stieff Mrs. Fenwick Keyser Mr. and Mrs. John T. Stinson Kidder, Peabody and Company Sun Life Insurance Company of America Henry J. Knott, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Symington, Jr. Dorothy B. Krug J. Fife Symington, Jr. Mrs. Frederick W. Lafferty Mr. and Mrs. T. Carmichael Tilghman John S. Lalley Mary Ringgold Trippe The John J. Leidy Foundation, Inc. H. Mebane Turner Lester S. Levy Mr. and Mrs. James F. Turner, Jr. McCarthy-Hicks, Inc. Venable, Baetjer and Howard McCorquodale Holdings, Inc. John M. Waltersdorf Mr. and Mrs. J. Rieman Mclntosh Dr. and Mrs. John Walton McLean Contracting Company Mr, and Mrs. Thomas D. Washburne Dr. Frank C. Marino Foundation, Inc. L. Byrne Waterman Dr. and Mrs. William G. Marr Waverly Press, Inc. Maryland Jockey Club of Baltimore Robert L. Weinberg Maryland Society of Pennsylvania Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Weller, Jr. Mrs. Morris A. Mechanic Mrs. John Campbell White The Mellon Bank Mrs. G. W. C. Whiting Merck and Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Vernori H. Wiesand Harvey M. and Lenore P. Meyerhoff Fund Mr. and Mrs. LeBaron S. Willard, Jr. R. E. Michel Company, Inc. John R. Williams Mr. and Mrs. J. Jefferson Miller, II Jeffery P. Williamson Morgan Guaranty Trust Company George B. Wilson (in memory of Virginia B. Mr. and Mrs. J. Frederick Motz Wilson) Thomas F. and Clementine L. Mullan Mr. and Mrs. James T. Wollon, Jr. Foundation John M. Nelson, Jr. Foundation Elisabeth C. G. Packard (in memory of Anthony Special Gifts Morris Tyson) Pearlstone Family Fund Harrington Adams (in memory of Summer Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company Adams) Mr. and Mrs. Brice Phillips John D. Adams Phoenix, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. James C. Allen 270 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Dr. Ann H. Allison Irene M. Dean Anonymous Mrs. Howard E. DeMuth Antietam Cable TV Mr. and Mrs. Acheson J. Duncan Mrs. G. Maxwell Armor, Jr. W. Theodore Diirr, II Mr. and Mrs. Alexander Armstrong John Goldsborough Earle Matthew S. Atkinson, III Gerson G. Eisenberg John W. Avirett, II The Eliasberg Fund, Inc. Mrs. H. Stuart Bacon Donna M. Ellis Mr. and Mrs. H. Norman Baetjer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John G. Evans Mr. and Mrs. Rignal W. Baldwin The Filbert Foundation, Inc. Baltimore Aircoil Inc. Mrs. W. Fort Baltimore Life Insurance Company Mrs. Ralph H. France Joseph A. Bank Clothiers A. Frank and Sons Mrs. David W. Barton, Jr. (in memory of Dr. and Mrs. William F. Fritz Anthony Morris Tyson) Eliza Coale Funk Lewis A. Beck, Jr. Mrs. David C. Gibson Dr. D. Randall Beirne Sam Glass and Son, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Benet, Jr. Arthur M. Gompf Harry D. Berry, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert R. Gormer H. Dalton Berry Kingdon Gould, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William R. Bishop, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Herman Greenberg Gary Black, Jr. Randall H. Greenlee Peter P. Blanchard, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward Halle Peter P. Blanchard, III Handy & Harman Cornelius C. Bond Harford Refrigeration Company, Inc Mrs. Edith B. Bonsai Earl and Davie Harrell John E. Boulais Mr. and Mrs. W. Hall Harris, II Reverend John W. Bowen, S.S. Robert D. H. Harvey Mrs. William A. Boykin, III The Sidney L. Hechinger Fund Mrs. John K. Brigstocke Mrs. John A. Herold Mrs. Edwin Nash Broyles Edgar G. Heyl Childs F. Burden Mr. and Mrs. Jean Hofmeister, Sr I. Towsend Burden, III Alfred M. Hunt Mr. and Mrs. Norris 0. Burgee Charles W. Hurst Mrs. Edwin Haines Burgess Hutzler Brothers Company Mary E. Busch The Hutzler Fund W. D. Byron & Sons, Inc. Independent Can Company Mary H. Cadwalader Julia Pechin Ingle Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. Carroll, Sr. Stuart S. Janney, III Kenneth L. Carroll Mr. and Mrs. Reverdy Johnson Robert F. Carusi Mr. and Mrs. William R. Johnston Mr. and Mrs. Minturn V. Chace Mary Lou Jones Mr. and Mrs. S. Vannort Chapman Wayne V. Jones Churchill Distributors Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Keller Mrs. Page Bowie Clagett Mrs. Spencer Kellogg, III John L. Clark (in memory of Anthony Morris Denwood N. Kelly, Jr. Tyson) The Kiefer Foundation, Inc. Charles P. Coady Mr. and Mrs. John T. King, III Mary D. Cockburn Nancy P. King Concord Associates Koppers Company Foundation Mrs. Peter F. Conroy Milton S. Kronheim and Company, Inc. Mrs. J. Crossan Cooper, Jr. Julian Kurzmann Coulter Fabrics, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Barron P. Lambert John P. Coulter Levenson and Klein, Inc. County Commissioners of Caroline County Lever Brothers Company Mrs. W. Kennedy Cromwell Clifford Lewis, 3rd J. Harry Cross Lime Kiln Valley Foundation Mrs. John N. Curlett J. Harlan Livezey Mrs. John Evans Dallam Mrs. Robert McCauley, Jr. (in memory of Dr. Edward N. Dame Robert H. McCauley, Jr.) Davis Concrete Company Dr. Roland C. McConnell Annual Report, 1982-1983 271

Helen L. McCullough Mrs. C. William Schneidereith Mrs. Ellice McDonald, Jr. Arthur L. Simpson Mr. and Mrs. Barrett L. McKown Mrs. Elizabeth Ridgely Simpson R. McGill Mackall Jess Joseph Smith, Jr. George P. Mahoney, Jr. Mrs. Robert Henry Smith Mr. & Mrs. Charles B. Major Catherine G. Snead Mr. & Mrs. James C. Marder Robert W. Sparre Dr. Bayly Ellen Marks Samuel Spencer Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Martel Harry C. Starkweather Mr. and Mrs. Alfred G. Masius Mrs. Arthur G. Stavely (in memory of Lillie G. Mr. and William P. Meeker (in memory of and Charles W. Cooper) Anthony Morris Tyson) Mr. and Mrs. Paul E. Steger, Sr. Mary K. Meyer Edward E. Steiner Mrs. J. Smith Michael Edward B. Stellman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Michael Middleton William N. Stellman Dr. and Mrs. Robert A. Milch Dr. W. Jackson Stenger, Jr. William E. and Marjorie M. Miller Robert G. Stewart Robert E. Millett Vernon F. Stricklin Paul E. Monaghan Tate Industries Foundation Freeman E. Morgan, Jr. Charles C. Tharp W. Griffin Morrel, Jr. Thistlewood Ltd. L. Arlette Mouat Mr. and Mrs. J. Richard Thomas N. J. Myerberg Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Thomas Mr. and Mrs. Henry A. Naylor, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Tinsley Mrs. Emory H. Niles Elizabeth B. Topping Philip E. Nuttle Mr. and Mrs. John W. Tower Mrs. Hugh J. O'Donovan Mrs. I. Ridgeway Trimble Mr. and Mrs. William M. Passano, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Turnbull, Jr. William M. Passano, Sr. United Technologies Corporation George D. Penniman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Peter Van Dyke Mr. and Mrs. John A. Pentz Bruno and Paula Velthuys Addison V. Pinkney Mr. and Mrs. T. H. Vickery, Jr. Roy C. Pollitt Frank C. Wachter Mrs. Daniel W. Powell Mr. and Mrs. Carl E. Wagner, Jr. Lorenzo Q. Powell Mrs. L. Metcalfe Walling Dr. Morgan H. Pritchett Ward Machinery Company Mr. and Mrs. J. Hurst Purnell, Jr. Warner Fruehauf Trailer Company, Inc. Reverend and Mrs. Edward C. Raffetto, Jr. Margaret C. Warnken F. Garner Ranney Mr. and Mrs. G. Luther Washington Mary V. Reed Robert C. Watson Mr. and Mrs. William B. Reese Eloise J. Weatherly M. Eleanor Rice Gregory R. Weidman A. Hester Rich Mr. and Mrs. William Wells Claire A. and Mrs. Horace K. Richardson Mr. and Mrs. W. Hamilton Whiteford Idelle Fricker Riefle Virginia H. Whitridge Judge Avrum K. Rifman Mrs. Paul Foreman Wiest Richard C. Riggs, Sr. Dr. and Mrs. Huntington Williams Mr. and Mrs. Raymond H. Ringgold Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Williams, Jr. David Rogers Ella-Kate Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Rothschild Caleb Winslow Mr. and Mrs. James W. Rouse Matthew M. Wise Ann Wells Rutledge E. Kelroy B. Wode Arlen K. St. John Mr. and Mrs. G. Van Velsor Wolfe Mrs. Michael Sanger Mr. and Mrs. Abel Wolman Charles E. Scarlett, III Mr. and Mrs. H. Graham Wood Mrs. Raymond G. Scarlett Nicholas W. Wood Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin S. Schapiro Olivia S. Yeager Mrs. Hildegarde H. Scheidegger Arthur Young and Company Mrs. Clarence H. Schildhauer Joseph W. Zebley, Jr. Schneidereith and Sons, Inc. Ebenezer Cooke's The Sot Weed Factor and its Uses as a Social Document in the History of Colonial Maryland

LOU ROSE

XJITERARY MATERIAL CAN BE USED by complete and detailed than those of other historians and students of social history to American colonies, and are made easily ac- gain additional insights into the social at- cessible through publication in the invalu- titudes and mores of older periods. This is able Archives of Maryland. The social his- especially true in the absence of sociological torian of manners, morals, customs, and studies by social scientists of the time. attitudes among early Maryland settlers Works belonging to many literary genres, should supplement his study of the official if properly interpreted by researchers chronicles, often drily ambiguous, with the whose knowledge of the structure of a so- careful perusal of Ebenezer Cooke's double ciety derives from sources other than purely edged satire, The Sot Weed Factor.1 literary ones, can be made to yield the Cooke's last name is sometimes spelled outlines of social history. Even satires hold "Cook."2 But, following the authoritative up a mirror to nature, which at times wil- examples of Lawrence C. Wroth,3 Edward fully distorts, but simultaneously magnifies H. Cohen,4 and, last but certainly not least, the idiosyncrasies of people viewed in the of Ebenezer himself who always signed his specific context of certain places and times. name with an e, Cooke will be the preferred To illustrate my point I have chosen Ebe- usage. nezer Cooke (16677-1730), who signed Not enough is known of Cooke's life to himself "Gentleman and Laureat" [of make up a documented official biography. Maryland] and is the author, among other In 1935 Lawrence C. Wroth used educated works, of The Sot Weed Factor, a satirical guesses and circumstantial evidence to poem in hudibrastic verse unique as a lit- work out an ingenious theory regarding the erary work and as a social document as poet's identity, his family connections, the well. Cooke captured for all times the sights attribution of his literary works, and the and sounds of Colonial Maryland at the salient facts of his life. Contrary to Wroth's turn of the eighteenth century, and sati- fears, his "painfully reared structure" has rized the idiosyncrasies of the colonists, never to this day been "upset by any signif- their women and the local Indians. He ac- icant fresh data or discoveries."5 Readers curately reproduced the texture and flavor desiring to learn the few established facts of a way of life now gone forever. One relating to the life of the Maryland poet are episode in The Sot Weed Factor is of special referred to Wroth's and Cohen's works,6 as interest to Maryland historians in general well to Elias Jones' history of Dorchester and to Calvert County historians in partic- County.7 The latter contains a description ular. of the 1000 acre tract of land at the mouth Historians of Colonial Maryland are al- of the Choptank River called "Maulden" or ready blessed with the preservation of the "Maiden," and subsequently known as Maryland court records, which are more "Cooke's Poynt" or Cook's Point, which was owned by Ebenezer's father, who be- Mrs. Rose is Curator of the Calvert County Historical queathed it to him and to his sister Anne 8 Society. in his will. 272

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 78, No. 4, WINTER 1983 The Sot-Weed Factor as Social Document 273 Cooke published in London in 1708 a embittered by the treatment he has re- narrative poem entitled The Sot Weed Fac- ceived at the hands of the inhabitants of tor in hudibrastic verse. This metrical form that "cruel...inhospitable shoar," Mary- consists of quaintly rhymed octosyllabic land. The poem ends with the narrator couplets, with an occasional triplet, of the soundly cursing Maryland and everyone type made famous by the English Restora- connected with it. tion poet Samuel Butler in his mock epic The Sot Weed Factor consists of seven Hudibras. The title page of the original edition of Cooke's poem, as printed by the major episodes, or movements. They in- London publisher and bookseller Benjamin clude an introduction, giving the factor's Bragg, is reproduced in facsimile in Ber- background and describing his voyage to nard C. Steiner's annotated edition of the America; his landing at Piscataway and his works of Ebenezer Cooke, Early Maryland first impressions of Maryland; the descrip- Poetry.'' As was customary in works of that tion of the way of life of a poor planter; the period, the subtitle of the poem gives a trip to Battletown and a session of the mini-summary of its contents: The Sot Calvert County court; the hospitality of a Weed Factor; or, a Voyage to Maryland. A "cockerouse," or wealthy planter (described Satyr. In which is [sic] described the Laws, as a sort of counterpoise to the poor planter Government, Courts and Constitutions of in the earlier episode); the misfortunes at- the Country; and also the Buildings, Feasts, Frolicks, Entertainments and Drunken Hu- tendant upon the merchant's sales of his mours of the Inhabitants of That Part of wares; and, finally, the conclusion, with the America. In Burlesque Verse. The poem is narrator's colorful curse on the New World. narrated in the first person by an alleged The entire poem is structured around an merchant ("factor") from London, who amusing, if unflattering, description of an deals in tobacco ("sot weed", i.e., the weed informal outdoor session of the Calvert that makes one besotted.) Cooke's narrator County court at Battletown, which was at voyages from London to the Maryland that time, according to Cooke, the county Province sometime between 1694 and 1708. seat.1' This rollicking scene is depicted with The author portrays his factor as green and words that have a visual, almost choreo- inexperienced at his trade, and gullible and graphic impact. Calvert Countians will naive in his dealings with people. He is wonder, as I have, why Cooke, who owned swindled, robbed, and otherwise victimized 12 in every possible way by various types of property in Dorchester, and later moved seemingly rustic and unsophisticated colo- to Cecil and Prince George's counties, but nists. He is also harassed by specimens of never spent any time in Calvert—at least the local fauna ranging from loudmouthed according to the available records—singled frogs to bloodthirsty mosquitoes. He even out the latter county to introduce his au- falls victim to the dreaded "seasoning", the dience to the Maryland judicial system. To mysterious, often fatal disease that struck make matters even more puzzling. Battle- a large number of newly arrived colonists town, or Calvertown, already possessed a and even temporary visitors to the Mary- very good court house as far back as 1669, land Province. Cooke gives this vivid de- according to Morris L. Radoff s authorita- scription of the onset of the illness that tive study" and to Charles F. Stein's His- seizes the poem's narrator: tory of Calvert County?4 Few historians With cockerouse as I was sitting, would, of course, dispute the fact that early 1 lelt a fever intermitting; A fiery pulse beat in my veins, Maryland courts—indeed, the entire prov- From cold I felt resembling pains, incial judicial system—were not exactly The cursed seasoning I remember, models of procedural efficiency and court- 1 Lasted from March to cold December. " room decorum. Aubrey C. Land remarks The sot weed factor finally sets sail for that "at the beginning of the [eighteenth] his return voyage to England, saddened and century both Governor Seymour, and the 274 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE poet, Ebenezer Cooke, could with truth Till cryer did the Court declare; speak satirically of the county judges."15 The planting rabble being met, Their Drunken Worships likewise set; Illiteracy was so widespread among these Cryer proclaims that noise must cease, magistrates that when one of them (like the And straight the lawyers broke the peace; judge Cooke's narrator observes in Battle- Wrangling for plaintiff and defendant, town) could sign his name he shamed all I thought they ne'er would make an end his colleagues on the bench. Despite their on't. With nonsense, stuff and false quotations. grotesquerie, Cooke's characters had coun- With brazen lyes and allegations; terparts in real life; for example, his brawl- And in the splitting of the cause, ing, disreputable lawyers could have been They us'd such motions with their paws, modeled on the notorious Thomas Mc- As shew'd their zeal was strongly bent, Namara.16 Professor Land has more to say In blows to end the argument. A reverend Judge, who to the shame on the turbulent courtrooms of Maryland Of all the bench could sign his name, counties, as well as on the flamboyant, out- At Petty Fogger took offense, rageous lawyer Thomas McNamara him- And wondered at his impudence. self, in an earlier work about the history of My neighbour Dash with scorn replies, an old Maryland family.17 In the Battle- And in the face of Justice flies. The bench in fury streight divide, town episode Cooke leads his readers with And scribblers take, or judges side; consummate skill to share the narrator's The jury, lawyers, and their clyents, amazement at suddenly coming upon a Contending, fight like earth-born gyants; large number of people, arranged in a circle But sheriff wily lay perdue, like performers on a stage, shouting, sing- Hoping indictments wou'd ensue. And when... ing, swaying, drinking, fighting, as if or- A hat or whig fell in the way, chestrated by the baton of an invisible con- He seized them for the Queen as stray; ductor. This masterfully-portrayed crowd The Court adjourn'd in usual manner. scene includes drunken judges and lawyers, In battle blood and fractious clamour. defendants, plaintiffs, jurors, sheriffs and spectators. The latter customarily con- Cooke was neglected, even ignored, by sisted of the entire ambulatory male popu- contemporary, as well as by nineteenth and lation of the county in which court sessions early twentieth-century literary critics and were held. Such sessions convened three historians,19 with one notable exception,20 times a year, lasted approximately three or until he was rediscovered by such literary four days, and were social highlights in the historians as Lawrence C. Wroth, J. Leo colonists' harsh and dull lives. In the poet's LeMay, and Edward H. Cohen. This ne- own words, the sot weed factor, accom- glect and disregard may have been deliber- panied by the son of a friendly planter. ate, because Cooke's impudent wit did not arrives at spare any class, sex, race, religion, profes- sion, or institution of Maryland in his time. ... a place in Maryland of high renown. Known by the name of Battle Town, He portrayed the colonists as knavish bar- To view the crowd did there resort barians and the local Indians as ridiculous Which justice made and have their sport studs, speculatively eyed by the colonists' In that sagacious county court... .18 bored, sluttish wives.21 Cooke's Quakers are hypocritical, sanctimonious rogues who The judges and lawyers of Calvert swindle the sot weed factor out of his wares County are presented to the reader as a and his money. Last, but not least, the poet bunch of boisterous drunks, engaged in managed to make supposedly educated and "frolicks" which the poet describes as fol- civilized Englishmen (like his narrator) lows: look every bit as silly and ridiculous as the We sat like others on the ground rest of his cast. Moreover, Cooke's risque Carousing punch in open air allusions and the racy language he uses in The Sot-Weed Factor as Social Document 275 poking fun at "a whole managerie of Amer- Barth's novel was first published. Literary ican types . .. with entertaining, irreligious, critics analyzed and dissected his work at and scurrilous rakishness were bound to all imaginable levels. None commented on offend post-Restoration and Victorian sen- his affinity with and indebtness to Cooke's sibilities."22 Cooke was a throwback to the poem. Barth's intent in writing his novel Restoration "wits" at a time when the pen- was said to be the debunking of American dulum of social mores was swinging in the history in general, and of Maryland's early direction of strict Puritan morality. He was history in particular, with emphasis placed a kindred spirit to such Restoration poets on Maryland's being the author's native as the Earl of Rochester23 and Aphra state. His moral universe was defined as Behn.24 Mrs. Aphra Behn wrote the mel- one in which public affairs and politics are odramatic novel entitled Oronooko (Lon- wicked and sinful, whereas sex is innocuous don, 1688). Cooke makes an oblique refe- and benign.28 Barth himself ascribes his ence in connection with the naked, bloody choice of Cooke as his hero to the fact that body of his guide, the planter's son, whom "his poem suited [his] purpose and because he finds in that deplorable condition, asleep nearly nothing was known of the man him- on a table, obviously as the result of a self."29 Regarding the session of a Maryland drunken fight, on the morning after the county court which Cooke located with ap- Calvert County court session. The poem's parent arbitrariness in Calvert County,30 narrator calls out to him: "Rise, Oronooko, Barth moved his own court scene to Dorch- rise!" The hero of Behn's eponymous novel ester County for reasons arising from his was horribly mutilated and tortured to plot; "in order to have Ebenezer lose his death, an ordeal described by the author in estate in the place where he will regain it."31 gory detail. In an explanatory note to the This makes perfect sense in the context of above quoted line, Cooke reminded his Barth's narrative; but Calvert County his- readers that planters were often called torians are still left with the unanswered "Oronooko" from the "oronooko" tobacco question, why did Cooke choose the Calvert they planted. LeMay also points out this County seat, Battle Town or Calvertown, double allusion.25 as the model for an inefficient, corrupt, and The bitingly clever and uninhibited hu- ridiculous county court? mor that characterises the contents and Another puzzle, of more general interest, language of The Sot Weed Factor, as well especially to literary historians dealing with as its author's affinities with our own Cooke, is the poet's supposed laureateship. Zeitgeist, inspired a kindred spirit, the con- Edward C. Steiner and Lawrence C. Wroth temporary award winning and best selling deal with the question briefly, without novelist John Barth. In 1960 John Barth reaching any definite conclusions on published a remarkable tour-de-force of whether Cooke had actually been appointed historical fiction, also entitled The Sot by Charles, Fifth Lord Baltimore, or by Weed Factor, of which Cooke is the hero, some other Provincial official, as Poet Lau- or, rather, the antihero.26 A native of Ebe- reate of Maryland, in imitation of the prac- nezer Cooke country, Dorchester County, tices of the English Court. The choice of John Barth is totally at home in the inner Lord Baltimore as the appointing official is and outer landscapes of the poet's world. doubtful for at least two reasons. The first, Earth's expansion to their outer limits of as Professor Cohen rightly observes, is that many of the inchoate situations of Cooke's "the Lords Baltimore cannot have been at poem and his giving free rein to his own great variance with their proprietary coun- outrageous imagination in creating new terparts in the other Southern Colonies, scenarios with fantastic twists and turns27 and Virginia's Governor Berkeley had writ- of the plot, stirred up a great deal of con- ten in 1671: 'Thank God there are no free troversy twenty-two years ago when schools nor printing [in this Province] .. . 276 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Learning has brought disobedience, and "Poet Laureate of Maryland",:,s I agree with heresy, and sects into the world, and print- Cohen's assertion that "while his [Cooke's] title to the laureateship was not necessarily ing has divulged them ... God keep us from 32 an official one, bestowed as it seems to have both!'" These are hardly the sentiments been by Thomas Bordley rather than by of a prospective patron of the arts and some proprietary interest, still it was an letters in the New World. honor which he perhaps deserved as a But, even if Lord Baltimore has been an Maryland poet who was keenly aware of the early American spirit of defiance of a enthusiastic admirer of the printed word in tyrannical administration."36 general, and of poetry in particular, he had more pressing matters on his mind with Cooke's sophisticated satire of men and regard to Maryland than the appointment institutions at a particular time and place of a versificator regis of his own to pay has never become outdated, because its ap- official homage to the great men of the peal is timeless. To quote again Cohen's Province. Moreover, Cooke's description of perceptive study, "the principal elements of life in Maryland is not exactly the stuff of both the subject and style of his verse seem which the laudatory poems of a Laureate to place him in a unique context obliquely are supposed to be made. In his fictional [italics mine] removed from his contempor- biography,33 Barth solves the laureateship aries,"37 but very close, I should like to add, question in his customary spirit of multi- to the spirit of our time. layered irony by having Ebenezer receive his commission as Maryland's Laureate in REFERENCES London, before sailing for Maryland, from 1. In Men of Letters in Colonial Maryland (Knoxville, Term., 1972), J. Leo LeMay points out that the protean Harry Burlingame, this time Cooke's poem clearly satirizes the men and man- impersonating Charles, Fifth Lord Balti- ners of the New World, while it also mocks the more and Fourth Lord Proprietor of Mary- Englishman's attitudes toward, and misconcep- tions of Colonial America: hence the double edge land, to Ebenzer's dismay and chagrin, of his satire. For an excellent review of LeMay's when the deception is revealed to him. Pro- book, see Maryland Historical Magazine v. 68 fessor Cohen hypothesises that Thomas (Winter 1973): 451-452. 2. Among others, Le May, Men of Letters, p. uses the Bordley, a high Maryland official and mem- spelling "Cook." ber of the General Assembly, may have 3. In his biographical entry on Ebenezer Cooke in conferred the laureateship on Ebenezer the Dictionary of American Biography, v. XI, Sup- plements I and II, p. 189, as well as in The Mary- Cooke. This assumption is based on a hol- land Muse (Worcester, Mass., 1935), Lawrence C. ograph poem by John Fox, a Virginia-born, Wroth uses the poet's spelling of his own name, early eighteenth-century writer. The poem "Cooke." 4. Edward H. Cohen, "The second edition of the Sot is addressed to Thomas Bordley. In it Fox Weed Factor" in American Literature, v. 41 (1970) implies that Bordley had selected Cooke as and his Ebenezer Cooke: The Sot Weed Canon his Laureate rather than himself. More- (Athens, Ga., 1975.) 5. Wroth, The Maryland Muse, p. 14. over, Cooke showed unusual and genuine 6. Ibid, pp. 4-10 and Cohen, Ebenezer Cooke, pp. 26- respect for Thomas Bordley in a eulogy he 27. wrote on the official's death. This is a far 7. Elias Jones, The Revised History of Dorchester County, Maryland (Cambridge, Md., 1966), pp. cry from the ambiguous tone of another 62-64. eulogy he wrote in memory of Nicholas 8. Ibid, p. Lowe. In this poem, written between 1720 9. Bernard C. Steiner, Early Maryland Poetry (Bal- timore, Md., 1900). and 1722, it is not difficult to recognize the 10. Lenora S. Walsh and Russell Menard hypothesize mockery underneath the faint praise be- in "Death on the Chesapeake: Two Life Tables stowed upon the deceased, as Wroth was for Men in Early Colonial Maryland" in Maryland 34 Historical Magazine, v. 69 (Summer 1974); 225, the first to point out. Although LeMay that the "seasoning" might have been a malarial observes that fever which apparently approached pandemic pro- portions among immigrants. They quote a con- Marylanders, such as Thomas Bordley ... temporary correspondent of the London Royal dubbed Cook[e] their mock [italics mine] Society in Maryland, "Most newcomers to the The Sot-Weed Factor as Social Document 277

Province have a severe fever and ague which they Cooke's cast of characters on the part of an oth- call the seasoning and the most part have it the erwise factual and sober Maryland historian, Mat- first year." thew Page Andrews: "Ebenezer Cooke's unfavor- n. The seat of the Calvert County government had able report upon American customs may be said been laid out by Robert Brooke, shortly after 1650, to have been the prototype of Charles Dickens' under the name of Battletown. However, accord- Martin Chuzzlewit, preceding the latter by over a ing to Charles F. Stein, .A History of Calvert century .. ." (Andrews' Tercentenary History of County, Maryland (Third edition, Baltimore, Md., Maryland in 4 volumes, Baltimore, 1925), v. 1, p. 1976), p. 45, it was re-established in 1667 as Cal- 484. A careful re-reading of Dickens' novel left vertown by an Act of the Maryland Assembly this writer quite puzzled concerning the aptness relating to the laying out of towns. of Andrews' comparison. 12. Jones, Dorchester County, p. 22 LeMay, Men of Letters, p. 93. 13. Morris L. Radoff, The County Court Houses and 23, John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester (1647-1680), a Records of Maryland. Part One: The Court Houses. court poet of the Restoration and author of A (Annapolis, Md., 1960), p. 39. Satyr Against Mankind (1669) and other sexually 14, "Robert Brooke, shortly after his arrival in Mary- explicit poems. land, had selected the site of the County Court- 24, Aphra Behn (1640-1689) was the first woman to house at Battletown, situated on the northern write professionally for the English stage and to shore of Battle Creek, at its mouth. After 1663 proclaim herself sexually liberated at a time when, Battletown became known as Calvertown and the despite the permissiveness and licentiousness of first courthouse was erected there." (Stein, Calvert Restoration society, male chauvinism was ramp- County, pp. 95-96.) ant. She is the subject of two recent, excellent 15. Aubrey C. Land, Colonial Maryland: A History. biographies, one published in England in 1977, (Millwood, NY, 1981), p. 227. The Passionate Shepherdess, the other by an 16, Ibid, pp. 125-126. American, Angelina Goreau, entitled Reconstruct- 17. Aubrey C. Land, The Dulanys of Maryland (Bal- ing Aphra Behn: a Social Biography (New York, timore, Md., 1958.) 1980.) Mrs. Bebn's collected works were published 18. In quoting from Cooke's poem, I have consistently in a multivolume collection edited by Montague used Steiner's text (see note 9), eliminating the Summers in 1913. capitalization of common nouns for easier reading. 25. LeMay, Men of Letters, p. 88. 19. To quote just one of the many examples of such 26, John Barth, The Sot Weed Factor (New York, neglect, even The Representative Authors of Mary- 1960, rev. ed. 1967.) land: From the Earliest Time to the Present Day 27, A striking example of Earth's embroideries on with Biographical Notes and Comments Upon Cooke's themes and of his additions to Cooke's Their Work by Henry E. Shepherd, Superintend- cast of characters is the prominent role played in ent of Instruction in Baltimore and subsequently his novel by John Coode, a prominent leader in President of the College of Charleston, S.C. (New the 1689 Orange Revolution. A factual account of York, 1911) does not include Cooke among the Coode's activities can be found in Michael G. authors treated in the main text, but relegates him Kammen, "The Causes of the Maryland Revolu- to a "Supplemental List" at the end of the book, tion of 1689" in Maryland Historical Magazine, v. in which writers obviously regarded by the author 55 (Fall 1960); p. 321 ff. Barth's treatment of as lesser lights rate only a brief entry, without Coode, however, turns him into another shadowy dates of birth and death, with a selective list of figure, a master of deception and disguises, inter- their works. Poor Ebenezer is only given The Sot acting with Ebenezer's mysterious friend and Weed Factor, without comment, as literary output Coode's alleged enemy, Harry Burlingame, with worth mentioning. whom Coode occasionally switches roles in a dis- 20. The exception is Moses Coit Tyler's History of play of shape shifting, which makes the reader American Literature 1607-1764 (New York 1878, wonder whether Coode and Burlingame may not repr. 1949), still valid and unsurpassed in scope be one and the same person. and scholarship. 28. Considering the awful retribution the novel's fe- 21. Cooke's contempt for the illiterate, illbred, and male lead, Joan Toast alias Susan Warren, is dealt hard drinking Maryland planters, and their sloppy by Fate as a consequence of her sexual escapades, and sluttish women, was shared, and occasionally an objective reader is justified in thinking other- expressed, by other contemporary observers of the wise. Maryland scene. See "Maryland Hoggs and Hyde 29. John Barth's letter to Lou Rose of June 16, 1982. Park Duchesses: A Brief Account of Maryland in 30. See remarks on county courthouse earlier in this 1697" in, Maryland Historical Magazine, v. 73 paper; also note 11. (Spring 1978):89. See also Richard S. Dunn, "Mas- 31. Barth's letter to Lou Rose of June 16, 1982. ters, Servants, and Slaves in the Colonial Chesa- 32. Edward H. Cohen, The Sot Weed Canon, p. 40. peake and the Caribbean" in Early Maryland in a 33. John Barth, The Sot Weed Factor. Wider World edited by David B. Quinn, (Detroit, 34. Lawrence C. Wroth, The Maryland Muse, pp. 26- Mich., 1982), p. 248: "Ebenezer Cooke's scare- 27. crow-like, sotweed planters, flocking to the Mary- 35. LeMay, Men of Letters, p. 81. land shore in their Scotch-cloth blue, do not seem 36. Cohen, The Sot Weed Canon, p. 45. to be the makers of a Great Society." I cannot 37. Ibid, p. 2. resist quoting an odd speculation regarding Prudent Laws and Wise Regulations: Three Early Baltimore Mayor's Messages, 1797- 1799

WILLIAM G. LEFURGY

X HE RECORDS OF THE BALTIMORE Mu- Other metropolitan areas, such as Boston nicipal government are crucial sources of and Philadelphia, had developed gradually information about the city's past. Unfor- over scores of years. But the sudden crush tunately for Baltimore historians, there are of people and the demands of prosperity few records available for the first years made it necessary to radically improve Bal- after the establishment of the city govern- timore's governing apparatus and public ment in 1797. Alleviating this shortcoming services in a short period of time. These somewhat are three unpublished docu- were pioneering efforts in managing a new ments recently acquired by the Baltimore and unstable urban environment. City Archives.1 These are in effect "state of At first, town government evolved slowly. the city" reports for the years 1797, 1798, The only truly local authority up to the and 17992 written by Baltimore's first Revolution was the Board of Town Com- mayor, James Calhoun.'5 Directed to the missioners, a weak body with vaguely de- city council, these reports deal with prob- fined responsibilities. Frequently the Bal- lems that confronted the city. timore County Court handled necessary The problems discussed by the reports functions, such as repairing a bridge or arose from the phenomenal growth of the appointing a market clerk. Through its city during the last quarter of the eight- power to enact laws, the state legislature eenth century. A quiet town of 5,000 in exercised general, if distant, control over 1774, Baltimore was by 1800 the third larg- the town. Adequate for a sleepy backwater est city in the nation with 26,000 residents. community, this rudimentary and diffuse Physically, it expanded from a scraggily system underwent modification when the collection of waterfront buildings to a town began to have growing pains. Fears sprawling and diverse cityscape. Activity that the muddy, rutted and crooked streets was everywhere, with new buildings shoot- might hinder Baltimore's commercial ing up and the streets continually jammed growth led to the establishment by the leg- with new arrivals. People came because of islature of a Board of Special Commission- opportunities generated by a booming local ers in 1782. Exercising more power than economy centered on the port. Heavy for- any previous local authority, the Board di- eign demand for grain, generated by a rected the cleaning, repairing, and exten- succession of European wars, lay behind sion of the town's streets and sewers. In the town's prosperity. Nearer to grain pro- 1783, concern about deterioration of the ducing areas than any other east coast port harbor led to the creation of a Board of and possessed of abundant water power for Port Wardens to oversee removal of silt flour milling, Baltimore thrived.4 and regulate port activities.'' Up to this period in America, Baltimore's These limited attempts to stem the experience as an "instant city" was unique. town's difficulties failed. The streets wors- ened under steadily mounting traffic, de- Mr. LeFurgy is Baltimore City Archivist and Records spite herculean efforts by the Special Com- Management Officer. missioners. Clogged with debris, wharves, 278

