County Durham Plan
Minerals & Waste Technical Paper (April 2014)
Altogether Better
Contents
1. Introduction 2 B. Minerals Sites in County 76 Durham 2. Minerals 5 C. Safeguarded Relic Quarries 82 3. Minerals Policy Context 7 D. Waste Sites in County Durham 88 4. County Durham's Geology 10 E. Glossary of Terms 94 5. Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County 13 Durham
6. Waste 42
7. Waste Policy Context 49
8. How the Baseline has 54 Changed
9. The Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations 69 Document
Appendices
A. Saved Minerals and Waste 71 Local Plan Policies
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 1 Introduction
Introduction Detailed information on waste arisings and waste management capacity is set out in a report entitled, “Model of Waste Arisings and Waste 1.1 In April 2009 as part of early work upon the County Durham Plan, Management Capacity for the North East of England Waste Planning twenty one separate Local Development Framework (LDF) Technical Papers Authorities” (July 2012); and were published by the County Council(i) including both a Minerals Technical Paper and a Waste Technical Paper. Both the Minerals Technical Paper Detailed information on the production and disposal of low level and the Waste Technical Paper were subsequently reviewed and radioactive waste is set out in a report entitled, “Production and republished in April 2010. Disposal of Low Level Radioactive Waste in the North East of England” (August 2013). 1.2 This revised Technical Paper is an updated, combined and consolidated version of both the Minerals Technical Paper (April 2010) and the Waste Technical Paper (April 2010). It updates the information to Key Changes since 2010 October 2013 which is the date when the Council published its Pre-Submission Draft Local Plan. The purpose of the Technical Note is to 1.4 Since the LDF Technical Papers were first prepared and published set out the background evidence underpinning the policy approach taken in April 2009 there has been a great deal of change in the Planning system to minerals and waste in the County Durham Plan and to provide the context in England. The Localism Act (2011) dismantled the regional system of to the forthcoming Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document. plan making and led to the revocation of the Regional Spatial Strategy for In addition it also details how the baseline information has changed since the North East and its replacement with the Duty to Cooperate. The 2010, for example where relevant, the technical paper refers to new sites requirement for local planning authorities to prepare Local Development which have granted planning permission. Frameworks has now been replaced with a requirement to prepare Local Plans. Following an external review of planning practice guidance the 1.3 It should be noted that the combined technical paper does not contain Government replaced all existing planning guidance with the National all the minerals and waste evidence, detailed evidence is also set out in Planning Policy Framework (March 2012) and an Internet based Planning other documents for example: Practice Guide (March 2014). Due to the changes, the development plan for County Durham will therefore now comprise the County Durham Plan Detailed information on aggregate minerals is set out in the, "Joint (i.e. the Local Plan), together with a Minerals and Waste Policies and Local Aggregate Assessment for County Durham, Northumberland Allocations document and Neighbourhood Planning (the Act introduced and Tyne and Wear" (April 2013); Neighbourhood Plans, Neighbourhood Development Orders and Community Right to Build Orders under the Neighbourhood Planning heading) prepared by local communities.
1.5 The Pre-Submission Draft Local Plan (October 2013) explains that Local Plan document will set out strategic policies for minerals and waste in County Durham over the Plan period and will:
i Local Development Framework - technical papers
2 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Introduction 1
Identify the scale of future minerals extraction and waste management 1.7 The Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document will be capacity that will need to be accommodated within the County over progressed following adoption of the Local Plan. The timescale for the the period to 2030; preparation of the Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document is explained within the Council's Local Development Scheme. Set out where and when new provision will be necessary; Consultation by Durham County Council on Minerals and Waste Provide clear guidance to enable site specific allocations and planning Planning Matters applications to be considered in both locational and criteria based terms; and 1.8 In terms of minerals and waste planning matters between 2009 and 2014 the Council undertook significant work on the preparation of the County Allocate Strategic Sites for new minerals and waste development, Durham Plan including a call for new minerals and waste sites in December where considered necessary. 2009 and consultation upon:
Technical Consultation Report - Identifying Mineral Safeguarding Areas 1.6 It also explains that the Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations and Safeguarding Mineral Handling, Processing and Transportation document will complement the minerals and waste policies of the Local Infrastructure in County Durham: in July 2009; Plan. It will set out specific policies for a number of minerals not addressed by this Local Plan e.g. Underground Coal Gasification and Shale Gas Core Strategy Issues Paper between October and November 2009; Extraction, will contain detailed development management policies for minerals and waste and in addition, if necessary, will allocate any non Core Strategy Issues and Options between June and August 2010; strategic mineral or waste site which are required to meet the longer term need. Following the adoption of the Local Plan and in the interim until the Consultation on four minerals Technical Consultation Papers between Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document is adopted, planning December 2010 and February 2011: applications for new mineral working and waste development will be determined in accordance with the policies in chapter 10 of the Local Plan Technical Consultation Report - Towards a Minerals Delivery and other relevant policies and saved policies of the County Durham Strategy; Minerals Local Plan (December 2000) and the County Durham Waste Local Technical Consultation Report - Energy Minerals; Plan (April 2005). Once adopted the policies and provisions of the Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document will replace any remaining Technical Consultation Report - New Minerals and Waste Sites saved policies of the County Durham Minerals Local Plan and the County in County Durham; and Durham Waste Local Plan. Technical Consultation Report - Safeguarding Mineral Resources for the future - further consultation on Mineral Safeguarding Areas in County Durham.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 3 1 Introduction
Consultation on one waste Technical Consultation Paper between 23 the Joint Local Aggregate Assessment for County Durham, Northumberland May and the 8 July 2011: and Tyne and Wear. In doing so it supersedes the content set out within Chapter 7 of the Minerals Technical Paper (April 2010). Technical Consultation Report - Towards a Waste Delivery Strategy for County Durham. 1.11 Since the Waste Technical Paper was originally prepared and updated in April 2010 the Council has worked in partnership with other authorities in the North East of England to produce two key reports: Local Plan Preferred Options between September and December 2012; and Model of Waste Arisings and Waste Management Capacity for the North East of England Waste Planning Authorities - This report Pre-Submission Draft Local Plan between October and December outlines the amount of waste being produced to help planning 2013. authorities in the north east to manage the processing of this waste; and 1.9 This updated Technical Paper seeks to incorporate relevant updated Production and Disposal of Low Level Radioactive Waste in the North information emanating from the above consultations. East of England - This study provides estimates of radioactive waste Joint Consultation and Research Reports produced by Durham County arisings from the non-nuclear industry within the region, whilst also Council and other authorities identifying the origins and destinations of these arisings. It informs and supports the preparation of the local plan. 1.10 In order to accord with the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) requirement, the Council is required to prepare an annual Local 1.12 This updated Technical Paper seeks to incorporate relevant updated Aggregate Assessment. In order to comply with this requirement and as information emanating from these reports. part of work to ensure that the Council is working constructively and in partnership with neighbouring authorities under the Duty to Cooperate the Council has worked with other Councils within Northumberland and Tyne and Wear to produce a Joint Local Aggregate Assessment. Following consultation with relevant stake holders including neighbouring Councils, Aggregate Working Party's and the Minerals Industry and their representatives a Joint Local Aggregate for County Durham, Northumberland and Tyne and Wear was finalised in April 2013(ii). This updated Technical Paper seeks to incorporate relevant updated information emanating from
ii Work to prepare an updated Joint Local Aggregate Assessment for County Durham, Northumberland and Tyne and Wear using information for 2012 is currently underway and will be subject to consultation in Spring 2014.
4 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Minerals 2
Why are minerals important? coal. Over the centuries, millions of tonnes of coal fuelled industries, railways and shipping locally and across the world. In this respect coal mining is 2.1 Minerals are a fundamental natural resource. Virtually everything we widely recognised, more than any other industry in shaping the landscape, use is made of minerals, requires minerals in its manufacture or depends economic, political and cultural heritage of the central and eastern part of on minerals for its operation. They are vital to modern economies. Without the County. Indeed many of the County’s settlements owe their existence minerals and mineral extraction life would be very different. The importance to the coal industry, originating as coal mining settlements. of planning for minerals is also explicitly set out in the National Planning Policy Framework (March 2012), ‘Minerals are essential to support 2.4 While coal is no longer ‘king’ in County Durham and minerals sustainable economic growth and our quality of life. It is therefore important extraction is no longer the County’s main economic activity or the County’s that there is a sufficient supply of material to provide the infrastructure, principal source of employment, a very wide range of minerals continue to buildings, energy, goods that the Country needs’. be worked in the County. The continued extraction of minerals is essential. Without the continued extraction of a range of minerals such as magnesian 2.2 County Durham is fortunate in having a very complex geology. As limestone, carboniferous limestone, dolerite, sand and gravel, brick clay, a direct result of this geology the County has been blessed with an fire clay and building stone it would be very difficult for the construction and abundance of both energy and non-energy mineral resources. Some of building industry to deliver the new housing and employment development these minerals are of national or regional importance. Many of the minerals which the Council is required to plan and deliver through the County Durham worked from County Durham’s quarries are essential in enabling the Plan. construction industry to deliver new built development including new homes(iii), shops, offices, factories, hospitals, schools, flood and coastal 2.5 Many of the minerals worked in the County are also important in that defences and maintain the built fabric of existing communities, maintain they help to ensure that the character and aesthetics of the County’ and build new transportation infrastructure including roads(iv), as a use of settlements are maintained. For example, by ensuring the ongoing supply fuel for electricity generation and in agriculture to improve the productivity of bricks with certain aesthetic properties or local building stone which of soil. County Durham also contains important reserves of industrial reflects local building styles. Brick clay extracted in County Durham produces minerals which are nationally scarce and are essential for a range of ‘red bricks’ which are common in many of the villages in the central and industrial operations including steel production and glass manufacture. eastern parts of County Durham, while buff coloured bricks are based upon a blend of brick clay with fireclays. Similarly, much of the distinctive character 2.3 County Durham has a long and distinguished history of mineral of many of the settlements and countryside in the west of the County has working. Indeed to many people the County’s name is synonymous with been created through the use of locally sourced natural building and roofing mineral working, especially with coal mining. In this respect in the early stone. 20th Century, County Durham was one of the world’s greatest sources of
iii An average house consumes around 60 tonnes of aggregate (crushed rock or sand and gravel). This is about 3 lorry loads. Quarry products play their part from the foundations right the way up to tiles on the roof. Bricks and tiles are made from clay. The mortar than bonds bricks is made from sand, lime and cement. The foundations and blocks are made of concrete, a mixture of cement, aggregates and water. The plaster is made from gypsum. The glass in windows is made from sand. In addition quarry products are used for footpaths and access roads. (Source, Quarry Products Association, 2008). iv Aggregates are used to make asphalt for our roads. In addition the road structure is made from aggregates.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 5 2 Minerals
Employment in Mining and Quarrying
2.6 Mineral extraction has historically played an important role in economic development both nationally and locally, but this sector has experienced significant job losses over the past couple of decades. Within County Durham this been mainly due to the curtailing of deep coal mining together with substantial gains in productivity through increased mechanisation and automation in the quarrying industry. Compared to the early 20th Century when over 100,000 men were employed in the County’s deep coal mines and quarries the number of jobs provided by mineral extraction in the County is now relatively small. Nevertheless, mineral working does still make an important contribution to the local economy through direct and indirect employment and the purchase of supplies and services. The Business Monitor PA1007, covering Mineral Extraction in Great Britain, indicates that 601jobs were provided by mineral extraction in County Durham in 2011. This figure includes 282 employees directly employed and 311 drivers and 8 contractors.
2.7 It is assumed that employment will rise in future years once the economy leaves recession and when all sites which have planning permission are in production.
6 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Minerals Policy Context 3
3.1 Following the changes made to the planning system by the coalition also requires Mineral Planning Authorities to set out policies to encourage Government national planning policy guidance relating to the ‘winning and the prior extraction of minerals, where practicable and environmentally working’ of minerals is now set out in the National Planning Policy feasible, if it is necessary for non-mineral development to take place. Framework (NPPF) (published March 2012) and the Internet based Planning Practice Guide (March 2014). 3.6 The NPPF also requires (para 143) that Mineral Planning Authorities safeguard 3.2 As set out above the Council intends to discharge the NPPFs requirements through the preparation of a Local Plan and a Minerals and existing, planned and potential rail heads, rail links to quarries, Waste Policies and Allocations Document. Further detail is set out within wharfage and associated storage, handling and processing facilities chapter 10 and Appendix C of the Pre-Submission Draft Local Plan. for the bulk transport by rail, sea or inland waterways of minerals, including recycled, secondary and marine-dredged materials; and Planning for future Minerals extraction existing, planned and potential sites for concrete batching, the 3.3 The NPPF requires (para 143) that in preparing Local Plans that manufacture of coated materials, other concrete products and the Mineral Planning Authorities identify and include policies for extraction of handling, processing and distribution of substitute, recycled and mineral resource of local and national importance in their area, but should secondary aggregate material. not identify new sites or extensions to existing sites for peat extraction. The Glossary of terms accompanying the NPPF identifies that minerals of local and national importance are minerals which are necessary to meet society’s Aggregates needs, including aggregates, brickclay (especially Etruria Marl and fireclay), 3.7 The NPPF requires (para 145) that Mineral Planning Authorities silica sand (including high grade silica sands), cement raw materials, should plan for a steady and adequate supply of aggregates. gypsum, salt, fluorspar, shallow and deep-mined coal, oil and gas (including hydrocarbons), tungsten, kaolin, ball clay, potash and local minerals of 3.8 The approach to planning for aggregate minerals is underpinned by importance to heritage assets and local distinctiveness. a Managed Aggregates Supply System (MASS). This seeks to ensure there is a steady and adequate supply of aggregate minerals to meet the needs 3.4 Through the Local Plan and the accompanying Minerals and Polices of the construction and ensure the geographical imbalances in between and Allocations Document the Council will seek to ensure that the Council the occurrence of suitable aggregates and the areas where most demand identifies and include policies for the extraction of mineral resource of local arises are appropriately addressed at the local level. For example, in North and national importance. East England, County Durham and Northumberland are net exporters of Safeguarding aggregates to the more urban areas of Tyne and Wear and Tees Valley, where suitable aggregate mineral resources are less abundant. 3.5 The NPPF requires (para 143) Mineral Planning Authorities to identify for the first time a new designation called Mineral Safeguarding Areas in 3.9 One of the key elements of the MASS involves the preparation of a order that known locations of specific mineral resources of local and national LAA by the each Mineral Planning Authority. The Local Aggregate importance are not needlessly sterilised by non-mineral development. It Assessments are expected to forecast demand based on a rolling average
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 7 3 Minerals Policy Context
of 10 years sales data, supply options, the balance between supply and encouraging safeguarding or stockpiling so that important minerals demand and the environmental and economic constraints and opportunities remain available for use; that could influence supply. The LAA should is also to indicate whether there is a surplus or shortage of supply and if there is a shortage how this providing a stock of permitted reserves to support the level of actual is being addressed. and proposed investment required for new or existing plant and the maintenance and improvement of existing plant and equipment, as 3.10 National and sub-national guidelines for the provision of aggregate follows: minerals are also published by central government to provide an indication of the total amount of aggregate the mineral planning authorities within at least 10 years for individual silica sand sites; each AWP cluster should seek to provide. There is, however, no expectation that each AWP should meet the guidelines especially if the environmental at least 15 years for cement primary (chalk and limestone) and cost of doing so is likely to be unacceptable. The most up-to-date guidelines secondary (clay and shale) materials to maintain an existing plant, for aggregates provision were published in June 2009(v). and for silica sand sites where significant new capital is required; and 3.11 This current approach differs from way the MASS has previously operated. Previously the MASS had more of a ‘top-down’ approach and at least 25 years for brick clay, and for cement primary and involved central Government issuing national and sub-national guidelines secondary materials to support a new kiln. for aggregates provision, based on forecasts of demand for aggregate minerals with the aggregate working party then providing technical advice on how these guidelines should be apportioned to each mineral planning taking account of the need for provision of brick clay from a number authority in their area. The mineral planning authorities were then expected of different sources to enable appropriate blends to be made. to make provision for this apportionment in their local development plan. Energy Minerals The approach to MASS was amended to reflect the Government’s more localist approach to planning matters 3.13 The NPPF advises (para 147) that Minerals Planning Authorities should: Industrial Minerals when planning for on-shore oil and gas development, including 3.12 The NPPF advises (para 146) that minerals planning authorities unconventional hydrocarbons, clearly distinguish between the three should plan for a steady and adequate supply of industrial minerals by: phases of development (exploration, appraisal and production) and co-operating with neighbouring and more distant authorities to address constraints on production and processing within areas that co-ordinate the planning of industrial minerals to ensure adequate are licensed for oil and gas exploration or production; provision is made to support their likely use in industrial and manufacturing processes;
v National and regional guidelines for aggregates provision in England 2005-202: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-and-regional-guidelines-for-aggregates-provision-in-england-2005-to-2020
8 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Minerals Policy Context 3
encourage underground gas and carbon storage and associated and migration of contamination from the site; and take into account infrastructure if local geological circumstances indicate its feasibility; the cumulative effects of multiple impacts from individual sites and/or a number of sites in a locality; indicate any areas where coal extraction and the disposal of colliery spoil may be acceptable; when developing noise limits, recognise that some noisy short-term activities, which may otherwise be regarded as unacceptable, are encourage capture and use of methane from coal mines in active and unavoidable to facilitate minerals extraction; and abandoned coalfield areas; and put in place policies to ensure worked land is reclaimed at the earliest provide for coal producers to extract separately, and if necessary opportunity, taking account of aviation safety, and that high quality stockpile, fireclay so that it remains available for use. restoration and aftercare of mineral sites takes place, including for agriculture (safeguarding the long term potential of best and most versatile agricultural land and conserving soil resources), geo-diversity, 3.14 In terms of coal the NPPF advises (para 149) that permission should biodiversity, native woodland, the historic environment and recreation. not be given for the extraction of coal unless the proposal is environmentally acceptable, or can be made so by planning conditions or obligations; or if not, it provides national, local or community benefits which clearly outweigh 3.17 Through the Local Plan and the accompanying Minerals and Polices the likely impacts to justify the grant of planning permission. and Allocations Document the Council will seek to ensure that it sets out environmental criteria against which planning applications will be assessed 3.15 Through the Local Plan and the accompanying Minerals and Polices and put in place policies to ensure worked land is reclaimed at the earliest and Allocations Document the Council will seek to ensure that all forms of opportunity. energy minerals that are necessary to address are addressed.
Environmental Criteria
3.16 The NPPF advises (para 143) that Minerals Planning Authorities should:
set out environmental criteria, in line with the policies in this Framework, against which planning applications will be assessed so as to ensure that permitted operations do not have unacceptable adverse impacts on the natural and historic environment or human health, including from noise, dust, visual intrusion, traffic, tip- and quarry-slope stability, differential settlement of quarry backfill, mining subsidence, increased flood risk, impacts on the flow and quantity of surface and groundwater
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 9 4 County Durham's Geology
4.1 County Durham is a geologically complex County. A wide range of to the development of Britain as a world power during the late 18th and rocks and more recent sedimentary deposits are found throughout the 19th centuries. Outcrops of Westphalian rocks comprise 75,227 hectares County. The extent of potential mineral resources found within the County or approximately 34% of the surface area of County Durham. and available for extraction is defined by this complex geology. Namurian rocks were formed during the subdivision or Epoch, of the 4.2 In terms of its solid geology, the County consists principally of a Carboniferous period known as the Namurian, generally regarded as succession from west to east of Carboniferous (between 354 and 290 million having extended from approximately 327 to 316 million years ago. years ago) and Permian deposits (between 290 and 248 million years ago). Namurian rocks mainly comprise thick successions of hard, Much older Ordovician rocks from around 495 and 443 million years ago coarse-grained sandstones to which the term 'Millstone Grit' is also outcrop to a limited extent in the west of the County. All the geological commonly applied. The Millstone Grit, deriving its name from the strata in the County dip gently towards the east. suitability of its sandstone beds in Derbyshire for making millstones. While it is now recognised as the wrong term for the Namurian rocks Igneous rocks underlie much of the County. They tend to appear as in County Durham, 'Millstone Grit' is still used for ease of recognition. either sills (horizontal strata) or dykes (vertical projections from sills, Outcrops of Namurian rocks comprise approximately 84,530 hectares, formed when semi-molten rock under pressure flowed into joints or or approximately 38% of the surface area of County Durham. weak points between other strata). The most famous of the igneous rocks in the County is the Great Whin Sill which is well exposed in Dinantian rocks were formed during the Dinantian Epoch of the Upper Teesdale and to a lesser extent in Weardale. It has been Carboniferous period. This period of earth history is generally believed extensively quarried for crushed road aggregate. Outcrops of igneous to have extended from approximately 354 to 327 million years ago. rocks comprise approximately 2,523 hectares or about 1% of the Outcrops of Dinantian rocks comprise approximately 25,322 hectares surface area of County Durham. or approximately 11% of the surface area of County Durham. They are mainly located in the upper parts of Teesdale and Weardale, with The rocks of Carboniferous age are divided into three main lithological a further outcrop south of Barnard Castle. groups - the Coal Measures (also known as Westphalian), millstone grit (also known as Namurian) and the carboniferous limestone series (also known as Dinantian). Table 1 Rocks of the Carboniferous Age
Westphalian rocks were formed during the Westphalian Epoch of the Traditional Name Modern name. Carboniferous period between 316 and 306 million years ago. Coal Measures Upper Carboniferous Westphalian Westphalian rocks are commonly known as the coal measures after the coal seams which they contain. Because of their coal, iron ore and Millstone Grit Namurian shale reserves the Westphalian rocks comprise one of the most economically significant parts of Britain's geology and were instrumental Carboniferous Limestone Lower Carboniferous Dinantian
10 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper County Durham's Geology 4
Figure 1 Geology of County Durham 4.3 The carboniferous limestone (Dinantian) series is represented by alternative layers of sandstone, shale and relatively thin limestone bands, which outcrop in the west of Durham. The carboniferous sequence plays host to an ore field consisting of numerous mineral infilled fractures and although it is mainly developed in the carboniferous limestone and millstone grit (Namurian) to the west of the County, it also extends to the coal measures in the east. The Orefield consists of two distinct zones, with an inner zone centred on Weardale dominated by fluorspar, and an outer zone in which barytes is the dominant mineral. Lead ore occurs and has been exploited throughout the ore field, but the richest deposits occur within the outer fringes of the fluorspar zone. This ore field is unique in that it carries economic deposits of the rare mineral witherite.
4.4 Although generally well eroded in the upper reaches of west Durham, the millstone grit increasingly forms the fells and ridges between the main Dales to the east of a line between Blanchland and Middleton in Teesdale. The millstone grit series is represented by three groups of sandstone beds separated by shales, with a few thin coal seams.
4.5 The succession eastwards continues with the millstone grit being overlain by the Coal Measures (Westphalian), the division broadly corresponding with the easterly extent of the open moorland of west Durham. The Coal Measures extend to the east of the Wear Valley, where they are unconformably overlain by Permian rocks. Southwards the strata are thrown into strong undulations beyond the Butterknowle Fault and end in a sharp upraise beneath the magnesian limestone. These boundaries to the east and south mark the extent of the 'exposed' part of the Durham coalfield; the concealed part of the coalfield extends beneath the Permian strata eastwards across the County and beneath the North Sea. The Coal Measures consist essentially of beds of sandstone and shale with numerous coal seams of varying thickness. Ironstone is sometimes found as workable deposits in the strata between the coal seams and fireclay (seat earths) is sometimes found in conjunction with the coal seams. Over the lowlands of
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 11 4 County Durham's Geology
the Wear valley and its tributaries the Coal Measures are generally covered The base of the Permian is represented by the Yellow Sands formation by glacial drift (glacial till or boulder clay) deposits which give rise, from which outcrops north of Ferryhill and at various points around the time to time, to deposits of sand and gravel and brick clay. escarpment. These were laid down under desert conditions and are found only in discrete deposits. Above the Yellow Sands Formation lies a thin bed Figure 2 County Durham's Drift Geology of marl slate, itself overlain by deposits of magnesian limestone which consists of a variable mixture of the minerals dolomite and calcite. Where the mineral dolomite is the principal constituent and scarcely any free calcite is present, the deposit is referred to as a dolomite rock. The occurrence of such deposits of dolomite is mainly confined to the lower beds of the magnesian limestone, the occurrence of which within the County is restricted to the lower levels of the deposit between Ferryhill and Pittington. Throughout the remainder of the magnesian limestone series the rock ranges through varying degrees of dolomitised limestone to pure limestone. Eastwards from the escarpment, the magnesian limestone is extensively covered by glacial drift deposits, which occasionally give rise to deposits of sand and gravel and brick clay. Outcrops of Permian Rocks comprise approximately 35,273 hectares, or 15.8% of the surface area of County Durham.
4.7 Further detailed information on the geology of County Durham is set out in a number of reports including the County Durham Geo-diversity Audit and the British Geological Survey publication 'Mineral Resource Information for Development Plans – Durham and the Tees Valley: Resources and Constraints', (2000)(vi).
4.6 The eastern edge of the Wear lowlands is marked by the edge of the Permian rocks. These rocks were laid down during the Permian Period about 290 to 248 million years ago. The Permian rocks form a bold escarpment running in a north - south direction between Pittington and Ferryhill in County Durham and then south-westwards, with the escarpment gradually disappearing to the south of Shildon. To the north of Pittington, the escarpment gradually disappears towards Sunderland in Tyne & Wear.
vi Mineral Resource Information for Development Plans – Durham and the Tees Valley: Resources and Constraints can be accessed from this webpage: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsUK/planning/resource.html.
12 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
5.1 In quantitative terms, the most important minerals currently extracted 3. Energy minerals – coal, coal bed methane, oil and gas; in the County today are known as aggregates. The British Geological Survey defines aggregates as being ‘hard, granular materials which are suitable 4. Vein Minerals – fluorspar and barytes; and for use either on their own or with the addition of cement, lime or a bituminous binder in construction’. There are two main types of aggregates, 5. Other – peat. crushed rock aggregates including magnesian limestone (with agricultural lime as a by-product); carboniferous limestone and dolerite (an igneous 5.4 This part of the evidence base is directly supported by Appendix B rock); and sand and gravel. Figure 3 below shows the distribution of current which sets out the location of County Durham's mineral sites. mineral workings in County Durham. Aggregates (including high grade dolomite) 5.2 A range of other economically important non-aggregate minerals are also currently extracted including nationally important high-grade dolomite Limestone - an overview (suitable for use in the steel and chemical industries), natural building and roofing stone, brick-making raw materials (coal measures mudstone, glacial 5.5 County Durham is one of the major centres of limestone production clay and fireclay), and surface mined coal. In addition a number of other in Great Britain. Two types of limestone are extracted: magnesian limestone minerals have been extracted in the recent past but are not currently worked and carboniferous limestone. Although both are limestones, the two types including vein minerals, such as lead, fluorspar and barytes and silica sand are different in terms of their physical properties and make up. This is related used for casting mouldings in foundries and ganister (a high silica to the environment in which they were formed, as well as the types of (vii) sandstone) . materials that formed them.
5.3 The following paragraphs provide a detailed overview of the broad extent of mineral resources in the County, the importance of individual minerals, their uses, information on recent sales and the location of individual mineral sites. The following are considered:
1. Aggregates – magnesian limestone (including high grade dolomite), carboniferous limestone, igneous rock (dolerite also known as whinstone), and sand and gravel;
2. Non aggregates – brick making raw materials (brickshale, fireclay, brick clay), natural building and roofing stone; ganister and moulding sand;
vii Ganister is being worked for building stone at Harthope Head Quarry near St Johns Chapel in Weardale.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 13 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
Figure 3 Active Mineral Sites in County Durham by Mineral Type - October 2013.
14 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
5.6 Carboniferous limestone is harder and more durable in use. It resists whole of the deposit. True dolomite is formed as the replacement of calcite weathering and can be used in situations where it is frequently exposed to by solutions passing through the rock, usually in shallow sea water. This precipitation and freezing. Accordingly, it is used predominantly for such is a metasomatic(viii) change to the rock, which also causes a contraction things as road building and maintenance and concrete manufacture. in volume of up to 12.3%, leading to increased porosity and permeability. Previously carboniferous limestone has been used for building work, Dolomite, when calcined, can be used in the formation of refractory linings particularly in the Pennine towns. However, this is less common today. to kilns, metal smelting vessels and their attendant transport structures. Magnesian limestone is generally softer, more porous and less durable in This protects the vessels from chemical attack by the basic steel slag. In use. It weathers rapidly and, if exposed to freezing conditions when wet, addition, it can be used in steel making as a flux and this is its current will break down very quickly. Accordingly, it is used predominantly for predominant use. The purer deposits extracted at Whitwell Quarry in purposes where it is not exposed to the weather, such as construction fill, Derbyshire are also suitable for use in clear glass making, as they contain base courses for roads and pipe bedding. Only parts of the lowest beds of less iron. To date dolomite of sufficient purity to produce clear glass has magnesian limestone have been found to be hard enough to be used in not been discovered in County Durham, although some from Hawthorn concrete manufacture or road building. Quarry, near the North Sea coast has been used in the production of heat-proof glass at Sunderland. Formerly dolomite was also used to make 5.7 Carboniferous limestone is found in the older rock formations towards magnesia using a sea water process at Hartlepool. Because of its the western part of County Durham and was formed as part of a succession, exceptional electrical resistance and heat conductivity properties this was while magnesian limestone is found towards the east of County Durham used in the manufacture of insulation and industrial heating elements. and lies unconformably over the upper-carboniferous deposits (coal measures). Magnesian Limestone (including high grade dolomite)
Limestone - chemical properties 5.10 The magnesian limestone resource in County Durham is of both national and regional importance and is the most important mineral worked 5.8 Both limestones are formed predominantly of calcium carbonate, in County Durham today. The resource underlies the majority of east accompanied by a variety of other materials. Calcium carbonate is prone Durham and at its western edge forms a bold escarpment running in a north to chemical attack by carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide, which form - south direction between Pittington and Ferryhill and then south-westwards, carbonic acid and sulphurous acid in rainwater, most especially in cities. with the escarpment gradually disappearing to the south of Shildon. To the This dissolves the surface layers of the limestone, causing disfigurement north of Pittington, the escarpment gradually disappears towards Sunderland of buildings and monuments. in Tyne and Wear.
5.9 Magnesian limestone varies considerably throughout the deposit in 5.11 The magnesian limestone resource is understood to be highly terms of chemical make up. Where more than 90% of the rock is formed variable, both regionally and locally. It has been traditionally divided in to of the double carbonate, calcium magnesium carbonate, then the rock is the lower, middle and upper magnesian limestone. Within County Durham classed as ‘dolomite’ - although this term is commonly used to refer to the the lower magnesian limestone (also known as the Raisby formation), which
viii This is a metamorphic process whereby existing minerals are transformed totally or partially into new minerals by the replacement of their chemical constituents.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 15 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
only outcrops extensively along the escarpment between Pittington and 5.12 Most magnesian limestone extracted in County Durham is sold as Shildon in County Durham, is the most important formation of the magnesian aggregate for use in the construction industries. Only one magnesian limestone succession due to its chemical qualities, purity and range of limestone quarry, Coxhoe Quarry (formerly Raisby Quarry), has an applicable uses. In the past most quarrying for aggregate uses has been asphalt/coating plant in County Durham(ix). That quarry is also the only from the lower magnesian limestone, with the overlying limestones of the one to work the harder ‘Permian blue’ found at the base of the deposit, Middle Magnesian Limestone (Ford formation) generally not being suitable although Thrislington Quarry is expected to work these beds in the future. for aggregate use, apart from granular sub-base of fill applications. Similarly, The majority of magnesian limestone is believed to be sold for non the Upper Magnesian Limestone has not been extensively quarried as aggregate purposes including agricultural lime(). This product is often the generally it is only suitable for low grade aggregate uses, such as granular fines which remain after limestone and dolomite has been crushed and sub-base roadstone and fill. screened to meet specifications for aggregate or other markets.
Figure 4 Magnesian Limestone Table 2 Mineral Qualities - Magnesian Limestone
Limestone Formation Type Value Uses
Lower Raisby Hard limestone Relatively Suitable for concreting strong, durable aggregates and coated & frost resistant road-base materials
Dolomitic parts Generally Sufficiently frost-resistant weaker & more for use as road sub-base porous and fill
Lower Suitable for use and filter magnesian aggregate, building stone limestone and armour stone aggregates
Middle Ford Overlying Mostly relatively Not generally suitable for dolomites & soft and porous aggregate use, apart from dolomitic low grade granular limestones sub-base or fill applications
ix There are four asphalt/coating plants in the County at Coxhoe Quarry, Heights Quarry, Hulands Quarry and Force Garth Quarry.