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 78, No. 4, WINTER 1983 Baltimore Mayor's Messages, 1797-1799 279 and a multiplying influx of vessels, the City of Baltimore 19th June 1797 harbor was a mess beyond the control of Gentlemen of the City Council [:] the Port Wardens. There were still no en- The short experience we have had of the forceable fire regulations and no effective Incorporation7 of this City, affords a pleas- methods of crime prevention. Disease was ing prospect that it will be found useful and on the rise. Potable water was scarce. Bal- agreeable to the Inhabitants, as it appears timore had become a quagmire for want of to be generally admitted that the operation adequate public services. of the ordinances past at our first Session,8 Everyone concerned knew that Balti- have contributed not a little to the welfare more required a more comprehensive and of the City in a variety of instances—[.] effective system of local government to im- The Markets which were almost deserted prove things. There was, however, wide- are again filled with every species of Pro- spread disagreement as to what form this visions, and thus collecting them to the system should take. The wealthy mer- places assigned by Law9 for their disposal, chants and landowners of the town wanted the conveniency of both buyer and seller a government that would give them a dom- are promoted, and we are enabled to check inant role. But those outside the circles of if not intirely [sic] prevent, the evil practice great wealth banded together and managed of forestalling the immediate necessities of to reject what they considered non-demo- life. cratic charters of government in 1782,1784 The Regulations for the Riding and driv- and 1793. A majority of residents finally ing of Carriages & Horses through the assented in 1796 to a charter modeled after City,10 have in a considerable degree tended the new federal constitution, complete with to the security of foot passengers and chil- a two branch legislature (city council) and dren, but this is one of the Ordinances an independent executive (mayor). While found most difficult to carry into complete this instrument, with its provisions for in- execution, and gives most offence, as the direct elections and property qualifications practice of Cantering or going in a slow for voting rights, was less democratic than gallop has been so prevalent, and deemed many wanted, the need for improved public by many so safe, that it has given consid- services was too critical to ignore further. erable offence when they are fined; however On the last day of 1796, the legislature I am persuaded that it will be impossible to approved the charter. And after a hurried execute any Law on the subject unless sim- election of a mayor and city council early ilar to the present one, that is to prevent in 1797, the new municipal government set galloping of every kind, for it is difficult if about establishing a framework of laws, not impossible to draw the line of distinc- regulations, and enforcement mechanisms.6 tion betwixt the moderate and immoderate The three reports that follow reveal the degree, in the gait of a Horse, and we must thinking behind these efforts to subdue the therefore either inforce the Law as it is, or negative effects of urbanization. As the doc- repeal it altogether; Perhaps it might not uments indicate. Mayor Calhoun endea- be amiss to permit Laboring Horses to be vored to formulate official policy. Those turned out in such parts of the City as are who recalled English rule still regarded cen- not thickly Inhabited, which would be a tralized authority with suspicion but, with great accomodation to Carters & Draymen so many difficulties demanding immediate without much, if any real Injury; in this attention, no serious opposition to the may- ordinance there is no provision made or's leadership appeared. The city council, against Riding or driving anything but a although endowed by the charter with sub- Wheelbarrow on the Brick Pavement.11 stantial authority of its own, chose to follow The Ordinance to prevent and remove many of the suggestions Calhoun made in Nuisances12 has evidently contributed to his reports. In this context, the documents the Ornament, the comfort, and the Health are actually decision-making instruments of the City, by cleaning the Streets, Lanes that directly influenced the city's develop- and Alleys, and the prevention and removal ment. of many dangerous Nuisances provided 280 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE against in this Act; but it is found from serve the Navigation, have been laid down experience that the provisions of this Law on our general Plat, but the Gentlemen does not extend to many cases that occur;13 appointed to ascertain the depth and course and I now submit to your consideration a of the Channel have not yet accomplished representation made to me on this subject that duty[.]27 by the City Commissioners^]14 I have had considerable difficulty and not The Watching and Lighting the City15 yet succeeded, in procuring a formal trans- must at all times and upon any plan be fer from the Maryland Insurance fire com- attended with a very serious expense, but pany, of the right of licensing & regulating the present plan costs upward of £ 5000 p the Sweeping of Chimneys, and fixing the annum, which from the best information I rates thereof, and the right of erecting or have been able to collect, exceeds the ex- renting a Magazine for Storing Gunpow- pense of watching and Lighting the City of der;28 not from any backwardness in the Philadelphia, and in my opinion is more Company to transfer the right, but from than our funds will enable us to support; the impossibility of convening them, it is As the contract with Mr. Betlinger16 [sic] however in a fair train of being affected, will expire on the first Day of January next, and in the mean time rather than the Pow- and provision ought to be made in time for der should again be thrown on the City, the ensuing year especially for the purchase and the regulations of this statutory Law and preparation of the Oil17 wanted in Win- cease, I have undertaken to rent a House ter, I submit it to the Council whether it for the Reception of Gunpowder and ap- would not be proper to take up the subject pointed a person to take charge of it, and the present Session, and adopt a plan for mean to proceed to the Licensing of conducting this business next year, either Sweeps; this will be attended with little or by contract or otherwise. —and I now lay no expense to the City as the Licenses for before you the observations and proposals Sweeping of Chimneys, will be equal to the of Mr. Betlinger respecting it[.]18 extra expense of Storing Gunpowder. The Knowing that the appropriation for the procurring a proper Site for a public Mag- surveying, deepening, & preserving the azine and erecting a suitable building29 for Harbor of Baltimore, altho considerable, the Storage of all Gunpowder brought to would not enable us to keep the Machine19 the City, is an object of great importance constantly employed and a sufficient num- to the safety of the Citizens, and therefore ber of hands in the Scow20 to discharge the worthy the attention of the Council at this Mud, I intend to work it only so long and time, especially as it would ultimately add in such part of the limits prescribed, as we to our revenue instead of diminishing it[.] can get the Mud taken from a long side of I have collected a general statement of the Machine, and have hitherto employed the accounts up to the present time which it in deepening the Channel from opposite will show expenditures since our com- Herbaugh's [sic] or Hughes's Wharf,21 in a mencement and the balance in the hands direction upwards; and the Mud has been oftheTreasurer[.]30 taken22 from it by Messrs. McElderry23 and From experience it is found that many O'Donnel,24 when this space is sufficiently Offences created by our Ordinances differ deep and they cease to receive the Mud it in degree according to circumstances, and will proceed farther upwards, and I expect therefore I submit it to you whether there Messrs. Smith25 & Hollins26 will then re- ought to be a discretionary power lodged ceive the Mud. The Machine is worked by somewhere to mitigate fines, so as to ap- five hands besides the Superintendant [sic] portion them to the offences[.]31 one of which is a Millwright and the Jas. Calhoun, Mayor Weekly expense including the Superinten- dant [sic] wages, feeding the Horses, and repairs of the Machine, have been about [Feb. 12, 1798] fifty five Dollars[.] Gentlemen of the City Council[:] The different permissions granted by the In recurring to the situation of Baltimore Portwardens to extend Wharves within the since its Incorporation, I flatter myself the limits mentioned in the ordinance to pre- Inhabitants have no cause to regret the Baltimore Mayor's Messages, 1797-1799 281 change, but on the contrary are satisfied port of the Lamps but at such an exhorbi- that many valuable advantages have al- tant [sic] rate that our funds would not ready resulted from the laws of the Corpo- enable us to bear. The Commissioners of ration. And altho defects may probably be the Watch agreed in opinion with me, to discovered in some of the Ordinances make an experiment of the actual expense passed last session, they will make reason- by furnishing the oil, etc. and employing a able allowance for this our first essay in person to distribute it to Lamp Lighters Legislating, and patiently wait the diges- and to superintend the Lighting, cleaning, tion of a suitable code for a place of such & keeping the Lamps in proper order and rapid improvement.32 repair, and understanding that it was nec- The General Assembly of the State have essary to have Spermecity oil for the Win- at their last Session, passed a Supplement ter consumption, I early in the season got to our Act of Incorporation, which consid- a Gentlemen to order one Thousand Gal- erably extends our sphere of Legislation.33 lons from Boston, which was ship'd in the They have also granted a liberal donation Month of November, but unfortunately the for a public Hospital, which will require Winter setting in uncommonly early, the your early attention, to make provision for Vessel after beating on the coast for a con- carrying into full effect their benevolent siderable time, was obliged to put back, and views on this subject.34 did not arrive here until since the breaking You will find ordinances have already up of the Ice. We therefore had to com- been passed on most of the subjects in- mence at the worst season of the Year, trusted [sic] to our Jurisdiction by the Orig- without proper Oil, and without experience. inal Act of Incorporation, there are however But as we now obtained good Oil I have a some few that have not yet been acted upon, confidence the Lamps will exhibit an ap- these together with the subjects enumer- pearance more satisfactory to the Inhabit- ated in the Supplement,35 will afford em- ants. ployment for the present Session, and I am It is our intention when the time of the persuadid [sic] you will engage the task present Watch expires (which is the last with that harmony and disposition of mind, day of March) to attempt the establishment most likely to promote the interest and of one more conformable to those of Elder happiness of your constituents. Cities, that is by having the same person to Permit me Gentlemen to remind you of Watch & to Light their respective squares, the necessity there will be for making pro- or districts,38 which we hope will in some vision for a more correct division of the degree lessen the expense altho on any plan City, as the Wards at present differ mate- we can devise, it will cost nearly equal to rially in their numbers of Inhabitants.36 the two Dollar tax on the City property. The persons appointed by the Governor & This is a charge incident to the protection Council to this duty in the first instance of every Town, and not attributable to the made the division by the best boundaries Incorporation, it was as great before we that could be ascertained, as there was not were incorporated as it will be now[.] time to take a census, and they did not Agreeably to the directions contained in consider it very material expecting provi- our charter, I now make a Report of the sion would be made for a more equal divi- general state of the City, with an accurate sion at the first Session of the City Council. account of the money received and ex- In the execution of the Ordinances of last pended in the preceeding year, as will ap- Session I have not found one that has given pear by the Treasurer's general account me more trouble, or created more uneasy herewith exhibited.39 In order to bring it sensations than that respecting the Night more immediately within your view, I have Watch & Lamps,37 particularly as to the made a summary of this account and latter, which had been contracted for by classed the receipts & expenditures under the Criminal Court (previous to our their respective heads. This you will ob- Charter of Incorporation) until the 31st serve does not comprehend any part of the Day of December last. As we could not expense of Watching & Lighting the City, engage any person for the present Year to except the last quarter of the Watch, and supply oil and every requisite for the sup- what has been paid for oil etc. since the 282 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE first day of January. The other was paid but that the Cargoes thereof be discharged out of a fund heretofore appropriated for into other Vessels while it remains in the that purpose, and under the direction of the River, and every necessary care extended Criminal Court, which I am informed is to purify44 the same before it be admitted now intirely absorbed[.] into the City, and that the Health Officer4' By these statements you will perceive the be required to pay strict attention thereto. necessity of the strictest economy to bring This regulation was rigidly adhered to, our expenses within our income and to and was by many believed to have contrib- prepare us for the payment of the heavy uted in a great degree to the preservation debt intacted on us by the former board of of our City, but it must be observed that it Special Commissioners, and that incurred may be a questionable matter, whether the by the Committee of Health40 in the Year Commissioners of Health under the general 1796. powers given them by the ordinance to City of Baltimore Feb. 12th, 1798 preserve the Health of the City,4'' and to Jas. Calhoun prevent the introduction of pestilential and other infectious diseases into the same, have authority to make all necessary regu- [Feb. 11, 1799] lations relating to the stoppage, and un- Gentlemen of the City Council[:] loading of Vessels during the season when When we take a review of the preceding contagion is to be apprehended, and there- year. When we reflect on the increased fore I submit it to you whether it would not population, commerce, & wealth of this be best to prepare an ordinance embracing City, When we consider its situation with every regulation respecting the Health De- respect to Health, compared to that of other partment,4' that may be deemed advisable, parts of America, which have unhappily and to repeal those that have been passed been visited with a destructive Malignant from time to time since the Act of Incor- fever,41 We have abundant cause to make poration, as it is better whenever a variety our acknowledgements to the Supreme of laws have been made on any subject to Being, for having thus highly favored us. reduce them into one view, than to be But signal as our Advantages have been, obliged to search supplements and addi- yet it deeply concerns us to use every hu- tional supplements, before they can be man means, to guard our City against the known. And this becomes the more neces- visitation of so direful a calamity[.] sary at this time as Congress are about As it is yet a matter of controversy with passing an Act,48 directing their different Physicians of the first eminence, whether officers to render every necessary aid in this Malady is of foreign or domestic ori- carrying into full effect, the quarintines gin,42 it essentially becomes us to take every [sic] and other restraints which shall be reasonable precaution, to guard against its required by the Health laws of any State, introduction from infected places, and at or pursuant thereto, respecting Vessels ar- the same time to resort to every expedient riving in, or bound to, any port, or district in our power, to cleanse the City from filth, thereof, whether from a foreign port or and from all such substances, as are sup- place, or from any other district of the posed to generate, or propagate the disor- United States. der. The Ordinance for regulating the sweep- The Commissioners of Health during the ing of Chimneys, and that for preventing last sickly season,4' considering that there fires within the City,49 passed at your last was great danger of introducing the fever meeting, will I am persuaded be found to into the City by means of Vessels coming lessen in a very great degree the Calamaties up to the Wharves with damaged cargoes, [sic] by fire. In examining the City pur- on the 10th day of August Resolved that all suant to those ordinances, there were found Vessels arriving from any of the West Indie to my great astonishment, many instances Islands loaded with Coffee or other produce of persons keeping combustible matters, so that may be liable to damage, or putrefac- near to their fire places, of others putting tion, be not permitted to come up into Port, their hot ashes in places so utterly unsafe. Baltimore Mayor's Messages, 1797-1799 283 and of others having their fire places, sons etc.5:i I have with the advice & consent stoves, and stove pipes, in so bad a state of the Gentlemen named in said ordinance, and condition, as to have made any man of caused an Hospital to be built on a Lot of reflection shudder at the iminent [sic] dan- ground, purchased from Mr. Walter Roe,54 gers to which our City had been exposed in containing about seven acres situated many parts, from those causes only[.] North of the City, a plan of which building, The ordinance to regulate the sinking of the progress made therein, and the account Wells, and repairing of Pumps, and the of the purchase of the Ground & expendi- Supplement thereto,50 have produced a sup- tures for the building, will be laid before ply of Water in several parts of the City, you. 55 and will no doubt be found benificial [sic] As this was to be a State Hospital, and in case of fires, but an effectual supply of there appeared a disposition in the Legis- Water can only be had by pipes, or aque- lature who granted us the Money to com- ducts, conveying it through all parts of the mence it, to have a building on a liberal City, from the Neighbouring Waters, or plan, and a well grounded hope that they Springs, which I hope will be found practic- would give us farther aid to finish it, we able by the committee appointed to exam- thought it best to construct a House on as ine and report on this subject.51 This will extensive a scale as could be covered in no doubt be attended with a very consid- with the funds then appropriated after pay- erable expense, but when we reflect on the ing for the ground, rather then limit it to magnitude of the object, both as to preser- so small a one as those funds would com- vation from contagion & fires, as well as pletely finish, trusting to farther grants for for culinary uses, who will hesitate in con- its completion—This building is now under tributing his proportion of the Money roof, and so far paid for, and from the best wanted to effect so desireable a purpose.[?] estimate I am able to procure will cost When we consider the rapid growth of about four thousand Dollars to finish, and Baltimore, which less than forty years ago, two thousand more for Bedding, and other was but a small Village containing about necessary furniture. I am informed the Leg- one hundred Houses of every description. islature of the State at their last Session That it then had but three or four vessels, made an additional grant of three thousand perhaps about three hundred Tons burthen Dollars for this purpose,56 on condition that in the whole. That it now ranks so high in Baltimore County & City, will raise an the United States being second with respect equal sum, so that it now remains with us to exports, having exported to foreign ports to avail ourselves or not, of the liberality of for the last year ending 30th Sept. property the State Legislature.57 to the amount of 12. 613:122 of Dollars. The Register will lay before you an accot. That it owns Sixty thousand Tons of ship- of the Money received and expended for ping, visiting almost every Country & the last twelve [months commencing the] Clime where commerce is extended, and first Inst.58 which I trust will exhibit an that from the industry of its inhabitants, agreeable appearance, for altho our expend- and enterprize of its Merchants, combined itures have necessarily been very consider- with the peculiar advantages of its local able, the Revinues [sic] of the City have situation, it bids fair to equal any City in not only enabled us to meet them, but to the Union, if fostered by prudent laws, and pay upwards of six thousand Dollars to- wise regulations, what member of either wards extinguishing the debt which the branch of the City Council will shrink from Town owed before it was incorporated. his duty or regret the necessary time spent Feb.[11th] 1799 in digesting and preparing such laws, and [signed] Jas. Calhoun regulations, or what good Citizen will not lend his aid to carry them into execution.[?] REFERENCES In pursuance of an Act of Assembly of 1. The provenance of the documents is unclear. Ini- 52 tial responsibility lay with the city council, but at this State and an Ordinance of the Cor- some point the items disappeared from the council poration for the establishment of an [sic] files. In March 1979 the documents came to the Hospital for the relief of indigent sick per- Baltimore City Archives (hereafter referred to as 284 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

BCA) from the Baltimore Municipal Museum. It placing a horse on paved footways was thereby is not known when or how the Museum acquired outlawed. the material. Currently, the documents are part 12. Ordinance 15 (7 April 1797). A nuisance was any- of the BCA record group 9, series 1. thing noisome, improperly disposed of, or judged Under the new government, the mayor was to potentially harmful to human health. The most submit annually a report (or "message") concern- common nuisances were animal carcasses, vege- ing the "general state of the city" to the city table matter, and excrement. For want of a gar- council within the first five days of the council's bage collection service, Baltimoreans at this time opening session. Sessions usually began in Janu- often tossed such material—along with the rest of ary or February. Early reports are available in their trash—into the streets. compilations published by the municipality, such 13 The problem alluded to here was that the original as Mayor's Messages, 1800-1830 (n.p.: n.p., n.d.). nuisance prevention ordinance did not specifically No available compilation, however, includes the outlaw the throwing of liquid wastes into the 1798 or 1799 annual reports presented here (the streets or any kind of garbage into the gutters. Federal Gazette and Baltimore Daily Advertiser Ordinance 39, passed on 26 June 1797, rectified newspaper did publish the reports soon after they these omissions. appeared). The 19 June 1797 document is not 14 Ordinance 14, passed on 10 April 1797, authorized technically an annual report as the city govern- the appointment of five city commissioners to ment had only been operational for about five direct the grading, paving, and repairing of city months. The item is, however, the first to sum- streets. Also placed under the direction of the new marize in detail the new government's priorities body was the long standing problem of trying to and actions. This document has never been pub- keep the streets clean (see notes 12 and 13). lished in any form. 15 Watching refers to the practice of having desig- Calhoun (1743-1816) was born of Irish stock in nated watchmen patrol the city streets at night to Pennsylvania. He came to Baltimore from Carli- deter crime. The city's other method to discourage sle, Pennsylvania, around 1771 and quickly be- lawlessness involved lighting the streets after came a successful merchant. During the Revolu- dark. Ordinance 10, passed on 3 April 1797, estab- tionary War, he served on Baltimore's ruling com- lished the Commissioners of Watching and Light- mittee of observation and later was Deputy Com- ing to supervise the performance of these activities missary-General of Purchases for the Continental by private contractors. Army. Active in the efforts to establish an effec- Ifi Jacob Lewis Bettlinger contracted with the Bal- tual local government, Calhoun was instrumental timore County Court to light the city's streets for in getting the 1796 charter. He owed his 21 Feb- one year starting 1 January 1796. He probably ruary 1797 election as the first mayor to his wide- supplied similar service for previous years as well. spread popularity among all elements of the city's Little personal information exists concerning Bet- population. Calhoun resigned in 1804 midway tlinger. A newspaper advertisement dated 10 Jan- through his fourth two year term in office and uary 1795 notes that an "I. L. Bettlinger, Tinman later served as a member of the city council. and Blacksmith next door below G. C. Presbury's, Sherry H. Olson, Baltimore: The Building of an esq., in Gay Street, Baltimore" is willing to light American City (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Uni- the streets for an adequate sum. versity Press, 1980), pp. lOff; Gary Lawson 17 The street lamps used by the city burned oil Browne, Baltimore in the Nation, 1789-1861 derived from the sperm whale. This fuel, generally (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, known as spermecity oil, had to be imported in 1980), p. 3-13. large quantities from New England whaling cen- Jacob H. Hollander, The Financial History of Bal- ters. timore (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University 18 This particular proposal was not found but a Press, 1899), pp. 18-19, 31. similar one dated 13 November 1797 is in BCA Dennis Rankin Clark, "Baltimore, 1729-1829: record group 16, series 1, box 1 (HRS 1797-99), The Genesis of a Community," Ph.D. dissertation. Bettlinger proposed to light the city for the coming Catholic University of America, 1976, pp. 116- year for $27 per lamp or $26 per lamp plus $1,000, 118; Whitman H. Ridgway, Community Leader- He also demanded a three year contract, ship in Maryland, 1790-1840: A Comparative 19. Accumulating deposits of silt in the harbor forced Analysis of Power in Society (Chapel Hill: The the city to come up with some method to keep the University of North Carolina Press, 1980), pp. 83- shipping channels clear. The device hit upon was 84. The charter appears in Laws of Maryland, a "mud machine" consisting of a barge equipped 1796, ch. 68. with an oxen powered scoop. This refers to the official implementation of the 20 This was a large flat bottomed boat into which municipal government through the approval of the mud machine operators shoveled silt raised the city charter by the state legislature. from the harbor. The session started on 27 February and continued 21 Leonard Harbaugh originally owned this structure until early July of 1797. that was near the eastern end of the inner harbor. Baltimore Ordinance 16 (11 April 1797). The wharf continued to be known by Harbaugh's Ibid., 12 (10 April 1797), name even after Christopher Hughes, Sr. (1744- The council agreed with Calhoun and passed or- 1824), a prosperous merchant, acquired it. dinance 35, a supplement to the riding and driving 22 The mud was used to fill in the spaces between ordinance, on 26 June 1797. Riding or otherwise wharves to create firm ground. Baltimore Mayor's Messages, 1797-1799 285

2.3. Thomas McElderry (d.1810), a prosperous land- for the reception and care of lunatics." Citing the owner and merchant, owned a wharf located at "charitable disposition in divers inhabitants of the foot of Market Space. this state to contribute largely towards establish- 24. Captain John O'Donnell (1749-1805), a wealthy ing a common state hospital in or near the city of landowner, merchant, and founder of the Canton Baltimore," the legislature granted $8,000 to the Company, owned a wharf near or next to that of city for this purpose. Thomas McElderry. 35. See note 33. 25. Samuel Smith (1752-1839), a prosperous mer- 36. It has been suggested that the wealthier and less chant, member of congress, and future mayor of democratic elements of the city had the wards Baltimore. Smith's wharf started at the foot of gerrymandered in their favor. This is plausible, as Gay Street and was next to O'Donnell's wharf. from their inception in 1797 the wards varied 26. John Hollins, merchant. The location of his wharf greatly in population. Redistricting did not take is not known, although it was near that of Samuel place until 1802. See William Bruce Wheeler, Smith. "The Baltimore Jeffersonians, 1788-1800: A Pro- 27. Ordinance 22, passed on 24 April 1797, authorized file of Intra-Factional Conflict," Maryland Histor- a three man commission to chart and survey the ical Magazine 66 (Summer 1971): 153-68. harbor channel. After completion of this task, the 37. Ordinance 10 (3 April 1797). See note 15. commission was to establish a boundary line be- 38. No ordinance or other official directive exists for yond which no wharf was to extend. The boundary such a change. It is, however, likely that the was to prevent obstruction of the channel. A plat watchmen had some responsibility for the lamps dated 18 July 1799 (BCA, record group 12, series until 1816 when the municipality contracted with 2, no. 26) displays the line and is signed by Wil- the Baltimore Gas Light Company for lighting the liam Patterson and Seth Barton. A 1797 list of streets. city officials indicates that these two individuals 39 Located in BCA record group 9, series 1. along with David Stewart functioned as "Com- 40, This was a group of city residents, essentially self- missioners to make a survey of the harbor and appointed, who attempted to coordinate disease port of Baltimore" for that year. prevention efforts in Baltimore from 1793 until 28. Unswept chimneys and improperly stored gun- the formation of the municipal government. powder were extreme fire hazards in eighteenth- 41 Philadelphia, New York, and Boston had major century Baltimore. The Baltimore Insurance Fire outbreaks of yellow fever during the Summer and Company, incorporated by the state legislature in Fall of 1798. The Aedes aegypti mosquito, inad- 1787, originally had responsibility (coupled with vertently imported from West Indian ports along a commercial incentive) to regulate these dangers. with more desirable ship's cargo, transmitted the When the company failed to meet expectations, disease. Baltimore, with its many marshes and the legislature in 1791 gave the Maryland Insur- pools of stagnant water, was a favorable spot for ance Fire Company regulatory authority in these Aedes to settle and breed. Serious yellow fever areas. Baltimore's 1796 charter granted the city epidemics struck the city in 1794, 1797, and again government exclusive power to oversee chimney in 1800. The mosquito's role in these calamities sweeping and gunpowder storage. was unknown during this period. 29. Several rented buildings stored gunpowder in the 42. Two conflicting theories existed at the time re- city at the time Calhoun wrote. This arrangement garding the origins of disease. One held that local lasted until the city government appropriated unsanitary conditions precipitated infection $2,665 early in 1800 to erect a municipal powder through the emission of harmful vapors and that house on the south side of the inner harbor. Ac- the only way to prevent illness was to suppress cording to the municipality's financial records, the nuisances, such as swamps, overly full privies, and new magazine was in operation by February 1802. rotting animal and vegetable matter. The second 30. This document was not found, but similar infor- school of thought held that recently arrived per- mation is available in the city register's records sons and materials brought disease with them (BCA, record group 32, series 8). from places where illness was widespread. Accord- 31. The council complied with Calhoun's request by ing to this concept, good public health depended passing ordinance 36 on 26 June 1797 authorizing upon identification and quarantine of infected the mayor to reduce or remit a fine if deemed people and materials. Of course, the germ theory appropriate. had yet to be developed. 32. What Calhoun is attempting to convey is that 43. The greatest incidence of yellow fever was between some of the ordinances passed are flawed and that July and October—the months during which the it will take time to refine an adequate set of laws Aedes aegypti mosquito flourished in Baltimore. for the city. 44. This process involved the removal of cargo to a 33. Laws of Maryland, 1797 ch. 54. This act specifi- non-populous area where it was exposed to the cally authorized the city government to tax for the open air until any offensive manifestations dis- purposes of street paving or sinking wells; to reg- appeared. ulate and license commercial haulers; to forbid 45. The general assembly authorized the appointment the construction of wooden buildings; and to pre- of this official in 1793 after a widely publicized vent the building of new wharves without official yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia. The offi- consent. cer's prime duty was to inspect incoming vessels 34. Laws of Maryland, 1797, ch. 102. The hospital was for signs of contagious disease. If any signs were mean for "the relief of indigent sick persons and found, the officer could quarantine vessels and 286 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

their crews. tion of the pipeline. It was only after the appear- 46. Ordinance 11 (7 April 1797). ance of the privately run Baltimore Water Com- 47. This was not done until 1801. pany in 1804 that the city's water supply im- 48. U.S. Statutes at Large, 1799 ch. 12, "An Act re- proved. specting Quarantines and Health Laws." 52. Lam of Maryland, 1797 ch. 102. 49. Ordinance 108 (12 December 1798). 53. Ordinance 69 (20 February 1798). The hospital, 50. Ibid., 19 (26 April 1797); 76 (12 December 1798). located on the present site of the Johns Hopkins 51. Thomas J. Scharf a History of Baltimore City and Hospital complex, opened in 1800 but was not County (Philadelphia: Louis H. Evarts, 1881) completed for another twenty years. As with other notes that the city government appointed Robert public services, the city government contracted Smith, Zebulon Hollingsworth, Edward Johnson, with private individuals to run the hospital. and W, MacCreery in 1798 to report upon meth- 54. A dry goods merchant residing at this time at 57 ods of conveying water into Baltimore. Submitting Market Street near the corner of Tripolet's Alley. their report on 13 February 1799, the committee 55. Not found. recommended introduction of water from either 56. None of the compilations of state laws for 1798, Gwynn's Falls, Jones' Falls, or Herring Run 1799, or 1800 mention this additional grant. But through a pipeline. The council agreed with this since the city government put up a matching sum idea and authorized a lottery to pay for it. But as (see note 57), the state must have given the extra Calhoun noted in a 10 June letter to the council money. (BCA record group 9, series 1, box 1), the project 57. The municipality accepted the state's terms and stalled when persons whose property lay between appropriated the money through ordinance 1, the city and water source demanded prohibitive passed on 20 February 1799. sums of money before they would allow construc- 58. Not found.

. - Travel in the 1830s: The Diary of William Minifie

Edited by C. HERBERT BAXLEY

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH stopping at Dartmouth and at Totnes to visit his mother, then to Exeter. On the third evening, they left Exeter for London W,,ILLIAM MINIFIE, SON OF JAMES & on the top of the stage coach, arriving at Elizabeth Hyne Minifie, was born in Dev- London in about 24 hours. (The distance is onshire, England, on the 14th of August now traveled by rail in four hours.) On the 1805. He received a fair English education 28th they sailed from the London Docks in the private schools of Totnes in that for Baltimore, where they arrived after a County. stormy passage of 72 days. He remembers very well the public re- He worked for some months after his joicings held on the conclusion of peace arrival in Baltimore at ship joiner's work, with France, when Napoleon Bonaparte the hours being from sunrise to sunset and was sent to Elba and of those in the follow- the wages $1.25 per day. He then opened a ing year when news of the great victory of carpenter's shop and went to work on his Waterloo was received. Also, of the great own account. excitement which occurred several years In the spring of 1830, he started for Eng- afterward when the news was received that land in the old ship Dumfries; Captain the bill against Queen Caroline was thrown Harvey. On the second night after she left out of the House of Lords. the city, she was caught in a violent storm His parents belonged to the English in the Gulf Stream which did so much Episcopal Church in which he was baptized damage that she returned to Baltimore for and was Confirmed by the Bishop of Exe- repairs; arrived after an absence of two ter. weeks. Two weeks afterwards, he embarked At the age of 15 he was apprenticed to a in the ship Philip Tabb and arrived in carpenter and joiner in Totnes, with whom Liverpool in 28 days; the return voyage he served two years, when his master failed occupying six weeks in the same ship with in business and a portion of the premium his mother and sister, his only near rela- paid was lost. Shortly afterward he was tives. apprenticed to Mr. Jacob Harvey of Tor- While in Liverpool, he examined the quay, who carried on a large building busi- track, etc., of the Liverpool & Manchester ness, to whom a premium of forty Pounds R.R. which was not then opened for travel. was paid. He lived with Mr. Harvey's family At that time, the crossing of the Atlantic five years. by steamships was much discussed among During his residence in Torquay, he be- seafaring people and others. It was the gen- came acquainted with Miss Mary White. eral opinion that the steamships would be After an intimacy of several years, they very uncomfortable for passengers, from were married at Tor Church on January 14, their pitching heavily in a head sea, having 1828. (They celebrated their Golden Wed- no sails to steady them and that they could ding last January 1878.) Immediately after not be profitable. their marriage, they started for London, About 1834, William and his wife made a trip to the West. At that time the B. & Mr. Baxley, of Ridgewood, N.J., is a great-grandson O. R.R. had only reached Frederick. After of William Minifie. that, by stage on the National Road to 287

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 78, No. 4, WINTER 1983 288 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Wheeling. From Wheeling by steamboat to partment of Art of the British Government Cincinnati, and then to Madison, Indiana, at Marlborough House, London, and was returning to Cincinnati. A stage coach for placed on the list of books recommended to Erie across Ohio, a journey of several days the Schools of Art & Design throughout the and nights. The coach carried the mails Kingdom. (Royal Octavo Edition) and during one night made two miles and A Duodecimo edition, slightly abridged, a half an hour, some of the passengers illustrated with 48 steel plates, was soon walking behind carrying fence rails to lift after published for the use of schools. These the wheels out from between the logs of the are still live books, up to this time (1878) corduroy roads. Then to Niagara and home 15,000 copies have been published; 9,000 of via New York by steamboat, coach and the Octavo, 6,000 of the Duodecimo. They canal, stopping at Saratoga, Troy, Albany, are in use in many of the schools and col- Philadelphia, etc. leges throughout the United States and are In 1836, he was elected a member of the largely used for self instruction. Maryland Academy of Science & Litera- Mr. Minifie has been a frequent contrib- ture, in which he took an active part. It was utor to the local press, generally on scien- dissolved in 1844 for want of support. At tific matters. His series of letters on the the time of its dissolution, he was one of schemes for the improvement of the Harbor the curators. of Baltimore elicited much favorable atten- In 1837, he announced himself as an tion. He was one of the originators of the Architect & Builder. In that year, he de- present Maryland Academy of Science and signed and erected the Front Street Thea- is still a member. In 1858, he was elected a tre, Baltimore. It was generally considered member of the American Association for to be the equal, if not superior, to any the Advancement of Science and is still a theatre then existing in the United States. member. The building was much praised by promi- He became a naturalized citizen about nent actors and others for its arrangements 1833, having given notice of his intention for scenery and for its acoustic qualities. shortly after his arrival in Baltimore, which September 1845, he was elected Teacher has been his residence for 50 years. of Drawing in the Central High School of He has never taken an active part in Baltimore; he occupied this position five politics, nor held any political appoint- years. Drawing had not previously been ment. He has, however, always held very taught in any of the Public Schools of the decided opinions; was an Old Line Whig City. The course of instruction adopted was and voted for Henry Clay for president; was very similar to the Industrial Drawing now a very decided outspoken Union man dur- used in the Public Schools and his own ing the Civil War and is a firm Republican work, afterwards published, was used orally at present. for instruction in Instrumental Drawing. He was one of the originators of the In 1852, he was elected Professor of Maryland Mechanics Institute and also of Drawing for the School of Design of the the Allston Association. The object of the Maryland Mechanical Institute. He devised Allston was the formation of a Life School a course of instruction, reorganized the and other aids for the benefit of artists and school and gave short addresses at the amateurs but was soon converted to a social opening and closing of the annual sessions, club. which have been published. In 1847, he purchased the stock of a Book In 1849, he published his Text Book of & Stationery Store at 114 Baltimore Street Geometrical Drawing, Perspective & Shad- to which he added Drawing Instruments ows, to which was afterward added an Essay and materials, as his own experience as an on the Theory & Application of Color, il- architect and teacher has shown him the lustrated with 50 steel plates. This work need for such a depot. Some years later he has been very favorably received both in added artist's materials to his stock. this Country and England, especially by the He occupied the premises at 114 Balti- scientific press of both countries. more Street for 29 years, since 1868 with In 1853, it was introduced into the De- his eldest son, James Woodfin Minifie, as The Diary of William Minifie 289 a partner. In 1876 they removed to No. 5 but in time of war is a strong defence to the North Charles Street. City. William Minifie—1878 New York contains 200,000 inhabitants, is TRIP TO NEW YORK—ISSO a place of great trade, and from its location is likely to retain its superiority over every October 23rd; Left Baltimore in Steamer other City in the Union, Constitution at 5 PM, arrived at French- town at 11, took Stage across the State of Crossed the East River in the evening to Delaware, 16 miles to Newcastle. Brooklyn on Long Island, a very pleasant Town containing 15,000 inhabitants, one 24th: Arrived on board Steamer Newcastle of the United States Navy Yards is here, at 3 AM, arrived at Philadelphia at V2 past had no time to visit. Called on Mr. Kutz, 6, 40 miles. an Englishman, returned across the Ferry Sunday, at Philadelphia. Walked about the to Mr. Syms' where we spent the evening. City with Mary & Lydia1, saw the United 28th: Left New York in the Steamer Swan States Bank, a very handsome stone build- ing. Philadelphia is a very handsome City, at 7 AM, very foggy, arrived at the City of Brunswick, N. J., on the Raritan at Noon, the streets are straight and cross each other took Stage, changed horses at Kingston, at right angles, it contains many handsome passed thro Princetown, a pleasant Town buildings and 195,000 inhabitants. which contains a College and Theological Went to the waterworks on the Schuylkill Seminary. after dinner, it propels the water to a res- Arrived at Trenton on the Delaware, 25 ervoir about 150 feet above the river and is miles from Brunswick at V2 past 4. Low carried in iron pipes all over the City, water, the steamer could not come up, waterworks cost $4,500,000. Boarded at changed horses, crossed the Delaware Mrs. Austie's, No. 91 South Third Street. Bridge to the State of Pennsylvania, saw 25th: Left Philadelphia at 7 AM in Steamer the place where General Meaureau took Philadelphia, passed by Burlington and refuge in his exile. Bristol at 9, arrived at Boardingtown2, Arrived on board the Steamer Trenton a State of New Jersey, 40 miles at 10, saw little above Bristol at 5, arrived at Phila- Joseph Bonaparte's residence. delphia at 1/2 past 7, went to see Peale's Took Stage 24 miles to Washington, a small Museum, a handsome establishment con- village, on the Raritan River, arrived at 2 sidered the best in the Union, slept at Mrs. PM. Took steamer to New York, 36 miles, Austie's. arrived at V2 past 5. 29th: Left Philadelphia at 7 AM on board Took boarding at Mrs. Mann's, 61 Broad- Steamer Wm. Penn, arrived at Delaware way, called on Mr. Jno. Syms in Chatham City, 8 miles below Newcastle at 11, got on Street, went to the Park Theatre, saw Clara board the Delaware Canal Barge, passed Fisher perform, very much pleased. Re- thro the Canal which connects the waters turned to Mr. Syms' for Lydia, arrived at of the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. our lodgings at 1/2 past 11. Arrived at Chesapeake City, 14 miles, at ¥2 26th: Shopping all day, spent the evening past 1, went on board the Steamer Carroll, at Mr. Syms'. arrived at Baltimore, 65 miles from the 27th: In the morning visited the Town Hall, Canal, at V2 past 7. All well. a spacious and elegant building with a large 1. Mary's sister, Lydia White. open space in front called the Park, the 2. Bordentown. Hall contains many portraits of eminent men painted by first rate artists. TRIP WEST TO OHIO & NIAGARA Took a walk on the Battery, a delightful FALLS—1834 promenade, from thence to Castle Garden Wednesday, June 25th: Mary started by the which is joined to the Battery by a wooden Stage to Cumberland. Received a letter bridge. At present it is used for recreation. from her on the 29th. 290 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