16 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
Limestone Formation Type Value Uses the area of about 300 hectares to the east of Thrislington Quarry is the only area in Great Britain where there are sufficient reserves with Upper Seaham, Limestones Generally only suitable a low enough silica content to provide material economically for the Roker & for low grade aggregate Hartlepool Magnesia Plant; Concretionary applications, such as Limestone granular sub-base road stone or fill the above area, together with the southern part of Cornforth Quarry is the only area in the County where there are sufficient reserves 5.13 Dolomite which has relatively low levels of impurities is considered suitable for providing calcined Dolomite for steel flux. Reserves of this to be 'high grade' and suitable for use in the production of magnesia, as a material area also available at Whitwell Derbyshire; flux in steel making, and as an iron sinter. The Lower Magnesian Limestone (Raisby formation) at Thrislington Quarry is a nationally important source the other high grade Dolomite reserves identified in the first review of of dolomite for industrial applications. Evidence suggests that Thrislington the County Development Plan (1964) are no longer suitable, largely Quarry and the area immediately to the east is the only area in Great Britain because of high silica contents, for calcined uses. The appendix also other than Whitwell Quarry in Derbyshire which contains dolomite of reports that the Institute of Geological Sciences (now British Geological sufficient quality to be used both in the steel and magnesia industries, Survey) supported Dr Davies conclusions and stressed that the work although none is currently consumed in the magnesia industry(x). involved in assessing Dolomite reserves is as comprehensive as could be expected and that to carry out such a survey now (in the 1980’s) 5.14 Available evidence on high grade dolomite is set out in Appendix 2 would cost in the order of £3million. of the Magnesian Limestone Escarpment Plan [Minerals and Landscape Restoration Plan] Local Plan and the British Geological Survey Dolomite 5.15 In these respects the British Geological Survey fact sheet "Industrial Mineral Planning Fact sheet. While it is recognised that the Escarpment Dolomite" indicates that: Local Plan is now a historic document a number of the findings (in respect of high grade dolomite) remain valid. Appendix 2 of the plan reports upon ‘the Permian Magnesian Limestone is a resource of national and a survey conducted by a Dr Davies (later Professor of Applied Geology at regional importance’; the University College of Wales at Aberystwyth) who undertook a survey of dolomite sites throughout Great Britain in the 1960’s. His survey ‘in north east England (County Durham) the Raisby formation and concluded that the most important sites were on the escarpment in County Ford formation are important carbonate resources. The Raisby Durham, South Yorkshire/Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. In the 1980’s formation at Thrislington Quarry is a major source of high-grade Dr Davies reassessed the results of his survey in light of the new dolomite for steel making’; and specifications for high grade dolomite and concluded: ‘because of the restricted distribution of suitable quality dolomite for these applications, certain sites will remain of considerable economic importance.’ x Britain's sole sea water Magnesia Plant closed in June 2005.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 17 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
5.16 In addition to the deposits of high grade dolomite at Thrislington Table 3 Sites with Planning Permission for Magnesian Limestone extraction Quarry, deposits of dolomite of sufficient purity for colourless glass in County Durham manufacture have also been proved at Hawthorn Quarry, on the coast south of Seaham. In 1980 boreholes made in the floor of Hawthorn Quarry, Quarry Location Operator Planning Expiry Date for established the presence of large reserves (recognised to be up to 9 million and Grid Status in Extraction Reference October tonnes) of chemically consistent low iron high magnesia dolomite. This low 2013 iron high magnesia dolomite can be used as flux in coloured glass manufacture an alternative to soda ash. (Glass making needs the presence 1 Thrislington Cornforth Lafarge Active 18/01/2015 and (a)(b) of fluxes in certain quantities. (In the 1980s, an essential flux soda ash Quarry (west of NZ 317 322 Tarmac 1/07/2045. increased rapidly in price as energy costs escalated). A1(M) and Thrislington Quarry east of 5.17 Following the discovery of this low iron high magnesia dolomite a the A1(M) planning permission was granted in 1984 for the extraction of limestone and dolomite at Hawthorn Quarry. The planning permission recognised the 2 Crime Rigg Sherburn Sherburn Active 31/12/2022. importance of the high grade dolomite within the site as a national resource Quarry and NZ 346 416 Stone Co. . A section 52 planning agreement was signed as part of planning permission extension 5/81/274/CM which limited where possible the mineral extracted to be sold 3 Witch Hill Quarry Sherburn Sherburn Inactive 21/02/2042. for high grade specialised purposes, such as a flux in the manufacture of NZ 345 397 Stone Co. colourless glass. Hawthorn Quarry, ceased working in 1985. More recently a scoping report was submitted to the Council in January 2009 in connection 4 Running Waters Bowburn Sherburn Inactive 21/02/2042. with the review of existing planning permissions at Hawthorn Quarry. Quarry NZ 334 403 Stone Co 5 Aycliffe Quarry Aycliffe Stonegrave Active 12/05/2014. 5.18 In October 2013 there were ten quarries with planning permission East and NZ 290 222 Aggregates to work magnesian limestone in County Durham. In addition there are also extension Ltd. a further five sites which are identified as dormant or which are Interim Development Orders. Thrislington Quarry, however, is the only quarry on 6 Old Quarrington Bowburn Lafarge Active 21/02/2042. the escarpment in County Durham to produce high grade dolomite (for use Quarry and Cold NZ 330 380 Tarmac as flux in the steel industry). Its future was confirmed on 25 July 2011 when Knuckles the Council issued planning permission to extend Thrislington Quarry to 7 Cornforth West West Lafarge Inactive 21/02/2042. the east of the A1(M). This permission allows the extraction of approximately (IDO/7/5/1) Cornforth Tarmac 29 million tonnes of magnesian limestone, of which it is estimated that some NZ 325 344 11.35 million tonnes would be used for high grade purposes. 8 Cornforth East West Lafarge Inactive 21/02/2042. (MRA/7/2) Cornforth Tarmac NZ 325 344
18 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
Quarry Location Operator Planning Expiry Date for reserve information for their quarries. The survey returns indicate that sales and Grid Status in Extraction have fallen year on year since 2007, in line with the overall decline in Reference October crushed rock sales. For example using these returns our best estimate is 2013 that sales were approximately 2.4 million tonnes in 2007, approximately 1.9 million tonnes in 2008, before falling to approximately 1.2-1.3 million 9 Coxhoe Quarry Coxhoe Hope Active 01/09/2018. (formerly known NZ 347 352 Construction tonnes each year between 2009 and 2011. Sales in 2012 have now fallen as Raisby Materials to approximately 1.1 million tonnes. Quarry) and (part of Mittal extension, Investments). 5.20 Information on permitted reserves are set out within the Joint Local Coxhoe(c). Aggregate Assessment for County Durham, Northumberland and Tyne and Wear and are set out below. 10 Bishop Ferryhill W & M Active 30/06/2015. Middleham NZ 328 326 Thompson Table 4 Estimated permitted reserves of crushed rock in County Durham Quarry and Quarries 2012, (tonnes). extension. a. Thrislington Quarry west of the A(M) mineral extraction must cease on 18 January 2015. Quarry Estimated/Actual Permitted Thrislington Quarry east of the A1(M) - All mineral extraction to cease no later than 32 years reserves remaining at 31.12.12 from the date of commencement of the development - by 1 July 2045. The site to be restored within 2 years from the cessation of mineral extraction. Aycliffe Quarry 70,0001 b. Lafarge Tarmac advise that they are intending on making a planning application for the extension of the current expiry date and are working towards bring forward a proposal for an additional 15 Witch Hill Quarry 500,0001 years time extension i.e. until end of Plan Period (2030) which will allow remaining Civils grade
Limestone reserves to be worked out. In addition the company advise that they will seek 1 permission for the working of additional sand reserves. Running Waters Quarry 350,000 c. As part of the principal condition to receiving final clearance from the Competition Commission 1 for the formation of a 50:50 joint venture with Lafarge Aggregates Ltd, Tarmac Northern has Crime Rigg Quarry 5,415,000 sold Coxhoe Quarry to Hope Construction (part of Mittal Investments). Bishop Middleham Quarry 980,0001 5.19 Due to the way that information is reported in the North East 1 Aggregates Working Party's (NEAWP's) annual aggregates monitoring Old Quarrington and Cold Knuckles Quarry 19,516,000 reports no information is available from the NEAWP on either sales or Thrislington Quarry 18,742,0001 permitted reserves of magnesian limestone in County Durham(xi). In recent years in response to the Council's own annal survey of mineral operators, Cornforth West / Cornforth East 37,719,0001 mineral operators have provided the Council with both sales and permitted xi Information on sales and permitted reserves of magnesian limestone (for County Durham) on a resource basis were last published in the North East Regional Aggregates Working Annual Aggregates Monitoring Report for 2003. This report included a combined figure for magnesian limestone and dolomite production for County Durham, Tees Valley and Tyne and Wear. Using this information and information derived from the Joint LAA it was calculated that in 2003 approximately 2.45 million tonnes of magnesian limestone was sold for aggregates purposes from County Durham's magnesian limestone aggregate quarries. The corresponding figures for 2002 and 2001 being 2.19 million tonnes and 2.42 million tonnes.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 19 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
Quarry Estimated/Actual Permitted Table 6 Reported Agricultural Lime Sales from County Durham's Magnesian reserves remaining at 31.12.12 Limestone Quarries 2009- 2012.
Coxhoe Quarry (formerly known as Raisby 31,140,0001 31.12.09 31/12/2010 31/12/2011 31/12/2012 Quarry) and extension, Coxhoe. 220,303 202,248 205,261 120,377 Total magnesian limestone permitted reserves 114,432,6212 Source: Durham County Council's agricultural and aggregates surveys.
Source: Durham County Council, 2013 Notes: 1 Operator returns to Council survey 2 Mineral Planning Authority best estimate Carboniferous Limestone 5.21 Agricultural lime, which is used to correct the acidity of soil is produced as a by-product from a number of magnesian limestone quarries 5.22 Carboniferous limestones exist in parts of West Durham where they in County Durham, where the primary purpose of extraction has been the occur in mixed sequences of limestone, mudstone and sandstone beds. production of aggregates or for use in the steel and chemical industry(xii). Many of these limestones are less than 10 metres thick and are too thin to Until relatively recently no information has been collected relating to support modern quarrying. The most commercially important of the limestone agricultural lime sales from County Durham's magnesian limestone quarries. beds within the carboniferous series is the Great Limestone (of Namurian Information derived from the Council’s agricultural lime survey is set out Age). It outcrops fairly continuously along the sides of Weardale above below. The table shows that form many years reported production has been Frosterley. In Teesdale, glacial drift deposits restrict its outcrop to localised approximately been between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes per annum. pockets around Middleton in Teesdale and to the south of Barnard Castle Reported sales in 2012 suggest that sales have fell to approximately around Boldron. 120,000 tonnes. 5.23 Although similar in some respects to magnesian limestone, Table 5 Reported Agricultural Lime Sales from County Durham's Magnesian Carboniferous limestone often differs in some of its physical qualities. In Limestone Quarries 2005 - 2008. particular Carboniferous limestone tends to be harder than magnesian limestone, and therefore more suited to particular heavy duty uses, for 31.12.05 31.12.06 31.12.07 31.12.08 example in sea defence works.
305,145 321,677 321,933 271,699
xii Over the period 2005 to 2012 survey returns indicate that agricultural lime has been produced at six quarries in County Durham: Thrislington Quarry, Crime Rigg Quarry, Coxhoe Quarry, Aycliffe Quarry, Witch Hill Quarry and Bishop Middleham Quarry.
20 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
Figure 5 Carboniferous Limestone working and restoration conditions by the Council under the provisions of the Environment Act 1995 (or any statutory modification to or re-enactment of that Act) and subject to permitted reserves remaining, (see Appendix C).
Table 8 Carboniferous Limestone Quarries operating in County Durham in October 2013.
Quarry Operator Expiry Status in Date October Extraction 2013
Heights Quarry, Eastgate. Aggregate Industries UK 21.02.2042. Active Ltd.
Hulands Quarry & Aggregate Industries UK 18.03.2026 Active Extension, Bowes. Ltd.
Kilmondwood Quarry, Kearton Farms Ltd(a). 21.02.2042 Active Bowes.
Broadwood Quarry, Sherburn Stone Co Ltd. 21.02.2042 Active Frosterley.
Newlandside Quarry(b) Indigo Pacific Site Services 21.02.2042 Active Ltd Table 7 Mineral Qualities - Carboniferous Limestone. a. Prior to 1 January 2014, Kilmondwood Quarry was operated by Cemex Uk Ltd. Type Value Uses b. Newlandside Quarry was registered dormant under the Environment Act 1995. A new scheme of working and restoration conditions was approved in 2007 to allow the recovery of 500,000 tonnes of stockpiled materials. Reclamation works have been in progress since 1 August 2007. Carboniferous Harder & more durable More suited to particular heavy duty uses The site was required to be restored in accordance with the approved scheme (5 years from Limestone. than Magnesian e.g. road building, sea defence works and date of commencement – 1 August 2012). However, the site operator continues to remove Limestone. cement. stockpiles and complete restoration.
5.24 In October 2013 there were five quarries producing carboniferous 5.25 Two carboniferous quarries have asphalt/coating plants in County limestone. In addition there are also a number of dormant quarries where Durham. One of these, Heights quarry, is located west of Eastgate in working could theoretically resume, following the agreement of new modern Weardale. The other, Hulands quarry, is located in Teesdale, east of Bowes. By producing an ‘added value’ product, the additional cost of the transport to market from these relatively remote locations is ameliorated by the premium price that can be charged. Carboniferous Limestone has also
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 21 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
been used to manufacture cement. However, in 2002 the only cement works Quarry Estimated/Actual Permitted reserves in the North East, at Eastgate closed and the quarry which was associated remaining at 31.12.12 with the works completed its aftercare in 2012. Broadwood Quarry 335,0001 5.26 Due to the way that information on sales and permitted reserves is reported in the North East Aggregates Working Party's Annual Aggregate Newlandside Quarry n/a Monitoring Reports, for many years there has been no published information Total Carboniferous Limestone Permitted 9,447,0002 available on either sales or permitted reserves of carboniferous limestone Reserves in County Durham(xiii). However, in recent years in response to the Council's own annal survey of mineral operators, mineral operators have provided Source: Durham County Council, 2013 Notes: 1 Operator returns to Council survey 2 Mineral Planning Authority best estimates. the Council with both sales and permitted reserve information for their quarries. The survey returns indicate that sales have fallen year on year 5.27 Through work to prepare the Local Plan the Council has took the since 2007, in line with the overall decline in crushed rock sales. The results view that without additional provision that the majority of existing permitted of the Council's survey of mineral operators indicate that sales were reserves of carboniferous limestone will become exhausted during the Plan approximately 1 million tonnes in 2007, 810,451 tones in 2008, 616,239 period (circa 2024) and that based on current information a further 7.2 tonnes in 2009, 554,511 tonnes in 2010, 500,000 tonnes in 2011 and million tonnes of carboniferous limestone would be required to maintain 444,005 in 2012. Information on permitted reserves are set out within the sales to 2030. Furthermore, the Local Plan also forecast that a further 9 Joint Local Aggregate Assessment for County Durham, Northumberland million tonnes of carboniferous limestone will need to be permitted to meet and Tyne and Wear and are set out below. longer term need(xiv). Please note the Local Plan indicates that through the annual Joint LAA the Council will review our forecasts for further provision Table 9 Estimated permitted reserves of carboniferous limestone in County and seek to maintain a steady and adequate supply of this mineral. Durham 2012, (tonnes). Dolerite Quarry Estimated/Actual Permitted reserves remaining at 31.12.12 5.28 Igneous rock (also known as dolerite or whinstone) is exceptionally Heights Quarry 3,610,0001 hard and durable and has a high polished stone value (PSV). These qualities make it an important source of aggregate material/high specification Hulands Quarry 3,840,0001 roadstone for the top wearing course of roads which have to withstand
2 heavy volumes of traffic. It is also used as a concrete aggregate and in the Kilmondwood Quarry 1,642,000 construction of sea defences.
xiii Information on sales of carboniferous limestone on a resource basis (in County Durham) were last published in the North East Regional Aggregates Working Annual Aggregates Monitoring Report for 2003. This report indicated that sales from County Durham in 2003 were 734,000 tonnes. The corresponding figures for 2002 and 2001 being 492,000 tonnes in 2002 and 879,000 tonnes in 2001. xiv These forecasts were based upon permitted reserve information, upon a potential maximum production figure of up to 900,000 tonnes per annum and the requirement to maintain production potential in the long term beyond 2030.
22 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
Table 10 Mineral Qualities - Igneous Rock (Dolerite). Figure 6 Igneous Rock in County Durham
Type Value Uses
Igneous Rock. Exceptionally hard and Suitable for concreting aggregates and durable. coated road-base materials including for the top course of some roads.
5.29 Within County Durham, igneous rocks are found as intrusions into the carboniferous limestone series in the west of the County. The most important of these is the series of intrusions collectively known as the Whin Sill, from which the term whinstone is derived. The Whin Sill is a sheet intrusion of igneous rock and is up to 80 metres thick where it outcrops in Upper Teesdale (within the North Pennines). Coupled to the sill are a number of dykes which run through the country rock in a roughly east-north-east direction.
5.30 In October 2013 there was only one quarry producing igneous rock in the County, Force Garth Quarry in Teesdale. In addition there are also a small number of dormant quarries where working could theoretically resume, following the agreement of new modern working and restoration conditions by the Council under the provisions of the Environment Act 1995 (or any statutory modification to or re-enactment of that Act) and subject to 5.31 Due to the way that information on sales and permitted reserves is permitted reserves remaining, (see Appendix B). reported in the North East Aggregates Working Party's Annual Aggregate Table 11 Dolerite Quarries with planning permission. Monitoring Reports, for many years there has been no published information available on either sales or permitted reserves of igneous rock in County Quarry Operator Expiry Status in Durham. However, in response to the Council's own annal survey of mineral Date for October operators the owner of Force Garth Quarry, Cemex UK Ltd has provided Extraction 2012 the Council with both sales and permitted reserve information for the quarry in recent years. The survey returns indicate that prior to the current Force Garth Quarry, near Cemex UK Ltd. 21.02.2042 Active. economic downturn Force Garth quarry contributed approximately 250,000 Middleton-in- Teesdale. tonnes of mineral to crushed rock sales in County Durham. In recent years in line with the overall trend to crushed rock sales production has fallen in line with the overall decline in crushed rock sales.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 23 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
5.32 Current permitted reserves within the area of the quarry which is Superficial deposits which include fluvial sand and gravel, glacial sand currently operating are estimated at approximately 18.5 million tonnes. In and gravel and beach and blown sand deposits; and addition further significant quantities of igneous rock are located within the wider permission area. Through work to prepare the Local Plan the Council Bedrock deposits and these are represented by the Basal Permian concluded that given the extent of permitted reserves at Force Garth Quarry Sands. that more than sufficient permitted reserves of this mineral exist to meet the long term needs for this mineral without the grant of any further planning 5.35 Information on the known or suspected location of sand and gravel permissions in the plan period to 2030. resources in the County are set out in two principal sources the British 5.33 The emerging Local Plan, however, noted that the majority of the Geological Society (BGS) report ‘Mineral Resource Information for Force Garth permission is designated as part of the Moor House-Upper Development Plans - Durham and the Tees Valley Mineral Resources and Teesdale Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and North Pennines Moors Constraints’ and an independent study carried out by Engineering Geology Special Protection Area (SPA) under the EU Habitats and EU Wild Birds Ltd for the Department of the Environment in 1989 using existing borehole Directive. The periodic review of the permission under the Environment Act and geological information, ‘Assessment of the potentially workable sand 1995 is being undertaken but determination of this has been delayed due and gravel resources of County Durham’. Both reports draw upon a series to the need to undertake a separate assessment, under the Habitats of sand and gravel Mineral Assessment Reports produced by the Institute Directive and secondary legislation transposing the Directive into UK law of Geological Sciences in the period between 1979 and 1982. While the (currently the Conservation of the Habitats and Species Regulations 2010). information which is available is recognised as the best available it is Until these various processes are complete we cannot be confident that important to note that there is no definitive information on the precise extent the site will continue to operate as it has in the past. Similarly, given that a and occurrence of sand and gravel in the County. As the BGS report notes, number of the dormant igneous rock quarries also lie adjacent to the "The variability of sand and gravel together with their possible concealment Moor-House Upper Teesdale SAC and North Pennines Moors SPA, further within or beneath glacial till (boulder clay), means that, compared to other working at these sites would also require a separate assessment under the bulk minerals, it is more difficult to infer the location and likely extent of Habitats Directive. Given these circumstances the Local Plan recognised potentially workable resources from geological maps.” that if it were not possible to extract dolerite in County Durham it is possible Table 12 Mineral Qualities - Sand & Gravel that the need for this mineral would have to be met from quarries outside of County Durham. Type Value Uses
Sand and Gravel Sand Used for material which is finer Fine aggregate in concrete, in mortar than 5mm. and in asphalt. 5.34 Sand and gravel has been quarried in County Durham for many centuries although the level of demand has only been sufficient to warrant Gravel Used for material which is coarser Coarse aggregate in concrete. large scale extraction in the last hundred years or so. County Durham than 5mm contains two main categories of sand and gravel:
24 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
Superficial deposits Figure 7 Sand and Gravel Resources (excluding basal Permian sand)
5.36 Glacial sand and gravel deposits are found in all parts of the County although they are more common in the central and eastern parts including around Chester-le-Street and Durham. In certain areas they have been assessed as being up to 30 metres thick, but this assessment is problematic, given their origin they can disappear within a short distances. In addition in certain areas such as the Durham Coalfield area they can contain a significant proportion of organic material, particularly coal.
5.37 Fluvial sand and gravel - These deposits include post-glacial river terrace deposits, alluvial deposits and fluvio-glacial deposits. Alluvial deposits are developed along the major river valleys. They are widespread and are well developed on both the River Tees and River Wear and some of the major tributaries. Fluvio-glacial deposits also occur in the area. These are the material left by the melt waters of glaciers. They give rise to more uniform deposits of sand and gravel than glacial deposits, although the quality is generally not up to that of river terrace deposits, particularly those of the River Tees.
Bedrock Deposits of Sand
5.38 Basal Permian Sand is currently worked at three quarries on the East Durham Limestone Plateau at Thrislington, OId Quarrington and Crime Rigg Quarries. Generally, this sand is linked with the working of the economically important overlying magnesian limestone. It is understood that Basal Permian Sands occur in County Durham in four linear deposits, or ridges (southwest of Hetton, Haswell, Thornley and West Cornforth) which outcrop along the base of the Magnesian Limestone Escarpment and continue for some distance and dip to the east under the Magnesian Limestone. It is believed that economically accessible resources do not occur very far beyond the outcrop due to the eastward dip of the resource and due to the presence of the overlying deepening magnesian limestone.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 25 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
5.39 Basal Permian Sands consist mainly of weakly cemented, yellow, Table 13 Sand and Gravel quarries with planning permission. fine to medium grained well sorted sands of wind blown origin, with only a small proportion of fines or coarse sand and gravel. The deposit is a Quarry Operator Expiry Date for uniformly graded fine aggregate and is mainly worked as a source of building Extraction sand and asphalting sand, although some quarries are also producing Thrislington Quarry, Cornforth. Lafarge Aggregates Ltd. 18.01.2015 limited quantities of concreting sand. Information from Lafarge Tarmac has advised that all basal permian sands from the quarry can be used for Crime Rigg Quarry, Sherburn. Sherburn Stone Co Ltd. 31.12.2021. concreting sand following blending with magnesian limestone dust. Old Quarrington Quarry, Quarrington Tarmac Northern Ltd. 21.02.2042. Figure 8 Basal Permian Sand Resources Hill. Low Harperley, Wolsingham Sherburn Stone Co Ltd. To be confirmed.
Hummerbeck West Auckland Hall Construction. 21.02.2042
Permitted Reserves and Sales
5.40 Permitted reserves of sand and gravel in County Durham are currently healthy. On 31.12.12 County Durham's permitted sand and gravel quarries contained 6,779,845 tonnes of sand and gravel. This figure is equivalent to a landbank of 25.7 years based upon the current 10 year sales average as set out in the Joint Local Aggregate Assessment for County Durham, Northumberland and Tyne and Wear (April 2013)(xv).
5.41 On 31 December 2012 one planning application for additional sand and gravel extraction was pending in County Durham. This planning application related to a site known as Low Harperley. On 19 August 2013 this planning permission was issued. This permission is significant as it further increases the landbank of permitted reserves in County Durham by 2,500,000 tonnes. The importance of taking into account the contribution of permissions issued since 2013 in meeting future demand is shown in the table below. It can be seen that the contribution of the permission issued at Low Harperley will be significant in future years. The table below also
xv Source: North East Aggregates Working Party Annual Aggregates Monitoring Report for 2012.
26 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
provides further information of the overall extent and distribution of permitted 5.42 Sales of sand and gravel for County Durham are provided within reserves at the 31 December 2012 using information provided by operators the Joint Local Aggregate Assessment for County Durham, Northumberland. in response to Durham County Councils survey of mineral operators and The following table provides updated sales information up to and including includes a Council estimate of the position on 31.12.12. No information is 2012. It clearly shows that sales of sand and gravel have fallen significantly provided in the table below in relation to production capacity for individual in recent years. This fall in sales has been due to the current economic sites, however, information obtained by the County Council from both recession and not due to a shortage of permitted reserves. planning applications and operators indicate that when in full production County Durham's sand and gravel sites have a significant production Table 15 Land won sales of sand & gravel, 2003 to 2012 for County Durham capacity well in excess of historic sales levels. (thousand tonnes)
Table 14 Estimated permitted reserves of sand and gravel permitted in County 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Durham 2011 and 2012 and contribution of additional permitted reserves in 2013, (tonnes). County 263+ 375+ 411+ 371+ 201+ 183 199 164 237 199 Durham Quarry Estimate of permitted Estimate of permitted Source: Joint Local Aggregate Assessment for County Durham, Northumberland - Updated to 2012.+ Mineral Planning Authority best estimates. reserves at 31 December reserves at 31 December 2012 2012 + Contribution of sites which will become available 5.43 Through work to prepare the Local Plan the Council has took the in 2013 view that:
1 1 Thrislington Quarry 2,863,000 2,863,000 County Durham's five sand and gravel sites should be able to maintain sales at a level which is more than sufficient to meet the current ten Crime Rigg Quarry 1,281,8451 1,281,8451 year sales average, meet the forecast scale of provision over the period Old Quarrington and 1,865,0001 1,865,0001 to 2030 (based upon the current ten year sales average), whilst Cold Knuckles maintaining a minimum seven year sand and gravel landbank at 2030; Quarry There will be a need to extend the period of working at existing sites 2 2 Hummerbeck 670,000 670,000 in order to allow the full recovery of permitted reserves. In particular
2 this is recognised to be essential at Thrislington Quarry, west of the Low Harperley 2,500,000 A1(M) where the current planning permission for sand extraction ends DCC best estimate 6,779,845 9,279,845 in 2015;
Notes 1 Information provided by mineral operators in response to Durham County Council mineral survey. 2 Information sourced from planning committee report. 3 Productive capacity figure provided by operators, sourced from planning application Committee Reports or estimated based upon past sales.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 27 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
On the basis of the extent and adequacy of the sand and gravel coal sites. A third brickworks, the Union Brickworks operated by Ibstock landbank, we currently do not expect the need for any further planning Brick Ltd, lies at Birtley in Gateshead Borough, although the clay working permission to be granted until towards the end of the Plan Period; and which supplies it lies within County Durham.
Through the preparation of the Minerals and Waste Policies and 5.46 During 2011 154,000 tonnes of brick clay and shale were extracted (xvii) Allocations document we will consider proposals for new allocations from County Durham . Due to the way past information has been reported for sand and gravel working and we will seek to allocate there is no corresponding information available for 2008, 2009 or 2010, environmentally acceptable sites to meet long term need. We will do however, the corresponding figures for 2006 and 2007 were 218,000 tonnes this in order to provide a degree of certainty as to where new or and 179,000 tonnes. extended sand and gravel workings may be permitted in the long term. Table 16 Mineral Qualities - Coal Measures Mudstone, Coal Measures Seatearths and Brick Clay. Non Aggregates Type Value Uses Brickmaking Raw Materials Coal Kaolonite rich materials with carbon contents of Produces red 5.44 There are essentially three types of material found in the County Measures less than 1.5% along with less than 0.2% bricks. which can be used in brick making: mudstone sulphur. (brick-shale) coal measures mudstone, known as brick-shale; Coal They display a wide range of mineralogical Supplements measures compositions and properties. Fireclays consist brick clay to coal measures seat-earths, known as fireclay; and seatearths of clay minerals kaolonite and mica, together produce buff (fireclay) with fine grained quartz. Contain low carbon, coloured glacial clay deposits. sulphur and iron content. bricks.
Brick clay Glacial clay of quaternary age Produces 5.45 The latter are referred to as brick clays when found to possess the facing bricks. correct characteristics for brick making. There are two brickworks in the County, at Todhills near Newfield, and at Eldon, both of which are operated Brick-shale by Wienerberger (xvi). The supply of materials to these brickworks comes mainly from dedicated sources (i.e. permitted reserves adjacent to the 5.47 Coal measure mudstones are the principal brick making resource brickworks), and are supplemented by supplies of fireclay from opencast in County Durham and are fairly widespread in occurrence. However, since modern brick manufacture requires clays with consistent forming and firing
xvi Wienerberger is the world’s largest producer of bricks and number 2 on the roofing market in Europe. The Group also holds leading position in pavers in Europe, with a total of 218 plants in 23 countries. xvii Mineral extraction in Great Britain 2011 Business Monitor PA1007, CLG.
28 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
properties it means that the mudstones which can be used have a more meet longer term needs (Policy M11). This policy has been ‘saved’ until it restricted geological distribution because of the need for clays with low is is replaced by a new policy within the emerging Local Plan (Policy 62 of levels of impurities such as carbon and sulphur. Fireclays typically occur the Pre-Submission Draft Local Plan - Strategic Area of Search to the South beneath coal seams and are usually associated with certain seams (see of Todhills Brickworks). below). Glacial deposits of clay found in the Team Valley are also used. Deposits of glacial clay occur elsewhere in the County but these are 5.49 In March 2008 Members resolved to grant planning permission to spasmodic and unknown with any degree of certainty. Due to the processes extend the existing clay pit at Eldon Brickworks. This permission has now and machinery involved, glacial deposits and those found within the coal been issued and will permit the extraction of brick making material from measures are not usually interchangeable and brickworks tend to use one 22.76 hectares of land (comprising 11.36 hectares within the existing quarry or the other material. and an 11.4 hectares extension to the existing quarry). This includes 2,330,000 tonnes of brick making material and 55,000 tonnes of coal. This Table 17 Active Brick Shale sites. permission will provide the long term security of supply for Eldon brickworks and will provide for a landbank in excess of 25 years for this brick Quarry Operator Expiry Date for manufacturing plant. Eldon Brickworks and the quarry which serves it are, Extraction however, presently mothballed, having been so since early 2012.
Long Lane, Todhills. Wienerberger. 27.04.2018 Fireclay Eldon Brickworks Quarry and Wienerberger. To be confirmed, 5.50 Fireclays are non-marine sedimentary clays and occur as seat extension. current permission for the extension earths, the fossil soils on which coal forming vegetation once grew, which issued in 2009 underlie almost all coal seams. Resources are therefore confined to coal allows a 31 year bearing strata. Within County Durham, fireclay is produced in association period of working with the extraction of certain coal seams (e.g. Brockwell, Busty, Tilley and form Hutton seams) and the quality of these fireclays is recognised nationally commencement. by the brick making industry. Fireclays are mainly used in the manufacture of structural clay products, principally high quality facing bricks. The surface 5.48 The planning permission at Todhills (the Long Lane site) was granted mining of coal provides opportunities to recover fireclay subject to quality in 1999 and has recently replaced Wienerberger's other brick shale quarry and economic viability considerations.. (nearby at Clarence Farm) following that site’s closure in 2004. Information provided by the operator indicates that sizeable quantities of reserves 5.51 Following the exhaustion of Eldon Deep in 2003, only a limited currently remain for extraction, although available permitted reserves are quantity of fireclay has been produced in County Durham in recent years. insufficient to maintain a 25 year landbank for this manufacturing plant. The This was extracted from the Southfield surface coal mine site that was part adopted Minerals Local Plan recognised the potential shortfall of permitted situated in County Durham. More recently, planning permission was issued reserves at this brick manufacturing plant and allocated an Area of Search in April 2009 for an application for the extraction of coal and fireclay for additional brick shale extraction south east of the existing brickworks to extraction at Park Wall North (near Tow Law). This permission will enable
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 29 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
the extraction of up to 500,000 tonnes of fireclay. Fireclay is also extracted in County Durham has contributed to the distinctive local character of a in Northumberland, with 53,000 tonnes being extracted in 2006 and 2007 number of areas within the County. It is also widely used in the North East and 42,000 being extracted in 2008, (source Mineral Extraction in Great of England and is also exported nationally. Britain 2006, 2007 and 2008, ONS). Unspecified quantities were also extracted in 2011 (Source Mineral Extraction in Great Britain 2011, CLG). 5.55 Sandstones of Carboniferous age, primarily the Stainmore Group (Namurian geological age) are the principal building stone resources in Brick clay County Durham. They satisfy the accepted criteria for building stone use such as strength and frost resistance (low porosity), durability and hardness 5.52 The Union Brickworks, at Birtley in Gateshead Borough produces (well cemented and resistant), size of block based upon thickness of bed, bricks from clay taken from the glacial deposit known as the Team and aesthetic qualities such as colour and texture. washout. This consists of laminated clays deposited in a deep channel running northwards towards the Tyne Valley. There have been a number Figure 9 Namurian Rocks of County Durham of brick and tile works that have exploited this deposit over some 200 years, but the existing Union Brickworks is the only one still operational.
Table 18 Active Brick Clay sites.
Quarry Operator Expiry Date for Extraction
Union Brickworks, Birtley. Ibstock Brick Ltd. 02.05.2020.
5.53 During discussions Ibstock Brick Ltd has indicated that current permitted reserves while sizeable (in excess of ten years) are insufficient to maintain a 25 year landbank of permitted reserves at this manufacturing plant.
Natural Building and Roofing Stone
5.54 Natural building and roofing stone is a traditional building material that has been extensively worked in County Durham for many years for a variety of purposes. These include general walling, building, paving, roofing, high quality architectural building stone and for the repair and maintenance of historic buildings and structures. The use of this material for construction
30 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
Table 19 Mineral Qualities - Natural Building and Roofing Stone. 5.59 A number of the County’s building stone sites (Dunhouse and Shipley Banks Quarries) process stone on site. Dunhouse Quarry also processes Type Value Uses imported stone from other sites in England and Scotland. Stone from Baxton Law and Cat Castle Quarries are transported, by road, to Dunhouse Quarry. Sandstone Hard, durable, frost Repair, restoration and erection of new Stone from Lingberry Quarry is taken to Cockfield and Alloa to be resistance with desired buildings and other built structures i.e. aesthetic qualities stone walls. processed. Stone from Windy Hill Quarry is taken to a site at Barnard Castle owned by the site operator.
5.56 In the past Dinantian sandstones have also been extensively 5.60 In January 2014 there were eight sandstone quarries with planning employed as building stones in farms and villages in the Durham Dales permission in the County. from locally quarried Dinantian Rocks. In addition coal measures sandstones have also been used. The finest examples of their use within the County Table 20 Natural Building and Roofing Stone quarries. are Durham Cathedral and Castle, though they were widely used across the coalfield. The Namurian sandstones of County Durham however, Quarry Operator Expiry Date constitute the principal source of building stone and are used both within for the County and beyond. Extraction (a) 5.57 There are eight natural building and roofing stone quarries currently Lingberry Quarry, Staindrop, near Border Stone Quarries 25.10.2018 Barnard Castle. operating in County Durham. All eight of the County’s existing active natural building and roofing stone quarries are extracting Namurian stone. With Shipley Banks Quarry, Marwood, near Shipley Quarries. 21.02.2042 the exception of two sites (Cat Castle Quarry and Dunhouse Quarry), all Barnard Castle. are relatively small scale operations, with the overall scale of production being no more 500 to 2,500 tonnes per annum, with many being only worked Baxton Law Quarry, near Dunhouse Quarry Co 2012 intermittently. Hunstanworth. Ltd.
5.58 The majority of natural building and roofing stone quarries are located Cat Castle Quarry, near Lartington. Dunhouse Quarry Co 21.02.2042 Ltd. in the former district of Teesdale. This district is considered a particularly important source of architectural building stone, with stone being used Dead Friars Quarry, near Stanhope. Dunhouse Quarry Co 21.02.2042. extensively in the County, the North East and outside the region. For Ltd. example, building stone from two quarries, Cat Castle Quarry and Dunhouse Quarry (both near Barnard Castle) having been used extensively for the Dunhouse Quarry & Extension, near Dunhouse Quarry Co 19.08.2019. repair, restoration and erection of new buildings in the North East and Staindrop. Ltd. Scotland e.g. Stirling Castle, (Catcastle Buff), Edinburgh House, Royal Stainton Quarry. Stainton Quarry Ltd. 21.02.2042. Bank of Scotland, Clydesdale Bank, Sheriffs Court, Edinburgh (Dunhouse Buff).
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 31 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
Quarry Operator Expiry Date in the future. Such quarries have been identified by English Heritage through for their Strategic Stone Study. Taking this information into account the Council Extraction intends to safeguard many of the identified sites through work to prepare the Local Plan. Windy Hill Quarry, Marwood, near Windy Hill Quarry and 31.03.2014. Barnard Castle. Construction Co. Ganister
a. A planning permission was approved by the Council on 25 October 2013 for a variation on the 5.64 Ganister is a high silica sandstone. Within County Durham deposits timescale for extraction, this being a further five years. of Ganister occur within the carboniferous limestone and millstone grit 5.61 Planning to maintain supplies of natural building and roofing stone series, outcropping on the fells above Weardale and within the lower coal is a major challenge. Unlike other minerals where recent information on measures in a belt running between Knitsley and Butsfield. It has been production and permitted reserves is available, only very limited information traditionally used in the manufacture of refractory bricks and cements. For is available from individual sites. For many years the Office of National refractory use, the rock must have a minimum silica content of 97% together Statistics (ONS)(xviii) provided the only consistent source of information. with a low percentage of impurities. Unfortunately, no information on the scale of production is available since 5.65 In January 2014 there was only one active ganister quarry in County 2007 and in previous years information on the scale of production has not Durham, this being Harthope Head Quarry near St. John’s Chapel in been consistent(xix) However, it is understood that the overall normal scale Weardale. This planning permission is a large planning permission covering of production within County Durham in recent years has been between an area of 330ha. However, the working scheme and conditions that have 20-30,000 tonnes per annum. been approved relate to 6ha of the total permission area reflecting the lease 5.62 Through work to prepare the emerging Local Plan the Council has area of the current site operator. Currently, the Ganister extracted at this took the view that over the Plan period to 2030 the County's existing building quarry is not being used for specialist purposes. Instead this mineral is stone quarries will make a major contribution to meeting future needs of being used as building stone. No information is available on permitted this material. However, on the basis that it was recognised that working is reserves or sales. However, it is understood that production is sporadic due to cease at a number of sites as permitted reserves are exhausted and very small in scale with only very modest quantities of stone transported during the first half of the Plan period that further permissions will be required off site. to ensure that supplies can be maintained.
5.63 In addition to the active building stone quarries it is recognised that there are many disused building stone quarries which predate planning control or have been subsequently abandoned, which could potentially supply building stone for the repair and conservation of historic buildings
xviii Mineral Extraction in Great Britain PA 1007. xix The Office of National Statistics report Mineral Extraction in Great Britain PA 1007 reported that sales of natural building and roofing stone in County Durham were 26,000 tonnes in 2003, 23,000 in 2004, 7,000 tonnes in 2005, 24,000 tonnes in 2006 and 11,000 tonnes in 2007.
32 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
Table 21 Active Ganister Quarry’s. Table 23 Moulding Sand Quarries.
Quarry Location Operator Expiry Date for Quarry Operator Expiry Date Extraction for Extraction Harthope Langdon Fell, Messrs Scott. 21.02.2042. Head Quarry Weardale, County Weatherhill Quarry, near Stanhope, Hobson Brothers 21.02.2042. Durham Weardale. Ltd.