July 4th: Started at Vk past 5 by the Rail 16th: Drove around the City in a gig, very Road Car. Arrived at Frederick at 1 PM, 62 pleasant, churches chiefly in the Gothic miles by RR, 45 by Turnpike. Took Stage style, many of the private mansions are to Hagerstown, to supper, changed coaches, finished in a handsome style. The Miami travelled all night, across several small Canal terminates here. Left Cincinnati at mountains, very heavy rain, arrived at Be- 11 AM in Steamer Champlain, arrived at vansville, to breakfast at 7 AM. Madison, Indiana, at 9 PM. All well. 5th: Arrived at Cumberland at 12 Noon. 17th: Wet day, supped at Mrs. McLean's. 1 Stopt at Susan's. 18th: Dined at Mrs. McLean's. Left Madi- 6th, Sunday: Staid at Cumberland. son at 5 PM in Steamer Benjamin Frank- 7th: Staid at Cumberland. lin. 8th: Left Cumberland at V* before 1 in the 19th: Arrived at Cincinnati at 3 AM, stopt Reliance Line, very bad road, arrived at at Cromwell Cincinnati Hotel. In the after- Frostburg Vi before 5, would go no further noon crossed the river to Newport, Ken- as the company was very disagreeable. tucky, then across the Licking to Coving- Supped & lodged at the Frostburg Hotel, ton. George S. Evans, in the Allegheny Moun- 20th, Sunday: Visited two Presbyterian tains, very good accommodations. Churches, paid 6V4 cents for a seat, could 9th: Left Frostburg at 4 PM in Reliance not hear the preacher, handsome church. Line, took supper at Thistle Tavern. Looked in the Unitarian (Gothic) & Cath- 10th: Crossed the Laurel Mountain, the olic (Gothic) in Sycamore St. Supped at highest of the Alleghenies about daybreak Mrs. Devon's, booked for Columbus, paid in heavy rain. Arrived at Uniontown, bill at hotel, retired at eleven. Penna., at 1/2 past 5 for breakfast. Crossed 21st: Started at 1/2 past 4 in Citizens Line the Monongahela at Brownsville, took din- Stage, breakfasted at Reading, dined at ner at Washington at 2 PM, arrived at Waynesville, passes thro Xenia at Noon, Wheeling at V2 past 10. stopt at the Yellow Springs at 5 PM, took 11th: Wheeling all day, on the east bank of some water, arrived at Springfield, Capital the Ohio River, a general rendesvous for of Clark County, at 7 PM, 70 miles from travellers from East to West & vice versa. Cincinnati. The part of Ohio traversed to- Contains about 6,000 inhabitants & several day lies between the Great & Little Miami manufactories, coal is very plentiful in the Rivers & is generally called the Miami neighborhood. Country, very flat & in many places swampy, very fertile, corduroy roads. Mary 12th: Engaged a passage in the Ohioan for sick. Thermometer 96°. Cincinnati, fare $10 each. Left Wheeling at Noon, arrived at Marietta at 9, lay to 4 22nd: Left Springfield at 4 AM, arrived 51 hours account of fog. miles at Columbus at 2 PM, Capital of Ohio, handsome place. Left at V2 past 5, 13th, Sunday: Had prayers by Mr. Howell supped at Sunbury at 11, travelled all night, of Norfolk, pleasant day, arrived at Ports- bad roads & stage. mouth, Ohio, at 10 PM, walked on shore with Mr. H. The Erie & Ohio Canal ter- 23rd: Arrived at Mt. Vernon at 6 AM, 21 minates here at the mouth of the Scioto miles, at Loudonville at 3 PM, supped at River. Saw Mr. Andrews. Wooster at 10 PM, travelled all night. 14th: Arrived at Maysville, Kentucky, 24th: Breakfasted at Medina, arrived at about daybreak, discharged some freight, Cleveland, Ohio, at Noon, beautiful situa- left at 5 AM, arrived at Cincinnati at Noon, tion. Embarked immediately on board stopt at Mrs. Hamilton's, Main Street Steamer Enterprise, arrived at Ashtabula, above Front. Ohio, at 10 PM, passed Erie, Penna., in the 15th: Called on Mrs. Devon, 7th Street, in night. the morning, at Litton's Museum in the 25th: Arrived at Portland, New York, at 6 evening. AM, arrived at Buffalo at Noon, received a The Diary of William Minifie 291 letter from home, dined at Eagle Tavern. Stamford, arrived at the Heights of Buffalo a very fine flourishing town con- Queenstown in 1 hour. Ascended General taining about 10,000 in habitants. Brooks' monument, a handsome column of At lA past 4 PM took Stage for the Falls, great height, his remains are interr'd in a cross'd the Erie Canal & Niagara River to vault below, the monument is situated on Canada at Black Rock, 4 miles from Buf- the battlegrounds. falo, thro Chippawa & battle ground of Descended to the Ferry, cross'd the Niagara Chippawa. Arrived at Pavilion at sundown, River to Lewiston (New York), took pas- landlord a dirty rascal named Adkinson, sage on board Steamer United States for could or would not accommodate us after Rochester, then to the hotel to supper. keeping us waiting an hour. Got another Started from Lewiston at 7 PM, touched at Stage and drove to the National Hotel at Youngstown (N.Y.) and Niaraga (Canada), Bridgewater or Lundy's Lane, kept by Sla- entered Lake Ontario at % past 8. ter, good accommodations. 28th: Arrived at daybreak at the Landing, 26th: Walked to the River and bath'd in an 5 miles above the mouth of the Genesee eddy just below the Falls, returned to River, 3 miles below Rochester. Took the breakfast. Then walked to the Table Rock, Rail Road to Rochester, walked to the Falls. a grand view of the Horseshoe Falls. Then Rochester appears to be a fine, flourishing stript & put on a dress prepared for the city, has several handsome churches, con- purpose & descended the spiral staircase to tains about 11,000 inhabitants, it is of very the riverside with a guide & penetrated 145 rapid growth. feet under the Horseshoe Falls, the situa- tion is awfully sublime. Returned & Returned to Rail Road to same boat, having dressed, walk'd to the Ferry V4 mile & determined to go to Oswego. Descended the cross'd to the American side, very fine view Genesee River, passed Charlotte, a village from Va up the bank of both Falls. at the mouth, and again entered the Lake. The United States steamer is a very hand- Cross'd the toll bridge to Goat Island where some boat, 150 ft. long, 26 ft. beam, with there are a variety of views from different two powerful engines. points, ascended the Stone Tower, walked to the end of the Terrapin Bridge projecting Arrived at Oswego at 1 PM, hired an extra over the great Falls, the situation is almost Stage for Utica, started at 3 PM, had an terrifying. Returned to the New York shore, apology for supper, travelled all night, descended to the Ferry, cross'd during a chiefly thro dense pine forests. heavy gust of wind, which raised the spray 29th: Arrived at Rome at 7 to breakfast, at and gave us a complete drenching, heavy Utica at 10. Dined & supp'd at Mr. Curtis's, thunder & lightning without rain added to a very good house. Utica a very handsome the grandeur of the scene. town in the Mohawk Valley on the banks Rode from the Ferry to the tavern to dinner of the Mohawk River, containing about after which our party left us, consisting of 10,000 inhabitants. The Erie Canal passes Mr. & Mrs. Hoffner of Cincinnati, Mr. thro the town. Engaged a passage by Canal Hopkins of New Orleans, Mr. Hunt of St. Boat for Schenectady, left Utica at 6 PM Louis & two others. in Canal Boat Independence. At 4 PM rode to the Table Rock & again 30th: Arrived at Canajoharie at sunrise & penetrated with Mary under the sheet of at Schenectady at 2 PM. Wrote a letter to water to Termination Rock, brought away Ann.3 Walked around the village, an old some fragments, ascended to Table Rock fashioned Dutch settlement. 2 where Mary shot the water house, returned Started at 1/2 past 4 in Rail Road Car, thro at sundown. Ballston Spa, arrived at Saratoga Village 27th, Sunday: Drove in the morning to the in 1 3/4 hours, 22 miles, put up at United Whirlpool, 3 miles below the Falls, returned States Hotel. After supper walked to Con- to dinner. Hired a wagon to go to Queens- gress Spring & drank some water, then to town, started at V2 past 2 PM, passed thro Hamilton Spring. 292 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE 31st: Walked to Congress Spring & took three coaches & proceeded with Mr. Syms some water, returned to hotel to breakfast, & wife & several others of their acquaint- then visited Columbian High Rock & Flat ances thro Flatbush to Coney Island, bath'd Rock Springs. in the surf. Returned to New York at 8, Left Saratoga at V2 past 1, thro Schenectady supp'd at Mr. Furz's, retired at 12. to Albany at W past 4 by Rail Road, 38 6th: Went to the Post Office in the morn- miles, part of the time travelled at the rate ing. At 10 started in the Steamer Indepen- of 25 miles per hour. Put up at the Ameri- dence, Rail Road Line, arrived at South can Hotel run by John Thomas. Amboy at y-i past 12. Took the Rail Road Visited the new Baptist Church, ascended Car, arrived at Burlington at 3, 35 miles. to the top of the dome, a fine view of the Got on board the Burlington & dined, ar- city, river and surrounding countryside. rived at Philadelphia at 6 PM, put up at After tea, visited the Statehouse & City the Commercial Hotel, Chestnut Street. Hall, went in the dome of the latter, then Walked to the Courthouse & Green. went on board Borden's new steamboat. 7th: Walked to the Exchange in the morn- August 1st: Left Albany in Steamer North ing, a handsome new marble building on America at 7, passage 50 cents, 145 miles. the Corinthian order. Took the omnibus to The scenery on the Hudson is very pictur- Mr. Barrington's, 348 Front Street. Then esque. Arrived at New York at 7 PM, stopt walked to Navy Yard, went on board the at Mr. Syms'. Pennsylvania, a large ship on the stocks pierced for 160 guns, will carry 220, also a 2nd: Walked thro various parts of the city Frigate in another house. to the Post Office, Exchange, Holts Hotel, etc. On the Battery and at Castle Garden Took omnibus to Fair Mount Water Works in the evening, saw Mr. Sutton, the ven- on the Schuykill, there is a handsome triloquist, perform. wooden bridge of a single arch across the river at this place, returned to the hotel to 3rd, Sunday: Visited churches in the morn- dinner. ing, several shut up. In the evening at 4, crossed the North River to Hoboken. In the evening hired a dearborn & pair & drove to the Girard College & around the 4th: Visited the City Hall in the morning, City, took tea at Mrs. Barrington's. a very splendid building. Then hired a bar- ouche and drove to the Dry Dock, Waverly 8th: Started in Steamer Robt. Morris at 6 Place, Lafayette Place & several principal AM, arrived at New Castle, 40 miles, 20 minutes after 8, cross'd the Rail Road to places & buildings. Went in Trinity 1 Church, saw Bishop Hobart's monument, Frenchtown, 16 /2 miles in 1 hour. Arrived returned to Chatham Street to dinner. home at 2 PM, all well. Then cross'd the East River Ferry to 1. Mary's sister, Susan White Mobley. Brooklyn, visited the Navy Yard, went on 2. Probably refers to a waterworks pump house at board the Receiving Ship Hudson, 64 guns, Table Rock erected in 1834, later abandoned as im- everything in perfect order, saw Frigates practical. Sabine & Savannah on the stocks. Took 3. William's sister, Ann Minifie. tea at Mr. Kurtz's, called on Mr. Adlard. TRIP WEST TO OHIO & NIAGARA Returned to New York, took omnibus to FALLS—1834 Niblo's Garden, everything very splendid, illuminated walk, fine music & handsome Rail Road saloon, several pieces of fireworks, the siege Miles of Antwerp was superior to anything of the 1—To Frederick 62 kind I ever saw. Returned to Mr. Furz's, 12—To Rochester & back 6 Pearl Street, supp'd & arrived at Mr. Syms' 16—To Saratoga at 11. 17—To Albany „„ 5th: In the morning walk'd to the Battery, 21—To Bordentown 35 called on Mr. Pike & Mr. Adlard. After 24—To Frenchtown 16 dinner cross'd the Ferry to Brooklyn, hired 179 The Diary of William Minifie 293 Stage 14th: Porter Cincinnati .25 2—To Wheeling 219 16th: 2 Day's board at Cincin- 3.50 6—To Springfield 70 nati 7—To Cleveland 182 Gig 1.00 9—To Niagara 14 Museum & sundries 1.50 10—To Queenstown 7 Porter .25 14—To Utica 76 Washing .75 19—To Coney Island & back 30 2 Fares to Madison 5.00 598 Porter, etc. .63 Steamboat 18th: Fares to Cincinnati 6.00 Porter, etc. .25 3—To Cincinnati 374 4—To Madison 90 19th: Ferry & sundries 1.00 5—To Cincinnati 90 20th: 2 Days at Cromwell's 4.00 8—To Buffalo 193 Hotel 11—To Rochester Landing 97 Sundries .75 13—To Oswego 65 Washing .56 18—To New York 145 Stage Fare to Columbus 12.00 20—To Amboy 23 $99.20 22—To Philadelphia 29 21st: Breakfast at Reading .75 23—To New Castle 35 Dinner at Waynesville .75 25—To Baltimore 64 Supper & lodging at 1.00 1,205 Springfield Canal 22nd: Breakfast at Springfield .75 15—To Schenectady 80 Fare to Cleveland 12.00 Total 2,062 Dinner at Columbus .75 Supper at Sunbury .75 TRIP WEST TO OHIO & NIAGARA 23rd: Breakfast at Mount .75 FALLS—1834 Vernon Expenses Dinner at Loundonville .62 Fare to Wheeling for Mary $12.00 Supper at Wooster .75 Expenses to Cumberland 2.50 24th: Breakfast at Medina .75 Fare to Wheeling 12.00 Sundries .50 4th July: Breakfast at Ell't .50 Fare to Buffalo 8.00 Mills 25th: Dinner at Buffalo 1.00 Dinner at Frederick .50 Coach to Lundy's Lane 2.00 Supper at Hagers- .50 at Falls town 26th: Guide under Falls for 1 .50 5th: Breakfast at Bevansville .38 Ferry Boat, going & re- .75 7th: Sundries at Cumberland 4.00 turning Toll at bridge to Goat .50 8th: Sundries at Frostburg 2.25 Island $34.63 Cold Water, etc. 1.00 9th: Supper at Thistle Tav- 1.00 Guide under Falls 1.00 ern Present & sundries .50 10th: Breakfast at Uniontown .75 Washing 1.00 Dinner at Washington .75 27th: Bill at Drummondsville 6.50 12th: Bill at Wheeling 3.50 Ferry to Lewiston .50 Porter & sundries .75 Supper at Lewiston .75 2 Fares to Cincinnati 20.00 $143.32 Sundries on board .38 27th: Ascending Brooks Mon- .25 Ohioan ument 294 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Sundries 1.00 5th: Left Baltimore at 6 AM in Steamer Fare to Rochester 8.00 Carroll, arrived at the Elk River at 10, at 28th: Rail Road to & from .25 Frenchtown at 11, at Philadelphia at ¥2 past Landing 3 PM. Put up at Congress Hall. Spent the Extra Fare to Oswego 4.00 evening at Mr. Barrington's. Dinner at Oswego .75 6th: Left Philadelphia at 6 AM in Steamer Fare by Stage at Utica 6.00 New Philadelphia, arrived at Bordentown Supper, etc. .50 at 9, across the Rail Road at lh past 11, at $164.07 New York at 2 PM. Drove to several hotels 29th: Breakfast at Rome .62 to get accommodations for Miss Millard, Dinner & supper at 1.50 left her at Holts. Called on Mr. Syms. Em- Utica barked on board the Steamer Boston for Sundries at Utica 1.00 Providence. Arrived at Hurl Gate at 6 PM. Fare by Canal to Sche- 7.00 7th: Rained all day. Awoke at 4, something nectedy wrong below, got on deck as soon as possi- 30th: Fare by Rail Road to 2.00 ble, got a ducking & a few delightful hours Saratoga of seasickness. Arrived at Point Smith at 8 1 31st: 1 Day's board at Sara- 4.00 AM, at Newport at /2 past 10, with a heavy toga sea & wind at Providence at 1 PM, 5 hours Fare by Rail Road to AI- 3.00 later than usual. Dined at Franklin House. bany Hired a light wagon for $5 to Medway. Tea & lodging at Amer- 2.00 Passed thro Pawtucket, Attleboro, Wren- ican Hotel tham & Franklin. Arrived at Rock Bottom in Medway at 9. 1st August: Fare to New York 1.00 Breakfast & dinner 1.75 8th: Visited the Wadding Factory. Hired a wagon for Dedham, passed thro Medfield. Sundries .75 Arrived at Dedham at 1, 13 miles from 4th: Barouche at New York 2.00 Medway. Stopt at Norfolk House, Mr. Al- Sundries 1.00 dens. Left at 5 by Rail Road, arrived at Omnibus, Ferry, Niblo's Boston at 6 PM, stopt at Mrs. Hyatt's etc. 2.00 Marlbro Hotel, Washington Street. Called $193.69 at Mr. Streeter's in the evening. 5th: Chaise to the Beach 2.40 9th, Sunday: Walked about the City, looked Ferry & sundries .75 in Mr. Dean's church, heard Mr. Streeter 6th: Coach to Steamboat .75 preach in the forenoon, walked around the Fare to Philadelphia 6.00 Mall & returned to the hotel to dinner. Dinner 1.00 Then visited the Courthouse, Stone Chapel Washing .44 (Gothic) & another Episcopal Church with 7th: Omnibus .88 an Ionic front adjoining the Masonic Hall. Coach 3.00 Attended service at the Trinity Church, a handsome granite building in the Gothic 8th: Fare to Baltimore 6.00 style, then home to tea. Then walked round Breakfast 1.00 the Mall & Commons to Tremont House & Porter, etc. at Philadel- 1.00 theatre. Retired at 9 quite fatigued. phia Tavern Bill 4.00 10th: Left Boston at 9 AM by Rail Road, Dinner 1.00 24 miles to Lowell, arrived at Vi past 10. Carriage home .50 Visited the Carpet Factory, saw them weav- $222.41 ing, etc., hearth rugs & carpeting, preparing the whole from the wool. Visited the Mer- TRIP NORTH TO BOSTON—ms rimack Paint Works. Lowell quite a hand- August 4th: Preparing for a trip to Boston. some town, has a neat Gothic Episcopal Mary has been in Medway, Mass., 5 weeks Church & 3 or 4 Meeting Houses for other on Sunday last. sects. The water power used in the manu- The Diary of William Minifie 295 factories is drawn by a canal from the Mer- very much resembles the Middle Pier at rimack River about a mile from the town. Torquay. Good quarries of granite in the neighbor- 14th: Breakfasted at the Pavilion. Then hood, lime scarce, costs $1.50 for a cask of 1 hired a barouche and drove (in company 2 /2 bushels, bricks laid at $11 per 1,000, all with Mr. Geo. Walterston of Washington) found. The factories: Carpet, Calico Print around the Town, the handsomest I have Works, Woolen & Cotton. Started at 3 PM, ever seen in America, the houses spacious arrived at Boston at V4 past 4, after tea with gardens, many of them in a superior called at Mr. Streeter's. Retired at 10. style of architecture, mostly built of wood. 11th: After breakfast hired a carriage, took Visited Yale College, the Trumbull Gallery up Mr. & Mrs. Skinner in Hanover Street, of Paintings in the College contains some proceeded to Charleston, saw the Dry Dock, very fine pieces, also several specimen of went on board the Columbus Receiving Antique Medals with some Peruvian Im- Ship, everything appeared in good order. ages. There is a very spacious room at- Then to Bunker Hill, saw the monument, tached to the College containing a large called on Mr. Everett by the ruins of the collection of minerals very handsomely ar- Nunnery, passed thro Cambridge, saw Har- ranged, also fossils of the Mastodon & oth- vard College, then to Mount Auburn. From ers. Mount Auburn to Fresh Pond Hotel, a Returned to the Pavilion, had a fine view beautiful situation, returned thro Cam- from the top of the building, it fronts the bridge Port to Boston, arrived at the hotel Bay on the south and is a delightful summer at Noon. Then went on the top of the residence kept by Mr. L. W. Allis. Visited Statehouse, had a beautiful view of the City 1 an extensive coach factory belonging to & suburbs. Got a letter from Ann at the Brewster & Colvis. Post Office. Visited Faneuil Hall & market, returned to the hotel to dinner. Left New Haven at Noon in Steamer Su- perior, a thunder-storm came on about 2 Left Boston at 4 PM by Rail Road for 3 2 PM, passed Hurl Gate at V2 past 6, arrived Wooster, engine broke down at Framing- at New York at 7. Stopt at Mr. Syms', saw ham, detained us upwards of 2 hours. Ar- Mr. Furze of Torquay. I am 30 years old rived at Wooster at V4 past 9, put up at the today. Exchange Coffee House. 15th: Walked to the Post Office & got a 12th: Felt very unwell. Left Wooster at 10 letter from Ann with a full account of the AM by Stage. Arrived at Hartford, 60 miles, riots4 in Baltimore, all our friends well, took at 8 PM, stopt at the Temperance Coffee a bath at Castle Garden. In the afternoon House. went to see Parkers' Cement, makes good 13th: Mary unwell. Walked around the cisterns, has not been proved for outside of City, went in the dome of the Statehouse, buildings. Went to the Bowery Theatre, fine view of the Connecticut River & Val- saw the Last Days of Pompeii, in the eve- ley, the most cultivated I have seen in ning. America. Hartford contains about 6,000 in- 16th, Sunday: Walked to Unitarian Church habitants, several handsome churches & in Chambers Street, shut up. Then to the appears to drive a large trade. Visited a Silk Ferry & crossed to Hoboken, New Jersey, & Tuscan Braid manufactory, not in full walked to see some lots purchased by Mr. operation. Syms. Returned to Chatham St. to dinner, then called on Mrs. Furze. Left Hartfoard at 11 AM, passed thro Far- mington, Cheshire, etc., on the route of the Walked to the French Church, a splendid canal. Arrived at New Haven at 7 PM, marble building in the Ionic order, saw the Fontine full, stopt at Pavilion, slept at a Jackson Liberty Pole that had been struck cottage in the neighborhood. Called at Mr. by lightning & rifted to pieces, from thence Landford's, Mr. Howell not there. Miss to Mr. Armstrong's. Tea'd at Syms', saw Harriett out of town. The view of the Long Mr. Adlard at the Brooklyn Ferry, then Wharf from the window of our apartment went to the Battery & Castle Garden, a 296 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE great number of visitors there, very hot day. Meals 1.00 Mark sick. Steamer to Providence 5.00 17th: Walked to the Post Office. Called at 7th: Dinner at Providence .50 Mr. Pike's store, then went with Mary to Wagon to Medway 5.00 several wholesale straw stores, called on 8th: Wagon to Dedham 2.75 Mrs. Furze. In the evening crossed to Dinners .75 Brooklyn, walked on the Heights, called on Rail Road to Boston .75 Mr. Adlard's family. Returned to Chatham Street at 9. 10th: Rail Road to Lowell 2.00 Dinners 1.00 18th: Left New York at 6 AM in Steamer Fare to Boston 2.00 Independence, arrived at South Amboy 1/4 11th: Carriage hire 5.00 before 9, across the Rail Road 35 miles to Tavern bill 7.50 Delaware. Embarked in Steamer Trenton, Hack to depot .63 arrived at Philadelphia at 2, stopt at Con- Rail Road to Wooster 3.00 gress Hall. Went to U. S. Bank, then to Mrs. Barrington', returned to hotel to sup- 12th: Tavern bill 2.00 per. Heavy rain. Stage to Hartford 6.00 20th: Left Philadelphia at 6 AM, arrived 13th: Tavern bill 2.00 home at 3 PM. Found all well. Fare to New Haven 4.00 14th: Tavern 2.50 1. William's sister, Ann Minifie. Carriage hire 2.00 2. Worcester. Steamer to New York 4.00 3. Hell Gate. Dinner 1.00 4. Over the failure of the Bank of Maryland. Carman .25 18th: Fare to Philadelphia 6.00 TRIP NORTH TO BOSTON—1835 Breakfast 1.00 Expenses 20th: Tavern 2.00 Fare to Baltimore 6.00 Aug. 5th: Fare to Philadelphia $3.00 Breakfast 1.00 Meals 1.00 Carriage hire .50 6th: Tavern bill at Philadel- 1.00 85.13 phia Sundries 4.87 Fare to New York 3.00 $90.00 Frederick Douglass's Escape after Harpers Ferry

DORIS LANIER

F.REDERICK DOUGLASS (1817-1895), THE John Brown" was captured at Harpers noted black abolitionist, narrowly escaped Ferry. I suppressed a dispatch addressed to capture and, possibly, death after John the sheriff of Philadelphia instructing him Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in October, to arrest Douglass, who was then in that 1859. Douglass was among the large num- city, as proofs of his complicity in the mem- orable raid were discovered when John ber of Brown supporters and met with him Brown was taken custody.' several times while he was preparing for Seated on the doorstep of his cozy cot- the Virginia campaign. In the early part of tage, a few miles outside of Vineland, N. J., 1858 Brown visited with Douglass in Roch- was John W. Hurn, a pleasant, gray- ester, New York, and while there Brown bearded man of sixty, who, when ques- wrote to several of his supporters, soliciting tioned, answered as above respecting the financial aid for a project he was undertak- aid rendered by him to the noted abolition- ing, although they and, certainly, Douglass ist. were probably unaware that Brown was 'At that time I was a telegraph operator, located in Philadelphia,' continued Mr. preparing for the Harpers Ferry campaign. Hurn, 'and when I received the dispatch, I Brown met with Douglass again at Cham- was frightened nearly out of my wits. As I bersburg, Pennsylvania, shortly before the was an ardent admirer of the great exslave, raid, and at this time revealed his plan and who was doing all that mortal could do to strongly urged Douglass to join him in his agitate the anti-slavery question, I resolved endeavor. However, Douglass objected em- to warn Douglass of his impending fate, no phatically to the plan and made it clear matter what the result might be to me. The that he would not participate.1 Eight weeks news had just been spread throughout the later, while delivering a speech in Philadel- country of the bold action of John Brown phia, Douglass was informed of Brown's and his intrepid followers in taking the raid on Harpers Ferry. The governor of little town of Harpers Ferry. Everybody was excited, and public feeling ran high. Virginia, apparently believing that Doug- Before the intelligence came that Brown lass had something to do with the raid, had been captured, the dispatch which I immediately ordered his agents to appre- have mentioned was sent by the sheriff of hend Douglass; but the attempts to capture Franklin County, Pa., to the sheriff of Phil- Douglass were foiled by a sympathetic tel- adelphia, informing him that Douglass had egraph operator, John W. Hurn, who sup- been one of the leading conspirators, and pressed the telegram which instructed the requesting that he should be immediately sheriff of Philadelphia to arrest Douglass.2 apprehended. Though I knew it was illegal The following story, told by Hurn thirty to do so, I quietly put the dispatch in my years after the incident, appeared first in pocket, and asking another operator to take my place, started on my search for Fred the Philadelphia Record and was reprinted Douglass. I went directly to Miller McKim, in the Savannah Morning News on July 19, 3 the secretary of the contraband, under- 1882. ground, fugitive railway office in Philadel- phia, and inquired for my man. Mr. McKim 'Yes, sir, I am the man who saved Fred hesitated to tell me, whereupon I showed Douglass from being hanged when "Old him the dispatch and promised him not to allow it to be delivered within three hours. Doris Lanier is assistant professor of English at Geor- I told him 1 would not do this unless he gia Southern College. agreed to get Douglass out of the state. This 297 298 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

he readily assented to, for it was his busi- started for Canada. It was fortunate for ness to spirit escaped slaves beyond the him that he left as soon as he did, for reach of authorities. I returned to the tele- immediately after his departure from Roch- graph office and kept a sharp lookout for ester his home was surrounded by officers.' similar dispatches. None arrived, however, and when the allotted time expired, I sent the belated message to its destination.' REFERENCES 'In the meantime, those entrusted with . The best biography of Douglass is Benjamin my secret saw Douglass and urged him to Quarles, Frederick Douglass (Washington, D.C., leave the town as quickly as possible. He 1948); see especially Chapter X, "Douglass and was loath to do so at first, but the expos- John Brown." The best biography of Brown is tulations of his friends overcame his objec- Stephen B. Dates, To Purge This Land With Blood tions, and in an hour he left on a railroad (New York, 1970); see pp. 282-83. !. In addition to Quarles, Douglass, p. 179, see also train which placed a gap of forty miles Quarles, Allies for Freedom: Blacks and John between him and Philadelphia every hour. Brown (New York, 1974), p. 114. He reached his home in Rochester, N. Y. i. "Fred Douglass' Savior," Savannah Morning in safety, destroyed the compromising doc- News, July 19, 1882, p. 4. Also see Washington uments, and then packed his gripsack and Evening Star, February 21, 1895. "The Right to Strike": Labor Organization and the New Deal in Baltimore

JO ANN E. ARGERSINGER

N.EW DEAL LABOR LEGISLATION DID labor practices." Even the Baltimore Sun much to encourage worker organization. in 1935 felt it "safe to predict that the Union membership climbed from 3.4 mil- Wagner bill will be as ineffectual as was lion in 1929 to over 8 million in 1939. Yet Section 7(a)."2 Yet worker militancy in- historians have not adequately documented creased and demands for union recognition the impact of the New Deal on laborers at grew more adamant. In short, the New the local level. Only recently have studies Deal's labor legislation did not guarantee examined the social bases of particular union victories but it did insure labor-man- unions or individual factories, resulting in agement strife. what David Brody has aptly described as Employers in Baltimore were accus- one of the "most promising" approaches to tomed to labor passivity, especially during the study of labor history.1 Yet the neces- hard times. Before the New Deal, only the sary study of the workplace should not ob- garment workers, led by the Amalgamated scure the need to examine the interaction Clothing Workers of America (ACW), chal- of workers, unions, employers, and national lenged that dictum. The ACW strike called and local officials within the city's political in September 1932 involved 5000 mostly and administrative framework. This study female workers, affected over 200 manufac- of labor organization and the New Deal in turers and contract shops, and resulted in Baltimore proposes to address that need. the unionization of 70 percent of the men's garment industry.3 Yet the real push for unionization came with the New Deal—its Section 7(a) of the National Industrial message and its measures. Workers seized Recovery Act passed in 1933 stated that upon the riveting Rooseveltian rhetoric and employees "shall have the right to organize the less powerful labor laws to organize and bargain collectively through represen- themselves. Their efforts frequently col- tatives of their own choosing." Inadequate lided with their bosses who regularly relied enforcement of this provision under the on the police to act as strikebreakers, with NRA and the Supreme Court's subsequent New Deal officials who complained about decision invalidating the Recovery Act complex NRA codes and compliance pro- made the passage of the Wagner Act in cedures, and with city officials who wanted 1935 necessary for successful union recog- to maintain a stable workforce as an incen- nition and collective bargaining. Historians tive to prospective businesses. All three have argued with some frequency and con- groups denounced strikes as unnecessary siderable accuracy that the New Deal's and unfortunate. commitment to labor was more rhetorical In 1930, according to the U.S. census, than real. In his history of The World of Baltimore's population stood at 804,874 the Worker, James Green argues that al- with 362,072 listed as gainful workers—28 though the Wagner Act's National Labor percent female, 72 percent male; 39 percent Relations Board (NLRB) represented an black and 61 percent white. By 1932 the important achievement for collective bar- effects of the depression were beginning to gaining, it "often failed to check unfair be felt as the city's unemployment rate Dr. Argersinger is Assistant Professor of History at climbed to 16 percent and local relief agen- UMBC cies, without adequate funds, had to sus- 299