Moulding Sand Surface Mined Coal
5.66 Deeply weathered sandstones within the Millstone Grit have been Coal: ‘The extent of the resource’ extensively worked in the past for use as naturally bonded foundry sands. Such sands were formerly of great importance to the early development of 5.68 The coal bearing rocks of County Durham were formed during the the foundary castings industry. Westphalian Epoch of the Carboniferous period between 316 and 306 million years ago. Westphalian rocks are commonly known as the ‘Coal 5.67 In January 2010 there was only one quarry producing moulding Measures’ after the coal seams that they contain. Rocks of the Lower and sand in the County. For many years this sand was mainly used to optimise Middle Coal Measures outcrop within County Durham. The west of the the chemistry of the feed for the manufacture of cement at Eastgate Cement coalfield, where the seams lie close to the surface or actually outcrop is Works which closed in 2002. Information previously provided to the County known as the exposed coalfield. Further east, the coal measures are overlain Council in response to the Council's survey of mineral operators and held by the Permian deposits which comprise the East Durham Limestone on a confidential basis indicated that sales from Weatherhill Quarry are Plateau to form the concealed coalfield. very low and that reserves are extensive. However, it is understood that Weather Hill Quarry closed in 2011and extraction has now permanently 5.69 The coals of County Durham have been mined extensively from ceased. both the exposed and concealed portions of the coalfield. They cover a range of ranks from high quality coking coals in the west to lower rank, Table 22 Mineral Qualities – Moulding Sand (Silica Sand) high-volatile bituminous coals in the east. Accordingly, the quality of the coal tends to decline in a west to east direction. Type Value Uses 5.70 Historically, coal mining in the County has moved generally from Moulding Naturally bonded foundry sands. Foundries or other west to east as the more accessible reserves in the west were worked out Sand (Silica Poorly cemented, friable and industrial purposes. and the ability to access the deeper coal seams improved. This was Sand) contains kaolinite. encouraged by the growth of the east coast towns, ports and industry. As in other coalfield areas, the deep mined coal industry declined over several decades in the latter half of the last century. In its peak years over 41 million tonnes of coal was raised and 132,000 men employed in the collieries of
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 33 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
the County. Exhaustion of reserves and economic factors led progressively of relatively small sites, and some re-working of areas has led in the past to the closure of the large deep mines in the 1980’s. During the final years to the widespread loss of traditional landscape features and associated of deep mining, coal extraction became concentrated in a handful of wildlife. This has had a significant impact on the area, with the loss of subtle amalgamated coastal collieries in which workings extended up to 8km landscapes developed over centuries. Modern restoration schemes have offshore. In 1993 the last two remaining deep mines in County Durham, increasingly taken into account landscape and biodiversity considerations Easington and Seaham/Vane Tempest ceased production. The closure of and successful habitat schemes have been undertaken. In recent years Park Drift mine, near Willington in 1999 brought underground coal mining Durham County Council has recognised the step change in restoration to a close. schemes in the County and has awarded UK Coal Mining five restoration awards including the 1998/99 Environment Award at Ryehill, 2001 5.71 The Durham Coalfield has been an important source of surface Environmental Award at Woodside Drift Mine, 2004 Environment Award at mined coal, with activity being confined to the exposed Lower and Middle Eldon Deep and 2006 Environment Award at Southfield. Coal Measures. The main concentration of coals of economic interest occurring between the Bottom Marshall Green coal seam at the base and Figure 10 The extent of the principal and subsidiary coal resource area the High Main coal seam at the top (this has been used by the British Geological Survey to define the principal surface mined or opencast coal resource). Locally a few thin seams have been worked below the Bottom Marshall Green coal seam. The escarpment of the overlying Permian deposits is taken as the limit of the surface mined or opencast coal resource that is the exposed coalfield, although some coal has been recovered from the floors of large dolomite quarries. BGS information identifies two resource areas the:
'Principal Resource Area’ consisting of thick, closely spaced coals; and
Subsidiary Resource Area’ consisting of widely spaced coals.
‘Opencast coal/Surface mined production in County Durham’
5.72 Opencast coal/surface mined coal extraction, started during the 2nd world war and is believed to have reached its peak in the early 1990’s. The exposed coalfield covers approximately 715km2 (30% of the County). Over the years, approximately 120km2 of land has been worked or had approval for working. The pattern of historic mining in Durham, with large numbers
34 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
5.73 In 2000 DETR published a report entitled 'Mineral Resource Recent Opencast coal/Surface Mined Coal Production Information for Development Plans, Durham and the Tees Valley Resources and Constraints'. This report indicated that: 5.75 Sales of coal from surface mined coal sites in County Durham, the North East of England and England as a whole are set out below. This Future commercial interest in coal extraction in County Durham is indicates that County Durham has remained a small but important source likely to be confined to sites suitable only for surface mined extraction. of surface mined coal over the last ten years. In total 1.6 million tonnes of coal have been won from surface mined coal sites in County Durham over The extensive nature of former surface mined sites does not imply the last ten years. This figure can be compared to the overall North East that the coal resource has been exhausted. of England total of 13,825,791 tonnes and the overall England total of 23,889,230 tonnes. As can be seen production in County Durham fell below The economics of coal extraction have changed with time, allowing 100,000 tonnes in both 2005 and 2006, with no production occurring in coals with higher overburden ratios to be extracted. Some sites, or 2009. Production in both 2011 and 2012 being significantly higher than in parts of sites, have been worked on more than one occasion and may any of the preceding eight years. Nonetheless recent production levels in be worked for deeper coal in the future. However, modern sites worked County Durham can be compared unfavourably with historic production within the last 25 years are likely to have exhausted the economically levels which in 1991/1992 were 1,469,000 tonnes of coal. recoverable coal resources. Table 25 Opencast coal production 2003 - 2007
5.74 In the last ten years since 2004 only three surface coal mined sites 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 have been worked in County Durham. Southfield (south of Bishop Auckland - between 2002 and 2005), Stony Heap (near Leadgate - between 2006 County Durham 192,003 270,142 97,353 82,353 142,752 and 2007) and a third site called Park Wall North (near Tow Law - between North East of 1,296,315 1,268,087 788,922 867,631 1,413,991 2010 and 2013). England
Table 24 Recent surface mined coal permissions in County Durham England 4,068,264 3,037,396 1,456,569 966,387 1,619,209
Site name Nearest Settlement Site Area and quantity of mineral Sources: Opencast Coal Statistics, BGS, various years. permitted to be worked
Southfield South of Bishop 99ha in extent - 520,000 tonnes of coal Auckland
Stoney Heap Near Leadgate 49ha in extent - 270,000 tonnes of coal
Park Wall North Tow Law 1265.8ha in extent 1,274,500 tonnes of coal and 500,000 tonnes of fireclay
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 35 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
Table 26 Opencast coal production 2008 - 2012 Source: Opencast Coal Statistics 2011 and 2012.
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Commercial Interest in new Surface Mined Coal Working in County Durham County 0 0 106,361 369,093 341,082 Durham 5.77 As of October 2013 three surface mined coal planning applications North East 1,223,333 1,000,110 1,488,116 2,089,476 2,389,810 remained to be determined by the Council. These three potential sites are: of England The Bradley surface mined coal site was submitted to the Council by England 2,138,568 2,137,568 2,599,941 2,948,997 2,956,331 UK Coal Mining Ltd in December 2006. This planning application proposed the extraction of 550,000 tonnes of coal from a 67.8ha site Sources: Opencast Coal Statistics, BGS, various years. near Leadgate. This scheme was refused planning permission by the Council in February 2011. The refusal was then upheld at appeal on 5.76 Information on permitted reserves of surface mined coal are set out 23 February 2012. Following a high court challenge against the below. The table indicates that only a small proportion of permitted reserves Inspector’s appeal decision, on Friday 19th July 2013 the High Court of surface mined coal in both 2011 and 2012 lie within County Durham. quashed the inspector's decision on the grounds that he had The majority of permitted reserves within the North East and England lying misunderstood the Government's planning guidance. It is understood with Northumberland and Newcastle upon Tyne. that the planning application will be subject to a further appeal in 2014.
Table 27 Permitted Reserves of Surface Mined Coal 2011 and 2012 in County The Marley Hill surface mined coal site was submitted to Durham Durham and England. County Council and Gateshead Council by UK Mining Ltd in December 2012. It proposed the extraction of approximately 1,0672,252 tonnes 2011 Operational 2012 Operational of coal and 175,000 tonnes of fireclay from a 119.6ha site, 80.5ha of Sites Sites which lies in Gateshead and 39.1ha lies in County Durham. County Durham 799,052 1 457,970 1 The Field House surface mined coal site was submitted to the Council Newcastle upon 2,055,328 1 1,678,694 2 by Hargreaves Surface Mining Ltd in August 2013. It proposed the Tyne extraction of 514,000 tonnes of coal and 83,000 tonnes of fireclay from a 55.9ha site on land to the north of Low Pittington. Northumberland 4,356,287 2 3,730,638 3
North East of 7,210,667 4 5,867,302 6 England 5.78 In addition to the proposed Bradley and Marley Hill surface mined coal sites, which were originally proposed to the Council as potential England 8,196,137 8 8,190,578 11 allocations following a call for sites in 2005 and 2009, UK Coal Mining Ltd
36 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
have also expressed an interest in the working of a number of other sites 5.81 In addition to the above sites, the Council has also been approached as potential allocations to the County Durham Plan. These potential site by developers for three other sites. These sites range in size from 25 ha to are: 65 ha, with estimated coal reserves of 620,000 tonnes of coal in total. No planning applications have been submitted for any of these sites. These A site to be known as Randolph near Evenwood in Teesdale. It was proposals confirm the continued interest in surface mined coal extraction proposed that this 138ha site would involve the extraction of 475,000 in County Durham and illustrate that it is impractical to plan solely for further tonnes of coal over a 4 year working period; and extraction through a planned programme of allocations within the County Durham Plan. A site to be known as Castle Dene/Hurbuck near Lanchester. It was proposed that this 156ha site would involve the extraction of 645,000 Conventional and un-conventional Oil and Gas tonnes of coal over a 4 year working period in total. 5.82 The exploration, appraisal and production phases of hydrocarbon extraction can only take place in areas where the Department of Energy 5.79 A second company ATH Resources have also expressed an interest and Climate Change (DECC) have issued a Petroleum Exploration and in the working of three sites: Development Licence (PEDL) under the Petroleum Act 1998 . While a number of historic licences have previously been issued which have covered Eldon Blue House on land between Shildon and Coundon. It was parts of County Durham and both the Tees Valley (PEDL 029 ROC) and proposed that this 216 ha site would involve the extraction of 1.1 million Northumberland and Tyne and Wear (PEDL 059 and PEDL 068) a check tonnes of coal, fireclay and a limited amount of aggregate; of details of licensed areas shows that no such licences are currently valid across County Durham. Land to the North of High Pittington (also known as Pittington North) 2 . It was proposed that this 1.6km site would involve the extraction of 5.83 Normally new licencing rounds occur every two years and a 2.5 million tonnes of coal over a 5.5 year working period; and fourteenth on shore licencing round is expected to occur during 2014/2015. DECC have published for consultation an Environmental Report on our Pittington South on land to the west of High Pittington. It was proposed proposals for further onshore oil and gas licensing in areas of Great Britain. that this 0.9km2 site would involve the extraction of 800,000 tonnes of Following the close of consultation in March 2014, it is understood that the coal over a 3.5 year working period. Government will issue a “Post-Adoption Statement” which will summarise how it intends to proceed in relation to further onshore licensing. 5.80 It is understood that ATH Resources went into liquidation in 2013 and that Hargreaves Mining Limited have secured some of the companies Conventional Hydrocarbons - Oil and Gas assets. As stated above Hargreaves Surface Mining Ltd have now submitted 5.84 It is not currently known whether commercially exploitable reserves a planning application to work the site know as Field House which of oil and gas existing in County Durham. There is no known history of encompasses part of the Pittington South site. exploration within the County and only limited past exploration within the North East as a whole. The BGS report 'Mineral Resources for Development
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 37 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
Plans - Durham and the Tees Valley Mineral Resources and Constraints' 5.87 We are not aware of any potential interest in any of these processes reports that fifteen exploration wells have been drilled within the area, all of methane extraction in County Durham. CMM is not a prospect due to of which lie within the Tees Valley. The BGS report explains that the majority the previous closure of all of County Durham's deep coal mines over twenty of the drilled wells either did not encounter any oil or gas or where gas and years ago. Similarly, it is understood that AMM or CBM may not be a oil was found it was only found in non-commercial quantities. The nearest prospect either. The British Geological Survey Report ‘Mineral Resource well which was drilled near to County Durham was at Brafferton in Darlington Information for Development Plans: Durham and the Tees Valley: Resources Borough in 1989, but this was plugged and abandoned dry. and constraints’, (2000) provides information on the methane content of the Durham/Northumberland Coalfield. The report indicates that: 5.85 In practice the uncertainty over the potential for conventional oil and gas extraction in County Durham prevents the Local Plan from explicitly The average methane content of seams in the Durham/Northumberland stating the potential for oil and gas production in either either quantitative coalfield is 1.3 m3/t (Creedy, 1991); or spatial terms. Should further information become available in the future, the Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document may be able to That most commercially extracted coalbed methane comes from seams be more explicit, otherwise this document will only set out the decision with more than 7 m3/t of coal; and making framework to determine planning applications for conventional oil and gas exploration, appraisal and production. These low gas contents, together with intensive past underground working of coal makes the Durham coalfield unattractive for coalbed Coal Mine Methane, Abandoned Mine Methane and Coalbed Methane methane exploitation.
5.86 Methane exists in all coal seams. It is created during the process of coal formation when gases are produced which are either absorbed into 5.88 While we are doubtful over the potential for AMM and CBM in County the coal or dispersed into voids around the coal seam. The gas is a potential Durham prevents the Local Plan should further information become available source of energy. Methane can be exploited in three ways: in the future, the Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document may be able to be more explicit, otherwise this document will only set out Extraction from operational mines prior to it entering the mine air stream the decision making framework to determine planning applications for (coal mine methane (CMM); conventional AMM and CMB exploration, appraisal and production.
Methane extracted from abandoned mines (abandoned mine methan Underground Coal Gasification (AMM); and 5.89 Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is the in situ conversion of Extraction from unmined coal thicker than more than 0.4m at depths un-mineable coal into the combustible gases hydrogen, carbon monoxide of below 200 and 1200 metres from surface boreholes (coalbed and methane. It takes place by the interaction of the coal with oxygen and methane (CMB). water/steam after ignition under pressure. The technique has the potential to provide a clean and convenient source of energy from coal seams where traditional mining methods are impossible or uneconomic. The technology is proven and the potential economic benefits are substantial. It also has
38 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
the potential to be linked with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology 5.92 The BGS suggest the areas with most potential for shale gas which is currently being developed in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, exploration are where existing conventional gas has been found. As which would ensure carbon benefits. discussed above, while in the past there has been exploration for conventional gas in the North East of England and 15 wells have been 5.90 The potential scale of the role UCG may play in County Durham in previously been drilled only minor shows of gas were recorded. However, the future is currently uncertain. We understand that there are indications it is understood that the North East does contain geological strata which (xx) are that a scheme may be possible within the North East . However, may be of interest for exploration. A study published by the Department of there are currently no proposals in County Durham. In practice this Energy and Climate Change in 2010 (The Unconventional Hydrocarbon uncertainty prevents the Local Plan from explicitly stating the potential of Resources of Britain’s Onshore Basins - Shale Gas)(xxii) indicates that the this technology in either quantitative terms or spatial terms. Should further Namurian Millstone Grit Outcrop is a potential area of interest. However, information become available in the future, the Minerals and Waste Policies there are currently no proposals in County Durham. In practice this and Allocations document may be able to be more explicit, otherwise this uncertainty prevents the Local Plan from explicitly stating the potential for document will only set out the decision making framework to determine shale gas in either either quantitative terms or spatial terms. Should further planning applications for UCG development. information become available in the future, the Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document may be able to be more explicit, otherwise this Shale Gas document will only set out the decision making framework to determine planning applications for shale gas exploration, appraisal and production. 5.91 There is no clear indication as to whether County Durham or the North East of England as a whole, does or does not contain commercially Vein Minerals viable deposits of shale gas. To date BGS have only published a comprehensive study of the Bowland Shale of the Pennine Basin in the The North Pennines Orefield North of England(xxi). This area lies to the south of County Durham. The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) have advised that other 5.93 County Durham contains a major part of the North Pennines ore-field areas with relevant shale rock include the Kimmeridge Clay of the Weald which also extends into Northumberland and Cumbria. The area has had Basin in Surrey and Sussex, and the Oil-Shale Group of the Midland Valley, a long history of working metal ores. The most of important of these were or central belt, of Scotland. The BGS is currently conducting a study of the lead (galena - PbS) and iron, with some byproduct silver and zinc and vein Kimmeridge Clay of the Weald Basin in Surrey and Sussex and plans to minerals including witherite, barytes and fluorspar. do so in the Midland Valley or central belt, of Scotland. The BGS does not th currently have any plans to undertake a comprehensive study of shale gas 5.94 The height of mineral extraction for metal ores occurred in the 18 th potential in the North East of England. and 19 centuries when County Durham was one of the world's largest producers of lead, with extraction ending in the late 1930’s. The second half of the 20th century represented the height of mineral extraction of xx In 2010 the Coal Authority issued the first tranche of UCG exploration licences in the UK, all of which are off-shore. The closest licence are to County Durham is an area off the coast at Sunderland. xxi https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/226874/BGS_DECC_BowlandShaleGasReport_MAIN_REPORT.pdf xxii https://www.og.decc.gov.uk/UKpromote/onshore_paper/UK_onshore_shalegas.pdf
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 39 5 Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham
fluorspar with County Durham playing an important role in the development 5.96 In terms of total production of fluorspar the British Geological Survey of the British fluorspar industry. At one time is was reported that some 30% have estimated that large tonnages in the order of 2 million tonnes having of the England reserves of fluorspar were located within the Durham area. been raised from mines in County Durham. However, following the closure of the last two commercial fluorspar mines in the County, Frazers Hush Figure 11 The extent of the North Pennines Orefield. and Groverake Mine, near Rookhope which closed in 1999 production of fluorspar from County Durham has now ceased. Since this date and despite two calls for new mineral sites, undertaken as part of work to prepare the County Durham Plan in 2005 and 2009, no interest has been expressed by any mineral operator in any further commercial fluorpsar working in County Durham. The only remaining fluorspar mine in County Durham is now Rogerley Mine which only works for a short period each year to produce specimen crystals. No information on output is available, although production is assumed to be very low.
5.97 In terms of the possibility of future working. There are a large number of old dormant fluorpsar permissions including one consent known as the "General Blanket Consent" in upper Weardale & Rookhope area which covers twenty-five fluorspar mines, however, many of the old vein mineral mines have not been worked for many years. Information from the British Geological Survey suggests that the scope for future commercial working is very limited. The BGS report, Mineral Resource Information for Development Plans indicates that underground mining has now removed the most accessible deeper reserves and all known fluorpsar-rich spoil dumps and backfill in old workings have now been reworked. In terms of future commercial working the British Geological Survey advise that future fluorpsar production depends upon identifying and accessing downward Fluorspar extensions of major orebodies and perhaps on locating new orebodies in poorly exposed ground on lateral extremities of major vein structures. 5.95 Fluorspar is the commercial term for the mineral fluorite (calcium fluoride, CaF ) which is the most important, and only, United Kingdom 2 5.98 The British Geological Survey Fluorspar Mineral Planning Factsheet source of the element fluorine (F). Fluorite is principally valued for its (2019) indicates that remaining reserves of fluorpsar reside in a small chemical properties and most fluorspar ore is produced for the manufacture number of planning permissions for open-pit and underground extraction of acid-grade fluorpsar which is used in the manufacture of hydrofluoric within the Peak District National Park. It indicates that as of October 2009 acid, the starting point for the production of a wide range of fluorine based a total of 1,215,000 tonnes of ore are accessible by open pit working at chemicals. Tearsall, Peak Pasture and High Rake. It indicates that about 3 million
40 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Mineral Resources and Mineral Working in County Durham 5
tonnes of fluorspar ore are accessible from underground mines at Milldam and Watershaw West and that planning consent was being sought to allow reworking of up to 420,00 tonnes of tailings at Cavendish Mill. The United Kingdom Year Book 2012 indicates that sales of fluorspar in the UK were 26,420 tonnes in 2010.
Barytes
5.99 Bartyes (barium sulphate, BaSO4) occurs on the margins of the North Pennine ore field and was once an important source of Barium. It has been used in a number of chemical applications, the nuclear industry, in coal working and in oil and gas well drillings where it is used as a weighting agent.
5.100 The British Geological Survey Barytes Mineral Planning Factsheet (2006) indicates that Bartyes is produced in both England and Scotland. Following the closure of two open pit Barytes workings in Northern Pennines Orefield, at Close house, Lunedale in County Durham and Silverband in Cumbria in 2002, production in England is now confined to the Southern Pennine Orefield in the Peak District where it is produced by British Fluorpsar as a by-product of Fluorspar processing at Cavendish Mill, near Stoney Middleton. In Scotland, Barytes is extracted as the sole mineral from the Foss Mine near Aberfeldy.
5.101 Following the closure of Close House Mine in County Durham in 2002, Viaton Industries the former operator of Close House Mine advised the Council that they have no interest in any further working at Close House Mine. Since this date and despite two calls for new mineral sites, in 2005 and 2009 no further interest has been expressed by any operator in any further commercial working in County Durham.
5.102 The United Kingdom Year Book 2012 indicates that in 2011 31,000 tonnes of this mineral were produced in the UK. It is understood that most UK production now emanates from the Foss Mine, near Aberfeldy in Scotland.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 41 6 Waste
6.1 Rising volumes of waste with its environmental, social and economic 6.6 The policy landscape for waste planning has been continually evolving costs, the need for better protection of the environment and higher public throughout the period of Plan preparation. The planning system and regional expectations for waste management are all driving the need for rapid and apparatus have changed radically, and the National Planning Policy unprecedented change both nationally and in County Durham. European Framework has replaced the Planning Policy Statements (PPPs); Planning and national legislation and targets are raising standards, expectations and Policy Guidance notes (PPGs); Mineral Policy Statements (MPSs) and costs. Mineral Policy Guidance notes (MPGs). The NPPF does not directly address waste, however. Waste planning policy is currently contained in PPS10: 6.2 County Durham has traditionally relied on landfill as the main method Planning for Sustainable Waste Management which was not replaced by of waste management, often utilising the voids left from earlier mineral NPPF. Waste development will also clearly need to have regard to the working. We need to reverse this trend and reduce our dependence on NPPF. landfill and move towards more sustainable methods of managing waste by providing alternative facilities for re-use, recycling and recovery of waste. 6.7 This Technical Paper sets out the current trends in waste management We also need to break the link between economic growth and the growth in the County; how the policy context has changed; and the current baseline in waste arisings. since the original Waste Technical Paper was prepared. The information in this Paper is based on the best available information at the time of writing, 6.3 As can be seen from our Annual Monitoring Reports in tables 28 and recent decisions, and work in progress. All the information and assumptions 29 below, County Durham is moving away from landfilling, with greater in this document may be subject to further consultation, decisions of other amounts of recycling and recovery capacity granted planning permission bodies and organisations, and Cabinet approval. and no further landfill capacity permitted. We must continue to plan on this basis, and move towards efficient use of resources. Table 28 Waste Capacity Permitted in 2009/10 by Management Type
6.4 Waste is now recognised as a valuable resource, and Government Site Potential Capacity Waste Management and international policy is moving towards more sustainable resource use Type throughout the economy. Gone are the days of waste being viewed as a problem requiring a simple solution such as disposal by landfill or Mainsforth Colliery 15,000tpa. Proposed extension to (Conditions Not existing incineration. Waste has a value and not recovering this value is clearly a site, Mainsforth Road, waste of resources and is damaging economically, environmentally and Ferryhill. Discharged and EA composting processing socially. Resource efficiency is a key aim of the Plan, set out in Policy 53. Has Taken facility AAA Skip and Plant Hire 6.5 This approach has several advantages, as it reduces the need for Action). virgin raw materials; reduces costs both financially and environmentally; can drive the economy and the creation of new jobs, new sectors and social enterprises; and reduces the carbon impact of all of society's functions by Bunker Hill Farm, Leadgate 11,000tpa Green waste, composting. decoupling economic activity and growth from growth in waste. Eden Hall, Hamsterley 20,000tpa Waste Transfer Station
42 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Waste 6
Site Potential Capacity Waste Management Site Potential Capacity Waste Type Management Type Brennan & Coates Haulage 15,600 tpa Scrap metal. Ferrous and Ltd, 29 Bracken Hill, 2,500 tonnes of construction & Waste Transfer non-ferrous Station Thistle Road, Littleburn Lane South West Industrial demolition waste per annum. Industrial Estate,
Estate, Langley Moor. Peterlee
Tursdale Business Park, 150,000tpa MRF/Recycling Hill Top Farm, Up to 10,000 tonnes per Recycling Tursdale, Durham. annum Winston Total Capacity: 211,600 at maximum capacity
Source: Durham County Council Annual Monitoring Report 2009/10 Murton Hall Farm, Up to 50,000 tonnes per Composting
Table 29 Waste Capacity Permitted in 2011/12 by Waste Management Type Hurworth Burn, annum.
Site Potential Capacity Waste Wingate Management Type Hutton House, 50,000 tonnes of inert waste Recycling Compound J, 25,000 tonnes of construction, Waste Transfer per Station Sedgefield Bradley Workshops, demolition & excavation waste annum.
Bradley Road, per annum. Total Capacity: 137,500tpa Leadgate,
Consett Source: Durham County Council Annual Monitoring Report 2011/12 6.8 In the 2011/12 monitoring period, a total additional waste management capacity of 137,500 tonnes were granted approval, the majority of which consisted of recycling and composting with some waste transfer. No new
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 43 6 Waste
landfill capacity was permitted during the monitoring period. This shows landfills and its link to the consumption patterns of society as a whole. that the County is continuing to move away from landfilling, towards recovery However, although MSW is a prominent waste stream, it is important to and reuse in line with the waste hierarchy. remember that other waste streams are more significant in terms of volume.
Types of Waste 6.12 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) comprises predominantly household waste but also includes an element of commercial waste that is collected 6.9 The three main types of waste produced and managed in County by the Waste Collection Authority. Durham are Non-Hazardous; Hazardous and Construction and Demolition waste (C&D). Commercial & Industrial Waste
Non-Hazardous Waste 6.13 Commercial waste includes waste arisings from wholesalers, catering establishments, shops and offices. Industrial waste is waste arising from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) or Local Authority Collected Waste factories and industrial plants (excluding waste classified as hazardous (LACW)? waste).
6.10 Non-Hazardous waste consists of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) 6.14 For clarity and ease, the Plan and this Technical Paper refer to the and Commercial and Industrial (C&I) waste. "Municipal waste" traditionally two elements of Non-Hazardous waste as Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) meant waste managed by a local authority. The European Landfill Directive and Commercial and Industrial (C&I). As they are similar in composition, defines municipal waste as waste from households as well as other waste C&I and MSW are termed "Non-hazardous waste" and are addressed which - because of its nature or composition - is similar to waste from together, on the basis that most waste facilities manage both MSW and households. This includes a significant amount of waste that is generated C&I. Current estimates are that the County produces around 653,000 tonnes by businesses and not handled by local authorities. Therefore, the North of Non-Hazardous waste per annum(xxiii). East Study (Urban Mines, 2012) refers to WasteDataFlow recorded waste as "Local Authority Collected Waste (LACW)" and the remainder of 6.15 The baseline on Non-Hazardous Waste has changed since the non-hazardous waste is referred to as commercial and industrial waste. previous Waste Technical Paper (June 2010), and this is discussed in more This ensures consistency with previous work and with terminology used by detail in Section 8. National Government. Inert and Construction, Demolition & Excavation Waste 6.11 For many people, including local authorities, Municipal Solid Waste has the highest profile of all waste streams for various reasons, primarily 6.16 Inert construction, demolition and excavation waste can be defined because it is produced by individual households and because local as waste materials which arise from construction and demolition of buildings authorities are waste collection and disposal authorities with statutory and/or civil engineering infrastructure, including hard C&D waste (either responsibility for its management, as well as the problems it creates in segregated or mixed unprocessed/uncrushed materials i.e. concrete,
xxiii Model of Waste Arisings and Waste Management Capacity For the North East of England Waste Planning Authorities (Urban Mines, July 2012)
44 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Waste 6
masonry, bricks, tiles and blacktop) and excavation waste (naturally licensed landfills and registered exempt sites. In 2001 and 2005 additional occurring soil, stone, rock and similar materials, which have been excavated surveys were undertaken to collect information on the arisings and use as as a result of site preparation activities) whether segregated or mixed. aggregate of secondary and industrial waste material. Information from the last survey relating to 2005 is published below. Since that time, WRAP 6.17 Inert and construction, demolition and excavation waste (Inert and commissioned one further survey in 2008, published in 2010. The latest CD&E) is recognised as the single largest source of waste arisings in information for County Durham has been provided by the Environment England. Together with municipal waste and industrial & commercial waste, Agency and relates to 2007 but does not contain the detail that is provided it is recognised as one of the three main components of controlled waste by the ODPM surveys. and has been identified as a priority waste stream. Most inert and construction and demolition waste has been traditionally disposed of at 2007 data – provided by Environment Agency (Northumbria Area) landfill sites, often sites licensed specifically for these materials. However, changes in the waste management licensing regulations, the introduction 6.20 This information indicates that 923,083 tonnes of inert/construction of the landfill tax and aggregates levy have had a significant impact on this and demolition waste was deposited in landfill sites in County Durham. Of waste stream, an increasing proportion of which is going to sites exempt this 525,000 tonnes was classed as inert only and 389,000 tonnes was from licensing or is being treated in screening and crushing plants prior to classed as non-inert. Limited time series data is also available for previous the re-use as an aggregate or fill. years:
6.18 Due to its bulky nature, large quantities and relatively low value, 969,000 tonnes was landfillled in 2006 (of which 440,000 tonnes was C&D wastes are often managed through the use of mobile plant and inert only and 529,000 non-inert); equipment close to the source of waste. A large proportion of the materials 1,223,000 tonnes was landfilled in 2005 (of which 473,000 tonnes was processed by the mobile plant are reused on site, therefore limiting the inert only and 751,000 tonnes non-inert); quantities of waste requiring dedicated management facilities. 853,000 tonnes was landfilled in 2004/05 (of which 751,000 tonnes was classed as non-inert and 13,000 tonnes was classed as 6.19 Information on this waste stream is available from several sources. hazardous); Historical information for 1999 is set out in the Environment Agency’s 704,000 tonnes was landfilled in 2002/03; and Strategic Waste Management Assessment 2000. More recently construction 1,243,000 tonnes was landfilled in 2000/01. and demolition and excavation waste surveys have been undertaken at 2 yearly intervals by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM) and 6.21 While useful this information only shows quantities of this waste Communities and Local Government (CLG). Although their primary focus stream which was landfilled and does not provide an insight into overall is to provide information on the arisings and use of Construction and arisings or recycling and re-use. Caution should also be exercised in (xxiv) Demolition and Excavation Waste (CDEW) as an alternative to the use drawing any conclusion about trends, due to regulatory and recording of primary aggregates, they provide the best available information on this changes. type of waste. These surveys covered operators of crushers and screens, xxiv It should be noted that CDEW waste while similar to Inert/C&D waste is slightly different. CDEW means the sum (or any mixture) of ‘C&D waste’ and ‘excavation waste’ (as defined above) but does not include materials such as wood, metals and plastic which also arise on construction and demolition sites, but have no potential as an aggregate.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 45 6 Waste
2005 data - C&D and excavation Waste draw conclusions for County Durham would be unreliable, because the response rates are not sufficiently high. Future voluntary surveys were 6.22 The best available and most detailed information for this waste considered unlikely to overcome this challenge. stream was published in February 2007. During 2006 CLG carried out surveys into the arisings and use of Construction and Demolition wastes 6.26 Table 30 provides a general estimate of the total arisings of in England. The surveys aimed to establish estimates for the arisings and construction, demolition and excavation wastes for the North East region use as aggregate of construction and demolition and excavation waste in 2005. It provides a detailed breakdown for County Durham and the Tees (CDEW) in England in 2005. The surveys covered operators of crushers Valley. (Please note figures are only available for the combined sub-regions and screens, licensed landfills and registered exempt sites. This followed of County Durham and the Tees Valley). three earlier surveys in 1999, 2001 and 2003.
6.23 In terms of the national picture the report indicates that total construction and demolition and excavation waste for England was Table 30 Estimates of Construction, Demolition and Excavation Wastes estimated at 89.6 million tonnes in 2005. 46 million tonnes were recycled recycled by crushers and/or screens, used/disposed of at landfills and spread and a further 15 million tonnes were spread on exempt sites (usually land on exempt sites in 2005 (tonnes) reclamation, agricultural improvement or infrastructure projects). The Recycled by Used / Spread on Total remaining 28 million tonnes were sent to landfill (including backfilling at crushers / disposed of registered quarries, and landfill engineering) as waste. screens at Landfills exempt sites
6.24 Estimates suggest that the amount of construction and demolition Northumberland 971,315 976,285 448,843 2,396,443 waste generated in England has remained stable at about 90 million tonnes & Tyne & Wear from 2001 to 2005. This is an increase from about 69 million tonnes in 1999. Between 2001 and 2005 the proportion of construction and demolition waste County Durham 909,625 1,153,835 354,800 2,418,260 recycled by crushers and screeners has increased from 49 per cent to 52 & the Tees per cent however, the proportion of construction and demolition waste sent Valley to landfill increased from 26 per cent to 31 per cent and the amount of waste North East 1,880,940 2,130,120 803,643 4,814,703 going to exempt sites fell from around 25 per cent to 17 per cent.
6.25 It is important to recognise that as far as the 2005 sub-regional Source: NERAWP Annual Aggregates Monitoring Report 2006 (Table 5.1, Page 19).(Original Source: Survey of Arisings and Use of Alternatives to estimates are concerned the report warns that they should not to be relied Primary Aggregates in England, 2005: Construction, Demolition and Excavation Waste - Final Report, Department of Communities and Local
on as anything other than a reasonable indication of arisings and recycling Government, (Annex 11 Tables 11.4 and 11.5, page 107)). of CDEW, and should be used with caution to provide contextual background. This is because, although the national estimates appear reasonably robust, this is less true of the regional estimates, and progressively less true the more local the focus becomes. Attempting to
46 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Waste 6
Table 31 Regional estimates of CDEW recycled by crushers and/or screens, (Steel). The study indicated that 1.44 million tonnes of these other materials used/disposed of at landfills, and spread on paragraph 9A(1) and 19A(2) arise in the North East of which 430,000 tonnes have an aggregate use. registered exempt sites in 2005 (tonnes) Given the given source of these arisings it is assumed that majority arise in the Tees Valley. North East: Tees English Region and sub-region Valley and Durham 6.28 The availability of reliable information on this waste stream continues to be an issue. The baseline has changed however, and this is addressed Adjusted estimate of population of recycled crushers 19 in section 8. Estimated production of recycled graded aggregates (tonnes) 434,765 Hazardous Waste
Estimated production of recycled ungraded aggregates 6.29 Hazardous waste includes a range of waste streams such as acids, (tonnes) 400,863 alkalis, pharmaceutical compounds, solvents, asbestos and others which are particularly harmful to human health and the environment and need Estimated production of recycled soils (excl. more stringent control on their management than other controlled topsoil)(tonnes) 73,997 wastes(xxv). Estimated tonnage of unprocessed CDEW entering licensed landfills. 1,153,835 6.30 Historical information for 1998/99 is set out in the Environment Agency’s ‘Strategic Waste Management Assessment: 2000 for 1998/99’. Estimated weight of waste materials (mainly excavation The same information is also set out in ‘Towards a Regional Waste waste) used on Paragraph 9A(1) and 19A(2) registered Management Strategy for the North East’ which was produced for the North exempt sites (tonnes) 354,800 East Assembly by Environmental Resources Management (ERM), in Total estimated arisings of CDEW in 2005 (tonnes) 2,418,261 association with Land Use Consultants in February 2003. More recent information on hazardous waste has been provided by the Environment Agency (through its website and its Hazardous Waste Interrogator facility). Source: Survey of Arisings and Use of Alternatives to Primary Aggregates in England, 2005: Construction, Demolition and Excavation Waste - Final Information is available by European Waste Catalogue (EWC) chapter and Report, Department of Communities and Local Government, (Annex 11 Table 11.5, page 107)). for some years the Substance Orientated Classification System (SOC). (Only EWC information is set out below). Whilst regional level information 6.27 In addition the CLG project also involved a study on ‘other materials’ is available for the period 1998/99 to 2004 the only sub-regional information that are used as alternatives to primary aggregates i.e. furnace bottom ash available is for 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. Despite requests, (power stations), incinerator bottom ash (energy from waste plants), sub-regional data prior to 2006 has not been provided. Furthermore, in pulverised fuel ash, slag: blast furnace (iron), slag: basic oxygen furnace 2005, ‘Special Waste’ fell under new controls for Hazardous Waste which xxv Under the Controlled Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2012 (SI 811). Controlled wastes are those wastes covered by legislative requirements, currently including household/municipal, commercial and industrial, construction and demolition, and some agricultural wastes. It is the controlled waste fraction of total waste arisings that must be planned for to ensure that sufficient waste management capacity remains available.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 47 6 Waste
replaced the previous Special Waste regime. The new regime incorporates Radioactive Waste and LLRW a greater variety and volume of waste within its definition. As a result of the way that hazardous waste information is now recorded, the quantities of 6.33 Radioactive waste is not a ‘directive waste’ or ‘controlled waste’ waste which are recorded as hazardous have increased. Therefore, although within the terms of the Waste Framework Directive or UK legislation. there is a historical base of information for ‘Special Waste’, ‘hazardous Radioactive waste must always be disposed of in a way that is appropriate waste’ needs to be forecasted from a new base position from 2005. for its non-radioactive properties. Very limited information is available on management and arisings of radioactive waste and the Urban Mines study Hazardous Waste Arisings of 2012(xxvii) gives definitions and commentary on the stream, acknowledging the limited data. Since the production of the original Waste 6.31 Production of hazardous waste in the North East sub-regions is Technical Paper in 2010, a further regional study(xxviii) has been carried dominated by the Tees Valley and Tyne & Wear. County Durham is the out in the North East to address this data gap. There are a number of smallest producer of the four sub-regions. In 2006 and 2007, 28,310 and different types of low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) and these are set out 28,820 tonnes of hazardous waste were produced in County Durham in the study, together with current policy and an analysis of management respectively. In overall terms hazardous waste production in the County routes. Details of this study are set out in the section How the Baseline has during 2006 and 2007 amounted to only 1.4% and 1.2% of all hazardous Changed. waste produced in the North East(xxvi) Agricultural Waste 6.32 Since the original Waste Technical Paper was produced in 2010, the Urban Mines study of 2012 has addressed hazardous waste projections. 6.34 Agricultural Waste is waste from premises used for horticulture or As can be seen from the analysis and the maps in section 8, Hazardous agriculture and is specifically generated by agricultural activities. Agricultural waste has always been dealt with on a regional basis, and flows can be Waste only became classed as a controlled waste in 2006, and data is still inter-regional and even international (at least within the UK). The largest poor. The data available is from the Environment Agency and is somewhat importers in the region continue to be the Tees Valley, however, and outdated. This is discussed further in How the Baseline has Changed. Durham County Council do not intend to provide for more Hazardous Waste capacity. This conclusion is supported by the Urban Mines study of 2012. This shows declining arisings in County Durham through the Plan period to 2030 against a current capacity of over 45,000 tonnes. This is discussed further in the section How the Baseline has Changed.