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 78, No. 4, WINTER 1983 300 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE pend their services. Some employers capi- of the police to restrain picketing and pro- talized on the labor surplus by reducing tect the newly-hired employees, and the wages and increasing hours. Studies condemnation of strikes by public officials showed that sweatshops increased in size and employers alike. Even the New Deal, and number while worker conditions only although charging the workers to action, worsened. Other employers, hampered by failed to alter the pattern permanently. declining demand, laid workers off or shut Employer hostility combined with police down their businesses entirely. The Balti- intervention to slow union recognition more & Ohio Railroad turned to the job- throughout the 1930s. New contracts sharing system, reducing the hours of the meant new struggles; battles were fought workers rather than laying off its employ- and re-fought with gains usually temporary ees. Bethlehem Steel, on the other hand, and worker victories never complete. Yet discharged 1231 workers by March 1933 the workers, bolstered by the spirit of the and then announced its opposition to a New Deal, were not merely helpless victims proposal for a state-sponsored unemploy- but determined laborers who, although op- ment insurance program.4 Frustration and erating within the confines of inequality, fear acted as constant companions to many made demands on both their unions and people in the Great Depression. Yet work- their employers. ers in a variety of industries still turned to Baltimore's industries were for the most organization as the means to salvage both part small and aspiring, anxious to reap their jobs and their integrity. benefits at the expense of the worker. They Despite depression conditions, then, did not share the notion growing in popu- workers began to agitate for union recog- larity among big business that there was a nition. Although the garment workers ini- "harmony of interests" between employer tiated their fight even before the adoption and employee, albeit an unequal partner- of the NRA, most workers organized under ship in harmony. Rather, small employers the apparent protection of the Blue Eagle. believed that there was much to be gained And organization spread throughout the from making extraordinary demands on ranks of the employed and unemployed unorganized workers, who felt threatened alike. Unionists, Socialists, Communists, by the prospect of unemployment. In the- and other activists urged workers to chal- ory, at least, those demands were to be lenge their bosses, to demand their rights, tempered by state social legislation regard- and to stand firm by their unions. ing hours and working conditions. But in But union activities and spontaneous practice the abuses proved enormous and worker strikes encountered serious opposi- consistent. J. Knox Insley, Commissioner tion. The city's mayor, Howard Jackson, of Labor and Statistics of Maryland, a long- although a Democrat, consistently de- time supporter of Governor Albert Ritchie, nounced the New Deal and the labor mil- and an unlikely ally of organized labor, itance he believed it produced. Although he wrote Ritchie of the blatant disregard for provided tentative support to the city's or- labor laws shown by a group of the city's ganized skilled workers, he regularly upheld small employers. "There are," Insley com- police intervention in strikes and usually plained, "a relatively small number of com- sided with area employers during industrial panies ... which, no matter what means of disputes. Business managers also stood encouragement or persuasion have been ready to defend their control over the work- adopted, seem to acquire no sense of re- place and took steps to insure their contin- sponsibility in regard to these laws"—laws, ued domination. The 1932 garment strike he added, which if observed, would repre- which had failed to unionize the city's two sent "little inconvenience" to them.5 largest clothing firms, J. Schoeneman, Inc., But small employers were not alone in and L. Greif & Bro., demonstrated the se- their hostility to workers. Schoeneman and verity of local opposition. The strike rep- Greif, for example, did not appear on In- resented an early indication of what would sley's list of "unscrupulous employers" and happen to organizing workers throughout despite their consistent union-busting ac- the decade—the firing of union sympathiz- tivities, they hired public relations experts ers, employment of non-union workers, use to insure they remained in Insley's good "The Right to Strike' 301 graces—a luxury smaller companies could manufacturers to join with the ACW to not afford. These clothiers and other large eradicate the worst evils of the city's gar- firms demonstrated throughout the New ment industries. Too long, he added, had Deal period that it was not merely the Baltimore been competing with eastern smaller and less secure companies that ex- Pennsylvania for the "title of lowest wage ploited workers in Baltimore. center in the industry."7 Both business and labor applauded the Blumberg recognized that neither trade adoption of the NRA. But union leaders association fully endorsed the workers' side like ACW vice-president Hyman Blumberg of the NRA, but he also believed that the worried about the new program. Because Clothing Manufacturers Association was the legislation required the drafting of more willing to provide at least limited codes regulating wages and hours, Blum- support for workers' organization and berg feared that establishing the code for slightly higher wages in return for worker the men's garment industry would renew stability. He feared the possible conse- the conflict between the workers and their quences of the IRA's proposal for special bosses and possibly even undo the progress provisions allowing workers to deal individ- made during the 1932 strike. Further aggra- ually with their employers. Fortunately for vating the situation was the division be- Blumberg and the ACW, the national NRA tween employers at the national level in- negotiator ruled that the IRA proposal ac- volving the Clothing Manufacturers of tually violated the act as passed by Con- America, an organization of 30 large firms gress. Blumberg also knew that Baltimore that recognized the ACW, and the Indus- manufacturers, despite their expressed de- trial Recovery Association (IRA), a rival sires for greater efficiency and less compe- group of manufacturers that had refused to tition, also disliked Section 7(a) as well as deal with organized labor. Determined to the likelihood of paying higher salaries. A preserve industrial harmony at the local minimum wage of 40 cents an hour would level, Blumberg took the initiative to call a have meant doubling the payroll for some conference of workers and employers, send- local firms. The chairman of the Clothing ing invitations to about 65 Baltimore firms Manufacturers of Baltimore, Benjamin employing nearly 5,000 women and men.6 LeBow, after talking with members of the Afraid that industrialists would use the Clothing Manufacturers Association, re- code to undermine union influence, Blum- ported to his fellow city employers that berg announced at the local conference that "they are not a damned bit pleased with the ACW would not merely accept the de- this, but they know they've got to go along cisions of the manufacturers and that the with it. 'School's out,' they say." As a pre- union demanded a 35-hour week with a cautionary measure, Blumberg and the minimum hourly wage of 50 cents. He even ACW called a 24-hour strike in the men's termed the Clothing Manufacturers Asso- garment shops, saying that workers would ciation's 40-hour week proposal "ridicu- return to their jobs only for "New Deal" lous" and called for a wage standard that wages.8 would shut down a number of contracting Like the clothing code, the establishment shops "which would have been closed long of all the industrial codes required consid- ago if the State Department of Labor were erable compromise and extensive delibera- on to its job." He added that the ACW tion. But the real problem concerned the supported standardization of prices, gar- enforcement of wage and hour codes and ments, and wages in order that "competi- that difficult job fell to the NRA National tion at the expense of labor alone will be Compliance Board. A Compliance Division terminated." One owner of a large firm was created in Washington and compliance announced his agreement with Blumberg, offices were established in every state. In declaring that "when we bought labor for Maryland, former Sun reporter, ad-man, nothing, nobody made any money. If we and enthusiastic New Dealer, Arthur Hun- can have protection in all markets, a guar- gerford began his duties as state NRA com- antee that all will be competing on the same pliance director in January 1934. Urging wage and hour basis, we'll prosper." Blum- complete cooperation from labor and in- berg concluded the meeting by urging all dustry, Hungerford expected a tidy admin- 302 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE istration. He saw the New Deal, and partic- and dismissed big-business violations as ularly the NRA, as an opportunity for unity "unintentional."11 in spirit and action and predicted that in Even before Hungerford took charge of such an environment labor and industry the state's compliance machinery in 1934, would naturally treat each other fairly.9 abuses of NRA codes had become so wide- Trapped by his own zealousness, however, spread that the Socialist paper, Maryland Hungerford failed to realize that spirit Leader, devised an award to be given to the alone proved inadequate in a sagging econ- "chiseler" of the week. Following the Lead- omy and that unity had little place in the er's example, the Baltimore Federation of contest between industrialists and union- Labor (BFL) placed NRA violators on its izing workers. "We don't patronize" list published in its The absence of national commitment to paper. The Federationist, and by 1935 had upholding either the NRA codes or the also launched a campaign against "chise- provisions of Section 7(a) made local en- lers." The Baltimore Afro-American en- forcement difficult. Further complicating couraged a "Buy Where You Can Work" the problem, from Hungerford's perspec- program directed at Blue Eagle businesses tive, were the variety and number of codes in an attempt to force owners to hire "col- to be enforced. Nationally, the NRA ulti- ored help"; it also regularly published the mately approved codes for over 700 "indus- names of non-complying companies.12 tries," causing some firms to be affected by As part of the NRA arrangement, the at least two codes. Hungerford pressed for various industries organized into trade as- local enforcement but soon realized that sociations, ostensibly to fulfill the Blue- Baltimore businessmen were unwilling to Eagle agreements about wages, hours, and discipline their fellow employers. He con- trading practices. Hungerford rarely ques- sistently complained to the national office tioned the decisions of these industrial as- about inadequate local cooperation but re- sociations. When, for example, he found ceived little assistance. Moreover, he failed that the Retail Automobile Trade Author- to realize that his own prejudices operated ity had refused to report violations to the to enhance NRA violations. Hungerford state NRA office, Hungerford merely re- disliked strikes regardless of the employer ferred to the Authority as "our bad boy." offense, rarely punished persistent viola- Moreover, he refused to challenge the de- tors, and consistently favored large busi- cision of the local Cotton Garment Code nesses at the expense of smaller ones.10 Authority that instructed employers to pay Hungerford's preference for large busi- their workers only 25 to 35 percent of the nesses particularly hurt the workers in Bal- money owed them as a result of company timore, where big businessmen constituted wage-code violations. Finally, despite over- some of the city's strongest anti-unionists. whelming evidence of repeated employer Thus, they generally conformed to Melvyn abuses, Hungerford clung tenaciously to his Dubofsky's findings about big business and anti-strike sentiments, declaring that it was labor reform. Like Dubofsky's Progressive never necessary for workers to strike "to era corporations, Baltimore's large firms obtain their rights under the NRA."13 spoke of the necessity for enlightened labor Hungerford, however, was not simply policies but daily practiced anti-unionism. anti-worker or in the pockets of the city's Although Baltimore's big businessmen big businessmen. Although swayed by the were not Dubofsky's National Civic Fed- favorable Blue Eagle slogans repeated by eration members, they were still large employers, he disliked strikes not merely enough to wield considerable influence in because they disrupted production but be- the city itself. Moreover, they figured cause they indicated weaknesses in his of- among the worst NRA abusers even though fice. Hungerford preferred arbitration with they also ranked among its most sympa- himself as mediator. He stressed patience thetic rhetorical supporters. Hungerford, as in the settling of disputes but failed to an ad-man himself, reacted favorably to appreciate that lengthy negotiations con- the rhetoric of the public relations experts sistently operated in favor of the violators employed by the city's major companies and not the aggrieved workers. "The Right to Strike" 303 The most celebrated NRA case in Balti- company attorneys filed suit against the more involved the men's garment industry. NRA, charging that the recovery program It provided poignant testimony of the con- was illegal and that the men's clothing code tinuation of the garment workers' predica- had been framed in violation of law. The ment, despite unionization and despite the attorneys further declared that the clothing New Deal. In the fall of 1932 when the code was "proposed by the Clothing Man- ACW had conducted its organization drive, ufacturers' Association of the United unionizing all but the Schoeneman and States, which was formed and fostered by Greif companies, the Schoeneman com- Sidney Hillman, President of the Amal- pany had led the assault on the union. gamated Clothing Workers' Union." More- Continuing the attack on the ACW, the over, the manufacturers association had Grief firm, as the second largest clothing been created to secure "control and domi- manufacturer in the country, simply ig- nation of the entire men's clothing industry nored the NRA wage codes. Hostile to and forc[e] all manufacturers into this worker organization and to bureaucratic union or out of business."14 regulation, the company announced from While legal proceedings continued, the its headquarters in Baltimore that it in- NRA ordered Blue Eagle labels withheld tended to challenge the constitutionality of from the Greif company for its violation of the NRA. the wage code. Company officials appealed The charges against Greif originated not to the Baltimore Association of Commerce with Hungerford but at the national level. which denounced the NRA's move against The national compliance office had con- Greif. Hungerford lamented the entire sit- sistently received complaints about Greif s uation but noted that the BAC had not operations in Maryland, Virginia, and bothered to "secure the facts" before pro- Pennsylvania from the earliest days of the testing on behalf of Greif. NRA. In fact, when the men's clothing code In response to the absence of Blue Eagle went into effect, the company changed its labels, retailers began cancelling their or- basis of operation from the piece-work sys- ders for Greif, bringing substantial finan- tem to a combined hourly wage and quota cial pressure to bear on the company. By system, setting the daily quotas so high that the end of August, Greif announced its workers complained they had to begin work willingness to abide by the decision of an before the official starting time and skip impartial mediator chosen by the Depart- lunch merely in order to meet the required ment of Justice. The arbiter ruled that production schedule. Hungerford, too, had Greif had violated the wage provision of the received similar complaints but had not code and suggested that the company elim- taken action on the matter. inate the quota system and raise wages to In April 1934, federal investigators vis- a level more commensurate with that paid ited all eight of Greif s plants in the three by other companies in the industry. The states, only to find that 1933 pay records NRA agreed that in order to get the higher had been destroyed. Moreover, company salaries it would "not ... press for [full] officials, particularly in Baltimore, refused restitution of the fair wages" owed to em- to cooperate with the NRA officials. De- ployees. As part of the deal, Greif repaid spite these problems, the investigators still only a fraction of the money due the work- found the company guilty of depriving its ers. employees of over $35,000 by not paying Hungerford found the entire Greif case the code's minimum wage. In July a com- unfortunate and complained that the fed- mittee of the National Compliance Board eral authorities had completely bypassed held hearings on the Greif case and re- the state NRA office. Moreover, he feared quested the appearance of the company's that the introduction of the Justice De- Baltimore officials. They declined to at- partment further undermined the strength tend, however, saying they did not want to of the NRA in settling disputes and resulted compromise their position in challenging in altogether too lenient decisions regard- the constitutionality of the Recovery Act. ing wage restitution. "As soon as violators The Board then ruled against Greif. In turn realize," Hungerford explained, "that if 304 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE they thumb their noses at NRA and are ing of too much work. Moreover, chairing carried to the Litigation Division, that a the Panel was Jacob Hollander, former compromise will be made that would never Progressive reformer and consistent friend have been considered in this office, very of labor. As a special investigator during few of them will make adjustment."15 Hun- the 1932 garment strike, Hollander knew gerford himself, however, had failed com- well the abuses in the sweatshops and the pletely to initiate an investigation of Greif. arrogance of the city's big businesses. He Even with federal NRA intervention, the had been repeatedly ignored by Schoene- city's workers never fully benefitted from man officials in his attempt to "get the true Section 7(a). At the local level, Baltimore's facts" concerning the strike. Although in chairman of the NRA Grievance Commit- favor of business growth and worker stabil- tee, Colonel W.D.A. Anderson, demon- ity, Hollander was a strong advocate of strated his typical reaction to labor unrest enlightened labor practices and, unlike in late summer of 1933 when unionizing Hungerford or Insley, he was not easily boot and shoe workers encountered a lock- swayed by public relations experts. out by intransigent employers. The workers Hollander submitted monthly reports on immediately protested by demonstrating the activities of the Panel, frequently not- outside the building only to be arrested by ing a "great deal of friction" between man- city police and chastised by Anderson, who agement and labor. In pursuit of industrial termed their actions unnecessary belliger- harmony, the Panel devoted most of its ence. Like state and local NRA offices, the time to attempting to reconcile employers state's Office of Labor and Statistics re- to the idea of organization and arbitration. sented disruptive worker activities. Al- "Baltimore employers," Hollander la- though the individual state labor commis- mented, "are traditionally hostile to the sioners changed from 1932 to 1937, the idea of unionism." Indeed, the Gilded Age Office held uniformly to its position of hos- philosophy of Commodore Vanderbilt best tility toward agitation. Throughout the expressed when he asked, "Can't I do what 1930s it repeatedly denounced "summary" I want with my own?" held special rele- action on the part of strikers, maintaining vance for city employers during the Great that workers should be patient with em- Depression. Employers consistently re- ployers who forbade unions or decreased fused to meet with Panel members or com- wages.16 ply with its decisions. More supportive of worker organization Despite business resentment, the Panel was the Baltimore Labor Relations Panel resolved a few disputes in favor of union created early in July 1934 as a sub-com- recognition. The membership of Erwin mittee of the Philadelphia Board of Labor Feldman, business representative and at- Relations. The Philadelphia Board had de- torney for the Needle Trades Association cided that it could not reasonably handle of Baltimore, largely explains the success- Baltimore's labor disputes as well as its own ful settlements. He bargained with labor and decided merely to review the Baltimore members and urged fellow businessmen to Panel's decisions. Washington officials, accept Panel decisions. Feldman's activi- however, instructed the Panel to report to ties along with those of another Panel them instead of Philadelphia and by 1935 member, Charles Kreindler, vice-president Baltimore became "District V," serving as of the International Ladies Garment Work- the headquarters for the rest of the state as ers Union (ILGWU), insured that the well as Virginia and Delaware. The Panel's Panel's record was best in the needle trades. membership accounts in part for its sym- Still other cases, however, although offi- pathy to unionization. Designed to have cially recorded as resolved, represented an three representatives each from labor and agreement between management and union business and an impartial chairman, the officials without the consent of the rank Panel in fact operated in its first months and file. For example, Harry Cohen of the without full management representation. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, By the end of July all three businessmen Chauffeurs, Stablemen and Helpers of selected had officially resigned, complain- America settled a trucking strike with a "The Right to Strike" 305 "verbal agreement with the Hamden proved more responsive to competition Transfer and Storage Company," adding than cooperation. Indeed, a BFL delegate "while we have accepted only a verbal warned that a "communist group was en- agreement, we have every confidence in the deavoring to organize an industrial union word given us by Mr. M. A. Parrish, the among the upholsterers" and advised the head of the Company." Rank and file mem- Federation to "get busy and help the Up- bers, however, failed to share Cohen's op- holsterers Union."19 timism and continued to press for a written Despite the sporadic nature of the BFL's contract that included recognition of their efforts at unionization, workers sponta- union, the closed shop, and salary adjust- neously organized and demanded affiliation ments.1 ' The problem of enforcement was with the BFL. They were inspired by the somewhat alleviated by the passage of the NRA and refused to believe Business Week Wagner Act, yet employers continued to when it declared "the Recovery Act's real resent what they regarded as outside inter- goal is business recovery." Bakers at a Bal- ference with their workers and their busi- timore bread company requested recogni- nesses while workers continued to strike tion from the BFL after having organized for union recognition despite the Panel's 98% of the workers themselves. Between preference for negotiation. 1933 and 1935, the BFL's Organizing Com- "The big battle over the NRA," aptly mittee largely limited its activities to grant- declared the Maryland Leader, "boils down ing new charters to self-organized workers to the right to strike. Employers everywhere desiring union recognition.20 are challenging the right to strike under Baltimore's organizational activities, NRA." The Leader correctly realized that however, did not depend solely on workers' in a city hostile to unions, organization initiative. Unions such as the ACW, the rarely occurred without a struggle. Before ILGWU, and the Baltimore Industrial his death in 1933, BFL President Henry Council (BIC), as part of the national Con- Broening asserted that the "NRA means gress of Industrial Organization, all con- nothing to workers unless they organize ducted vigorous campaigns in the city. Less and enforce their rights under the law." formal but extremely valuable assistance Other labor officials viewed the NRA with came from a handful of iconoclastic BFL even less optimism, and one local BFL del- delegates and a few Socialists, many of egate warned in 1934 that the NRA was whom belonged to the union of the unem- "crumbling," making rapid organization of ployed, the Peoples Unemployment League workers essential to better working condi- (PUL). By cooperating daily in all organi- tions. "Organization," concurred new BFL zational matters, these unions and individ- President Joseph McCurdy, "must be the uals worked together to strengthen labor's watchword of labor."18 drive toward union recognition. Socialist Despite McCurdy's pronouncements, the and PUL member Frank Trager, for ex- BFL generally preferred the policy of re- ample, worked particularly hard in the gar- action to action in its labor activities. Anx- ment trades, where he assisted local ACW ious not to alienate employers or city offi- and ILGWU organizers. PUL Socialists cials, McCurdy refrained from initiating Elisabeth Oilman and Naomi Pitches cen- organizational campaigns. The Maryland tered their efforts on organizing women in Leader frequently denounced the Federa- all trades and frequently cooperated with tion's reluctance to organize the unorga- BFL delegate Anna Neary in assisting nized. When, for example, the Leader dis- striking women textile workers and arrang- covered the poor conditions and miserable ing boycotts. Neary's own contributions wages in local paper box factories, it ex- ranged from organizing the Women's claimed, "One is at a loss [to understand] Union of Dressmakers to forming a Union why the Baltimore Federation of Labor al- Label League comprised of women workers lows these workers to remain unorganized. and wives of delegates and laborers.21 The Maryland Leader is ready and willing Frustrated by McCurdy's inaction, still to help in every way possible the Federation other delegates rented halls, scheduled to organize these workers." But the BFL speakers to "educate" the workers, and is- 306 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE sued pamphlets and advertisements prom- discussed such issues as labor educatio. ising improved working conditions with or- and the integrity of the working-class. Ac- ganization—all of which resulted in marked cording to the BIC's Labor Herald, thi increases in union membership for coopers, membership of the Joint Board reflectec printers, seamen, textile workers, butchers, not only the ethnic composition of clothin and bartenders.22 But even these efforts workers but also the more radical sector c scarcely obscured the realization that the the union. "In Baltimore," the Heralc BFL, at least officially, more often re- wrote, "we have an international grouping sponded to the postures of other competing of [garment] workers," from Jews to "for- labor organizers or the activities of the eign-born colored peoples." But Jews, Ital- workers themselves than initiated any com- ians, and Poles figured most prominently prehensive policy of its own. in the membership of the Joint Board and Further restricting the BFL's impact on were represented by such local leaders as labor organization was its refusal to deal Sarah Borinsky, Max Anslander, I. Chai- with black workers. Even the possibility kin, Victor Zappacosta, Joe D'Annunzio, that such competing groups as the Com- Pasquale Piersanti, Hyman Titelman, Mi- munists, Socialists, or Urban League would chael Skrakowski, Nathan Gershowitz, and organize blacks failed to stir the BFL to Samuel Caplan.24 action. In 1934 the Baltimore Urban Lea- Under De Dominicis's leadership, the gue officially launched a movement to or- Joint Board made special efforts to organ- ganize black workers and appealed to the ize blacks, maintaining that "colored work- BFL for assistance. The BFL, however, ers in Baltimore are eager to organize." The refused to either endorse the campaign or ACW made some gains in the rag picking provide delegate assistance. On the other industry, although "bosses [were] especially hand, the Urban League received consid- concerned with promoting race hatreds to erable support from the Socialist Party and preclude organization." With ACW assist- the League for Industrial Democracy. So- ance, the Rag Graders, an affiliate of the cialists Oilman, Trager, and Joel Seidman Textile Workers Organization Committee, were especially active and repeatedly de- "elected a Negro worker" as president. De nounced the BFL's racist policies. The BIG Dominicis consistently complained of em- also officially challenged the racism com- ployers exploiting race issues to stifle or- mon in Baltimore's unions. But even the ganization and urged both that workers be BIG devoted the latter part of the 1930s to re-educated and that legal measures be organizing unorganized whites; not until taken to prevent employers from making 1945 did black membership in local unions effective use of racial threats.25 approach significant levels.23 When, after successfully unionizing the One of the few unions to collide forcefully men's garment factories, the ACW turned with the BFL's racist policies of inaction its attentions in the late 1930s to the cotton was the Baltimore Joint Board of the ACW. garment sweatshops, the race issue was of The Board consisted of elected leaders from considerable importance. Not only were ACW locals in the city and was chaired by wages "notoriously low" with salaries rang- Ulissee De Dominicis, frequently referred ing from $4 to $12 a week, but color largely to as "the militant leader" in Baltimore's determined the wages. The sweatshops ACW. Unlike Blumberg, who emphasized kept a firm hand on their employees by relieving worker exploitation through "play[ing] on race differences," pitting standardization of products and coopera- whites against blacks, and threatening tion with enlightened employers, De Dom- either to replace unionizing white workers inicis talked little about cooperation and with "colored ones" or to pay them "colored more about natural labor-management salaries."26 Race hatreds, and particularly conflict. Not reluctant to call a strike, De employer manipulation of such animosities, Dominicis spoke highly of the ACW's continued throughout the 1930s to serve as "army of clothing workers," 5000 strong, serious obstacles to organizing workers in and a disciplined "fighting" unit with a an industry generally characterized by ex- thorough understanding of the importance ploitation but where degrees of exploitation of the workers' "industrial power." He also were determined by color. "The Right to Strike' 307 1 The use of local police as strikebreakers tional Detective Agency, Inc. In the letter, constituted still another barrier to worker Vietsch complained to Burns about the Organization. City employers had tradition- poor market for his business due to the ally used the police during labor unrest and competition from the Baltimore police de- hat tradition remained unaltered by the partment. "The way strikes are handled ,New Deal. Socialists and activist BFL del- here in Baltimore by various manufactur- egates registered their complaints against ing interests," he wrote, "is, of course, to police harassment to local, state, and na- import skilled labor to take the place of the tional labor officials as well as to the em- strikers, then enlist the service of the Bal- ployers themselves, but little came of their timore Police Department GRATIS to actions. Union officials particularly de- guard the plant and protect the strike- nounced the police commissioner's arbi- breakers, and the strike is over in a very trary rulings limiting pickets in the city's short while." The police methods, he added, strikes and his habit of sending enough kept labor unrest at a minimum and made police to far outnumber the striking work- employers disinclined to pay for strike- ers. The commissioner routinely responded breaking services "although we have re- that police were necessary for the protec- peatedly and vigorously canvassed them for tion of employer property. In a 1935 gar- undercover service."28 Apparently, the pub- ment workers' strike for union recognition, licity given to police activities made some for example, the police did "everything pos- employers more inclined to buy private as- sible to discourage the strikers." ACW or- sistance. Crown Cork and Seal employed ganizers joined with Socialists to condemn armed guards to prevent union officials the police behavior: "In any other city, not from meeting with its workers while Beth- more than one or two police would be as- lehem Steel attempted to solve its union signed to a shop of this size" but "in front problem in June 1937 by hiring 300 "special of this shop we see at times 16 or 17 police- police armed with guns and tear gas."29 men with a patrol wagon." This show of Judicial decisions and practices further force, they argued, was not for "their duty" complicated efforts at unionization. Vio- of preventing violence but "for the purpose lence frequently resulted when strikers of intimidating the strikers, to discourge clashed with strikebreakers or with the po- them, and to encourage the strikebreakers." lice. During one of Baltimore's bloodiest "In some cases," they added, "the police- struggles in the 1930s, striking cab drivers, men at the door even open the door for attempting to unionize in 1936, were sen- strikebreakers." Workers routinely com- tenced to heavy fines and jail terms. A plained that the police were too eager to ruffian AFL organizer, Harry Cohen, spent use force. And, newspaper reporters did in nearly three months in jail for his role in fact find strikers with bruised heads and the strike. The judge who sentenced him, blackened eyes. In one instance, a city po- Eugene O'Dunne, denounced strikes as ex- liceman, later reprimanded, wounded two amples of labor radicalism. O'Dunne stated black strikebreakers whom he mistakenly precisely his philosophy of labor when he thought were striking truck drivers. The declared, "A man has a right to work for state's Attorney General and future gover- whom he will and what he will." But the nor, Herbert O'Conor, agreed with the cit- union, he added, "has no right to determine y's police practices and even condoned the the conditions under which other men may use of state police during the course of work." Another magistrate also involved in strikes in order to protect employers and the taxicab strike warned truck drivers their property.27 striking against a local firm that he would By 1937 Baltimore could claim dubious "invoke jail sentences" as he had during the national distinction for the behavior of its cab controversy. Legislation passed by the police during strikes. On March 9, 1937, a state legislature in 1935 tended to slow subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Commit- judges' reflexive response to granting in- tee on Education and Labor (the La Fol- junctions against striking workers. It re- lette Civil Liberties Committee) revealed a quired forty-eight hours notice to the de- letter of Charles L. Vietsch, the Baltimore fendants and a hearing involving both sides manager of the William J. Burns Interna- before issuing an injunction. But one judge. 308 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Robert Stanton, even violated that law in regalia. The local CIO regularly turned to granting an AFL union and an employers' the NLRB to prohibit hastily constructed association an immediate injunction company unions and hired the legal serv- against a militant CIO faction in the 1936 ices of I. Duke Avnet and Jacob Edelman seamen's strike. Only after persistent re- to combat Baltimore attorneys Leonard minders by CIO attorney. I. Duke Avnet did Weinberg and Harry Green, "widely known the judge temporarily rescind the order.30 for their success in breaking strikes." These Yet, despite racial animosities, judicial activities contributed significantly to the practices, and police interference, worker BIC's success in organizing the garment, organization continued apace. The passage auto, and steel industries and the water- of the Wagner Act, establishing the per- front.3'2 manent National Labor Relations Board, The spirit of the New Deal, the BIC's and the rivalry between the BFL and BIC activism, and the reform sentiments of a fueled the workers' drive toward unioniza- few BFL delegates combined to make the tion. Commissioner of Labor and Statistics BFL more progressive and aggressive in its Henry Lay Duer declared that 1936 was organizational activities. With considerable "marked by serious labor unrest," adding fanfare, McCurdy launched in 1935 the that "union recognition figured more BFL's campaigns to organize white-collar largely than wage increases in the strikes." workers and to prevent wage cutting and The momentum, moreover, was maintained "chiseling" by employers no longer bound in 1937 when the Supreme Court upheld by the invalid NRA. In 1936, "for the first the NLRB and in 1938 when Congress time in the history of the Baltimore Fed- passed the Fair Labor Standards Act, ban- eration of Labor," a woman delegate, Lil- ning child labor and establishing minimum lian Sipple, became a member of the Fed- wages and maximum hours for workers in eration's traditionally male executive interstate commerce. The Office of Labor board. That same year the BFL took an- and Statistics noted that workers "took other unprecedented step in condemning serious steps toward organization" in their "racial discrimination in union organizers." unprecedented campaign for union recog- McCurdy himself, although a cautious la- nition and even suggested that the pro- bor leader, consistently endorsed the New labor Court decision and the Standards Act Deal despite the mayor's disapproval and served to soften local employer hostility to became more outspoken against the mayor unions.31 and the Baltimore Association of Com- Activist BFL delegates welcomed the in- merce. From the former, he requested per- troduction of the CIO in Baltimore. Along mission to organize municipal workers and with PUL Socialists, they praised the BIC's from the latter he demanded a revised em- determination to organize the unorganized ployment insurance bill that did not smack and its willingness to cooperate with all the of "toryism" and reflect "reactionary cham- city's labor supporters. More than the BFL, bers of commerce and their allied inter- the BIC consistently pressed for the right ests." On a visit to Baltimore, federal re- to organize and strike without police inter- porter Lorena Hickok found McCurdy a ference. CIO organizer and State Senator "grand," "intelligent," and "thoroughly Robert Kimble, himself arrested by a "pan- honorable" labor leader. The BFL called icky policeman losing his head," urged the for public housing and worked with the police commissioner not to create "unpleas- Baltimore Museum of Art to create exhibits ant publicity" in the CIO's organizing dis- "of particular interest to labor," opening tricts. As late as 1939, state CIO organizer the museum to those in "all walks of life." Frank Bender complained of police brutal- At McCurdy's insistence, the Federationist ity and strike interference and requested reprinted a full-page resolution condemn- Senator La Follette investigate the matter. ing as a "royal slumming party" the pro- The BIC also accused local Legionnaires of posed visit to Baltimore by the Duke and acting as strikebreakers, prompting the na- Duchess of Windsor and Charles Bedaux— tional commander to warn the city's Amer- "the archenemy of labor." Finally, and most ican Legion members against participating important, the BFL moved toward indus- in "vigilante action" while in uniform or trial as opposed to craft organization. The "The Right to Strike" 309 change resulted in an increased but not cancel the trip. Indeed, it becomes clear always harmonious membership. Signifi- upon closer examination that McCurdy cantly, however, the BFL upheld the rights preferred his cautious, limited policies and of less skilled workers. For example in 1937, departed from them only when chal- a local of the Chemical Workers union at a lenged.34 fertilizer plant in the Canton section of From within his own organization, activ- Baltimore protested the comparable wage ist BFL delegates routinely complained of scale of "laborers" who belonged to the inaction at the top. In 1936 Fred Rausch, International Longshoremen's Association the secretary of the Baltimore Building (ILA). Class and craft tensions emerged as Trades, challenged McCurdy for the BFL the chemical workers denounced the ac- presidency—marking McCurdy's first op- ceptance of "mixed" laborers into the BFL. position since assuming office in 1932. Work disruptions forced the Federation to Rausch had earned the title of "militant settle the issue and the BFL upheld the delegate" as a result of his organizational ILA's wage scale.33 efforts in the Steelworkers' Organizing Still, McCurdy remained uncertain about Committee, his chairmanship of Labor's the BFL's new course of action. When, for Chest for Liberation, and his membership example, the BFL turned'to organizing mu- in the Baltimore Anti-War Committee and nicipal truck drivers, the city's chief engi- the Peoples Unemployment League. neer promptly fired the union leaders. At a Rausch accused McCurdy of being out of mass meeting intended for union organi- touch with the reformist sentiments of city zation, the BFL instead backed down, ex- workers. Outside the BFL, McCurdy's chief plaining that unionization would have to antagonists were neither intransigent city be postponed. According to the Sun, "a mild officials nor hostile employers but new BIC uproar greeted the announcement." Work- organizers, unschooled in the politics of ers booed and hissed, chanting "We've been compromise, unwilling to move cautiously, sold out!" Others pledged to organize with- and unable to justify McCurdy's halting out union assistance: "You can strike if approach to unionization. At the Federa- you've got the guts," shouted Frank Jan- tion's 1936 convention, both types of chal- kiewicz, one of the workers fired for union lenges coalesced. Along with Rausch, other activity. But most of the workers merely activist BFL delegates organized to have filed out of the hall. "They invited us last the BFL support the BIC. After consider- Wednesday to hear some speakers," com- able debate among the 375 delegates, the plained one municipal employee, "and be- proposed resolution to approve officially fore the meeting was over asked us to sign the Committee for Industrial Organization up to join the union. Now tonight, after the failed by only 60 votes. Furthermore, city officials have fired several men and McCurdy beat Rausch by only 88 votes. will fire the rest of us as fast as their names When the CIO was forced to break com- are learned, they walk out on us." As the pletely with the national Federation, dis- men feared, the city fired more workers all gruntled local BFL delegates, including the while conceding that the rule involving Rausch, left the Federation. With little op- municipal employees and labor organiza- position, by 1939, McCurdy began his sev- tion was unclear. McCurdy halted BFL or- enth term as president.35 ganizational activities, requested the city to Disaffected BFL delegates joined the clarify the rule, refused to challenge the ranks of the CIO, working with Socialists, firings, promised no-strike clauses in union the ACW's Joint Board, and various textile contracts, and waited for seven months un- organizations to unionize the city. The La- til the City Solicitor finally announced that bor Herald, the BIC's official organ after city workers held the right to organize as 1937, supported the CIO from the paper's long as union participation did not "inter- inception in 1936. The editor was Charles fere with their duties." In another instance, Bernstein, former editor of the Socialist McCurdy wavered again, backing down Maryland Leader; James Blackwell, a So- from his earlier denunciation of the Duke cialist, UAW organizer, and chairman of and Duchess of Windsor and apologizing the PUL, served on the Herald's advisory for being the "genesis" of their decision to board. The ties between the Socialist Party 310 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE and the BIC were considerable and inti- successfully encouraged the convention to mate as Socialists like Trager, Oilman, and adopt a resolution condemning the activi- Blackwell worked long and hard to assist ties of the CIO for having brought "chaos, the Industrial Council's organization cam- strife, dishonor, and ill-feeling into the la- paign.36 bor movement" and for using sit-down Cooperation between the BFL and the strikes which were "unlawful practices and BIC, however, occurred infrequently. A few un-American."38 delegates from both groups worked together Disagreements between the BIC and the in 1936 to form the Emergency Committee BFL filled the pages of the city's newspa- for Relief of local strikers. Other collabo- pers. Although much of the publicity inten- rative efforts included a 1938 joint meeting sified organizational competition, at least to discuss possibilities for Labor's Non- some of it worked against the cause of Partisan League in the state's primaries, unionism. As early as 1936, and before the and the following year, the BFL and BIC official AFL-CIO division, the Sun noted a leadership joined together to oppose legis- "split in the ranks of organized labor" over lation concerning compensation and occu- the election in the sixth Congressional dis- pational diseases. More usually, McCurdy trict. When Fred Rausch announced his urged BFL members to steer clear of what union's support of Representative David he regarded as BIC radicalism. Not ena- Lewis, McCurdy, himself a New Dealer, mored of such "new strike methods" as the wrote a letter to Lewis's opponent, Repub- "sit-in," McCurdy regularly condemned the lican State Senator Harry LeGore, praising CIO as communistic.37 LeGore's comparatively obscure labor ef- Conflict between the BFL and the BIC forts. Although all the unions affiliated often became intense and bitter. Long re- with the Federation had already officially garded as one of the city's most important endorsed Lewis, McCurdy acknowledged labor leaders, McCurdy worked hard to pre- that the "term indorsement probably could serve that reputation. He was not anxious be used to describe [his] letter." The pos- to share his recognition and authority with sibility of beneficial labor legislation also either newly-created organizations or, even failed to produce BFL-BIC harmony. worse, with successful labor leaders from When in 1939, for example, Delegate Leon the ranks of such "marginal" groups as the Rubenstein introduced a "baby Wagner city's Socialists. Even anti-labor judges like Act" into the state legislature, he an- O'Dunne singled McCurdy out for praise as nounced that he held the support of both a responsible union leader who acted in the the BFL and the BIC. But McCurdy denied true "spirit of the sons of Maryland." The that his organization endorsed the pro- BIC, on the other hand, had neither re- posed legislation and condemned Ruben- spected leaders nor organizational tradi- stein for having conferred only with BIC tion. From the start, the BIC was suspect attorneys. Finally, even some of the work- and frequently charged with being un- ers themselves grew weary of the bickering American. O'Dunne denounced the BIC and in 1938, a group of waterfront seamen and called the sit-down strikes "forms of repudiated both the AFL and the CIO by unlawful confiscation." Still others in the creating an independent union. The new city warned workers "to beware of the secretary explained their action, saying C.I.O. activities dominated by avowed "our members feel they don't want to be Communists." McCurdy himself routinely used as powder in a fight between individ- blasted the CIO for its radicalism, directing uals."39 workers to rally behind the BFL and the But, as the organization drives indicate, "Star Spangled Banner" and not the CIO the rivalry between the BFL and the BIC which, he said, "stand[s] for Communist scarcely resembled a mere personality con- International Organization." "Woe be to test. Moreover, the competition frequently those," he warned, "who will do anything served to enhance unionization.40 Although to drag down American standards and sub- McCurdy certainly exaggerated the BIC's stitute the Red flag of Communism." At the radicalism and the BIC understated the BFL's annual meeting in 1937, McCurdy BFL's organizational efforts, there were not only refused to seat CIO delegates but substantive differences between the two or- "The Right to Strike' 311 ganizations, especially during the earliest cabs in defiance of the strikers. But this months of CIO organization in Baltimore. time the drivers were more prepared and The BFL only reluctantly called strikes and determined; they met the first cars at- never condoned the sit-in whereas the BIC tempting to leave the garages with bricks threatened work stoppages more freely and and tire irons. Violence erupted, lasting actively encouraged workers to sit-down on over an hour and halting traffic until "po- the job. Until 1938, the BIC heavily relied lice finally broke up the pitched battle ... on radical organizers like PUL chairman and the battered cars limped back to the James Blackwell to recruit members. And garage." Despite gun-toting strikebreakers, BIC organizers included numerous Social- the cabbies continued their attacks on the ists, some Communists, and many self- company's autos—concentrating their as- described "liberal-minded" reformers. Fi- saults on the owners' primary source of nally, at union meetings, the BFL discussed profit. By immobilizing the cars, the stri- the specific benefits of organization, but at kers also hoped to prevent the newly-hired CIO gatherings topics included the dangers drivers from replacing them on the road. of fascism and war, the problems of racism The situation prompted the governor to and discrimination, and the urgent need to request a temporary settlement for the 1936 assist the unemployed. Two strikes, in par- holiday season. But even that failed when ticular, illustrate the differences and divi- company officials used the time to create a sions between the BFL and the BIC. company union and distribute leaflets de- In 1935, activist BFL organizers urged nouncing specific labor organizers. In Jan- taxicab drivers to strike when company uary the drivers resumed the strike and the officials refused to bargain with their union employers refused to negotiate, maintain- or grant wage increases. In response to the ing that the "episode [was] closed" now that strike, the cab companies hired strike- the drivers had a union. But one particular breakers and special police to protect them. BFL organizer stood firm against the own- One company president told a Sun reporter ers. A square-shaped, loud-spoken Teams- that "the men who are on strike are dead." ter named Harry Cohen told a group of Cabbies sabotaged the cars by breaking "enthusiastic" strikers that "the war is on keys off in the ignition and smashing wind- ... and we're going to take the battle into shields. But the company response was our own hands." "Some of you will get in swift. Union leaders had their cars de- trouble," he warned, "but we will get you stroyed and strikers were beaten when they out." McCurdy declined to comment on tried to prevent cars from leaving the ga- Cohen's declarations but did denounce the rages. Company officials also hired crews role of the police in the strike as a "strike- of ruffians to "cruise the streets." Although breaking agency." More violence followed they were not allowed to pick up passen- and one company official observed that the gers, they served to remind the strikers that strike had "gone haywire." Police arrested the cars could be moved. The violence strikers daily but on February 16, 1937, prompted the city police to dispatch addi- Judge O'Dunne issued a warrant for the tional units to the garages to protect com- arrest of Cohen on charges of "instigating, pany property. It also moved McCurdy to fomenting, aiding and abetting riot, assault urge an immediate settlement. An uneasy and disorderly conduct on the public streets armistice resulted as many workers re- of Baltimore City." O'Dunne also in- turned to their jobs, unhappy with Mc- structed company officials, McCurdy, and Curdy and their inability to win their de- Cohen to meet with him to arrange a set- mands.41 tlement of the strike. On February 22, the In 1936, the drivers struck again. They Sun pictured O'Dunne and McCurdy smil- shut down one company entirely for laying ing and embracing in announcing the end off cabbies involved in union activities. of the strike. But the drivers found little to Both BFL and BIC organizers supported cheer about in the settlement. McCurdy the strike and the frustrated drivers. As in refused to challenge Cohen's arrest, saying 1935, company officials refused to negoti- only "Thank God we live in America or ate, even snubbing federal arbiters, and he'd probably be hung [sic] by now." More- once again hired new drivers to operate the over, no concessions were made to the 312 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE workers; McCurdy weakly added, "... or- torneys like Avnet. Avnet later recalled ganization of the cab drivers may be de- Whalen as an orator who "ran sentences ferred for the time being...." The BIG, together," "mispronounced words," and angered at being ignored by both the Sun "cussed profusely." "But his thinking was and Judge O'Dunne, lambasted McCurdy clear," Avnet added, and he knew the sea- for his surrender and for abandoning the men and their problems. It was among the drivers. The Labor Herald even accused seamen that Whalen was most popular. Cohen of precipitating violence in order to Speaking to a receptive audience of seamen offset the gains made by the CIO among long accustomed to a rudimentary life of the drivers. "Chowderhead Cohen," the inconvenience, he denounced labor leaders strikebreaker, the Herald wrote, cooperated who had "ritzy" lifestyles and insisted on with company owners, McCurdy, and wearing "clean shirts": "I have been in- O'Dunne to end the strike—a strike the volved in strikes for years," he remem- drivers wanted to continue. Cohen was an bered, "and I have slept in flophouses, un- unsavory character who had engaged in der viaducts and in jails—with my com- strikebreaking activities among seamen too rades. We have no money, and to win this radical for the tastes of the BFL. He had strike every man must expect to suffer the also defied rank-and-file truck drivers by hardships of his fellows." Such talk may accepting a verbal agreement with a truck- have alienated the impeccably-dressed ing firm. But in this instance he held con- McCurdy and strengthened him in his be- siderable support from the cab drivers. And, lief that the strike was "dominated by the his ultimate conviction and three-month Communist party" but it also increased prison term only enhanced his popularity. support and sympathy for the strikers. De- Yet, because McCurdy postponed organi- spite her past cooperation with the BFL zation and temporized with company offi- and McCurdy, Oilman stepped up her cam- cials, after 1937 cab drivers turned increas- paign to assist the strikers, countering that ingly to the BIC.42 "Reds did not dominate the movement" The second strike involved the city's sea- and that it was a genuine "rank and file men and lasted from the fall of 1936 to movement" with legitimate grievances February 1937. From the outset, the BIC "against low wages and living and working supported the striking unions, the Inter- conditions...." Even the Communist national Seamen's Union (ISU) and a rad- Party denied initiating the strike, although ical faction of the ISU which had joined it did pledge $50.00 and a truckload of with city Communists to form the Marine foodstuffs for the strikers. CP member Earl Workers Industrial Union. With BIC as- Dixon longingly told a group of seamen sistance, during the course of the strike the gathered at a Polish-American hall in groups joined together under the aegis of South Baltimore, "We wish we had men of the National Maritime Union (NMU). Co- your nerve and pluck with us. You're the operating with Socialists, the BIC also kind we want. I am proud that there are helped establish the Citizens Committee men like you who are willing to fight for for Striking Seamen. But the BFL refused what they believe is right."43 to support the strike or assist the strikers. McCurdy and the BFL failed to under- McCurdy urged the seamen to abandon the stand the importance of the strike to the strike, saying the "communists are back of seamen and the significance of community it, there is no question about it." He even and solidarity among the strikers. During closed the city offices of the ISU and the the strike, the seamen brought their orderly ILA because of "radical activities." Mc- and fraternal way of life on the sea to the Curdy urged workers to uphold their con- shore. Their organization adapted well to tractual agreements with the ship owners waging an effective strike and to unionizing but his appeal was no match for the fiery under the NMU. Oilman noted this when words of Patrick Whalen, labor organizer she proclaimed the seamen strike "the most and later president of the BIC. Whalen, orderly and best conducted I have ever when not in jail, was a powerful speaker seen." Not only did the seamen carefully who won the support of the Socialists like structure kitchen as well as picket duty but Elisabeth Oilman and reform-minded at- their spirit of camaraderie even extended "The Right to Strike" 313 to black and Oriental sympathy strikers. paign, especially when it responded to the They unanimously passed a resolution to CIO by imitating it. The Federation offered "treat all seamen as brothers and on an the seamen the opportunity to join the Sail- equality" regardless of race or color and ors' Union of the Pacific—a national union made arrangements to "take in" a West like the NMU but, according to the BFL, Coast Chinese cook who had been officially without the "radical leadership." "Count- excluded from the maritime unions. More- ing on anti-Communist feelings," the BFL over, nearly 50 seamen organized a march hoped to entice the seamen from the NMU. on Washington to participate in an anti- Charges of communism against the CIO Nazi demonstration in front of the German served the BFL well in 1938 and 1939. embassy. They also organized their own Ironically, however, the allegations took entertainment, calling on seamen to play hold after the BIC had already begun to instruments and sing songs from their eth- moderate its tactics and programs. Socialist nic groups. Finally, to insure orderly behav- PUL members no longer served as organ- ior, they created a "court of justice" with izers, the BIC urged negotiation before fines and punishments for crimes ranging striking, and the state CIO organizer, from drunkenness—the most common of- Frank Bender, even attempted to attract fense—to "scabbing"—"the most serious white-collar municipal workers by appeal- offense." Whalen himself conducted the ing to their class interests. Despite the hearings and when he took the union card BFL's successful association of violence of a seamen who refused to join the strike, and un-Americanism with the CIO, the he was arrested for theft in a "mock trial."44 city's most violent strike involved the cab The BFL's refusal to support the strikers drivers and the BFL. But labor militance, resulted in significant gains for the BIC on especially the sit-down strike, more cor- the docks. Moreover, when McCurdy joined rectly characterized the CIO movement with the hated ship owners in an attempt and, for some, that was more troubling than to secure an injunction against the strikers, ruffian Teamsters. Until these later years, the BFL also became the enemy. The na- however, the BIC's militance accounted for tional success of the NMU also facilitated its ability to expand the CIO throughout the expansion of the CIO on the waterfront. the city.46 The end of the strike in February 1937 To a large degree, then, the activities of provided wage increases and a NMU vic- the BIC, the Socialist agitators, and the tory; subsequent elections held by the ACW contributed to the general labor un- NLRB further legitimized the CIO's power. rest in Baltimore during the years 1936 and Even some members of the city's tradition- 1937. An Amalgamated-led walkout in Au- ally conservative ILA left the BFL for the gust 1936 protesting wage cuts closed six NMU.45 clothing firms, particularly affecting the Beginning in the summer of 1937, how- infamous sweatshop of A. Abrams & Sons ever, the BFL attempted to repair some of in Baltimore's clothing district on Redwood the damage. Determined to counter the Street. Despite police interference and vi- BIC's "persistent efforts," the BFL threw olence by strikebreakers who hurled bottles "its entire resources.. .to building up the from the windows of the Abrams factory, maritime industry" in Baltimore for the striker enthusiasm remained high and the Federation. One BFL spokeman aptly de- ACW firm. On September 11 workers re- scribed the situation: the AFL and CIO turned to their jobs with their wages re- "are lining up for a showdown on the stored. Even the municipal workers, long matter of control over maritime and allied held in check by the anti-unionist Jackson unions." Federation-affiliated longshore- administration, began to organize. Al- men launched the campaign, announced though the organization grew rapidly in their intention "to war on the C.I.O. in the certain sectors, most workers still insisted port of Baltimore," and staged brief strikes, that "there will be no demonstration of a forcing CIO men off the ships. The struggle wild and reckless power that does not ex- continued throughout 1938 and 1939. And ist." Careful to avoid charges of radicalism, although the BFL failed to recapture its municipal workers argued that they had former strength, it mounted a serious cam- suffered long enough from the city's budget 314 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE cuts, that they had tired of "Jackson's red National and local UAW organizing ef- arithmetic"—a phrase used to express their forts continued full force. In June the UAW "contempt for the scandalously low wages called a sit-down strike of 800 workers at paid by the city."47 the Fisher plant to protest the use of non- Labor turbulence and strife particularly union labor on the trim line and succeeded characterized the year 1937, when the num- in mounting a 2,000 person picket-line. A ber of strikes in the city peaked for the quick settlement brought the re-hiring of entire decade. There were sit-down strikes the union leaders, mutual control of assem- and hard-driving organizational campaigns bly-line speed, an agreement on seniority among dressmakers and automobile, chem- rights, and wage increases.80 ical, and cotton garment workers. The Appropriately, however, Baltimore's first ClO-United Auto Workers opened the year sit-down strike involved 75 women gar- with a General Motors organizing drive and ment workers at Roberts Dress Company. walkout of UAW workers at the city's After all, it had been agitating women Fisher Body plant and Chevrolet. Led by workers who had challenged Schoeneman's UAW organizer and PUL chairman James anti-union policies even before the passage Blackwell, the strike immediately encoun- of Section 7(a). In March 1937 Roberts tered difficulties. The Fisher manager told dressmakers contended that the company the strikers that the plant would never was sending work out to non-union shops, close, and non-union workers initiated a thereby depriving them of their work. After loyalty movement, presenting the company two weeks of negotiations the women a declaration of support signed by 2,400 scored a victory when the company agreed employees expressing gratitude for the re- to stop giving the dresses to non-union cently received Christmas bonus and con- shops.''1 fidence in General Motors. The press cat- Baltimore's upholsterers' union also won apulted this "loyal workers" group into an important victory in 1937, and from one prominence by reporting their charges of of the "biggest and bitterest anti-union UAW intimidation in an attempt to dis- firms," the Levenson Zenitz Furniture grace the union. When the "loyal workers" Company. The earlier upholsterers' union met to organize a march on Washington to had been crushed during World War I by a demand that Secretary of Labor Frances lockout and completely destroyed by an Perkins intervene and end the strike, the open shop drive in 1920. Company man- UAW workers were forcibly barred from agers had also created racial and ethnic the meeting, resulting in a "free-swinging antagonisms among workers, further elim- melee." The UAW's defeat of GM at Flint, inating traces of organization. At the end Michigan, brought an end to Baltimore's of the 1920s, local organizers managed to strike, but the strikers returned to work revive the union long enough to call a strike without solid UAW support among the in 1927 but the city's traditional pattern of workers. Within days, company officials employer intimidation and police interfer- fired the union leaders, prompting UAW ence abruptly ended it. Given this unfor- members to disrupt plant production tem- tunate history, the 1937 victory seemed porarily.48 particularly sweet. The settlement at last Testimony before the La Follette Com- provided union recognition. Moreover, the mittee in February 1937 altered the public upholsterers secured wage increases, the understanding of the Fisher plant's loyalty closed shop, and a "firm standing in the movement. Fisher's plant manager, al- city."52 though insisting that the movement origi- Signs of improvement in labor's situation nated among the workers, conceded that seemed to abound in 1937. The ILGWU the loyalty leader was a former Pinkerton began a major organizing drive while the employee and that the loyal leadership had Baltimore Joint Board moved into a "larger been provided with the company's payroll and more modern headquarters," providing list for mailing and propagandizing pur- tangible proof of the ACWs success. In poses. Union men, testimony further indi- July the ClO called its first meeting to form cated, had been systematically threatened a central labor body in Baltimore; the as- and terrorized on the job.49 sembled delegates, according to the Labor "The Right to Strike" 315 Herald, represented over 50,000 members. men." Sun owner A. S. Abell successfully Socialists reported increased attendance of appealed his decision; an Annapolis judge laborers at the Workmen's Circle Lyceum peculiarly concluded that there had been in East Baltimore. Even the labor commis- no "actual discrimination" despite "evi- sioner helped secure the closed shop for dence to show that the superintendent of striking workers at the Baltimore Enamel the pressroom made statements from which and Novelty Company; at the settlement the men could infer that it was not to their he suggested the employer take his employ- interest to join the union."54 ees to dinner as "a sign of good feeling."53 Labor leaders and the rank and file also But there was also another side to labor's provided sources of discontent. Denouncing story. Persistent efforts on the part of auto BFL conservatism, the Labor Herald de- workers and textile employees did not bring clared: "We must have stronger and more their goal of a closed shop. Moreover, de- militant labor leaders, with broader vision, spite the city's favorable ruling, not all foresight, and courage." "Baltimore," it municipal workers could organize. The continued, "has a long way to go. Let's start Board of Fire Commissioners, for example, now." For ILGWU organizer Angela Bam- issued a "flat no" to firefighters attempting bace, the city's workers were themselves at to affiliate with the AFL and instructed fire least part of the organizing problem. In a captains to confiscate union materials and 1937 article entitled "Wake up, Workers of turn off radios when labor leaders "went on Baltimore," Bambace cited the absence of the air." The ACW and the ILGWU could working-class awareness as an obstacle to not eliminate sweatshops, and strikes fre- unionization. "Class consciousness is still a quently brought only temporary improve- strange word among the Baltimore dress- ments. Despite some labor victories, then, makers" and among workers in general. "In not a few employers refused to concede Baltimore," she added, "people crawl. defeat and continued to challenge unions, Nothing moves, and the earth is still flat." especially those connected to the CIO. In Labor Herald editor Bernstein concurred. 1939, for example, one company owner de- Although acknowledging that Bambace's clared, "We just won't recognize the C.I.O. article had caused "very unfavorable com- Before I'll do that I will walk right out the ment and a good deal of resentment," he front door and lock the place up for good." queried how "can one help [but] draw the Even companies that had cooperated with conclusion that Baltimore is not in the 20th the BFL refused to deal with the CIO. The Century cycle, when one observes and sees Baltimore Labor Relations Board contin- that many labor failures have recently ued to encounter intransigent employers taken place in the city." Indeed, he noted who fired union activists, refused to bargain that "nothing encouraging ever seems to collectively, intimidated workers or posted happen in Baltimore."55 "discriminatory material" on company bul- But labor's situation was neither as grim letin boards. Some manufacturers simply as Bernstein maintained nor as active as left the city rather than allow organization. the Office of Labor and Statistics observed The clothing company, S. Cohen and Sons, in its reports of "serious labor unrest." In moved to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 1938 tranquility was largely restored, as only days after settling its strike with the such issues as seniority rights dominated Baltimore Cloakmakers' Union by promis- labor-management discussions, suggesting ing to reinstate union activists and provide that at least union recognition had been the closed shop. Even the Baltimore Sun partially achieved. But numerous indus- and the Afro-American attempted to pre- tries remained unaffected by unions. Local vent unionization. The Afro-American or- officials continued to oppose strikes while ganized a company union for "loyal" work- the police, despite national publicity, per- ers while the Sun created "pressroom com- sisted as strikebreakers. The city govern- mittees" to forestall unionization. The ment, the Baltimore Association of Com- NLRB ruled against both papers, ordering merce, and even some workers preferred the Afro-American to re-hire union work- sweatshops to the threat of no shops at all. ers and calling the Sun's maneuver "a sham Because of continued economic uncertain- imposed by the management upon the ties and NLRB compliance problems as 316 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE well as local anti-union traditions and sen- Deal in Maryland" (Unpublished Ph.D. disserta- timents, labor's victories remained incom- tion, American University, 1974), 114-15. 7. Sun, June 29, 1933. plete and insecure. Although many workers 8. Ibid.; Robert H. Connery, The Administration of correctly felt that they had accomplished an NRA Code (Chicago, 1938), 9-18; Kimberly, much by the end of the decade, the progress "Depression," 116-17. was not as widespread as many of the city's 9. Biweekly Report, May 25, 1934, National Emer- gency Council, Record Group 44, Box 412, Wash- hard-working activists had expected. An ington National Records center. (Hereafter re- unprecedented but still fitful national com- ferred to as NEC.) Kimberly, "Depression," 117- mitment to labor combined with local ob- 18. stacles to insure that Baltimore remained, 10. Leverett S. Lyon, et al.. The National Recovery in Trager's words, "only a so-so labor Administration: An Analysis and Appraisal (Washington, 1935), 60-68, 87-98; Kimberly, town. "Depression," 118-19; Arthur Hungerford to Don- ald Richberg, August 18, 1934, NEC, RG 44, Box REFERENCES 180. Studies that explore the social bases of unionism 11. Melvyn Dubofsky, Industrialism and the Ameri- include Peter Friedlander, The Emergence of a can Worker, 1865-1920 (New York, 1975), 82-83; UAW Local, 1936-1939 (Pittsburgh, 1975) and Hungerford to Richberg, August 18, 1934. Ronald Schatz, "Union Pioneers: The Founders 12. Maryland Leader, September 16, 23; October 7, of Local Unions at General Electric and Westing- 1933; April 21, 1934; Baltimore Afro-American, house, 1933-1937," The Journal of American His- December 16, 1933; Evening Sun, June 3, 1935. tory 66 (December 1979); 586-602. David Brody, 13. Hungerford to Richberg, August 18, 1934; Mary- "Labor History in the 1970s: Toward a History of land Leader, December 1, 1934. the American Worker," in Michael Kammen (ed.), 14. Sun, July 19, 26, 1934; Connery, NRA Code, 69; The Past Before Us: Contemporary Historical Kimberly, "Depression," 122-23. Writing in the United States (Ithaca, 1980), 263. 15. Sun, July 26, 28, 30; September 2, 1934; Connery, James R. Green, The World of the Worker: Labor NRA Code, 74-75; Kimberly, "Depression," 124; in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1980), Biweekly Report, September 26, 1935, NEC, RG 170; Baltimore Sun, June 21, 1935. 44, Box 412. For a full discussion of the 1932 garment strike, 16. Baltimore Federation of Labor, Minutes, Septem- see Jo Ann E. Argersinger, "Struggle Without ber 13; November 1; December 20, 1933. (Here- Triumph: Women Workers and the 1932 Garment after referred to as BFL.) Until 1939 when the Strike," paper delivered at the Southern Labor department was reorganized, the labor commis- History Conference, Atlanta, April 25, 1980 and sion was a "slipshod and loose-knit organization." Argersinger, "Baltimore: The Depression Years" See the Sun, June 17, 1937; March 1, 2, 14, 1938; (Unpublished dissertation. The George Washing- January 31; February 16, 1939. ton University, 1980), 47-71. 17. "Report on the Activities of the Baltimore Labor U.S. Bureau of the Census, Fifteenth Census of Relations Panel, To August 17th, 1934"; "Report the United States, 1930: Population (Washington, on the Activities of the Baltimore Labor Relations D.C., 1932); Sun, January 1, 1933; Sherry H. Panel, August 17th, 1934 to September 1st, 1934"; Olson, Baltimore: The Building of an American "Monthly" reports; "Weekly" reports; Folder City (Baltimore, 1980), 345. For a discussion of marked "Daily Reports"; Harry Cohen to BLRP, the collapse of voluntarism and private charities, August 7, 1934—all in National Labor Relations see Argersinger, "From Charity to the Dole: Bal- Board (Administrative File, Baltimore) RG 25, timore's Response to the Problem of Relief," The NA. (Hereafter referred to as NLRB.) The Van- Journal of Historical Studies 4(1980): 65-87. derbilt quotation is from Richard B. Morris and An important exception was the McCormick & William Greenleaf, The History of a Nation, Vol- Co., Inc. Its young president, Charles P. Mc- ume 2 (Chicago, 1969), 85. Cormick, largely avoided "labor trouble" in the 18. Maryland Leader, September 9, 16, 1933; March 1930s because he practiced what he called "private 10, 1934. (Emphasis added.) ownership from bottom to top," spreading man- 19. Ibid., July 8, 1933; BFL, Minutes, January 1934. agement and profits throughout the workforce. He 20. Business Week, October 7, 1933; BFL, Minutes, argued that strikes resulted from "mismanage- August 30; September 27, 1933; January 31; May ment" and "dictatorial" control. See the Sun, No- 23, 1934. Union membership figures are difficult vember 23, 1938. Irving Bernstein, The Lean to find but by 1935 the BFL had organized about Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920- 17% of the workforce. 1933 (Boston, 1960), 164-65; J. Knox Insley to 21. Frank Trager to the author, October 24, 1975 Albert C. Ritchie, July 19, 1932, Governor's Cor- Maryland Leader, May 20, 1933; April 21, 1934 respondence-Labor, Maryland Hall of Records, BFL, Minutes, July 30, 1930; November 1, 1933 Annapolis. January 31, 1934; March 13, 1935; Sun, January Maryland State Planning Commission, "Report 13, 1938. on Men's Clothing Industry," by Abraham A. Im- 22. BFL, Minutes, September 20, 27; October 25, berman (Baltimore, 1936), 21; Sun, June 27, 1933; 1933; January 31; August 29; September 19, 1934. Charles M. Kimberly, "The Depression and New 23. Vivian E. Chamberlain, "The Five Largest CIO "The Right to Strike" 317