xxvi Environment Agency information indicates that in 2006 1,908,164 tonnes of hazardous waste was produced in the NE (the majority 92.5% (1,765,849 tonnes) was recorded as being produced in the Tees Valley). Similarly, in 2007 2,344,549 tonnes of hazardous waste was produced in the NE (the majority 93.7% (2,520,965 tonnes) was recorded as being produced in the Tees Valley) and in 2008 2,162,233 tonnes were produced in the North East 1,952,549 tonnes of which were from the Tees Valley (90%). It should be noted that the majority of waste produced in the NE is classed as EWC chapter 07 organic chemical processes. The quantity of this type of waste produced in the North East region increased ten-fold between 2004 and 2006. The increase was due entirely to inputs to one waste treatment facility (a waste/water treatment facility) on Teesside which takes liquid waste from a number of companies surrounding the Tees Estuary for physical treatment prior to acceptance at a waste water treatment plant. This waste was formerly disposed of to the Tees Estuary by consented discharge. xxvii Model of Waste Arisings and Waste Management Capacity For the North East of England Waste Planning Authorities (Urban Mines, July 2012). xxviii Production and Disposal of Low Level Radioactive Waste (LLW and VLLW) in the North East of England (Urban Mines, August 2013.
48 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Waste Policy Context 7
European/international Context the environment, in particular the pollution of surface water, groundwater, soil and air, and on the global environment, including the greenhouse effect, 7.1 The Waste Framework Directive (75/445/EEC) introduced the Waste as well as any resulting risk to human health, from the landfilling of waste, Hierarchy as a means of protecting the environment and human health, during the whole life-cycle of the landfill”. which has been at the heart of all subsequent policy and legislation on waste management. The revised Waste Hierarchy, which is contained in 7.4 Among the various requirements, the Directive sets demanding targets the revised Waste Framework Directive is focused on more sustainable to reduce the amount of biodegradable municipal waste landfilled. The waste management seeing waste as a valuable resource, incorporating Landfill Directive also requires waste to be pre-treated prior to disposal. waste prevention in the first instance, followed by re-use, recycling, and then other recovery of waste, before options for disposal of residues are 7.5 In order for the UK to meet its requirements under the Waste considered. The transposition of the revised Waste Framework Directive Framework Directive, waste management plans are needed to ensure an into UK law Revisions is through the Waste (England and Wales) integrated and adequate network of disposal installations. Regulations 2011, which came into force on 29th March 2011. The Directive sets an overall legislative context for waste management across Europe National Context and contains recycling targets for C&D waste as well as household waste. 7.6 The Regional Spatial Strategy for the North East was revoked by the 7.2 In December 2012, guidance was launched by Government (DCLG) Localism Act, and therefore the regional tier of waste policy contained within to local authorities on how to implement the requirements of the Waste it no longer applies. The Regional Technical Advisory Body on waste (RTAB) Framework Directive. has also ceased as the Regional Assemblies were abolished and funding was uncertain. Whilst the North East Sustainable Resources Board (NESRB) 7.3 The EU Landfill Directive 1999(xxix) is the key driver behind most was established and produced a Resource Management Plan (Jan 2012), national legislation aimed at making waste management more sustainable. it was considered that a North East Waste Planning Group should be set The Directive aimed to reduce biodegradable waste being landfilled and to up by the North East Waste Planning Authorities to facilitate information drive waste management up the waste hierarchy. The Directive sets binding gathering and co-operation on cross-boundary matters. The NESRB also and demanding targets to achieve this. It also requires the pre-treatment ceased due to uncertainties over funding. The North East Waste Planning of all wastes being landfilled where this is technically feasible; bans certain Group continues to work on cross-boundary issues. types of waste from landfill and requires the classification of landfill sites for inert waste, hazardous waste or non-hazardous waste with standards 7.7 The work carried out by Urban Mines and Gardiner and Theobald that waste must meet to be accepted at these classes of site. The Directive (2011) for the NESRB updates the RSS Commercial and Industrial waste has very significant financial consequences for local authorities if they fail projections for the North East. This has been taken to the sub-regional level to achieve its overall objectives and individual targets. The Directive’s by the work undertaken for the North East Local Authorities by Urban Mines overall aim is “to prevent or reduce as far as possible negative effects on (2012). These studies are discussed in detail in further sections of this paper. xxix EU Landfill Directive 1999 (Government implemented the initial technical and regulatory requirements of the Landfill Directive in England and Wales in the Landfill (England & Wales) Regulations 2002. These were then subsequently amended reflecting additions in 2004 and 2005
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 49 7 Waste Policy Context
7.8 The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) sets the overarching Figure 12 Waste Hierarchy context for the delivery of sustainable development through the planning system and policies and principles to which all development should adhere. The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) replaces national planning policy guidance and minerals policy guidance but does not specifically address waste.
7.9 The National Waste Management Plan (England) currently comprises:
The Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2011;
Waste Management Plan for England 2013;
PPS10; and
Local Plans. Waste Strategy for England 2007
The Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2011 7.13 The Waste Strategy for England 2007 replaced Waste Strategy 2000 and was published to meet the need for an integrated waste 7.10 From http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/988/made management approach required by the EU Waste Framework Directive. 7.11 The Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2011 transpose the Waste Strategy 2007 introduced challenging new national targets: revised Waste Framework Directive into English law. They include a Table 32 requirement for ‘at least’ paper, metal, plastic and glass to be collected from household waste by 2015; for planning permission and waste transfer Annual greenhouse gas emissions: Household Waste Reuse, notes as well as permits and hazardous waste consignment notes to 2020: reduction of 10 million tonnes Recycling and Composting demonstrate compliance with the (revised) Waste Hierarchy; and for much of CO equivalents 2010: 40% of this waste to be subject to a 50% recycling target by 2020. 2 2015: 45% 7.12 The Regulations also transpose the requirement for a minimum 2020: 50% increase to 70% by weight in the recovery of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste (excluding naturally occurring materials) by 2020. Household Residual Waste Municipal Waste Recovery
50 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Waste Policy Context 7
2010: 29% reduction 2010: 53% Strategy for England 2007. It is described as providing "an analysis on waste management in England, bringing current and planned waste 2015: 35% reduction 2015: 67% management policies together in one place." 2020: 45% reduction 2020: 75% 7.17 The Plan is more of a compendium of existing policy. It does not From 2000 levels contain any new policy for waste management, and provides a single point of reference and summary for all waste policy. It provides a summary of Commercial and industrial waste landfilled waste policy and brings together the findings of the Waste Review 2011, confirming waste as a resource and prevention at the top of the Waste 2010: expected 20% reduction levels from Hierarchy. 2004 levels ‘Prevention is better than cure: The role of waste prevention in moving to a more resource efficient, circular economy’ Waste Prevention Waste Review 2011 (Government Review of Waste Policy in England Programme for England 2011) 7.18 This document sets out the Waste Prevention Programme for 7.14 The Waste Review of 2011 set out the Government’s aims for a England, in order to meet the revised Waste Framework Directive (rWFD) ‘zero waste’ economy. The direction of travel set by the Review was a new requirements and fulfill a commitment in the Waste Review 2011. "This focus in national policy on the use of materials throughout the economy; Programme sets out the Government’s view on how to reduce the amount the integration of business and household waste; a smaller and different of waste produced and presents the key roles and actions which should be role for central government; and more focus upon the householder or taken in our transition towards a more resource efficient economy. It also business and the importance of this agenda – from waste prevention to sets out the actions government is taking to support this transition." waste management – for the “green economy”. Planning for Sustainable Waste Management 7.15 Its purpose was to ensure that policies were fit for purpose. 7.19 It is also worth noting that Government has also recently consulted Waste Management Plan for England on a replacement for PPS10. As a direction of travel, this revised guidance again focuses on waste as a resource and on efficient resource use, and 7.16 Between July and September 2013, the Government consulted on minimising costs of waste to society, including environmental costs. It is the Waste Management Plan for England. The focus of the consultation more streamlined in line with the National Planning Policy Framework was whether the Plan - together with the updated national waste planning (NPPF); has a tougher stance on waste development in the greenbelt; policy from DCLG (Planning for Sustainable Waste Management) - fulfils includes additional text on energy from waste; reflects the abolition of RSS; the obligations of Article 28 of the revised Waste Framework Directive. It and reflects the Duty to Co-operate. was adopted on 12th December 2013 and therefore replaces the Waste
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 51 7 Waste Policy Context
Planning Policy Statement 10 ‘Planning For Sustainable Waste Help achieve sustainable development, implement Waste Strategy Management’ (PPS10), (CLG, Revised March 2011) 2007 and support EU targets;
7.20 Current PPS10 requires that waste management decisions should Recover and dispose of waste without endangering health, be made in accordance with the waste management hierarchy; they should harming environment & reflecting proximity principle; first consider the practical extent to which waste produced can be prevented and then address the options for preparing for reuse, recycling, other Reflect concerns and interests of communities, needs of Waste recovery (replacing materials which would otherwise have been used), and, Collection Authorities (WCAs), Waste Disposal Authorities finally, consider options for waste disposal only as a last resort. In this way, (WDAs), and business and encourage competitiveness; the Government aims to break the link between economic growth and the environmental impact of waste. Protect Green Belts but recognise locational needs of some waste management: wider environmental and economic benefits are Planning for Sustainable Waste Management: a Companion Guide to material considerations; and PPS10 (CLG June 2006) Ensure that design and layout of new development supports 7.21 The Companion Guide to PPS10 is still extant. It promotes sustainable waste management, (such as by including facilities sustainable waste management, centred around promoting the movement for reuse, recycling and composting). of waste up the Waste Hierarchy; self sufficiency in managing waste, dealing with waste as close to the source as practicable; and environmental impacts of waste management. Current situation with Defra cuts Planning has a key role in delivering sustainable waste management: 7.22 From April 2014 Government will be stepping back in areas where Strategies for growth & regeneration; and businesses are better placed to act and there is no clear market failure. DEFRA will therefore not have the capacity to take forward new policy work Providing opportunities for waste management facilities in right in areas such as commercial and industrial waste and construction and place & right time. demolition waste, as well as proactive energy from waste policy development. DEFRA's current programmes of work on anaerobic digestion and food waste are nearing completion; the responsibility for taking work Key Objectives for Regional and local planning strategies: forward will largely rest with the industries concerned.
Enable waste management to move up hierarchy; 7.23 Waste management is no longer target driven; it is now entirely financial as a lot of the targets have gone (LATS etc). In 2014, for example, Provide a framework for sufficient and timely provision of waste Landfill Tax will exceed our full treatment costs. It is therefore uneconomic facilities;
52 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Waste Policy Context 7
to landfill. This is the driver. In light of the clear economic drivers to realise Altogether Healthier - improving health and wellbeing; efficiencies through Local Authority waste contracts, DEFRA will no longer be providing generic advice on this. Altogether Greener - ensuring an attractive and ‘liveable’ local environment, and contributing to tackling global environmental County (sub-regional) Context challenges;
Existing Waste Local Plan Saved Policies Altogether Safer - creating a safer and more cohesive county.
7.24 The Town and Country Planning Act 1990 required the County Council as Waste Planning Authority (WPA) to prepare a Waste Local Plan. 7.26 A number of long term goals are particularly relevant including The County Durham Waste Local Plan was adopted in April 2005. The creating a high quality clean, green, attractive and accessible environment provisions of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 saved all and a balanced natural environment with a reduced impact on climate existing Waste Local Plan policies until three years after the date of change; and the SCS specifically identifies the need to reduce the amount adoption. From 18th April 2008, five existing policies in the Plan expired. of household waste and increase reuse, recycling and composting. Policies in this state are also referred to as 'Not Saved'. The remaining 'Saved' Waste Local Plan policies are identified in Appendix A. These 7.27 The approach that the County Durham Plan takes to managing policies will remain in force until they are replaced by policies in the County waste will be crucial in helping to deliver the Sustainable Community Durham Plan and the forthcoming Minerals and Waste Policies and Strategy’s aspirations for new development and a high quality environment. Allocations Document (Please note the Policies which are not listed in the One of the objectives of the SCS is to adapt to – and mitigate the impact Schedule (namely policies W1, W11, W12, W15, and W57) expired on 18th of – Climate Change. Mitigation refers to action that is needed to reduce April 2008). greenhouse gas emissions to limit the most severe impacts of climate change. The 2008 Climate Change Act(xxx) made provision to reduce Carbon 7.25 The County Durham Plan needs to be the spatial expression of the Dioxide (CO2) emissions by 34% by 2020 to set us on a path to reduce Sustainable Community Strategy (SCS). The County Durham partnership emissions by 80% by 2050. Durham County Council has set a target above has recently adopted a new SCS, which includes a vision of an “Altogether this, aiming to reduce emissions across the County by 40% by 2020 (from Better Durham” under its five themes of: a 1990 baseline). This will require an annual reduction of 4% or 180,000 tonnes of CO2. Reducing carbon emissions and adapting to the effects of Altogether Wealthier- focusing on creating a vibrant economy and climate change therefore underpins every aspect of planning and is central putting regeneration and economic development at the heart of the to the Core Strategy. It will also help support regeneration, and improve SCS; the health and the quality of life of everyone in the County.
Altogether Better for Children and Young People - enabling children 7.28 Further discussion of the context is provided in the following section and young people to develop and achieve their aspirations, and to How the Baseline has Changed. maximise their potential in line with Every Child Matters; xxx The Climate Change Act 2008 includes a legally binding target of at least an 80% cut (against a 1990 baseline) in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 53 8 How the Baseline has Changed
Policy Context 8.6 The Localism Act introduced the Duty to co-operate as a method of engaging local authorities with one another and other relevant organisations 8.1 As discussed briefly in the previous section, the changes to the in the absence of a regional structure. Planning system and regional apparatus together with changes to or the abolition of targets have had fundamental effects on planning for waste 8.7 In the case of waste, these changes have provided an opportunity to management. collaborate with other partner authorities in the region and with authorities further afield in order to establish a sound baseline. 8.2 The increasingly stringent targets of the Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (LATS), which allowed the landfiling of set amounts of Demographic profile used Biodegradable Municipal Waste (BMW) - and ultimately encouraged increasing diversion through improved recovery (through financial penalties) 8.8 As part of the procurement project for the management of the County - have ceased and are therefore no longer a driver for waste management. Council's municipal waste, the Strategic Waste Management team The scheme ran until the end of 2012/13 scheme year with conclusion of commissioned a model of waste arisings. This model has changed since trades on 30 September 2013. the original model. The work was carried out by Jacobs. The County Council now has ownership of the model and it is now updated every year and can 8.3 Similarly, the achievement of Best Value Performance Indicators be manipulated to take into account new information. (BVPIs) as set out in extant PPS10 Companion guidance is no longer relevant. There are however still local targets connected to the 'Altogether 8.9 The demographic profile used for the County Durham Plan has Better' objectives of the County Council. Similarly, whilst the National changed since the original Waste Technical Paper and also since previous Performance Indicators for waste have been removed, they are still used versions of the Plan. At Preferred Options stage the population, housing as a benchmark by the County Council. and employment projections were based upon a range of published data and in-house modelling. At Pre-Submission Draft stage, household formation 8.4 With the Localism Act, the Government sought abolition of the RSS rates were modelled in relation to both Communities and Local Government and with it the regional tier of planning. The effects of this were significant (CLG)'s 2008 and 2011 household formation rates and a net new dwelling for Waste and Minerals planning as the RSS contained regional and requirement was set out as a mid point between these two sets of projection sub-regional apportionments for aggregates and waste management rates. provision as well as targets for composting, recycling and recovery. 8.10 The Pre-Submission draft Plan used the industry recognised 8.5 It is also the case that Minerals and Waste planning are regional in ‘POPGROUP’ model to produce a housing requirement for County Durham. nature. Waste movements do not respect local authority boundaries, and The outcomes from the modelling process have been applied consistently movements are frequently national in nature. Minerals markets are often to inform all aspects of the planning process including the SHMA 2013. regional, and County Durham supplies North Yorkshire with aggregates - and vice versa - and therefore has cross boundary flows(xxxi).
xxxi Further detail on inter-regional flows of minerals are set out in the Joint Local Aggregate Assessment for County Durham, Northumberland and Tyne and Wear.