Unions in Baltimore, Maryland, with Special Ref- men's relief situation, see Argersinger, "Assisting erence to the Negro," (Master's thesis, Howard the 'Loafers': Transient Relief in Baltimore, 1933- University, 1945), 14,120; Roderick N. Ryon, "An 1937," Labor History (Spring 1982): 226-245. Ambiguous Legacy: Baltimore Blacks and the 44. Sun, November 28, 29, 1936; December 1, 3, 1936. CIO, 1936-1941," Journal of Negro History LXV 45. Ibid., June 13, 1937. (Winter 1980): 18-33; BFL, Minutes, November 46. Ibid., December 22, 1936; June 13; September 3, 22, 1933; July 11, 1934; March 27, 1935; Ira De A. 20; November 19, 1937; March 25; August 22, Reid, Negro Membership in American Labor 1938. A good example of the effects of the AFL's Unions (New York, 1930), 140; Maryland Leader, anticommunist drive can be seen in Baltimore's August 19, 1933; June 23, 1934. UAW local #239. In February 1939 the members 24. Sun, August 14,1935; Labor Herald, June 12,1936; barred from their meeting the "Communist mem- September 3, 1937. At a CIO banquet honoring a bers" including Socialist organizer James Black- labor editor, De Dominicis urged the editor "to well. At that meeting they voted to support Homer write more sharp and incisive articles condemning Martin but not repudiate the CIO or industrial the capitalist society until the day when it will be unionism. The BFL immediately intensified its a workers' world." See the Sun, November 29, campaign against radicalism and in June of that 1939. year the local voted to "unaffiliate with the CIO" 25. Labor Herald, September 3, 1937. and join the BFL. Over half of the 1000 members 26. Ibid., July 2, 1937. voted and they overwhelmingly (6 to 1) endorsed 27. BFL, Minutes, October 18, 1933; Maryland the change. See the Sun, February 6; June 4, 1939. Leader, July 22; December 9, 1933; February 10; The BIC moderated its activities because of its June 16; July 28,1934; March 30; August 31,1935 successful integration into the labor arbitration March 21; April 11, 1936; Sun, May 21, 22, 23 process and because it feared losing that recogni- September 25, 1936. tion due to radical ties. Pointing to specific inci- 28. Evening Sun, March 9, 1937. See also Labor Her- dents, city CIO members argued that certain ald, April 9, 1937. groups in the city were becoming less tolerant of 29. Labor Herald, June 25, 1937; Olson, Baltimore, radicalism and communism. In 1939, for example, 345. at a CP mass meeting, seventy-five war veterans 30. Sun, November 12, 14, 1936; January 19; March raided the rally, shouting "Traitors" and "Throw 9, 14; May 11; October 6, 9, 31, 1937. the Communist bums out." According to the Sun, 31. Annual Reports of the Commissioner of Labor and the police were unable to maintain order as vet- Statistics of Maryland, 1933-1939. See especially erans attacked members of the audience. See the Forty-fifth Annual Report, 1936, 6; Forty-sixth Sun, December 9, 1939. Annual Report, 1937, 9; Forty-seventh Annual Re- 47. Labor Herald, July 31; August 21, 28; September port, 1938, 12-13. Evening Sun, July 18, 1937. 4, 11, 1936; Sun, June 11, 1937. In addition to 32. Sun, June 22; July 3, 1937; August 4, 18; Septem- those already mentioned, particularly active or- ber 13, 1939. ganizers included such SWOC agitators as John 33. Ibid., June 3, 1935; May 7, 20; December 5, 1936; J. Mates, who organized at Bethlehem Steel and June 22, 23, 1937; January 22, 1938; Richard the Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company. Lowitt and Maurine Beasley (eds.). One Third of See the Sun, June 10, 14, 1937. a Nation: Lorena Hickok Reports on the Great 48. Commissioner of Labor and Statistics, Forty-sixth Depression (Urbana, 111., 1981), 346. Annual Report, 8-16; Sun, January 1, 9, 11, 20, 34. Sun, July 7, 8, 9, 18, 1937; January 22; February 21, 22, 23; February 23; March 10; June 10; 1937; 10,1938. Dorothy M. Brown, "Maryland Between the 35. Maryland Leader, May 30, 1936; Sun, May 21; Wars," in Richard Walsh and William Lloyd Fox August 1, 4, 1936; May 4, 1939. (eds.), Maryland: A History, 1632-1974 (Balti- 36. Labor Herald, May 27, 1938. more, 1974), 757-58; Labor Herald, March 26; May 37. Maryland Leader, November 13, 1936; Sun, De- 14; June 18; July 2, 1937. See also the Vertical cember 2, 1936; March 21, 1938; May 23, 1939. File, Maryland Room, Enoch Pratt Free Library, 38. Sun, March 14; May 20; September 15, 1937. Baltimore. 39. Lo6or Herald, March 12,1937; April 22,1938; Sun, 49. Sun, February 19, 24, 1937; Labor Herald, Febru- September 30, 1936; January 25, 1938; February ary 26; March 12, 1937; Brown, "Between the 1, 4, 1939. For another example of the adverse Wars," 758. effect of BIC-BFL divisions on organizing work- 50. Brown, "Between the Wars," 758; Sun, June 10, ers, see the Sun, September 6, 1937. 14, 15, 16, 17, 1937. 40. Sun, March 4; October 15,1937; January 18,1938. 51. Labor Herald, March 26, 1937; Sun, March 12, 27, 41. Ibid., February 23, 1935. 1937. 42. Labor Herald, March 12, 1937; April 22,1938; Sun, 52. Labor Herald, May 14, 1937; Sun, July 16, 1937. December 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 31, 1936; January 1, 53. Labor Herald, April 16; June 18; July 30; October 5, 6, 19; February 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 15, 1937; Sun, June 11, 1937. 17,18, 20, 22, 23, 28; March 9,14; May 11; October 54. "Weekly Report," Week ending February 16,1935; 9, 31; December 10, 1937; September 2, 3, 1938. "Strikes Occuring in the Fifth region During the 43. Labor Herald, November 13; December 25, 1936; Calendar Year of 1935," NLRB (Administrative Sun, November 8, 16, 24, 1936; January 29, 1938; File, Baltimore) RG 25, NA. See also the folder I. Duke Avnet, "Pat Whalen," Phylon XII (Sep- marked "Daily Reports" in the same file. Labor tember 1951): 250. For a discussion of the sea- Herald, April 14,1936; September 17,1937; March 318 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

23; July 1, 1938; Sun, July 15, 1938; September had organized at least 25 percent of Baltimore's 13, 1939. workforce. This compares to a national average of 55. Labor Herald, January 29; March 12, 1937. 20.7 percent in 1939. See Leo Troy, Trade Union 56. For examples of police activities and judicial de- Membership, 1897-1962 (New York, 1965), 4-5. cisions against unions see the Sun, November 27, Boston, on the other hand, had 17 percent of its 28, 1937; August 4, 5; October 14, 1939. Trager to workers organized even before the New Deal. See the author, October 24, 1975. If the figures pro- Charles H. Trout, Boston, the Great Depression, vided by the BFL and the BIC are even approxi- and the New Deal (New York, 1977), 16-17 and mate, then by the end of the decade the two unions 198-226. BOOK REVIEWS

Young Frederick Douglass: The Maryland Years. as "a representative of his people ... in that his By Dickson J. Preston. (Baltimore and Lon- very person and life symbolized the black Amer- don: The Johns Hopkins University Press, ican inspiring respect? One may thus wonder 1980. Pp. xvii, 242. Illustrations, index. how severe was his identity crisis, or indeed if $15.00.) he had one. Slave and Citizen: The Life of Frederick Doug- More than the others. Moral Choices focuses lass. By Nathan Irvin Huggins. (Boston and on Douglass' inner life. Relying on insights from Toronto: Little, Brown, 1980, Pp. viii, 194. psychology and intellectual history. Walker ana- Bibliography, index. $9.95.) lyzes the writings of six abolitionists, among Moral Choices: Memory, Desire, and Imagination them Douglass, in an effort to determine why in Nineth-Century American Abolition. By certain people made the moral commitment to Peter F. Walker. (Baton Rouge and London: abolition. The author's principal source for Louisiana State University Press, 1978. Pp. Douglass is the several autobiographies he con- xxii, 387. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, tinued to update for nearly a half-century. index. $27.50.) Though more public than private statements, a fact on which the three authors agree. Walker Reflecting contemporary American concerns, contends that the autobiographies must be read recent scholarship has attempted to show that "with an eye for the rather inconspicuous and earlier generations of Americans, too, suffered subtle but profoundly significant changes" in from identity problems. It should therefore come the successive versions. His conclusions are pro- as no surprise that Frederick Douglass (1818- vocative: that Douglass made the commitment 1895), black reformer, orator, journalist, states- to abolition out of "his hopeless secret desire to man, was, in the words of one scholar, "deeply be white"; that the abolition experience taught troubled over his racial identity ..." What him the absurdity of trying to abandon his emerges from a reading of these books, however, blackness, thus forcing him to identify more is that Douglass was, and knew himself to be, a closely with black people; and that he was curi- black man, a Marylander, and an American, in ous if not troubled by his mixed racial origins itself sufficient cause for at least mild schizo- the rest of his long life. One may be inclined to phrenia. dismiss his generalizations as sheer speculation, How one views Douglass and others like him but Walker's probing analysis is tantalizing even depends of course largely from what premises when it is not always convincing. one starts. If one accepts as reality the American Since Young Frederick Douglass is the story people as mulatto or a racial blend, one ob- of Douglass' youth as a Maryland slave, it can viously reaches a wholly different set of conclu- be expected to shed light on the issue of Doug- sions than if one views the American people lass' self-image. To some extent it does. Engag- from the perspective of white superiority-black ingly written and a first-rate piece of historical inferiority. Some years ago, Albert Murray, in detective work, the book is local history at its his stimulating book. The Omni-Americans, best. In a sense, Preston's starting point, like said: "American culture, even in its most rigidly Walker's, is the autobiographies, and though he segregated precincts, is patently and irrevocably recognizes Douglass' memory as being remark- composite. It is, regardless of all the hysterical ably accurate he concludes that the autobiogra- protestations of those who would have it other- phies as public statement led Douglass into wise, incontestably mulatto." If this be true, is omissions and exaggerations that have left a it a case of blacks trying to be what they are not misleading impression of his experience of grow- or of claiming that which is not theirs? And if, ing up in Maryland. The author clearly knows as Huggins suggests, Americans saw themselves much about the places and people of Douglass' in process of creating the perfect society, "a time, knowledge that he puts to excellent use in Nation of Nations," then, as Douglass con- fashioning the best scholarly account yet of tended, the treatment accorded black people was Douglass' early years. indeed the supreme test of American civiliza- Preston's major contention is that Douglass tion. Why, then, would Douglass not have seen was first and last a Marylander. Indeed, Doug- his role as one of removing obstacles to the lass' self-concept was not only a Marylander but inclusion of his race within the circle of Ameri- as "an Eastern Shoreman, with all that that can nationality and himself, as Huggins asserts. name implies." And for him it implied much: his 319

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 78, No. 4, WINTER 1983 320 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE place of birth in Talbot County; his extended Preston makes it clear that within the limits family; his memories of a boyhood not at all as of an immoral and tyrannical system Douglass bad as he later claimed. Perhaps the most fas- did not fare too badly. Indeed, he was a "favored cinating because suggestive part of the book is slave," recognized by his masters as different Preston's discussion of Douglass' family back- and not to be subjected to the harsher brutalities ground. of the system. Furthermore, Douglass had the If Douglass had a well-developed sense of good fortune, thanks to kind owners, to live being rooted in time and place it was because much of his slave life in Baltimore, where his his lineage went far back into Talbot County mind could expand and his ambition soar. He history. Moreover, the clan Bailey (Douglass' thus benefitted from close contact with white first surname) was extensive, ramifying people in a variety of situations. Could such a throughout the region. Born in America, iden- background have made him desire to be white? tifying with the locality of their birth, they Preston acknowledges that Maryland blacks, looked down on the newer slaves from Africa. It slave and free, contributed to the formation of was not until the early nineteenth century, when Douglass' identity. But with few exceptions, he the Old Southwest was being opened to slavery, does not dwell on their impact. Until such rela- that seaboard slave families such as the Baileys tions are fully explored, however, no account of began to be split up and fear of being "sold the young Douglass will be more than partial. south" became an integral part of black Ameri- Nevertheless, Preston's study adds to our can experience. It was into this changing world knowledge of why the Frederick Douglass who of tradition and fear that Frederick was born. entered history as the anti-slavery reformer was It is reasonable to assume that the early pres- not the stereotypical Sambo but the articulate, ence of people like the Baileys in places like self-assertive human being portrayed in the au- Talbot County produced local cultures that were tobiographies. a racial blend. Since the culture was as much Huggins is concerned less with the private black as white, since generations of his ancestors than the public Douglass. Of the autobiogra- lay in the Maryland soil, and since his was a phies he notes that "each told the story of a close-knit, extended family of hard-working public not a private life, of a man whose story people scattered over the Talbot County coun- ought to dispel ignorance and prejudice about tryside, it is the more readily understood why blacks." Huggins thus explains Douglass' per- Douglass regarded freedom as a natural right, sonal affairs within the context of Douglass' why he viewed African colonization with loa- political beliefs and public actions. thing, and why he believed black Americans had Confronted with the well-nigh impossible more than paid in full for the citizenship for- task of covering Douglass' long life in very few mally bestowed upon them in the Civil War pages, Huggins parallels the autobiographies in Amendments. interpreting Douglass' life as a success story. Cross-cultural fertilization notwithstanding, Douglass was the quintessential American: op- Preston asserts, blacks in general emulated timistic, self-reliant, and passionately con- whites. In the final analysis, power was in cerned for the freedom of others, especially that planter hands. Is it not possible, however, that of his own despised and exploited people. He independent of slavery black Americans as a would at the same time be a model for them and whole valued personal freedom and the success their representative to the entire American peo- ethic of hard work and upward mobility which ple. "Through the story of this life," Huggins Preston finds so carefully nourished in Doug- writes, "one could glimpse human potentialities, lass? Perhaps. But Preston is concerned that and indeed human perfectibility, a testament for along with Douglass' personal qualities it not go an American faith." His life-long interest in his unnoticed that the actions of white Marylanders origins thus allowed him to renew his perspec- were crucial to the development of his character. tive on the distance he and the nation had "It is entirely to his credit," he writes, "that travelled and how far it had yet to go before it when the opportunity arose to escape from the achieved the goal of the perfect society. cesspool of slavery, he had the wit and fortitude The suggestion, whether made by whites or to take advantage of it. But it should be kept in blacks, that America was not the Negro's home mind that he had helping hands along the way, and that he should therefore emigrate to Africa and that not all of them were black." For ex- or elsewhere infuriated Douglass. That coloni- ample, Preston turns Aaron Anthony, Douglass' zation was impractical and immoral went with- first master and possibly his father, and Sophia out saying. Black people, by all the canons of Auld, Anthony's daughter, in whose house he nationality, had a legitimate right to be here and lived during his Baltimore days, into father-and a duty to remain. Moreover, in addressing him- mother figures. After all, Douglass barely re- self to the question in 1894, he thought it "per- membered his black mother and knew nothing tinent ... to ask ... where the people of this at all about his presumably white father. mixed race are to go, for their ancestors are Book Reviews 321 white and black, and it will be difficult to find Shomette offers a wide variety of scholarly yet their native land anywhere outside the United entertaining narratives of maritime disasters, States." It is questionable that the crux of his from the mundane to the spectacular, spanning concern was racial identity. Rather, it was his a period of 370 years. Contemporary newspapers association of race mixture with American na- and official documents provided the author with tionality. What was at issue was American iden- accurate sources from which he has extracted tity: the mulatto was the personification of the exciting stories of human drama and misfortune. United States as the land of social and political Following the text is a chronological index of equality, "a Nation of Nations." Douglass was over 1800 documented vessel losses in the Ches- not rejecting his race, as he was sometimes ac- apeake Bay region. cused of doing; what he was rejecting was the The book opens with an account of the first idea that black people could not be incorporated recorded vessel loss in the Chesapeake, that of into the American nation as equal members. a small vessel wrecked near Jamestown Island This is precisely what many emigrationists did in 1608. Although data from the Colonial period assume. is sparse, the author manages to assemble a Most arresting is Huggins' use of the "insider- number of interesting vignettes. The subjects outsider" concept. As a member of an outcast range from the merchant ship Needham which group, Douglass spent most of his life as an burned in 1738 to an unidentified brig which outsider, alienated from a society of which if was run aground in 1773 by a rebellious cargo reformed he yearned to be a part. In the ante- of indentured servants and convict laborers. bellum period he therefore assumed the reform- Moving into the Revolutionary War period, er's role of agitator for justice. Briefly, during the increase in available documentation is re- Reconstruction, as black people were freed and flected in the correspondingly richer detail of granted citizenship, he had begun to see himself subsequent shipwreck descriptions. Beginning as an insider, at peace finally with the country with the burning of the Peggy Stewart and Tot- of his birth. His criticism became muted, indeed ness during pre-Revolutionary turmoil in Mary- almost silent, as he took up the role of party land, the story moves to the scuttling of ships functionary. With the undoing of Reconstruc- in Lord Dunmore's fleet of 1776, then to a tion, however, came the realization that he had number of war-related sinkings, including the never really been an insider. Toward the end, he destruction of the Virginia Navy at Osborne's became again the reformer-agitator. He had al- Landing, and culminating with the loss of Lord ways wanted desperately to belong, to be a citi- Cornwallis' fleet at Yorktown in October, 1781. zen whose rights were recognized, a person Part Three, "The Age of Transition," provides whose humanity was respected. He had never an unusual change of pace as the reader is jolted known his parents, and notwithstanding his "fa- into the present time by the author's first-hand vored slave" status and his prestige among re- account of an underwater archaeological inves- formers, he came to realize (perhaps he had all tigation of the Barney Flotilla, scuttled during along) that he would remain an outsider. How- the War of 1812. Chapter 12 recounts the emer- ever, a desire to belong, to be an insider, should gency on the Bay of steam power, with the not be construed as wanting to be white. But resulting boiler explosions. One of the most in- even assuming at some stage a desire to be white, teresting stories in this section does not involve to others he would always be black. On this the a sinking at all, rather it describes the explosion three authors agree: his identification with black in 1884 of an immense naval gun, "The Peace- people increased with the years. By the end of maker," aboard the USS Princeton. his life, if not well before, as Huggins percep- The section on the Civil War begins with the tively remarks, Douglass had certainly discov- scuttling of Union vessels during the capture of ered that race was the basic factor in determin- the Gosport (Norfolk) Navy Yard on April 21, ing identity and common consciousness. 1861 which gave the South a shipbuilding facil- OTEY M. SCRUGGS ity and much-needed ships, including the par- Syracuse University tially-burned Merrimack which became the ironclad ram CSS Virginia. The loss of the Vir- ginia is described, along with other actions in- Shipwrecks on the Chesapeake. By Donald G. cluding the destruction of the USS Commodore Shomette (Centreville, Maryland: Tidewater Jones by Rebel floating mines, and leading even- Publishers, 1982. Foreword, illustrations, tually to the scuttling of the Confederate James maps, shipwreck listing, notes, bibliography, River Fleet just before the fall of Richmond. index. Pp. xii, 324. $18.50.) The last section, "The Modern Era," opens with the author preparing for a scuba dive on Books on shipwrecks too often relate only the the wreck of the steam packet New Jersey, which demise of famous and treasure-laden vessels. In burned and sank in 1870. The book ends with Shipwrecks on the Chesapeake, however, Donald an account of the accident that resulted in the 322 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

sinking of the U. S. Coast Guard Cutter Cuy- front of and behind the scenes. Particularly ahoga in 1978, an effective and poignant re- poignant is Bruce Johnson's description of He- minder that, despite modern navigational and len Alison Fraser Penniman whose involvement communications equipment, maritime disasters with the Vagabonds extended from 1917 until still occur. her death in early 1964. He says, "She was the Although this book is the most complete and theater—the visible theater. When she went, accurate shipwreck study yet published, it never- there was no one to take her place." theless contains numerous errors, an almost in- Fortunately, then, the human side of this evitable consequence of a work of this scope. most human art fills Dr. Koenig's pages. Ac- There are a number of omissions, misspellings, counts of triumphs, defeats, personality con- and incorrect entries and locations. The dates flicts, feuds, losses, and gains are side-by-side of loss are incorrect for many of the 1781 York- with facts of production, staffing, negotiations, town shipwrecks; the Vulcan and three unnamed and finances. Of great value are her interviews fire ships are mentioned in the text but not with various people from the various phases of included in the listing of documented vessel the Vagabonds including Patti Singewald, Louis losses. Although each section of the book begins Azrael, and Naomi Evans Brightfield. Inter- with a shipwreck map, the first four maps, es- spersed with hard data, the impressions of the pecially that for part one, contain serious loca- people who participated in the productions of tional errors. the Vagabonds as administrators, actors, and In spite of these shortcomings, Shipwrecks on critics round out the history, giving it color and the Chesapeake is an excellent book that will be texture. In the same manner. Dr. Koenig's set- enjoyed by amateur and professional historians ting her account within the context of the city's alike, especially those who are fascinated by the fortunes and the country's affairs gives the rich maritime history of the Chesapeake Bay. reader an appreciation of the sheer grit which JOHN D. BROADWATER so many of the Vagabonds showed in this enter- Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission prise, a grit which has been rewarded only with Research Center for Archaeology the applause at the end of each show. Unfortunately, the book suffers from a few shortcomings. First, a careful reading should have caught the egregious error of the very first The Vagabonds: America's Oldest Little Theatre. sentence of chapter 1: "In 1900 Baltimore had a By Linda Lee Koenig. (Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh population of a little over 50,000." This typo- Dickinson University Press, 1983. Illustra- graphical error casts a pall over the accuracy of tions, appendices, index. 166 pages. $22.50.) the subsequent figures, all of which are impor- tant in the presentation of the Vagabonds' for- Readers interested in drama or Baltimore will tunes. Similarly "druken" for "drunken" (p. 40) find Dr. Koenig's book The Vagabonds an inter- is annoying. esting and informative study of this Baltimore Second, the manner of organizing the mate- dramatic institution. The references to dramatic rial could well benefit from revision. For some groups in the United States of analogous size reason Dr. Koenig chooses not to follow chro- and purpose as well as the over-view of the other nological order within her chronologically or- cultural institutions which have flourished or dered chapters. In the chapter, "The Twenties," declined in Baltimore provide the reader with a for example, she discusses events which occur fine perspective against which to judge the sig- in 1922, 1928, 1924, 1925, 1924, 1922, 1921, and nificance of this little theater group. 1923, in that order, before beginning her account And the reader is convinced at the conclusion of the Vagabonds which moves from 1924,1920, of the work that the Vagabonds is indeed signif- 1921, 1923, and 1920. At that point she gives a icant. Its early days as a vehicle for experimental lengthy and interesting description of Mrs. Pen- and, therefore, commercially precarious plays niman's career with the Vagabonds. This rather has given it a permanent place in a definitive convoluted narrative method persists as the history of drama in America. Furthermore, it book progresses. has continued to schedule along with more pop- Most serious, however, are the omissions. The ular productions less frequently staged plays, Index is not exhaustive, for not every name e.g., Cocteau's The Human Voice (1980) and mentioned in the book is indexed. These omis- plays by less well-established playwrights, e.g., sions could well have been a function of external Judson Jerome's Candle in the Straw (1971). considerations; nevertheless, they compromise In her telling the story of the Vagabonds, Dr. the scholarly usefulness of the text. More harm- Koenig is, on the whole, a felicitous and inter- ful is the decision to give only selected cast lists esting writer. She identifies the major and minor in Appendix 3. Perhaps the publishing budget characters who figure in the fortunes of the did not allow the author to include all the avail- group as well as describing the moving forces in able lists. Nonetheless, their omission seriously Book Reviews 323

undermines the value of the book as a definitive found characteristic of Nebraska in this period. history. The cultural origins of legislators reveal more Despite my quarrels with certain of the au- diversity and help persuade Campbell that the thor's decisions, however, I recommend the book legislatures were democratic institutions, "rep- for anyone, amateur or scholar, who is interested resentative of the societies they served" (p. 196). in drama in the United States or curious about The cultural characteristics of each party's leg- the cultural institutions of 20th-century Balti- islators tended to reflect those of their constit- more. Dr. Koenig has obviously mined the in- uents, with Republican legislators coming pre- formation and refined the data so that the reader dominantly from core cultural groups such as is able to appreciate this valiant group. More- Yankees and Methodists and Democratic legis- over, the photographs and illustrations which lators from "ethnic outsiders" such as Catholics appear intermittently in the book add to the and Irish. graphic appeal of a very well-put-together vol- In studying policy decisions of these legisla- ume. The publisher deserves credit for the at- tors, Campbell focuses on the contested legisla- tractiveness of the book. tive issues, selecting 1105 roll calls on the basis CAROL NEVIN ABROMAITIS of their reaching a threshold level of voting Loyola College conflict. He groups the roll calls into five general policy categories: Community Mores, Com- merce, Fiscal Policy, Government, and Public Services. By analyzing these data through a Representative Democracy: Public Policy and Midwestern Legislatures in the Late Nine- variety of sophisticated quantitative techniques, Campbell dismisses several traditional notions teenth Century. By Ballard C. Campbell. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980. of late nineteenth century politics—that politi- Pp. xi, 260. $20.00.) cians avoided substantive issues, that the major parties were virtually identical except for rhet- In 1976, in an important article disguised as oric, and that "bosses" dominated legislative a review essay in Historical Methods Newsletter, policymaking. Ballard Campbell called attention to American Campbell's work rests on extensive reading state legislatures as a neglected historical re- in the social sciences. His major thesis reflects source. Just as importantly, he carefully outlined in particular his utilization of policy dimension the research designs and methodological ap- theory, which maintains that issue content af- proaches appropriate to utilizing that resource fects legislative voting behavior and that the for exploring a variety of historical questions. relevance of potential determinants of decision- Now, after a number of interim articles, Camp- making varies according to the policy issue con- bell has produced a major study implementing sidered. Thus Campbell constructs a sophisti- his own suggestions. Representative Democracy cated and complex model of legislative behavior is a significant achievement, well worth the wait. incorporating party, personal, constituent, eco- Campbell has several objectives. He wants to nomic, and cultural factors. Party proved to be emphasize the primacy of state legislatures in the most important policy determinant, partic- the nineteenth century polity and the impor- ularly in the category of Community Mores, tance of policy in the governmental process, which included legislation on liquor, school pol- topics that historians have overlooked in their icy, and social behavior. Party was also the concentration on national politics and popular primary influence in shaping voting alignments voting behavior. To accomplish this, Campbell over issues of Government and Elections, but investigates legislative behavior in Illinois, Iowa, was not particularly important in the categories and Wisconsin from 1886 to 1895. He does not reflecting commercial and financial legislation. claim that those states are necessarily repre- Indeed, voting on those issues did not follow any sentative, but his careful specification of meth- consistent alignment. Voting cleavages along odology and emphasis on legislative policymak- ethnic, urban-rural, regional, and occupational ing as a complex process reflecting a variety of lines did occur at times, but these factors were influences suggest that his findings have a wider not major and consistent determinants of voting applicability than the upper Midwest. decisions. In short, the voting behavior of Mid- Campbell begins by examining the process of western legislators "was the product of a diver- electing representatives to the legislatures, con- sity of factors.... Their responses reveal a pro- cluding (with other "new political historians") cess of decision-making in which numerous ref- that ethnic voting and partisan continuity were erences circulated and shaped voting outcomes. the major political features of voting behavior. The fluctuation of these voting alignments was The typical representative was a middle-aged tied closely to the subject matter under review" white male with no previous legislative experi- (p. 197). ence—an indication of the "amateur" nature of There are few weaknesses in this excellent state politics that Robert Cherny also recently study. Despite a methodological appendix, some 324 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE readers will wish for greater clarity in explana- the rewards while tenants and small farmers got tions of what Campbell's data manipulations little help and unionism was thwarted. Thus, involved (and did not involve). Some of his too, as other examples, relief, reform, and public defenses of the political system are rather works programs were resisted by conservative strained, such as dismissing as unrealistic any business and rural forces and weakened by pen- criticism of parties for not developing integrated urious and conservative state government. Nor policy positions. And because of his insistence did North Carolina politics, which at once re- upon the reality of representative democracy, flected and helped produce the limited impact one regrets he did not exploit the full potential of the New Deal, undergo much change. There of the singular Illinois cumulative voting system. was no "Little New Deal" in North Carolina, for And, as always, there are small errors, such as frugal and conservative governors and legisla- the consistent misspelling of the name of Iowa tors, attuned to the established economic and Governor Horace Boies. political power structure and imbued with the But these are minor complaints. Representa- state's traditional "conservative, business-ori- tive Democracy is an impressive book, reflecting ented ideology" of limited government, pre- exhaustive research and innovative methodol- vented any substantial change in state govern- ogy. It is mandatory reading for all interested in ment. North Carolina's two U.S. senators American political history. claimed to support the New Deal until they were PETER H. ARGERSINGER safely reelected in 1936 and 1938—and then University of Maryland Baltimore County became part (and in the case of Josiah W. Bai- ley, a leader) of the anti-New Deal conservative coalition in the Senate. Tar Heel congressmen North Carolina and the New Deal. By Anthony more enthusiastically supported the New Deal J. Badger. (Raleigh, NC: North Carolina De- in FDR's first term, but even their support partment of Cultural Resources, 1981. Pp. xiv, waned in the second. Such political patterns 102. $3.00, paper.) revealed not only the limits of the New Deal's impact, including its inability "to bring new North Carolina and the New Deal, part of the voices—the disfranchised and dispossessed pamphlet series of the North Carolina Division [blacks and poor whites]—into the politics of of Archives and History, is a solid and useful the state" but also the limits Badger finds in an brief study. Taking as his central theme the "agrarian liberalism" concerned about benefits "ambiguity" that marked the New Deal's impact for its chief constituents and increasingly wary on North Carolina, Anthony J. Badger seeks to and worried about New Deal urban liberalism. describe and explain the state's ambiguous com- Persisting beyond the 1930s, such patterns and bination of new departures and old patterns in ideas and the state's traditional hierarchical and the 1930s. As he makes clear, the New Deal in deferential class, racial, and political structure greatly increasing the role of the federal govern- also belied North Carolina's image as a progres- ment had major effects on North Carolina and sive bastion in the South. her people: New Deal programs, for example, The story that Badger tells, though consist- brought controls and long-term prosperity to ently informative and interesting, is for the most North Carolina tobacco, regulation and help to part neither new nor surprising. His findings are the textile industry, direct relief and work relief based partly on his own excellent book. Pros- to hundreds of thousands of needy citizens. So- perity Road; The New Deal, Tobacco, and North cial Security, and a variety of works projects, Carolina, partly on other studies of North Car- including rural electrification. As a result of olina in the era. His analysis of the limits of and those and other measures. Franklin D. Roosevelt on the New Deal largely reconfirm a variety of and the New Deal won great apparent political recent examinations of the New Deal and of support among the state's people. sundry states and localities in the 1930s. Nor is Yet despite all that. Badger maintains, "the the pamphlet without shortcomings. Its una- New Deal left the basic economic, social, and voidable brevity and reliance on the evidently political structure of the state largely un- uneven secondary material mean that some im- touched." Partly that was because of the priori- portant matters are treated superficially or in- ties and limits of the New Deal itself, but it was conclusively. Contemporary photographs and largely, he argues, because local vested interests, political cartoons nicely supplement the text and public officials, and old ideas and practices con- give a flavor of the times, but many of the stantly deflected and diluted New Deal efforts. photographs are simply too small. Some readers Thus the New Deal's emphasis on recovery and will lament the absence of footnotes (though its dependence on local cooperation and admin- there is a good, short bibliography) and of an istration left the agricultural and industrial re- index. covery programs primarily in the hands of es- But the strengths of this little book should be tablished farmers and businessmen, who reaped emphasized. It is an able, nicely-written, and Book Reviews 325 rewarding account of the New Deal in North the New Deal and patterns elsewhere as well. It Carolina, one that admirably achieves the aims also further whets the appetite for new studies of the pamphlet series. At convenient length and of Maryland's people, politics, and public policy small cost, Badger's study synthesizes the exist- in the Roosevelt years. ing literature, focuses on and illuminates crucial issues and developments, and in the bargain JOHN W. JEFFRIES sheds light not just on North Carolina but on University of Maryland Baltimore County Tavern and Ordinary Licenses in Baltimore County, Maryland, 1755-1763

LILLIAN BAYLY MARKS

LS EARLY AS 1662 MARYLAND'S quarterly at Joppa Town, was authorized colonial Legislature recognized the need for to "grant Lycenses to such persons of good inns or places of public accommodation for repute to be Ordinary Keepers or Innhold- travelers by passing an Act for the encour- ers for the ease and convenience of Inhab- agement of "victualling houses" or "ordi- itants, Travelers and Strangers."3 Annually naries."1 Providing lodging as well as food at the August Court session licenses were and drink, taverns and ordinaries catered issued to qualified applicants to "keep an not only to wayfarers but to local inhabit- Ordinary or Publick House of Entertain- ants seeking sustenance and conviviality. ment until August next."4 The fee for the Such establishments were of particular im- year was £ 3.10.0. All licenses expired in portance at the seat of government and in August but could be obtained at any quart- localities where the county courts met. erly session and prorated. Originally there From time to time additional legislation were several classes of licenses, "Ordinary," was enacted and taverns flourished. By "Tavern" and "Publick House," but after 1735 they were numerous and it was 1760 only the first classification was used. deemed necessary to establish guidelines The Court was also empowered to establish for their regulation. Accordingly in April of tariffs to be charged for food, drink and that year "An Act Concerning Ordinaries lodging. At the August Court session tavern and for the better Regulation of Innholders keepers' rates were "settled" and a schedule and Ordinary Keepers" was passed by the drawn up that was required to be posted Legislature.2 The Act created a system of prominently in all ordinaries.5 licensing and set standards affecting all There were fines for violations of the law, phases of innkeeping: physical, financial and to insure that such fines would be paid, and ethical. It prescribed the number of each license holder was required to furnish beds for certain taverns—those in county two guarantors or "securities" liable in the seats to provide no less than four beds with amount of £ 40 each. The names of securi- warm covering, those in Annapolis, six. ties were entered in the Court Minutes with Spare beds were stipulated as well as suit- the names of the licensees. Minute Book able stabling and provender for a specified Liber BB, 1755 to 1762 (and including number of horses. Limits were set on rates 1763), has the most complete consecutive to be charged and on the amount of credit record of tavern keepers and their securi- to be extended. Maintenance of an orderly ties. house was obligatory. No food or drink Over the nine year record covered by the could be sold without a license under strict Minute Book the number of licenses dou- penalty of law. bled from twenty in 1755 to forty-one in Responsibility for carrying out the many 1763. Several ordinary keepers held licen- provisions of the Act was placed on the ses for all or most of the period, indicating county courts. In accordance with the law property ownership; others had licenses for the Baltimore County Court, which met short terms and were probably renters. Li- censes were sometimes in the hands of one Mrs. Marks, a resident of Catonsville, Md., is the family for an extended period as the tavern author of Reister's Desire. passed from member to member.6 Judging 326 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 78, No. 4, WINTER 1983 Tavern and Ordinary Licenses 327 by surnames, fourteen percent of the licen- the name of the tavern rather than that of ses were held by Germans, most of whom the owner may appear in records of its were in Baltimore Town. Women com- location. prised eleven percent of the license holders. Some tavern keepers or their securities All but three of these were found to be were prominent enough to be mentioned in widows, the majority of whom succeeded print. Names of others appear on early their husbands.7 settlers lists or in tax records, which are An analysis of the names of securities arranged geographically.14 The locality in shows that many had the same surnames which the license holder resided may be as license holders, suggesting family rela- surmised from these records; presumably tionships. Other securities were constables, the tavern was in the same locality. justices, overseers of the roads and promi- A chronological tabulation of licenses is- nent members of the community. Justices, sued during the period discussed follows. though a small percentage of the securities, Notations from the Court Minute Book as were the most frequently called upon, well as original spelling have been retained. sometimes guaranteeing several persons in The author's comments are in brackets. a given year.8 A larger number, or twelve Also following is a guide to areas where percent, of the securities were constables. license holders might possibly be found, Two securities held tavern licenses and also and a list of known tavern locations of the operated ferries, an occupation tradition- period. 9 ally associated with tavern keeping. The 15 largest group, or more than a third of the AREA GUIDE securities, were overseers of the roads, a B Baltimore Town, comprising Deptford quarter of whom at times held tavern licen- and Baltimore East and West Hundreds. ses.10 C Central section of county north of pres- A close bond of friendship existed among ent Baltimore city line, comprising Back the tavern and ordinary keepers, who fre- River Upper and Middle River Upper quently served as securities for each other.11 Hundreds. More than thirty percent were guarantors E Eastern section of county between Mid- for other licensees. There was also inter- dle and Bird Rivers, comprising Middle marriage among their families. One quarter River Lower Hundred. of the marriage records for all license hold- G Area of county bordered by Harford ers were found; in sixteen cases the sur- County on east, comprising Mine Run names of spouses were the same as those of and Gunpowder Upper Hundreds. other tavern keepers.12 H Harford County, comprising Spesutia, As addresses were not included in the Susquehanna, Deer Creek and Gunpow- Court Minutes, the residences of license der Lower Hundreds, originally in Bal- holders are not known. In only three in- timore County. stances were clues given as to the area in J Joppa Town and vicinity, including which the tavern keeper could be found.13 Bush and Gunpowder River areas, now Inns and taverns were located principally Harford County. in Baltimore and Joppa Towns and in the M Present Baltimore city west of Jones more densely populated section of the Falls, and southwestern Baltimore county. Owners, however, did not always County, comprising Middlesex and Pa- live at their places of business; in Baltimore tapsco Upper Hundreds. and particularly in Joppa Town, owners N Northwestern section of county, com- often resided some distance from their es- prising North and Pipe Creek Hundreds, tablishments. Even when a tavern keeper part of the former and the major part of was also a road overseer it is not possible the latter now Carroll County. to pin-point his tavern's exact location, for S Present Baltimore city east of Jones although a resident of the general vicinity, Falls, and southeastern part of county he was not always assigned to his own road. west of Middle River, comprising Patap- Over the years taverns changed hands or sco Lower and Back River Lower were leased by their owners. Consequently Hundreds. DO TAVERN AND ORDINARY LICENSES IN BALTIMORE COUNTY, MARYLAND, 1755-1763 to 00 Key: 0 Ordinary P Publick House T Tavern * License issued for portion of year ending in August. ** License holder prior to 1755. Capital letter following name is code for Area Guide following. Numerals in year columns are code numbers of Securities on List of Securities following.

Licensee 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 Philip Addleman [Idleman]** - - - T237 0 34 - - - - N 130 223 2 > John Algier - - — - - - — O140 - 9 M 182 «< James Allen** P71 - Pll P29a Oil - - - - > H 85 67 26 12 z Abraham Andrew - - - - *T94 — - - *0 239 D E 10 10 — — — — 0 94 — — 10 5 ~ H 10 0 William Andrew** P94 — — P94 0 177 0 234 0 94 0 94 — X o E 0 239 119 94 166 239 > Mary Andrews - P239 ------r E 94 *-? William Ashmore ------*0 89 > H 70 o Abraham Ayers, Jr. - P22 - - - - - > H 129 z James Barnes — — — T191 — — — — — K H 229 Daniel Barnet** P94 P136 P105 P201 0 92 0 92 0 92 0 183 0 197 B 98 92 92 144 136 136 136 164 84 William Barney ------— - 0 83 M 78 William Barney, Sr. ------0 13 - - M 156 James Barrance - - _ TNone - — — - - U Listed Robert Bishop** - — *0 219 ------J 108 P98 - 0 219 P219 0 219 0 219 0 40 0 219 0 96 10 108 111 150 94 219 111 97 Peter Bond - - - 0 63 0 66 0 153 W 19 109 166 Thomas Bond** - P75 0 191 0 38 0 166 - (Ptpsco.) W 171 166 166 130 William Bond *O10 - - - - - J 45 0 45 - - — - - 170 Nicholas Brittain - - - - - O 172 E 38 John Buck** - - - - *T78 - E 177 P213 P213 P 127 - 0 15 0 212 0 211 0 96 0 96 65 125 222 124 69 78 177 124 Absolom Butler ------O 153 O 186 M 166 37 Susannah Butler** - - T 53 T 53 0 171 O 166 O 130 - "" i M 171 202 166 130 166 3 James Gary P 239 P 105 P 61 P191 0 98 O 191 O 94 B B 105 64 105 94 191 166 130 g^ Jeremiah Chance ------0 205 O 215 Q G 172 172 3 Roderick Gheynie** P 219 P 64 O 105 T191 0 187 0 98 O 236 O 183 O 219 a. G 98 94 159 202 202 177 115 164 96 a3' Thomas Glendening - - - -*T78-- B 197 James Greswell - - - - _ _ _ - *0 173 n H 145 Samuel Greswell - - - - ___ -0 226 H 208 Rachell Gruitt — — — 0 33 H 239 Robert Gruitt — — 0 239 — H 166 Thomas Davis** — — — 0197 E 30 Samuel Day — *0 83 — — J 120 - 0 24 - -

William Denton - - 0 10 - E 95 Nicholas Dorsey TT62 62 - - - GO W 130 fg TABLE—CONTINUED co o Key; 0 Ordinary P Publick House T Tavern * License issued for portion of year ending in August. ** License holder prior to 1755. Capital letter following name is code for Area Guide following. Numerals in year columns are code numbers of Securities on List of Securities following.

Licensee 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763

Valerous Ducard** P224 B 198 > Thomas Durbin — — — — 0 20 — - *0 100 to J 106 178 «< c- Abraham Ensor — P87 — — — — — — > S 227 z Lewis Evans — — — — — 0 128 — — D J 52 Amos Fogg -*P98*P98 - - ___- - - _- _-- B 206 O - P197 P 197 T202 0 136 0 136 0 136 0 197 - 50 158 18 13 18 13 209 87 > John French - — — — — — — 03 0 239 r B 98 176 Edward Fry — •P98 — — — — > B 142 O Job Garrettson - - - - ___ -0 21> B William Gist - 0 56 O0 118 003 3 § W 55 80 93 John Gittiner - O209 0 182 0 182 N 239 204 165 Harman Greathouse — — — *0 194 W 102 - - - - O220 4 Luke Griffith - P None _ H Listed George Haile** 0 66 0 59 0 110 C 17 41 88 Eliza Hammond (Widow of Capt. 0 56 - - Thomas) B 55 David Harvey - 0 215 H 172 Darby Henly 0 157 B 59 William Hoffman 0 183 W 182 Jacob Hooke *T42 M 91 _ Samuel Howell 0 164 H 177 William Huffman 0 18 - U 38 Hannah Hughes** '•P94 B 98 John Hughs *P 134 H 121 Philip Jackson - - - 0 10 - c H 26 re Henry James T10 O200 0 238 0 26 0 119 0 94 3 J 124 232 134 188 230 239 a Mary Jarrett** - - - — *0 224 - 1 B 175 - 0 183 137 | Catherine Jennings P 224 - - - - B 198 •1 John Keen T132 0 132 - - - - t- H 237 237 §' Malacah Keener - - - O209 0 140 0 161 g B 56 161 140 re James Kelsey - - - - 0 105 - [Kelso?] B 98 James Kelso — — — — — 04 B 44 — Joseph Langdon — — — T92 0 195 — — S 136 228 Valentine Larsh** P224 P18 P18 TNone 0 92 0 92 0 92 - - B 198 116 58 Listed 18 18 133 George Levely — — — — — — — 0 182 B 101 William Levely — - — — — — — 0 139 — B 161 Alexander McComas (Son of Jn. *T79 J 233 0 193 0 179 151 193 TABLE—CONTINUED w Key: O Ordinary P Publick House T Tavern * License issued for portion of year ending in August. ** License holder prior to 1755. Capital letter following name is code for Area Guide following. Numerals in year columns are code numbers of Securities on List of Securities following.

Licensee 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763

Thomas Miller 0 73 Oil 0 217 Oil H 36 31 68 235 Henry Balsher Myer O140 O 140 > B 133 133 •< r John Norris (Son of Ben.) *T25 > J 27 2 T 119 0 163 D 164 Caroline Orrick 05 O 169 H B 98 6 o John Orrick *T 144 £ B 98 0 144 0 144 0 155 > 143 98 166 James Osborn 0 29a H 50 > Robert Patterson 0 128 > H 149 William Payne *P229 s B 141 P229 T224 0 162 O190 0 56 0 229 0 3 158 114 32 98 55 13 202 Reubin Perkins T36 0 36 H 174 180 Joseph Poulson O90 J 86 Elizabeth Price P142 O220 0 34 0 149 S 53 104 35 49 Christopher Randall *0 166 w 181 0 166 29 John Reister ------0 28 0 231 O 138 W 225 194 101 James Richardson (Taylor) - - - -0 167-- - - H 57 Stephen Rigdon *P 185 - - - _ _ _ H 218 Aaron Riley - - - -*T24-- H 22 Isaac Risteau P10 - P 39 0 83 0 23 J 23 144 16 196 Daniel Robinson *P112 - - - ___ H 168 P99 P97 - P2 ___ 112 184 148 Susannah Robinson - - - -0 2210 82- - -^ H 97 97 | Hance Rudolph - - - - ___ -0 83^ B 78 a Richard Ruff* PU - - - ___ _ _3 H 146 O, Thomas Saunders — — — 0 198 O J 152 &; Jacob Schartell T 86 0 7 g J 160 123 Christopher Sewell — — — — — 0 29 0 72 W 50 76 — — Adam Shake - - - - —---0 — — 0 182 ~— i N 231 fg James Silver - - -_ TT239 239 OO200 200 -— -— - _— ^ G 207 135 Mary Simm — — 0 162 0 13 — B 18 18 William Sim — P 105 T162 - — - - - B 192 126 Josias Slade** P 47 *0 16 T156 0 23 - 0 10 0 51 - G 134 120 16 187 237 59 Matthew Smiser — — — — — 0 94 — H 239 John Smith (Gwins Falls) — *T144 — — — — — W 29 — T60 0 9 — — — — 144 117 John Smith — — — — 0 231 — — 14 _TABLE—CONTINUED . ^9i Key: O Ordinary P Publick House T Tavern * License issued for portion of year ending in August. ** License holder prior to 1755. Capital letter following name is code for Area Guide following. Numerals in year columns are code numbers of Securities on List of Securities following.

Licensee 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763

Thomas Smith ------0 173 O 173 H 210 122 2 Mary Stansbury ___- — — — __0— — 0 197->197 — B 87 >< Hannah Starkey — - *0 45 ------^ G 30 Z — — — — — P45 — — — o 124 William Stevenson — — _ - — - - 0 97 0 239 55 H 239 107 H O George Stewart ------01 0 219 H 112a 111 n Andrew Stigar P144 P105 0 191 ------> B 214 61 98 r Joseph Sutton — — - - - — — 0 21 0 21 E - 187 > Christr. Sytlemire** P113 - — ------> B 198 _ _ — — - - - 5 Mary Sytlemire 0 98 0 92 re B 18 136 Sebastian Sytlemire - P98 P142 P98 0 98 - - - - B 61 98 142 202 John Taylor** (Joppa) P229 - *0 147 0 158 - 0 46 - 0 38 - J 205 81 30 188 8 Peter Tivis ------O130 W 142 Thomas Tredaway** P74 - P98 P147 0 97 0 77 0111 - - J 112 199 2 150 43 130 John Vanclief - - - — - - - - 0 154 H 185 Richard Wagstaff - — ------0 197 B 209 Joseph Wallace O 197 B 87 Henry Warren 0 182 U 103 Abraham Wayne 0 83 B 187 Edward Wiggens 0 173 H 217 Henry Worrel 0 182 W 194 James Yoe O 187 0 120 0 48 0 26 0 196 O203 G 30 54 189 92 216 John Young** T131 0 132 0 234 O10 i 132 131 94 130 Rebecca Young 0 239 0 94 5 J 94 239 s 3 a 5. a. a3'

IS 336 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

LIST OF SECURITIES

Key: c = Constable d = Delegate to Maryland Legislature j = Justice o = Overseer of the Roads t = Tavern Keeper Capital letter before name is code to Area Guide. Number before name is code to tabulation of Tavern and Ordinary Licenses.

0 U Walter 1 B Robert Adair, j 55 B Christopher Carnan 2 G Thomas Ailer 56 B John Carnan 3 B William Aisquith, j 57 •I Js. Carroll 4 B Mark Alexander 58 B James Gary, o & t 5 B R. Alexander 59 G Jeremiah Chance, t 6 B Robert Alexander SO W Robert Chapman, c 7 H Joseph Allen 61 B Richard Chase 8 J Joshua Amos 62 C Arthur Chenowith 9 •J Thomas Amos 63 N John Chilcoat 10 K William Andrew, o & t 64 J Charles Christie [Sheriff] 11 H Thomas Archer, c & o 65 .) John Clark 12 H Jas. Armstrong 66 C Thomas Cockey, c 13 B William Askew 67 H John M. Cook, o 14 S Enoch Baily, c 68 H Robert Cook 16 E Thomas Bailey 69 E Stephen Cottrell 16 G Charles Baker, o 70 J Gilbert Crocker [Crockett?] 17 G George Ball 71 J Gilbert Crockett 18 B Daniel Barnet, t 72 W Robert Cross 19 M William Barney, t 73 H Benj. Culver 20 H William Barton 74 J William Dallam [Ex-Sheriff] 21 M William Bell 75 U William Dandy 22 H William Bennett, o 76 w Richard Davis, c & o 23 •J Robert Bishop, o & t 77 s Robert Davis 24 J James Bisset 78 i Edward Day, o 25 J Jacob Bond, o 79 H John Deavor 26 J John Bond, o 80 W William Demmitt 27 J Joshua Bond, o 81 G Christ' Diver 28 W Peter Bond, t 82 J Greenberry Dorsey, Jr. 29 W Thomas Bond, Patapsco, t 83 J John Hammond Dorsey, d 29a J Thomas Bond, o 84 B William Dunlap 30 J William Bond, t 85 J Thomas Durbin, o & t 31 H Barnet Boner [Bonae] 86 J James Elliott 32 B Js. Bonfield, c 87 S Joseph Ensor 33 J Beale Bordley [County Clerk] 88 S Job Evans, o 34 B John Boring, o 89 H Menusuch Finney 36 c John Bosley, c & o 90 U Robert Fleming 36 H George Botts, o 91 u Inglehart Flowery 37 S Josias Bowen, c & o 92 B Amos Fogg, t 38 s Nathan Bowen 93 W John Ford, c 39 B Roger Boyce, (Sheriff], j 94 G Thomas Franklin [Major], j 40 B William Boyce 95 E Absolom Galloway 41 E Nicholas Brittain, t 96 E Moses Galloway 42 B Geo. Fred. Brown 97 H Amos Garrett 43 B L. Buchanan, d 98 B N. Ruxton Gay, j 44 B William Buchanan, o 99 H Jacob Giles, o 45 E John Buck, o & t 100 H Nathaniel Giles 46 J Abraham Bull, o 101 N John Gittiner [Gittinger], t 47 J Samuel Bull 102 W Adam Goose, o

48 •) William Bull 103 c Charles Gorsuch, c 49 U John Busey [or Basey] 104 c Anthony Gott 50 H Thomas Bush 105 B William Govane, d 51 H Thomas Bushe [Bush?] 106 H Ephraim Cover 52 G Jesse Bussey, c 107 H Philip Cover, o 53 M Absolom Butler, o & t 108 H Luke Griffith, o & t 54 3 Peter Carlisle, c 109 c George Haile, t Tavern and Ordinary Licenses 337

no C George Haile, Jr. 175 B George Pickett 111 J Aquilla Hall, j 176 B Jonathan Plowman, c & o 112 H John Hall, Spesutia, c & j 177 J Geo. Goldsmith Presbury, o 112a H John Hall, Cranberry, o 178 H James Pritchard, c 113 B George Hartman 179 H Samuel Pritchard 114 U George Hayes 180 H Js. Pritchett [Pritchard?] 115 B James Heath, d 181 W William Randall 116 B Samuel Hoak 182 W John Reister, o & t 117 G Thomas Holland 183 M James Richards 118 W Charles Howard 184 H Nathan Rigbie 119 H John Howard 185 H William Rigdon 120 J John Greniff Howard, c 186 C George Risteau, o 121 H Nathan Hughes 187 G Isaac Risteau, o & t 122 S William Hughes 188 H John Roberts, c 123 J John Hughston 189 H William Robinson 124 H Benj. Ingram 190 B Justice Rogers [probl. Benj.] 125 H Francis Ingram 191 B William Rogers, j 126 G William Isgrig 192 M Richard Rutter 127 J Henry James, o & t 193 J Thomas Saunders, t 128 J Abraham Jarrett, o 194 N Adam Shake, t 129 H William Jenkins 195 G James Silver, o & t 130 N Jeremiah Johnson, c 196 G Josias Slade, t 131 H John Keen 197 B Thomas Sligh 132 H Pollard Keene, o 198 B John Sly, c 133 B Malacah [Nelchior] Keener, t 199 H John Smith 134 J William Kitely, o 200 J Joseph Smith, o 135 S Joseph Langdon, t 201 S Heigh Sollers, o 136 B Valentine Larsh, o & t 202 S Thomas Sollers, c 137 B Jacob Leaf 203 G Archibald Standifor, c 138 B George Levely 204 G Richard Standifor 139 B Jacob Levely 205 H William Standiford 140 B William Levely 206 S Tobias Stansbury 141 B Edward Lewis, o 207 G Jonathan Starkey, o 142 B William Lux, o 208 B James Steward 143 B William Lux, Sr. 209 B Andrew Stigar, t 144 B William Lyon [Dr.], j 210 H Henry Stump, o 145 J Alexr McComas, o 211 E Christ' Sutton, o 146 J Alex' McComas son of Alex. 212 E Stephen Sutton 147 J Daniel McComas son of Wm. 213 H Birch [Burch] Swan 148 H John McCool 214 B Christ' Sytlemire, t 149 H Michael McGuire 215 H Edmund Talbot, o 150 J John Mathews, j & o 216 G Charles Taylor, c 151 B J. Mayes 217 H Michael Taylor 152 B James Mayes 218 H John Thomas 153 M Samuel Merryman, c & o 219 G Walter Tolley, d, j & o 154 H Thomas Miller, o & t 220 C William Towson 155 B John Moale, o 221 J Thomas Treadaway, o & t 156 G James Moore 222 B Luke Trotten 157 J James Moore, Jr. 223 N Christ" Vaughn 158 B John Moore 224 B Thomas Ward, c 159 G Js. Moore 225 U Henry Warren, t 160 H John Morris 226 J Isaac Webster, o 161 B Henry Balsar Myer, t 227 B Robert Wilkenson 162 B William Nicholson 228 U John Williams 163 J Thomas Norris 229 C John Wilmot, o 164 H James Osborn, c, o & t 230 H John Wilson, o 165 U Francis Ottlesburg 231 W Henry Worral, t 166 W Samuel Owings, d 232 c Samuel Worthington, o 167 J John Paca, d 233 J Henry Worthral [Wetherall], c & o 168 J John Paca, Jr. 234 G Justice Young, j 169 J William Paca 235 H Alex. Young 170 E John Parkes, c 236 J Benj. Young [Col.], o 171 B Dab. Buckler Partridge [Dr.], c 237 J John Young, o & t 172 H Robert Patterson, o & t 238 J Samuel Young 173 H Reuben Perkins, o & t 239 G William Young [Sheriff], j & 174 H William Perkins 338 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Tavern keepers who also held appointed town Road was then considerably east of offices during the period but who were not its present location.21 Securities for other licensees: John Gittiner's [Gittinger's] Tavern: In Overseers of the Roads Constables 1761 John "Kittinger" patented a tract H William Ashmore E Thomas Davis of land "Kittinger's Tavern" on the "east W Nicholas Dorsey side of a waggon road from Baltimore J John Hughs Town to Connewangoe." By modern ref- H Philip Jackson erence this would be the east side of the J John Taylor Hanover Road, between Hampstead and W Western part of county, comprising Sol- Manchester, now Carroll County. In 1772 diers Delight and Delaware Hundreds, he sold the tract to Peter Fowble who 22 the latter now Carroll County. later operated a tavern in the area. U Undetermined—name not found in any George Haile's Tavern: On the main road reference or two individuals found with to Baltimore Town [York Road] just same or similar name. south of the Court Road [ Joppa Road] in the heart of Towson. A tavern owned by KNOWN LOCATIONS OF TAVERNS the Towson family was later located at OPERATED BY LICENSE HOLDERS, this approximate location.23 1755-1763 Malacah [Melchior] Keener's Inn: The John Algier's [Algire's]: At junction of the "Wheatfield Inn" in Baltimore Town, a Conewago [Reisterstown] Road and the forerunner of the "Howard House" on Garrison Road [Seven Mile Lane]. This Howard Street near Fayette.24 was undoubtedly the successor of a tav- Valentine Larsh's Inn: On southwest cor- ern operated by Thomas Bond, who sold ner of Baltimore and Gay Streets in Bal- part of his tract "Bond's Garrison" to timore Town.25 John Algier in 1757. Beam's Tavern, John Payne's Tavern: Corner of Calvert shown on Griffith's map of 1794, was at and Mercer [Bank] Streets in Baltimore that approximate location. This was later Town.26 the site of the Seven Mile House.16 John Reister's Inn: On west side of the Thomas Bond's Tavern: See Algier's above. Conewago [Reisterstown] Road at Cock- In 1743 Thomas Bond held a tavern li- eys Mill Road in Reisterstown.27 cense and owned considerable land south Josias Slade's Tavern: Ten miles north of of what is now Pikesville.17 Towson, south of St. James' Church, at Butler's Tavern: On east side of the Garri- intersection of Old York Road and son [Reisterstown] Road, approximately Manor Road.28 half a mile north of present Rogers Ave- Young's Tavern: One mile north of Joppa nue. The road was then an eighth of a Town on east side of Philadelphia Road, mile further to the east. After Henry now Route No. 7.29

Butler's death in 1746 the tavern was :M1 operated by his widow, Susanna, and TAVERN KEEPERS RATES: 1758 later by his son Absalom.18 Hott meal of Roast or boiled with £0.1.0 John Buck's Tavern: Nine miles northeast small Beer or Cyder of Baltimore Town on west side of Phil- A Cold Ditto with Ditto 0.1.0 adelphia Road, now Route No. 7.19 Good Lodgings with Clean Sheets 0.0.6 Amos Fogg's Inns: One, the "Indian for night Queen," on the corner of Market [Balti- Port Wine pr. Quart 0.4.0 more] and Hanover Streets, and the Wired Beer from London or Bris- 0.1.6 other, the "White Horse," at Front and tol pr. Quart Low Streets in Baltimore Town.20 Cask Beer pr. Quart 0.0.9 William Gist's Tavern: Twelve miles north- Cyder pr. Quart 0.0.4 west of Baltimore Town on west side of Punch made with good Rum or 0.1.0 the Conewago [Reisterstown] Road, Spirits with loaf Sugar pr. about half a mile north of St. Thomas' Quart Church of Garrison Forest. The Reisters- Country Brandy pr. Gill 0.0.3 Tavern and Ordinary Licenses 339

French Ditto pr. Gill 0.0.9 who did not herself hold a license, had as a second Rum pr. Gill 0.0.6 husband, James Richardson, a licensee. 8. Justice N. Ruxton Gay, for example, in 1756 and Rum pr. Quart 0.2.6 in 1757 was security for four different individuals, Madeira Wine pr. Quart 0.4.0 as was Justice William Young in 1761 and 1763. Fial or other Low Wines pr. 0.2.6 9. William Andrew and James Silver operated ferries Quart in the Gunpowder River area. 10. Baltimore County Court Minutes, op. ci'f., contains Claret pr. Bottle 0.4.0 names of overseers of the roads, justices, con- Corn or Oats pr. Peck 0.1.0 stables, ferry keepers, sheriffs and medical officers Pasturage for Horse for Night or 0.0.6 appointed during the nine year period. Day or twenty four hours 11. For example, John Reister, a tavern keeper in Stablage with good Clover or 0.1.0 Reisterstown and an overseer of the roads, in a three year period was guarantor for eight other Timothy Hay pr. Night or tavern keepers. Day or twenty four hours 12. Barnes, op. cit., pages 4, 15-16, 44, 63, 92(3), 96, Ditto with Corn fodder or 0.0.6 132-33, 138, 142, 150, 170, 176. Marsh Hay pr. Day or Night 13. To distinguish them from persons with identical names, the word "Joppa" followed the name of or twenty four hours John Taylor, and to the names of Thomas Bond and John Smith were appended the words "Patap- REFERENCES sco" and "Gwins Falls," designating the western 1. William H. Browne, ed., Archives of Maryland section of the county in which they both lived. (Baltimore, 1883- ), 1:447-48. 14. Richard J. Cox, "A Preliminary List of Early 2. Laws of Maryland, Liber BLC, 1731-1752, folios Baltimoreans, 1729-1776," Maryland Genealogical 124-28, Maryland Hall of Records, Annapolis, Society Bulletin, 21, No. 2 (Spring, 1980); 114-38 hereinafter cited as HR. and No. 3 (Summer, 1980): 220-36; J. Thomas 3. Ibid., folio 124. Scharf, Chronicles of Baltimore (Baltimore: Trun- 4. Baltimore County Court Proceedings, Liber BB bull Bros., 1874), pages 39-47, 49-53, 56, 160; J. No. A, 1754, folio 16, HR. Thomas Scharf, History of Baltimore City and 5. Laws of Maryland, op. cit.; Baltimore County County, 2 Vols. (1881; reprint, Baltimore: Re- Court Minutes (Rough), Liber BB, 1754-1762, gional Publishing Company, 1971), I: 44-47, 50, August Court Sessions, no pagination, HR. See 53-61, 69-74, II: 519, 757, 814-16, 818-19, 910- schedule of Tavern Keepers Rates preceding. 11, 916-21, see also footnote 1:38, bachelors taxed 6. Baltimore County Court Proceedings, Libers in 1756; William N. Wilkens, "Baltimore County 1743-1746 and BB No. A, 1754, passim, HR. Tax List of 1763, St. Thomas Parish" and "Bal- Twenty-one ordinary keepers held licenses prior timore County Tax List of 1773," typescripts, to 1755 (indicated in tabulation preceding); of Maryland Historical Society; Maryland Tax List these, family members of four (Ashmore, Butler, 1783 Baltimore County and Maryland Tax List Day and Ensor) held licenses previously. 1783 Harford County (Philadelphia: Rhistoric 7. Robert Barnes, Maryland Marriages, 1634-1777 Publications, 1970). (Baltimore; Genealogical Publishing Company, 15. For locations of Baltimore County Hundreds as of 1975); Baltimore County Court Minutes, op. cit.; 1783 refer to Neal A. Brooks and Eric G. Rockel, Baltimore County Court Proceedings, op. cit.; Bal- A History of Baltimore County (Towson: Friends timore County Probate Records, Wills, Libers No. of the Towson Library, Inc., 1979), map, page 23. 1, 1666-1759, and No. 2, 1721-1764, HR. Of the 16. Baltimore County Deeds, Liber B No. G, 1757- fifteen female license holders the marital status 1759, folio 3, HR; Dennis Griffith, "Map of the of Catherine Jennings and Elizabeth Price could State of Maryland," 1794, HR. not be determined. Marriage dates were found for 17. Maryland Patent Records, Baltimore County, all but four of the remainder (Butler, Jarrett, Patented Certificate No. 670, HR. Sytlemire and Young). Mary Andrew for a time 18. William B. Marye, "The Baltimore County 'Gar- operated the tavern of her husband, William. Wid- rison' and The Old Garrison Road," Maryland ows Mary Jarrett and Susanna Butler and the Historical Magazine, 16 (1921): 214. twice-widowed, Hannah (Bankston nee ) 19. Griffith, op. cit. Hughes held licenses prior to 1755, the latter two 20. J. Thomas Scharf, History of Baltimore City and in the steads of their husbands, Henry and Wil- County, 2 Vols. (1881: reprint, Baltimore: Re- liam. Widow Hannah Starkey operated a ferry in gional Publishing Company, 1971), 11:514. addition to a tavern. There is no evidence that 21. George J. Horvath, Jr., "The Greenspring Valley Eliza Hammond, widow of Thomas, or Mary Map," 1980. Stansbury, widow of Tobias, had previous associ- 22. Maryland Patent Records, Baltimore County, ation with the tavern business. From the tabula- Patented Certificate No. 2755, HR; Baltimore tion it is obvious that the six remaining widows County Deeds, Liber AL No. D, 1771-1772, folios took out licenses soon after the deaths of their 623-26, HR. husbands. One of them, Rachel Cruitt [Crute], 23. Neal A. Brooks and Eric G. Rockel, A History of was remarried to William Stevenson, whose li- Baltimore County (Towson: Friends of the Tow- cense followed hers. Another widow, Mary Ruff, son Library, Inc., 1979), pages 51-56. 340 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

24. Scharf, op. cit, 11:515. 1947), page 4. 25. Ibid., 11:514. 28. Griffith, op. cit. 26. Ibid. 29. Ibid. 27. Isaac N. Dickson, The Early Days of Reisterstown 30. Baltimore County Court Minutes, Liber BB, and Vicinity, 1869 (Reisterstown: Kiwanis Club, 1755-1762, August Court Session, 1758. BOOK NOTES

Genealogy of the Chew Family. By Robert Joseph Chew, sons of the immigrant, have been Levering Chew. (Woodbury, NJ: Gloucester traced in many other reputed genealogies. Part County Historical Society, 1982. 488 pp., in- II of the book lists in alphabetical order, by dexed. No price listed.) given name, all Chews in America known to the Mr. Chew of Mitairie, Louisiana, a lineal des- author, with pertinent genealogical information cendant of Colonel John Chew, Gentleman as to birth, death, marriage and issue. Several (1587-1668), of Somersetshire, England and pages of references are given and additional ones Jamestown, Virginia, through his son, John are cited within the text. Chew, has spent many years compiling this most Further research of this prominent family, welcome history and genealogy of the Chew will, of necessity, have to be made in order to family as heretofore only the descendants of the substantiate the author's statements concerning immigrant's sons, Samuel and Joseph have been the English historical background. Mr. Chew traced. He traveled to England where he visited has done a scholarly, thorough study, with em- Somersetshire from which the immigrant came phasis on the New Jersey branch of the family. to Virginia in 1622 in the ship, Charitie. He JOSEPH CARROLL HOPKINS gives the birthplace of the immigrant as the Towson, Maryland Parish of Whalley, Lancashire, England in 1587. He further states that this John Chew was the Obituaries: A Guide to Sources. By Betty M. son of John Chewe of Bewdely, Worcestershire, Jarboe. (Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1982. 370 pp. England, Gentleman, whose will was proved in $45.00.) 1640 [II Coventry] and who was supposed to As the title states, this book is a guide to have married (1) Ann Broddyll of Whalley sources of obituaries. Although it is a guide only [Braddyll, Braddill] and (2) Martha Gale of and is in no way an exhaustive study, it should Bewdeley. prove to be of great assistance in locating the The Chew coat-of-arms, borne by the Amer- elusive obit. The listings are by geographical ican family, is shown on the cover and the title area for the U.S.A., Great Britain, France and page, and referenced in Burke's General Armory "Other Countries." There is an appendix listing of 1647 and the Heralds' College of London, as libraries and archives which maintain card in- noted by the author. Part I shows the New dexes of obituaries. A subject index and author Jersey Chews descending from John Chew, son index complete this work. of the immigrant. Heretofore, only Samuel and MARY K. MEYER

341

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 78, No. 4, WINTER 1983 NEWS AND NOTICES

THE ECONOMY OF EARLY AMERICA: TAYLOR FOUNDATION INDEXES THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD COLONIAL PROBATES IN HONOR OF GEORGIA'S 250th BIRTHDAY The United States Capitol Historical Society, in cooperation with the United States Congress, The R. J. Taylor, Jr., Foundation has issued will sponsor a symposium entitled "The Econ- a comprehensive, annotated index to Georgia's omy of Early America: The Revolutionary Pe- colonial probate records—wills, administra- riod," on March 29 and 30, 1984. The meeting tions, guardianships, appraisements and inven- will be held in the Senate Caucus Room, #325, tories, and related documents—in celebration of in the Russell Senate Office Building, Washing- the 250th anniversary of the colony's founding ton, D.C. The program will consist of four ses- in 1733. sions and a concluding lecture, followed by a The book, entitled Index to Probate Records reception. Speakers will include Stuart Bruchey, of Colonial Georgia, 1733-1778, covers original Paul G.E. Clemens, Thomas M, Doerflinger, records and microfilm housed at the Georgia Marc Egnal, Stanley L. Engerman, Joseph A. Department of Archives and History, Atlanta, Ernst, Lewis R. Fischer, Robert E. Gallman, and the University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, James A. Henretta, John J. McCusker, Russell and includes some 25,000 references to more R. Menard, Jacob M. Price, Winifred B. Roth- than 8,000 names. enberg, and James F. Shepherd. All proceedings, The new volume is the tenth publication pro- including the reception, will be open to inter- duced by the Taylor Foundation, which was ested persons free of charge, and no advance founded in 1971 for the purpose of indexing, registration is required. For additional infor- abstracting, and publishing genealogical and mation, write: historical records relating to pre-1851, Georgia Professor Ronald Hoffman residents. Department of History For further information, contact: Marilyn Ad- University of Maryland ams, Editor 404/659-3016. College Park, Maryland 20742 FREE Complimentary Copy of the Genealogy Digest THE PAPERS OF Magazine. P.O. Box 15681 Salt Lake City, UT BENJAMIN TASKER, SR. 84115

For a doctoraldissertation on "Provincial Po- BACK ISSUES OF THE MAGAZINE litical Culture in 18th century Md: Life and Times of Benjamin Tasker, 1690-1768," I would Back issues of Maryland Historical Magazine appreciate any information onthe location of all are usually available. Inquiries should be di- manuscript materials of or pertaining to Tasker rected to the Museum Shop and Bookstore, & his family. I am especially interested in ma- MHS, 201 W. Monument Street, Baltimore, MD terials in private and/or otherwise obscure col- 21201. lections. Maryland Historical Magazine Volume 76, Anna T. Zakarija Number 4 (Winter 1981) is presently in very 3700 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. short supply. Members or subscribers who would Apt 326 be willing to turn copies in are asked to mail Washington, D.C. 20016 them to the MHS at the address given above.

342

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 78, No. 4, WINTER 1983 MARYLAND PICTURE PUZZLE

In each issue of Maryland Picture Puzzle, we show land Historical Magazine. a photograph from the Maryland Historical Society The fountain in the last Picture Puzzle was located collection. The photograph is, in some way, puzzling. on South Washington Place. The photographer is We would like you to test your visual skills and knowl- standing beneath the Washington Monument and is edge of Maryland in identifying it. Please send your looking South on Charles Street. On the right the St. solution to the Prints and Photos editor of the Mary- James Hotel can be seen, which was razed in 1967.

Depicted here is a street corner in a fashionable north Baltimore neighborhood. The date of the photograph is 1912. Can you guess where the photographer is standing? In your answer, please let us know how you identified the image.

343

MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 78, No. 4, WINTER 1983 INDEX TO VOLUME 78 CYNTHIA H. REQUARDT

Names of authors and titles of articles appearing in the Magazine are set in capitals. Titles of books are set in italics. An T preceding a page number indicates the material is facing the numbered page; an 'n' following the page number indicates the entry was taken from a footnote reference. Authors and titles in "A Bibliography of Articles, Books, and Dissertations on Maryland History, 1982" (pp. 205-13) are not indexed.

Anderson, Virginia, 1, 4, 5, 8, 13 Abrams & Sons, A., 313 Anderson, Col. W. D. A., 304 Aberdeen Proving Grounds, 148 Andrew, Abraham, 328 Abromaitis, Carol Nevin, Review by, 322-23 Andrew, William, 328, 336 Adair, Robert, 336 Andrews, Mary, 328 Adams, Herbert Baxter, 112-13 "ANNUAL REPORT JULY 1, 1982-JUNE 30, 1983 Adams, Samuel, 188 MUSEUM AND LIBRARY OF MARYLAND Adamson family, 5 HISTORY MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCI- Addleman, Philip, 328 ETY," 233-71 Afro-American, 302, 315 Antietam, 57-58 The Afro-American Periodical Press, 1838-1909 by archaeology, 143-57 Penelope L. Bullock, Reviewed, 78-79 Archer, George, 190 Ailer, Thomas, 336 Archer, Thomas, 336 Aisquith, William, 336 architects, 288 Albert, W. J., 203n architecture, 85-105, 158-60, 187-92, 214-15 Alexander, Ashton, 131 Archives of Maryland, 110-11 Alexander, John Henry, 109 ARGERSINGER, JO ANN E., " 'The Right to Strike': Alexander, Mark, 336 Labor Organization and the New Deal in Balti- Alexander, R., 336 more," 299-318 Alexander, Robert, 336 Argersinger, Peter H., Review by, 323-24 ALEXANDER, ROBERT L., "Nicholas Rogers, Armistead, George, 139 Gentleman-Architect of Baltimore," 85-105 Armstrong, James, 336 Algier, John, 328, 338 Armstrong, John, Jr., 169-70 Allen, Ethan, 109 Arnold, Samuel Bland, 22 Allen, James, 328 Arosemena, Pablo, 199 Allen, Joseph, 336 art and artists, 5, 20n, 288 Allstron Association, 288 Ashby, Turner, 56, 64 Almy, John J., 44 Ashmore, William, 328 "'ALTAMONT' OF THE TRIBUNE: JOHN WIL- Askew, William, 336 LIAMSON PALMER IN THE CIVIL WAR" by Assateague Indians, 154 Daniel E. Sutherland, 54-66 Associators, 222-23 Amador, Manuel, 199 Auld, Amy Ralston, 145 Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, 299, 301, Australia, 23, 24, 25, 26-29 303, 305, 306, 307, 313, 315 Avnet, I. Duke, 308, 312 Amos, Joshua, 336 Ayers, Abraham, Jr., 328 Amos, Thomas, 336 Anderson, Edward, 3, 4, 5, 20n B Anderson, George Minor, 1, 4, 5, 8, 17, 19 Badger, Anthony J., North Carolina and the New Deal, ANDERSON, GEORGE MINOR, S.J., "Correspond- Reviewed, 324-25 ence of Thomas Anderson of Rockville with His Bailey, Thomas, 336 Parents, James and Mary Anderson, 1855-1859," Baily, Enoch, 336 1-21 Baker, Charles, 336 Anderson, James (1831-1920), 1, 5, 8, 11-12, 18, 20n Baker, Lafayette, 42 Anderson, James Wallace, 1-21 Bald Friar, Md., 151 Anderson, John Wallace, 2, 3, 20n Baldwin, Francis E., 190 Anderson, Katherine Ann, 17, 21n Baldwin and Pennington, 190 Anderson, Lily, 1, 4, 5, 17 Ball, George, 336 Anderson, Mary (1833-1910), 1 Baltimore, Md., 278-86 Anderson, Mary Minor, 1-21 Baltimore: A Living Renaissance Edited by Lenora Anderson, Richard, 1, 2 Heilig Nast, Laurence N. Krause, and R. C. Anderson, Thomas (1835-1900), 1-21 Monk, Reviewed, 158 344 Index 345

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 55, 59, 300 Bond, John, 336 Baltimore Association of Commerce, 303, 308, 315 Bond, Joshua, 336 Baltimore County Jail, 88, 90-91, 98 Bond, Peter, 329, 336 Baltimore Dispensary, 132 Bond, Thomas, 329, 336, 338 Baltimore Enamel and Novelty Co., 315 Bond, William, 329, 336 Baltimore Federation of Labor, 302, 305-6, 307, 308- Bonded Passengers to America by Peter Wilson Cold- 13,315 ham, Reviewed, 229 Baltimore Industrial Council, 305, 306, 308, 309-13 Boner, Barnet, 336 Baltimore Labor Relations Panel, 304 Bonfield, Js., 336 Baltimore Museum of Art, 101, 308 Bonham, Milledge Luke, 37 Baltimore Sura, 315 Boone, William Marshall, 203n Baltimore Urban League, 306 Booth, Asia, 22, 25, 31 Bambace, Angela, 315 Booth, Edwin, 22, 23, 24, 28, 30, 31, 33 Barnes, James, 328 Booth, Edwin Thomas, 31, 34n Barnes, Robert, Review by, 229 Booth, John Wilkes, 22, 23, 26-29 Barnet, Daniel, 328, 336 Booth, Joseph Adrian, 22-34 Barney, William, 328, 336 Booth, Junius Brutus, Jr., 22, 24-25, 28, 29 Barney, William, ST., 328 Booth, Mary Ann, 33, 34n Barrance, James, 328 Booth, Rosalie, 22 Barroll, James, 133 Bordley, Beale, 336 Barth, John, 275 Bordley, Thomas, 276 Barton, William, 336 Boring, John, 336 Basilica of the Assumption, 68 Bosley, John, 336 Battle Monument, 68 Boston, Mass., 294-95 Battletown, Md., 273, 275, 277n Botts, George, 336 BAXLEY, C. HERBERT, ed., "Travel in the 1830s: Bouic, David H., 11-12, 20-21n The Diary of William Minifie," 287-96 Bouic, William Veirs, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 18-19, 19n Beam's Tavern, 338 Bowen, Josias, 336 Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant, 40 Bowen, Nathan, 336 Beck, George, f233 Bowly, Daniel, 132, 133, 135 Bel Air Academy, 22, 33n Boyce, Roger, 336 Bell, William, 336 Boyce, William, 336 Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison, by Belle Boyd and Boyd, Belle, 35-53 George Augustus Sala, 35-36 Boyd, Benjamin Reed, 36, 41, 42 Bemis, Mr., 14, 15, 21n Boyd, Frederick, 199 Bennett, William, 336 Boyd, Mary Rebecca [Glenn], 36, 50n Bethlehem Steel Co., 300, 316n Bozman, John Leeds, 106, 107 Bettlinger, Jacob Lewis, 280, 284n Brady and Frainie, 192 Betts, Solomon, 133 Brady & Sons, E., 190 Beveridge, Charles E., et al., eds.. The Papers of Fred- Bray, Thomas, 118, 119, 123 erick Law Olmsted, Volume II, Slavery and the Breckinridge, John Cabell, 65 South, 1852-1857, reviewed, 75-76 BRENNAN, JOHN C, "John Wilkes Booth's Enig- Beware the People Weeping: Public Opinion and the matic Brother Joseph," 22-34 Assassination of Abraham Lincoln by Thomas Breslaw, Elaine G., Review by, 160-61 Reed Turner, Reviewed, 73-75 Brewer, John, 2, 7-8, 9, 20n Bibbins, Arthur B., 151-54 Brice, Henry, 131, 133 "A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTICLES, BOOKS, AND Brice, Jacob, 178 DISSERTATIONS ON MARYLAND HIS- Brice, Nicholas, 131, 133 TORY, 1982" by Richard J. Cox, 205-13 Briscoe, Hanson, 226-27 Biddle, Edward, 131 Briscoe, Philip, 226 Bier, George H., 44, 45 Briscoe family, 225-27 Birckhead, Solomon, 136 Brittain, Nicholas, 329, 336 Birckhead family, 131 Broadwater, John D., review by, 321-22 Bishop, Robert, 328, 336 Broening, Henry, 305 Bisset, James, 336 Brown, Geo. Fred., 336 Black, Catharine F. and Joanne Giza, Great Baltimore Brown, John, 297-98 Houses: An Architectural and Social History, Re- Browne, Gary L., Review by, 72, 160 viewed, 158-60 Browne, William Hand, 110 Blacks, 63, 64,69, 76-77,78-79,297-98,306,313,319- Buchanan, James, 132 21 Buchanan, James A., 180-82 Blackwell, James, 309, 310, 311, 314, 317n Buchanan, L,, 336 Blair, James, 119, 120-121, 122, 123-24 Buck, John, 329, 336, 338 Blumberg, Hyman, 301, 306 Bugby family, 27 Boles, John B., Review by, 75-76 Bull, Abraham, 336 Bonaparte, Charles, 196, 197 Bull, Samuel, 336 Bond, Jacob, 336 Bull, William, 336 346 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Bullock, Penelope L., The Afro-American Periodical Clark, Walter, 37-38 Press, 1838-1909, Reviewed, 78-79 Clemm, William, 133 Bunker Hill, W.Va., 36 Clendening, Thomas, 329 Bureau of American Ethnology, 143, 144-45, 152 clothing industry and trade, 299, 300-1, 303, 313-14 Burke, Aedanus, 175-76 Clothing Manufacturers Association, 301, 303 Busey, John, 336 Clothing Manufacturers of Baltimore, 301 Bush, Thomas, 336 Coale, Joseph M. Ill and Edward C. Papenfuse, T^e Bushe, Thomas, 336 Hammond-Harwood House Atlas of Historical "Bushwood," St. Mary's Co., Md., 221, 222 Maps of Maryland, 1608-1908, Reviewed, 72 Bussey, Jesse, 336 Coale, R. Dorsey, 200 Butler, Absolom, 329, 336, 338 Cockey, Thomas, 336 Butler, Edward, 124 Cohen, Harry, 304-5, 307, 311-12 Butler, Henry, 338 Cohen and Sons, S., 315 Butler, Susannah, 329, 338 Coldham, Peter Wilson, Bonded Passengers to Amer- Butler's Tavern, 338 ica, Reviewed, 229 Collective bargaining, 299-318 College of Notre Dame of Maryland, 186-204 Calhoun, James, 278-86 College of William and Mary, 118-28 Callcott, George H., ed.. Forty Years as a College colleges and universities, 118-28, 186-204 President: Memoirs of Wilson Elkins, Reviewed, Commissioners of Health, 282, 285-86n 161-62 Communist Party, 305, 310, 312, 313, 317n Calvert, Charles, 5th Lord Baltimore, 275-76 Confederate Army, 57-64 Calvert Co., Md., 272-77 Confederate States of America, 22-30, 35-53 "Calverton," 101 Connell, Philip J., 4, 20n "Camp of the Duryea's Zouaves," fl Conowingo Dam, 145, 149, 151-54 Campbell, Archibald, 132 Convict servants, 229 Campbell, Ballard C, Representative Democracy: Pub- Coode, John, 221-24 lic Policy and Midwestern Legislatures in the Late Cook, John M., 336 Nineteenth Century, Reviewed, 323-24 Cook, Robert, 336 Carlisle, Peter, 336 Cook, William, 132 Carnan, Christopher, 336 Cook family, 131 Carnan, John, 336 Cooke, Ebenezer, 272-77 Carroll, Charles, 125 Cooke, Michael A., Review by, 77-78 Carroll, Charles R., 137 "CORRESPONDENCE OF THOMAS ANDERSON Carroll, James, 133, 136, 137 OF ROCKVILLE WITH HIS PARENTS, Carroll, Js., 336 JAMES AND MARY ANDERSON, 1855-1859" cartography, 72 by George Minor Anderson, S.J,, 1-21 Cartwright, T., f233 Cotton Garment Code Authority, 302 Cary, James, 329, 336 Cottrell, Stephen, 336 Catoctin Mountain, 69, 71n Courtenay, Hercules, 133 cemeteries, 129-42 Courts, 273-74 "A CENTURY OF FRUSTRATION: THE MOVE- Cox, Richard J., "A Century of Frustration: The MENT FOR A STATE ARCHIVES IN MARY- Movement for a State Archives in Maryland, LAND, 1811-1935" by Richard J. Cox, 106-17 1811-1935" 106-17; "A Bibliography of Articles, Chance, Jeremiah, 329, 336 Books, and Dissertations on Maryland History, Chapman, Frank G., 62 1982," 205-13 Chapman, Robert, 336 Cresap, Daniel, 220-21 Chase, Richard, 336 Cresap, Edward Otho, 221 Chase, Samuel, 129, 133, 177 Cresap, Michael, 220 Chatard, F. E., Review by, 161 Cresap, Sarah Story Briscoe, 221, 227 Chenowith, Arthur, 336 Cresap, Thomas, 217, 219-20 Chew, Robert Levering, Genealogy of the Chew Family, Creswell, James, 329 Reviewed, 341 Creswell, Samuel, 329 Chew family, 341 Crew, Spencer R., Review by, 78-79 Cheynie, Roderick, 329 Crocker, Gilbert, 336 Chilcoat, John, 336 Crockett, Gilbert, 336 childrearing, 68-69 Crosdale, George, 133 chimneys, 280, 282-83, 285n Cross, Robert, 336 Christie, Charles, 336 Crown Cork and Seal Co., 307 Church of England, 118, 119 Cruitt, Rachel, 329 Cincinnati, Ohio, 290 Cruitt, Robert, 329 City Hospitals: The Undercare of the Underprivileged Culver, Benj., 336 by Harry F. Dowling, Reviewed, 77-78 Cumberland, Md., 70 Civil War, fl, 23-24, 54-66, 72-73 Curry, Leonard P., The Free Black in Urban America, Clapham family, 131 1800-1850: The Shadow of the Dream, Reviewed, Clark, John, 336 76-77 Index 347

Curzon, Richard, 132 Eppley, Nettie, 195 Curzon family, 131 Esslinger, Dean R., Review by, 76-77 Evans, Griffith, 133 1) Evans, Job, 336 Dallam, William, 336 Evans, Lewis, 330 Dalls, James, 136 "Evergreen," Baltimore Co., Md., 188-89 Dancing Assembly, 88-90 Everybody Works but John Paul Jones by Mame and Dandy, William, 336 Marion E. Warren, Reviewed, 161 Dangerfield, Mrs., 13 Darksville, Va., 64 Darne, Ella, 19 Fackel, Die, 67, 70 Daridge Hall, 100 Fairfax, Alice, 9-10, 11, 12, 16 DAVIS, CURTIS CARROLL, "'The Pet of the Con- Fairfax, Fred, 9-10, 11, 12, 15, 16 federacy' Still? Fresh Findings about Belle Boyd," Falk, Alexander, 3, 4, 20n 35-53 farms and farming, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8-9, 17 Davis, Jefferson, 46-47 Federal Hill, fl Davis, Richard, 336 Feldman, Erwin, 304 Davis, Robert, 336 Fells Point, 68 Davis, Theodore, 38 Ferguson, John F., 135 Davis, Thomas, 329 ferries, 327 Day, Edward, 336 Fewkes, J. Walter, 152-53 Day, Samuel, 329 Fields, Matthew, 6, 8, 20n De Dominicis, Ulissee, 306 Filby, P. William, Review by, 229 Deans, Mary Virginia, 41, 51n Fillebrown, James, 40, 51n Deavor, John, 336 Finney, Mennsuch, 336 Demmitt, William, 336 fishing, 151 Democratic Party, 2 Fitzgerald, Mary, 197 Denny, Israel, 135 Fitzgerald, Zelda Sayre, 217 Denton, William, 329 Fleming, Robert, 336 Depression, 299-318 FLETCHER, CHARLOTTE, "King William's School Diver, Christr., 336 and the College of William and Mary," 118-28 Dix, John A., 25-29 Flowery, Inglehart, 336 Donaldson family, 136 Fogg, Amos, 330, 336, 338 Donnell, John, 133 Foley, Sister Melitia, 191, 192, 196-97 Dorsey, Greenberry, Jr., 336 Force, Peter, 107 Dorsey, John, 132, 135-36 Ford, Antonia F., 37 Dorsey, John Hammond, 336 Ford, John, 336 Dorsey, Nicholas, 329 Forty Years as a College President: Memoirs of Wilson Douglass, Frederick, 297-98, 319-21 Elkins, Edited by George H. Callcott, Reviewed, Dowling, Harry F., City Hospitals: The Undercare of 161-62 the Underprivileged, Reviewed, 77-78 Fowble, Peter, 338 "Druid Hill," Baltimore Co., Md., f85, 85-87, 89 Fox, John, 276 Ducard, Valerous, 330 Franklin, Thomas, 336 Dugan, Cumberland, 203n Frazier's Chapel, 83 Dugan, Mary, 197 Frederick Co., Md., 145-48 Dunlap, William, 336 Frederick, Md., 68-70 Durbin, Thomas, 330, 336 "FREDERICK DOUGLASS'S ESCAPE AFTER Duryee, Zouaves, fl HARPERS FERRY" by Doris Lanier, 297-98 Frederick Female Seminary, 69, 71n E The Free Black in Urban America, 1800-1850: The "EBENEZER COOKE'S THE SOT WEED FACTOR Shadow of the Dream by Leonard P. Curry, Re- AND ITS USES AS A SOCIAL DOCUMENT viewed, 76-77 IN THE HISTORY OF COLONIAL MARY- French, John, 330 LAND" by Lou Rose, 272-77 Fresco, Margaret K., Marriages and Deaths, St. Mary's Edelman, Jacob, 308 County, Maryland, 1634-1900, reviewed, 229 Edmondson, Thomas, 137 Froelicher, Hans, 200 Education, 118-28, 192-201 Front Royal, Va., 39, 40 Elkins, Wilson, 161-62 Fry, Edward, 330 Ellicott Mills, Md., 68 Elliott, James, 336 Emory, Thomas L., 131 Galloway, Absolom, 336 ENGELMEYER, SISTER BRIDGET MARIE, "A Galloway, Moses, 336 Maryland First," 186-204 Garrett, Amos, 336 England, John G., 7, 20n Garrettson, Job, 330 Ensor, Abraham, 330 Gas Light Company, 132 Ensor, Joseph, 336 Gay, N. Ruxton, 336 348 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Gay, Sydney Howard, 55-65 Halleck, Henry Wager, 57-58 Geddes, Andrew, 122 Hamden Transfer and Storage Company, 305 Genealogical Periodical Annual Index: Key to the Ge- Hammond, Byrd Swainstron, 46, 47 nealogical Literature, Volume 18, 1979 by Cath- Hammond, Eliza, 330 erine M. Mayhew and Laird C. Towle, Reviewed, Hammond, John Edmond Swainston, 46, 47 229 Hammond, John Swainston, 46 Genealogy of the Chew family by Robert Levering Hammond, Marie Isabelle, 46, 47 Chew, Reviewed, 341 The Hammond-Harwood House Atlas of Historical George Haile's Tavern, 338 Maps of Maryland, 1608-1908 by Edward C. Pa- Georgia, 342 penfuse and Joseph M. Coale III, Reviewed, 72 Germans in Maryland, 327 Hanson, John, 224-25 Germans in the U.S., 68, 69 70 Hanson, Samuel, 225 Gettysburg, Pa., 60-61, 64 Hanson family, 224-25 Gibbons, James Cardinal, 192,195-96, 203n Harbaugh, Leonard, 280, 284n Gibbs, Sir James, 86, 91, 93, 103n harbor, 278, 279, 280, 283, 284-85n Giles, Jacob, 336 Harding, Grace, 46, 47 Giles, Nathaniel, 336 Harding, Samuel W., 44, 45-46, 52n Oilman, Daniel Coit, 193 Harper's Ferry, W.Va., 57-58, 72-73, 297-98 Oilman, Elisabeth, 305, 306, 310, 312 Harrell, Davie T., 80 Gilmor, Robert, 203n Hart, John, 124, 125-26 Gilmor, Robert, Jr., 107, 108 Hartman, George, 337 Gist, William, 330, 338 Harvey, David, 331 Gittiner, John, 330, 336, 338 Harwood, James, 136 Gittings, John Sterrett, 131 Hatfield, Margaret Cecilia, 30, 31 Giza, Joanne and Catharine F. Black, Great Baltimore Hayes, George, 337 Houses: An Architectural and Social History, Re- Heath, James, 337 viewed, 158-60 Henly, Darby, 331 Glenn, Elias, 133, 136 Herald, 67 Glenn, John, 133 Herold, David E., 23 Goldsborough, E. Ralston, 143, 144, 145-48, 154 Herring, Henry, 136 Goldsborough family, 131 High, Nathaniel Rue, Jr., 48 Goose, Adam, 336 Hindman, James, 133 Gordon, Douglas, Review by, 214-15 Hindman, William, 133 Gorsuch, Charles, 336 Hoak, Samuel, 337 Gott, Anthony, 336 Hodge, Frederick W., 144, 145, 147, 148 Gough family, 27 Hoffman, George, 131, 137 Gould, John Mead, 51n Hoffman, William, 331 Govane, William, 336 Holland, Thomas, 337 Gover, Ephraim, 336 Holland Family, 9 Cover, Philip, 336 Hollander, Jacob, 304 Graff, Mrs., 9 Holliday Street Theater, 68, 71n, 100 Grant, Ulysses S., 194 Hollingsworth, Samuel, 132 Great Baltimore Houses: An Architectural and Social Hollingsworth, Thomas, 132, 137 History by Joanne Giza and Catharine F. Black, Hollingsworth, Zebulon, 133 Reviewed, 158-60 Hollingsworth family, 131 Greathouse, Harman, 330 Hollins, John, 280, 285n Green, Harry, 308 Hollowak, Thomas L., Review by, 229 Greene, Suzanne Ellery, Review by, 158 Holmes, William H., 144, 145, 147, 148 Greenmount Cemetery, 31, 136, 137 Hooke, Jacob, 331 "Greenwood," 87-88 Hopkins, Joseph Carroll, Review by, 341 Greif & Bro., L., 300-1, 303-4 horses, 279 Greyhound (ship), 43-44 hospitals, 77-78, 281, 283, 285n Griffin, John J., 191, 193-94, 198, 200, 202n Hotze, Henry, 45 Griffith, Mrs., 14-15 Howard, Benjamin Chew, 137 Griffith, Frank, 11 Howard, Charles, 337 Griffith, Luke, 330, 336 Howard, John, 337 Grundy, Byrom, 133 Howard, John Eager, 129, 132, 133, 136, 137, 139 A Guide to the Baltimore Stage in the Eighteenth Howard, John Greniff, 337 Century: A History and Day Book Calendar com- Howard, McHenry, 139 piled and edited by David Ritchey, Reviewed, Howard family, 131 160-61 Howard House, 338 gunpowder, 280, 285n Howell, Samuel, 331 Huddleston, George, 8 H Huffman, William, 331 Haile, George, 330, 336, 338 Huggins, Nathan Irvin, Slave and Citizen: The Life of Haile, George, Jr., 337 Frederick Douglass, Reviewed, 319-21 Hall, Aquilla, 337 Hughes, Christopher, 134 Hall, John, 337 Hughes, Christopher, St., 280, 284n Index 349

Hughes, Hannah, 331 Keener, Malacah, 331, 337, 338 Hughes, Nathan, 337 Keller, George, Review by, 161-62 Hughes, William, 337 Keller, Marie deFord, 203n Hughes family, 134 Kelsey, James, 331 Hughs, John, 331 Kelso, James, 331 Hughston, John, 337 Kemp, James, 133 Hungerford, Arthur, 301-4 Kennedy, John Pendleton, 137 Hunter family, 2, 20n Kennedy, Thomas C, 192 Hum, John W., 297-98 Kerr family, 131 Hutton, William, 203n KILBOURNE, JOHN D,, "The Society of the Cincin- Hyde, Bryden Bordley, Review by, 215 nati of Maryland: Its First One Hundred Years, 1783-1883," 169-85 1 Kimmel, Stanley, The Mad Booths of Maryland, 22, 23,30 Idleman, see Addleman King William's School, 118-28 Indian Queen Inn, 338 "KING WILLIAM'S SCHOOL AND THE COL- Indian Rock, Md., 149, 150, 151 LEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY" by Charlotte Indians, 145-54, 160 Fletcher, 118-28 Ingram, Benj., 337 Kitely, William, 337 Ingram, Francis, 337 Kittinger, John, 338 Insley, J. Knox, 300, 304 Kittinger's Tavern, 338 Institute of Notre Dame, 193 Knott, A. Leo, 203n International Ladies Garment Workers Union, 304, Knott, Regina M. Keenan, 203n 305, 314-15 Koenig, Linda Lee, The Vagabonds: America's Oldest International Longshoremen's Association, 309 Little Theatre, Reviewed, 322-23 Isgrig, William, 337 Koss, Kitty, 197 Krause, Laurence N., et al., eds., Baltimore: A Living Renaissance, reviewed, 158 Kreindler, Charles, 304 Jackson, Howard, 300, 313-14 Kurtz, Martin G., 150 Jackson, Philip, 331 Jackson, Robert Montgomery Smith, 38 Jackson, Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall," 37, 41, 56, 57, 58, 59-60, 65 James, Henry, 331, 337 Labor Herald, 309 Jarboe, Betty M. Obituaries: A Guide to Sources, Re- labor strikes, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 305, 307-8, 310, viewed, 341 311-13,314 Jarrett, Abraham, 337 labor unions, 299-318 Jarrett, Mary, 331 Lafayette, Marquis de, 180-82 Jeffries, John W., Review by, 324-25 Lake of the Lindens, 191 Jenkins, Eleanor, 197 Lake Pius IX, 191 Jenkins, Hugh, 133 Lamon, Ward Hill, 36, 41 Jenkins, William, 337 LANCASTER, R. KENT, "Old St. Paul's Cemetery, Jennings, Catherine, 331 Baltimore," 129-42 John Buck's Tavern, 338 Lander, Frederick W., 38, 50n John Payne's Tavern, 338 Langdon, Joseph, 331, 337 John Reister's Inn, 338 Langley, Charles E., 64 "JOHN WILKES BOOTH'S ENIGMATIC LANIER, DORIS, "Frederick Douglass's Escape after BROTHER JOSEPH" by John C. Brennan, 22- Harpers Ferry," 297-98 34 Larew, Karl G., review by, 72-73 Johns Hopkins University, 111, 112, 113 Larew, Marilynn, Review by, 158-60 Johnson, Amy, 195 Larsh, Valentine, 331, 337, 338 Johnson, Edward, Jr., 132 law practice, 1-21 Johnson, Jeremiah, 337 Leaf, Jacob, 337 Johnson, Reverdy, 133, 137 League for Industrial Democracy, 306 Johnston, Frances, Benjamin, 193-94, 203n LeBow, Benjamin, 301 Johnston, Joseph E., 41 Lee, Henrietta, 54 Johnston, Richard Malcolm, 200 Lee, Robert E., 57, 60, 61-62, 64 Jones, Carleton, Lost Baltimore Landmarks: A Port- LEFURGY, WILLIAM G., "Prudent Laws and Wise folio of Vanished Buildings, Reviewed, 214-15 Regulations: Three Early Baltimore Mayor's Jones, Thomas G., 47-48 Messages, 1797-1799," 278-86 Jones, Walter B., 47-48 Legouve, Ernest, 54 Josias Slade's Tavern, 338 Levely, George, 331, 337 journalism, 54-66 Levely, Jacob, 337 Levely, William, 331, 337 K Levenson Zenitz Furniture Co., 314 Keen, John, 331, 337 Lewis, David, 310 Keene, Pollard, 337 Lewis, Edward, 337 350 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Liberty without Anarchy: A History of the Society of Maryland Tercentenary Commission, 106, 114 the Cincinnati by Minor Myers, Jr., reviewed, 215 "MARYLAND THROUGH A TRAVELER'S EYES: Libraries, 106-17 A VISIT BY SAMUEL LUDVIGH IN 1846," Library Company of Baltimore, 85, 88, 90, 98 edited and translated by Frederic Trautman, 67- Lincoln, Abraham, 22, 27, 73-75 71 Lindenberger, George, 132 Mason, John Murray, 55 Litz, Ferdinand C, 203n Mathews, John, 337 Long, James, 132, 135 A Matter of Hours: Treason at Harper's Ferry by Paul Long, Robert Gary, Jr., 136, 137 R. Teetor, Reviewed, 72-73 Long, Robert Gary, Sr., 85, 90, 94, 98-101, 102n Mayer, Brantz, 108, 109-10 Lorman, William, 132 Mayes, J., 337 Lost Baltimore Landmarks: A Portfolio of Vanished Mayes, James, 337 Buildings by Carleton Jones, Reviewed, 214-15 Mayhew, Catherine M. and Laird C. Towle, Geneal- Lowe, Nicholas, 276 ogical Periodical Annual Index: Key to the Ge- Ludvigh, Samuel, 67-71 nealogical Literature, Volume 18, 1979, Reviewed, Lux, William, 337 229 Lux, William, Sr., 337 Merryman, John, 131, 132 Lyman, Dwight, 203n Merryman, Samuel, 337 Lyon, William, 337 Merryman family, 136 Meyer, Mary K., Review by, 341 M Michelet, Jules, 54 McComas, Alexander, 331, 337 Miles, Col. Dixon Stansbury, 57-58, 72-73 McComas, Daniel, 337 Milleman, George, 189 McCool, John, 337 Miller, Thomas, 332, 337 MacCord, Howard, 143-44 Mims, Caroline Hanson Cresap, 227 McCormick & Co., 316n Minifie, James Woodfin, 288-89 McCreery, William, 132, 133 Minifie, Mary White, 287-96 McCurdy, Joseph, 305, 308-13 Minifie, William, 287-96 McElderry, Thomas, 280, 285n Minor, Col. George, 1, 5 McGuire, Joseph D., 144, 145 Minor, Mrs. George, 2, 3 McGuire, Michael, 337 Minor, James, 3, 5, 20n McHale, Maud, 197 Minor, Philip H., 11, 20n McKim, Isaac, 133 Mirabeau, Comte de, 175-76 McKim, Miller, 297-98 Mitchell, Cora Estelle, 22-23, 31 McLaughlin, Charles Capen, et al., eds.. The Papers Moale, John, 337 of Frederick Law Olmsted, Volume II, Slavery and Molyneaux, J. B., 39-40 the South, 1852-1857, reviewed, 75-76 Monk, R. C, et al., eds., Baltimore: A Living Renais- McMahon, John Van Lear, 107 sance, reviewed, 158 McNamara, Thomas, 274 Monocacy River, 146-47 McWilliams, Annie, 197 Monrovia, Liberia, 69 The Mad Booths of Maryland, 22, 23, 30 Montgomery Co., Md., 1-21 Magruder, William, 140 Montgomery County Agricultural Society, 20n Mahan, Milo, 133, 135, 140 Montlezun, Sernin-Barthelemy du Moulin de la Bar- Malcolm, James, 189-90 thete de, 178 markets 279 "Montrose," Baltimore Co., Md., 187, 188-90 MARKS, LILLIAN BAYLY, "Tavern and Ordinary Moore, James, 337 Licenses in Baltimore County, Maryland, 1755- Moore, James, Jr., 337 1763," 326-40 Moore, John, 337 Marriages and Deaths, St. Mary's County, Maryland, Moore, Js., 337 1634-1900, by Margaret K. Fresco, Reviewed, 229 Moorehead, Warren K., 149-51 Martinsburg, W.Va., 36 Moral Choices: Memory, Desire, and Imagination in Marye, William B., 143-44, 145, 148-51, 154 Nineteenth-Century Abolition by Peter F. Walker, Maryland Academy of Sciences, 151, 288 Reviewed, 319-21 "THE MARYLAND ANCESTORS OF ZELDA Morris, John, 337 SAYRE FITZGERALD" by Scottie Fitzgerald Morris, W. S., 56 Smith, 217-28 Mount Savage Ironworks, 70 Maryland Colonization Society, 69 Mount Washington Female College, 35, 50n "A MARYLAND FIRST" by Sister Bridget Marie "Mulberry Hill," Charles Co., Md., 225 Engelmeyer, 186-204 Myer, Henry Balsher, 332, 337 Maryland Historical Society, 108-12, 114, 182, 183, Myers, Minor, Jr., Liberty Without Anarchy: A History 233-71 of the Society of the Cincinnati, Reviewed, 215 Maryland Indians Yesterday and Today by Frank W. Porter III, reviewed, 160 N Maryland Leader, 302, 305, 309 Nanticoke Indians, 145, 154, 155n Maryland Line, 173, 177 Nast, Lenora Heilig, et al., eds., Baltimore: A Living Maryland School for the Deaf, 147, 154 Renaissance, Reviewed, 158 Maryland State Library, 107-8 National Maritime Union, 312-13 Index 351

National Recovery Act, 299-318 Partridge, Dab. Buckler, 337 Neary, Anna, 305 Partridge, James, 133 Needle Trades Association of Baltimore, 304 Patterson, Robert, 332, 337 Neilson, J. Crawford, 188, 190, 201 Payne, John, 338 New Deal, 299-318 Payne, William, 332 New Haven, Conn., 295 Pennington, Josiah, 190 New York, N.Y., 289, 292, 295-96 Peoples Unemployment League, 305, 308, 309, 311, New York Herald, 62 313 New York Times, 55 periodicals, 78-79 New York Tribune, 54-66 Perkins, Reubin, 332, 337 Newburgh Addresses, 169-71 Perkins, William, 337 newspapers, 54-66, 67 "'THE PET OF THE CONFEDERACY' STILL? Niagara Falls, NY., 291 FRESH FINDINGS ABOUT BELLE BOYD" by Nicholas, Francis C, 153-54 Curtis Carroll Davis, 35-53 "NICHOLAS ROGERS, GENTLEMAN-ARCHI- Peter, Major George, 2, 19n TECT OF BALTIMORE" by Robert L. Alex- Petit, Bessie Sharp, 193, 194, 195 ander, 85-105 petroglyphs, 149-54 Nicholson, Francis, 118, 119, 121, 122 Philadelphia, Pa., 289, 292, 296 Nicholson, Paul, 38 Pickett, George, 337 Nicholson, William, 337 Piper, Michael, 126 Norris, John, 332 Piscataway Indians, 154 Norris, Richard, 133 Plowman, Jonathan, 337 Norris, Thomas, 337 poetry, 272-77 North Carolina and the New Deal by Anthony J. Pollard, Edward A., 44, 45 Badger, Reviewed, 324-25 PORTER, FRANK W. Ill, "Salvaging the Past: The Notre Dame Collegiate Institute for Young Ladies, Roots of Modern Archaeology in Maryland, 1900- 186-204 1940" 143-57; Maryland Indians Yesterday and Today, Reviewed, 160 O Potomac River, 146-47 Obituaries: A Guide to Sources by Betty M. Jarboe, Poulson, Joseph, 332 Reviewed, 341 Poultney, Walter de Curzon, 139 Odend'hal, Lucien, 200 Presbury, George G., 131 O'Donnel, John, 280, 285n Presbury, George Goldsmith, 337 O'Dunne, Eugene, 307, 310, 311-12 Preston, Dickson J., Young Frederick Douglass: The Old Capitol Prison, 41, 42, 46 Maryland Years, reviewed, 319-21 "OLD ST. PAUL'S CEMETERY, BALTIMORE" by Price, Elizabeth, 332 R. Kent Lancaster, 129-42 Pritchard, James, 337 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 75-76 Pritchard, Samuel, 337 Ord, Capt., 10, 11 Pritchett, Js., 337 Orrick, Caroline, 332 prostitution, 68 Orrick, John, 332 Prout, Frances Rachel, 13-14, 21n Osborn, James, 332, 337 "PRUDENT LAWS AND WISE REGULATIONS; Ottlesburg, Francis, 337 THREE EARLY BALTIMORE MAYOR'S Owings, Samuel, 337 MESSAGES, 1797-1799" by William G. LeFurgy, 278-86 P Public Archives Commission, 113 Paca, John, 337 Paca, John, Jr., 337 Q Paca, William, 174, 175, 176, 33i Quarantine, 282, 286n Pages, Vicomte Pierre Marie Franfois de, 178 The Queen's Heart, 54 Paige, Nathaniel, 39, 57 Palmer, Catherine Croxall, 54 Palmer, Edward, 54 Rabbitt, Thomas, 3, 6, 20n Palmer, James, 54 railroads, 59, 70 Palmer, John Williamson, 54-66 Ramie, J. J., 101 Papenfuse, Edward C. and Joseph M. Coale III, The Ramsey, Nathaniel, 174, 175 Hammond-Harwood House Atlas of Historical Randall, Christopher, 332 Maps of Maryland, 1608-1908, reviewed, 72 Randall, William, 337 The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted, Volume H, Rathbun, Julius G., 182 Slavery and the South, 1852-1857 edited by Rausch, Fred, 309, 310 Charles E. Beveridge, Charles Capen Mc- Reilly, Sister Florentine, 196 Laughlin, and David Schuyler, Reviewed, 75-76 Reister, John, 333, 337, 338 The Papers of M. Carey Thomas in the Bryn Mawr Representative Democracy: Public Policy and Midwest- College Archives compiled by Lucy Fisher West, ern Legislatures in the Late Nineteenth Century Reviewed, 215-16 by Ballard C. Campbell, Reviewed, 323-24 Parkes, John, 337 Retail Automobile Trade Authority, 302 Parrish, M. A., 305 Revolutionary War, 169-71 352 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

Rich, Arthur, 131 Schuyler, David, et al, eds., The Papers of Frederick Richards, James, 337 Law Olmsted, Volume II, Slavery and the South, Richardson, Albert Deane, 57 1852-1857, Reviewed, 75-76 Richardson, Hester Dorsey, 113, 117n Scruggs, Otey M., review by, 319-21 Richardson, James, 333 Sears, Florence, 197 Riddle, Ann Elizabeth, 36 Seven Mile House, 338 Ridgely, David, 107-8 Severens, Kenneth, Southern Architecture: 350 Years Ridgely, Helen W., 139 of Distinctive American Buildings, Reviewed, 158- Rigbie, Nathan, 337 60 Rigdon, Stephen, 333 Sewell, Christopher, 333 Rigdon, William, 337 Shake, Adam, 333, 337 "'THE RIGHT TO STRIKE': LABOR ORGANIZA- Shanahan, Edmund, 200 TION AND THE NEW DEAL IN BALTI- Sharp, Bessie, 194 MORE" by Jo Ann E. Argersinger, 299-318 Shelley, Fred, Review by, 215-16 Riley, Aaron, 333 Shepherd, Nathaniel Graham, 63, 66n Ringgold, Benjamin, 133 "Sheredine's Discovery," Baltimore Co., Md., 187, 189 Risteau, George, 337 Sherlock, John, 131 Risteau, Isaac, 333, 337 Shields, James, 39-40 Ritches, Naomi, 305 Shipwrecks on the Chesapeake by Donald G. Shomette, Ritchey, David, comp. and ed., A Guide to the Balti- Reviewed, 321-22 more Stage in the Eighteenth Century: A History Shomette, Donald G., Shipwrecks on the Chesapeake, and Day Book Calendar, Reviewed, 160-61 Reviewed, 321-22 Roadside Historical Marker Program, 166-67 Shriver, Helen, 197 Roberts, John, 337 Sickles, Daniel, 14, 16, 21n Roberts Dress Co., 314 Silver, James, 333, 337 Robinson, Alexander, 130 Sim, William, 333 Robinson, Daniel, 333 Simm, Mary, 333 Robinson, Susannah, 333 Skinner, Otis, 23 Robinson, William, 337 Slade, Josias, 333, 337, 338 Rockville, Md., 2-21 Slave and Citizen: The Life of Frederick Douglass by Rockville Academy, 9, 18, 20n Nathan Irvin Huggins, reviewed, 319-21 Rogers, Benjamin, 131 slavery, 75-76 Rogers, Justice [Benj.], 337 Sligh, Thomas, 337 Rogers, Henrietta, 131 Sly, John, 337 Rogers, Nicholas, f85, 85-105, 130, 131 Small, Jacob, 132 Rogers, Philip, 87 Smalley, George Washburn, 57, 60 Rogers, William, 337 smallpox, 5 Rolling Road, Baltimore Co., Md., 83 Smallwood, William, 173, 174, 175, 176 ROSE, LOU, "Ebenezer Cooke's The Sot Weed Factor Smiser, Matthew, 333 and Its Uses as a Social Document in the History Smith, Dennis, 101 of Colonial Maryland," 272-77 Smith, John, 333, 337 Rouse, Mary Byrd, 197 Smith, John Spear, 179, 182 Rozer (Rozier), Charles, 6, 12-13, 14, 16, 20n Smith, Joseph, 337 Rozer (Rozier), Frank, 6, 9, 11, 14, 18, 20n Smith, Margaret Dugan, 134 Rudolph, Hance, 333 Smith, Samuel, fl69, 176, 280, 285n Ruff, Richard, 333 SMITH, SCOTTIE FITZGERALD, "The Maryland Rutter, Richard, 337 Ancestors of Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald," 217-28 Ryan, Agnes, 195 Smith, Thomas, 334 Smith, William Prescott, 55 Smith, William R., 131 St. Anne's Church, 120, 124 Smithsonian Institutions, 145-46, 147, 152 St. James Hotel, 343 Smythe, Sam, 130 St. Mary's Co., Md., 229 Socialist Party, 302, 305, 306, 307, 309-10, 312 St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church, 88, 93-94, 98- Society of the Cincinnati, fl69, 169-85, 215 100,129-42 "THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI OF MARY- St. Timothy's Hall, 22 LAND: ITS FIRST ONE HUNDRED YEARS, Sala, George Augustus, 36 1783-1883" by John D. Kilbourne, 169-85 "SALVAGING THE PAST: THE ROOTS OF MOD- Sollers, Heigh, 337 ERN ARCHAEOLOGY IN MARYLAND, 1900- Sollers, Thomas, 337 1940" by Frank W. Porter III, 143-57 Sot Weed Factor, The, 272-77 Saunders, Thomas, 333, 337 Southern Architecture: 350 Years of Distinctive Amer- Sayre, Minnie B. Machen, 227 ican Buildings by Kenneth Severens, Reviewed, Scharf, John Thomas, 111-12 158-60 Schartell, Jacob, 333 Southern Telegraph Company, 56 Schoeneman, Inc., J., 300-1, 303, 304, 314 spies, 35-53 School Sisters of Notre Dame, 186-204 stagecoaches, 70 Index 353

Standifor, Archibald, 337 Towle, Laird C. and Catherine M. Mayhew, Geneal- Standifor, Richard, 337 ogical Periodical Annual Index: Key to the Ge- Standiford, William, 337 nealogical Literature, Volume 18, 1979, Reviewed, Stansbury, Mary, 334 229 Stansbury, Tobias, 337 Towson, William, 337 Stanton, Edwin M., 25-26 Trager, Frank, 305, 306, 310, 316 Stanton, Vertalee, 197 TRAUTMAN, FREDERIC, ed. and trans., "Maryland Starkey, Hannah, 334 through a Traveler's Eyes: A Visit by Samuel Starkey, Jonathan, 337 Ludrigh in 1846," 67-71 Stephens, Alexander, 63 "TRAVEL IN THE 1830s: THE DIARY OF WIL- Steuben, Baron, 171-72,173-74 LIAM MINIFIE" edited by C. Nerbert Baxley, Stevenson, William, 334 287-96 Steward, James, 337 Tredaway, Thomas, 334, 337 Stewart, George, 334 Trotten, Luke, 337 Stewart, James Erskine, 37, 50n Troxell, Thomas, 187, 190 Stigar, Andrew, 334, 337 Turner, Thomas Reed, Beware the People Weeping: Stone, Governor William, 83 Public Opinion and the Assassination of Abraham streets, 278, 279-80, 284n Lincoln, Reviewed, 73-75 Strother, David H., 38 Stuart, J. E. B., 37 U Stump, Henry, 337 Underground Railway, 297-98 Surratt, [Mary], 42 Susquehanna Power Company, 151, 152 Union Bank of Maryland, 100 Susquehana River Expedition, 149-51 Union Label League, 305 United Auto Workers, 309, 314 SUTHERLAND, DANIEL EL, "'Altamont' of the Tribune: John Williamson Palmer in the Civil U.S. Naval Academy, 161 War" 54-66; review by, 73-75 Sutton, Christr., 337 Sutton, Joseph, 334 The Vagabonds: America's Oldest Little Theatre by Sutton, Stephen, 337 Linda Lee Koenig, Reviewed, 322-23 Swan, Abraham, 87 Valentine Larsh's Inn, 338 Swan, Birch [Burch], 337 "Vallombrosa," Montgomery Co., Md., 1-21 Sytlemire, Christr., 334, 337 van Wyck family, 131, 135 Sytlemire, Mary, 334 Vanclief, John, 334 Sytlemire, Sebastian, 334 Vaughn, Christ", 337 Vinson, Julia Prout, 21n vital records, 341

Talbot, Edmund, 337 W Taney, Charles, 203n Tasker, Benjamin, Sr., 342 Wagstaff, Richard, 334 "TAVERN AND ORDINARY LICENSES IN BAL- Walker, Peter F., Moral Choices: Memory, Desire, and TIMORE COUNTY, MARYLAND, 1755-1763" Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Abolition, Re- by Lillian Bayly Marks, 326-40 viewed, 319-21 taverns, 326-40 Wallace, Fannie, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 taxicabs, 307-8, 311-12 Wallace, Joseph, 335 Taylor, Charles, 337 Wallace, Mary, 10, 11,12 Taylor, John, 334 Wallace family, 3, 10-11, 20n Taylor, Michael, 337 Walters, John, 190 Taylor, Robert A., 133, 137 Ward, Robert, 203n Teetor, Paul R., A Matter of Hours: Treason at Har- Ward, Thomas, 337 per's Ferry, Reviewed, 72-73 Warren, Henry, 335, 337 theater, 46-49, 160-61, 322-23 Warren, Mame and Marion E., Everybody Works but Theophila, Mother Mary, 191 John Paul Jones, Reviewed, 161 Thomas, John, 337 Washington, George, 169-71, 176 Thomas, M. Carey, 215-16 Washington, D.C., 3-16 Thomas, Philip, 176 Washington Monument, 68, 94-98 Thrift, Robert, 16, 21n Washington Place, 343 Tilghman, Eliza, 131 watching and lighting, 280, 281, 284n Tilghman, Oswald, 183 water supply, 279, 283, 286n Tilghman, Tench, 139, 183 Watkins, Gassaway, 179 Timoney, Geraldine Josephine, 30-31 Wayne, Abraham, 335 Tivis, Peter, 334 Webster, Isaac, 337 tobacco industry and trade, 273 Wegman, Sister Ildephonsa, 188, 194, 201 Tolley, Walter, 337 Weinberg, Leonard, 308 The Torch, see Die Packet Wells Fargo, 26, 28, 29 354 MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE

West, Lucy Fisher, comp., The Papers of M. Carey Wool, John Ellis, 57-58 Thomas in the Bryn Mawr College Archives, Re- Wootton, Henry, 5, 7, 11, 20n viewed, 215-16 Wootton, Martha, 19 Whalen, Patrick, 312-13 Workmen's Circle Lyceum, 315 Wheatfield Inn, 338 Worral, Henry, 337 White Horse Inn, 338 Worrel, Henry, 335 Wicomico Indians, 154 Worthington, Abraham, 133, 136 Wiggens, Edward, 335 Worthington, Samuel, 337 Wilkenson, Robert, 337 Worthral, Henry, 337 William Gist's Tavern, 338 Wyatt, William E., 133, 135, 137, 140 Williams, John, 337 Williams, Otho Holland, 174-75, 176, 177 Wilmot, John, 337 Wilson, John, 337 yellow fever, 282, 285-86n Wilson, William Bowley, 139 Yieldall, Mary, 135 Winchester, William, 133 Yoe, James, 335 Winder, William H., 133 Young, Justice, 337 Windsor, Edward, Duke of, 308, 309 Young, Alex., 337 Windsor, Wallis, Duchess of 308, 309 Young, Benj., 337 Winter, Lucy, 13 Young, John, 335, 337 Wise, Henry Alexander, 55 Young, Rebecca, 335 women, 35-53, 68, 69, 70, 186-204, 305, 308, 314, 327, Young, Samuel, 337 329n Young, William, 337 Women's Union of Dressmakers, 305 Young Frederick Douglass: The Maryland Years by Wood, William Patrick, 42, 49 Dickson J. Preston, Reviewed, 319-21 Woodside, James S., 37, 50n Young's Tavern, 338