54 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper How the Baseline has Changed 8
8.11 Durham County Council commissioned Edge Analytics to develop 8.15 A further 1,036 businesses in the North East were surveyed in a the employment and housing projections and forecasts contained in the statistically valid manner, between October and December 2010, from a Plan. The Edge Report (July 2013) did not advise using the 2011-based total relevant business population of 26,620. Businesses in 12 sector interim projections on their own as a robust direction of travel for housing groupings were surveyed, excluding agriculture, mining, quarrying and growth, instead advising that the 2008-based SNHP and 2011-based SNHP construction and covering employee numbers from 5 to 250+. Of these be used conjunctively. This results in a set of scenarios which have adopted around one third was delivered by telephone (for small businesses with a mid-point housing growth trajectory between the 2008-based and simple waste profiles) and two thirds by structured face to face survey 2011-based household formation rates. interview. All of the data collected was thoroughly quality checked using a variety of methods. The survey focused on waste arisings for the financial Commercial & Industrial Waste Studies year 2009-10.
8.12 Since the original Waste Technical Paper was produced in 2010, 8.16 Defra’s 2010 survey indicates that for England in 2009 total C&I several studies into Commercial and Industrial waste arisings have been waste arisings were around 48 million tonnes. This is a decrease of 29% undertaken. from the EA survey in 2002/3. Of this, the industrial sector accounts for 50.4% (24.2 million tones), while the commercial sector accounts for 49.6% 8.13 A national level study was commissioned by Defra in (xxxii) (23.8 million tones). Compared to the results of the last national survey in 2010 .Collecting data from 4,074 businesses, plus data from pollution, 2002/03, Industrial wastes have declined by 13.4 million tonnes, or 36 per prevention and control (PPC) returns and other sources, this survey was cent, and Commercial waste has declined by 6.5 million tonnes, or 21 per designed to produce estimates of arisings at a national level, and cent, in the same period. A total of 25.0 million tonnes, or 52 per cent, of subsequently at regional level. As part of this work, data was collected from C&I waste was recycled or reused in England in 2009, compared to 42 per 276 businesses in the North East region. By applying sector averages from cent in 2002/3. A total of 11.3 million tonnes, or 23 per cent, of C&I waste other regions in England, this survey could provide estimates for waste was sent to landfill in 2009, compared to 41 per cent in 2002/3. Small arisings in the North East region. The volume of local surveys was enterprises, with between 0 and 49 employees, produced 16.6 million tonnes insufficient to provide detail at an acceptable level of confidence however, of C&I waste in England, in 2009, or 35 per cent of total C&I waste. or to provide data at a sub-regional or Waste Planning Authority level. 8.17 The study shows that County Durham C&I waste arisings are 8.14 Urban Mines and Gardiner & Theobald were therefore commissioned continuing to fall. Results from the “North East of England Commercial and by The North East Sustainable Resources Board (NESRB) in association Industrial Waste Survey 2010” carried out by Urban Mines and Gardiner & with One North East and ANEC (Association of North East Councils) to Theobald on behalf of the NESRB(xxxiii) show that the County's arisings for carry out a survey of the waste produced by Commercial and Industrial the 2009-10 financial year totalled 389,197 tonnes. companies throughout the region. The survey data aimed to provide more detail to be able to take assessment down to a sub-regional level and fill this data gap. xxxii Survey of commercial and industrial waste arisings 2010: Final results xxxiii Published 2011.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 55 8 How the Baseline has Changed
8.18 Following on from this study and as part of work to prepare our Plans 2011, decreasing to 0.24 million tonnes per annum by 2030. In the baseline and understand cross boundary issues, the Waste Planning Authorities in forecasts this translates to a shortfall in capacity by 2021, extended to 2030 the North East of England commissioned a further study to provide forecasts if recycling scenarios are achieved. of waste arisings for commercial and industrial waste and hazardous waste to 2030 using the data from the North East of England Commercial and 8.21 The study was based upon recycling targets of 45% by 2015 and Industrial Waste Survey 2010 and the most up-to-date hazardous waste 50% by 2020 for Local Authority Collected Waste (LACW) and 70% by arisings information. 2025 for C&I. The study explains that as the Welsh Assembly has a recycling target of 70% by 2025 for C&I and England does not have statutory C&I 8.19 This study was published in July 2012(xxxiv) and contains detailed recycling targets, this target has been used together with a mid-point forecast arisings; capacity data; analysis and conclusions on commercial scenario of 60% by 2025 to produce forecasts and gauge the effect of and industrial waste; as well as hazardous waste and also covers municipal increased C&I recycling on requirements for waste management capacity. waste as so many key facilities in the North East process waste from both These are two separate scenarios, not points on a continuum. municipal and commercial and industrial sources. It also contains commentary on arisings of agricultural; construction and demolition; and 8.22 High level assumptions were also made, that 10% of material Low Level Radioactive wastes. handled by each Waste Transfer Station (WTS) is from C&I sources, and that recycling rates from this waste of 30% and 70% have been modelled 8.20 The study carried out a capacity gap analysis by comparing forecast to give a low and high recycling rate scenario. arisings with data on available capacity. This was done on a regional and sub-regional (Waste Planning Authority) basis. By aggregating arisings 8.23 The findings of the study for County Durham are summarised in the estimates for all the WPAs in North East England, the report found that following tables. total arisings amount to some 3.6 million tonnes per year. These comprise 1.48 million tonnes from municipal sources (2011 estimates) and 2.15 million Table 33 Projected Non-Hazardous Waste Arisings in County Durham over the Plan Period from commercial and industrial sources (2011 estimates). Applying the growth methodologies explained in the report, it is estimated that these Year Projected Total Arisings (tonnes) total waste arisings for North East England are anticipated to remain fairly constant over the forecast period to 2030. It concludes that regionally the 2010/11 653,000 tipping point at which baseline residual non-hazardous waste exceeds capacity available to manage this waste is 2027 based on the data and 2019/20 638,000 forecast methodology used. This can be extended to 2030 if modelled 2029/30 636,000 recycling targets are achieved. However, the bulk of existing capacity to manage this residual waste is landfill. Estimates of existing landfill capacity in North East England were equivalent to 1.8 million tonnes per annum in Source: Urban Mines (Model of Waste Arisings and Waste Management Capacity for the North East of England Waste Planning, Authorities, Urban
Mines, 2012).
xxxiv Model of Waste Arisings and Waste Management Capacity For the North East of England Waste Planning Authorities (Urban Mines, July 2012).
56 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper How the Baseline has Changed 8
Table 34 Non-Hazardous Residual Waste Capacity Gap Over the Plan Period Source: Urban Mines (Model of Waste Arisings and Waste Management Capacity for the North East of England Waste Planning Authorities, Urban
Mines, 2012). Year Projected Capacity Gap (tonnes) Table 36 County Durham Hazardous Waste Processing Capacity (tonnes) 2010/11 -36,000
2019/20 +9,000 (no deficit) Facility Operational Non-operational Grand Total
2029/30 - 90,000 Transfer 34,783 34,783 Treatment 10,810 10,810
8.24 Source: Urban Mines (Model of Waste Arisings and Waste Management Capacity for the North East of England Waste Planning, 45,593 45,593 Authorities, Urban Mines, 2012).
8.25 As can be seen, based upon the achievement of statutory targets, the study suggests that the Non-Hazardous residual capacity shortfall at Source: Urban Mines (Model of Waste Arisings and Waste Management Capacity for the North East of England Waste Planning Authorities, Urban 2010/11 of 36,000 tonnes per annum will disappear by the middle of the Mines, 2012). Plan period (2019/20) but reappear at the end (reaching -90,000tpa by 8.26 County Durham is a relatively small producer of hazardous waste 2029/30). Three alternative scenarios were also developed which modelled in regional terms as discussed in the Types of Waste section and we increased recycling (of 60% and then 70% for C&I) and landfill diversion consider that no additional capacity for hazardous waste is required in the targets (of 70% for C&I). Each of these shows a surplus capacity to varying County, a conclusion which is supported by the Model of Waste Arisings extents. On this basis, assuming that statutory targets will be achieved as and Waste Management Capacity for the North East of England Waste a minimum provides a "worst case" indication of capacity required. Planning Authorities study (Urban Mines, 2012). This shows declining arisings against a current capacity of over 45,000 tonnes. Hazardous Waste 8.27 The Environment Agency data also backs up this position. Figures Table 35 Hazardous Waste Arisings in the Plan Period 13 and 14 show that the Tees Valley is a net importer of hazardous waste, Year Projected Hazardous Waste Arisings (tonnes) with more deposits than arisings and also the highest level of arisings and therefore production. 2010/11 16,000
2019/20 15,000
2029/30 13,000
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 57 8 How the Baseline has Changed
Figure 13
Source: Environment Agency Position Statement 2011
58 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper How the Baseline has Changed 8
Figure 14
Source: Environment Agency Position Statement 2011
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 59 8 How the Baseline has Changed
Figure 15 Figure 16
60 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper How the Baseline has Changed 8
8.28 Hazardous waste information details complex inter-regional and Figure 17 intra-regional flows of waste. In 2007 15,414 tonnes was exported from County Durham to other North East sub regions and 24,097 tonnes imported into County Durham from other NE sub regions. As shown on the maps above, the North East was a major importer of hazardous waste from other regions in 2008. In 2008, County Durham imported 21,910 tonnes from other North East sub-regions, although 20,491 tonnes of this was waste water/water treatment waste. Also in 2008 22,568 tonnes was imported to County Durham from England, Wales and Scotland and 61,451 tonnes exported to other parts of the UK. In 2009, County Durham imported 20,355 tonnes from other sub-regions in the North East and just 638 tonnes from England, Wales and Scotland. This compares to the Tees Valley which imported 33,994 from other NE sub-regions; 80,236 tonnes from England and Wales and 19,345 from outside England and Wales. In 2011, the Environment Agency Position Statement states that whilst the Tees Valley authorities produced 104,982 tonnes and deposited 175,093 tonnes, County Durham produced 21,508 tonnes and deposited 23,366 tonnes. Whilst the Environment Agency cannot provide sub-regional capacity data by site for reasons of commercial confidentiality, it is clear that the greatest capacity and production is in the Tees Valley. The Position Statement also confirms Inert Waste that Bran Sands treatment data has not been included in the EA graphs for years 2006 to 2009, because of the large values which mask the trend from 8.29 As stated previously, the availability of reliable data on inert waste other sources (discussed in section 6). However from 2009 the arisings continues to be an issue in planning for future capacity. Significant volumes show a large drop back to levels similar to 2006 when the change in of this stream are managed on site at the point of arising often using mobile legislation was brought in. This could be due to industry closing around the plant, or on sites which are exempt from permitting by the Environment (xxxv) Teesside area. Again, the trend data below backs up the Urban Mines Agency and are therefore unrecorded . The recent survey of Commercial conclusion that arisings are falling. and Industrial Waste in the North East (Model of Waste Arisings and Waste Management Capacity for the North East of England Waste Planning, Authorities, Urban Mines, 2012) confirms that data on this stream is difficult to obtain.
xxxv It is perhaps also worth noting that since the production of the original Waste Technical Paper, the 'Paragraph 9 Exemption' on use of waste in construction has been replaced by the new U1 exemption by the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 61 8 How the Baseline has Changed
8.30 The Annual Aggregates Monitoring Report produced every year for Durham Northumberland Tees Tyne North the North East Aggregates Working Party (NEAWP) is the only source of Valley and East information on arisings and sales of recycled and secondary aggregates Wear England other than the previously mentioned CLG survey of 2005(xxxvi). The most recent of these is the 2011 NEAWP report, published in March 2012. This Pulverised Fuel 0.0 49.9 0.0 0.0 49.9 contains (as every year) a survey of operators of fixed construction and Ash (Power demolition recycling sites and recycling producers in North East England Stations) and indicates that the region produces recycled aggregates from a variety Incinerator Bottom 0.0 0.0 75.3 0.0 78.5 of sources. These include construction and demolition projects and also Ash (Energy from secondary aggregates from industrial by-products such as pulverised fuel Waste) ash and furnace bottom ash at the Lynemouth Power Station in Northumberland and from colliery spoil. In the Tees Valley secondary Slag: Blast 0.0 0.0 200.0 0.0 200.0 aggregates are also produced from ash from the Energy for Waste Plant Furnace (Iron) at Haverton Hill and materials originating from the steelworks at Redcar. Slag: Basic 0.0 0.0 235.1 0.0 235.1 The results should be treated with caution however, as not all producers Oxygen Furnace responded and clearly this does not capture mobile plant. (Steel)
Table 37 Sales of recycled and secondary aggregates in North East England Spent Foundry 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 2011 (thousand tonnes) Sand
Durham Northumberland Tees Tyne North Total 84.8 125.3 558.6 553.2 1,321.9 Valley and East Wear England Source: North East Aggregates Working Party Annual Aggregates Monitoring Report 2011.
Construction and 84.8 43.1 45.0 474.6 647.6 8.31 In March 2012, the Government released the document 'Methodology Demolition Waste for estimating annual waste generation from the Construction, Demolition Road Planings 0.0 3.4 0.0 39.6 43.1 and Excavation (CD&E) Sectors in England'. This document details that the revised Waste Framework Directive requires a 70% recovery target by Colliery Spoil 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.0 36.0 2020, and sets out a methodology in order to meet the reporting requirements of the European Commission for this target and resolve the Furnace Bottom 0.0 28.9 0.0 0.0 27.9 data gap for this stream. As outlined in the document, a further complication Ash (Power Stations) is that Standard Permits and U1 exemptions have replaced Paragraph 9 and 19 exemptions that used to be available to sites dealing with CD&E
xxxvi See Section 6.
62 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper How the Baseline has Changed 8
waste. Existing data sources and adapted methodologies are used to Table 39 Projected C&D Arisings in the County Over the Plan Period estimate the amount of waste generated in 2010 by the CD&E sectors. The proportion of the waste recovered is then calculated by applying the existing Year Projected Construction & Demolition waste Strategic Forum for Construction (SFfC) landfill estimates. The methodology arisings set out in the document has been used to produce estimates (at a national 2009/10 1,066,097 tonnes level) of arisings from 2008 to 2010, as set out below. 2019/20 1,066,097 tonnes Table 38 National Construction, Demolition and Excavation Waste (CDEW) Recycling Estimates 2029/30 1,066,097 tonnes
Year Construction & Excavation CD&E CD&E Demolition Waste Waste Estimates Recovery Source: DCC own estimates based on 2008 Environment Agency figures (EA Waste Interrogator 2008, inert waste received used as a proxy for Estimates Estimates and arisings), with a landfilling percentage of 70%. Flat growth projected based upon ad-hoc recycling and requirement for increased recycling. Recycling 8.33 Current estimates(xxxviii) show that arisings are actually falling. This 2008 58,093,480 36,452,426 94,545,906 75% is at least partly due to the economic situation.
2009 47,782,489 29,187,412 76,969,901 72% Table 40 Estimated Arisings of Construction and Demolition Waste 2010 47,356,104 30,019,326 77,375,430 73% Year 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source: Construction, Demolition and Excavation waste generation estimate: England, 2008 to 2010 (from www.gov.uk) Actual Arisings (EA 1,066,097 987,464 957,194 807,406 Waste Data Interrogator) 8.32 As a 'worst case' for the basis of projections of arisings, the Plan is based upon flat growth from the 2008 arisings estimate of 1,066,097 Percentage Landfilled 70% 71% 76% 68% tonnes(xxxvii) with a landfilling percentage of 70% (some 736,122 tonnes were landfilled). Source: EA Waste Data Interrogator 2008-2011, inert waste received used as a proxy for waste arisings
8.34 A minimum increase to 70% by weight in the recovery of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste is required by 2020 by the EU Waste Framework Directive, transposed into national law by the Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2011. This means that even if
xxxvii EA Waste Interrogator 2008, inert waste received used as a proxy for arisings. xxxviii EA Waste Inerrogator 2008-11, inert waste received used as a proxy for arisings.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 63 8 How the Baseline has Changed
arisings were to increase again to the levels seen before the recession, with landfills being used if closer. There is therefore a need for a wide there is a clear policy driver for the diversion of this stream from landfill and distribution of facilities in order to encourage recycling, and policy to there would be no proven need for further landfill capacity for this stream. encourage recycling and re-use at sites. This is the approach of the Plan to recycled aggregates set out in Policy 52 (Sustainable Minerals and Waste 8.35 It is estimated that capacity at licensed recycling sites is around Resource Management). 800,000 tonnes per annum and that ad-hoc recycling accounts for around 500,000 tonnes per annum. Combined inert landfill capacity is estimated 8.38 Therefore there would appear to be sufficient capacity for this stream, to be between 6m and 12m tonnes (depending on source of data and based upon policy drivers and current capacity. On this basis, Durham conversion factor used)(xxxix). This treatment capacity was set out in the County Council do not intend to provide for further capacity for the landfilling original Waste Technical Paper (2010) and was also detailed in the of this stream, either through the Plan or through the allocation of sites in consultation document 'Towards a Waste Delivery Strategy'. the Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document. Having regard to the scale of current and future ad-hoc recycling on exempt sites and to 8.36 As detailed above, landfill capacity at the end of 2011 was estimated current capacity, no provision for further recovery and recycling capacity by the Environment Agency to be nearly 8.5m tonnes. As discussed here, for this stream will be made through the Plan or through the allocation of however, the trend is a move away from landfill. sites in the Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document.
Table 41 Construction and Demolition Waste Exisiting Treatment and Agricultural Waste Recovery Capacity 8.39 Agricultural waste now falls under the provisions of the Environmental Facility Type Total Capacity Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010. Under the new regulations businesses handling only small quantities of waste or low risk Quarries 195,000 tonnes per annum wastes do not need an Environmental Permit, but must register for an Transfers and Treament 508,799 tonnes per annum exemption for these waste activities. These replace the exemptions under the former permitting regime. Total licensed Capacity 703,799 tonnes per annum 8.40 The Urban Mines study of 2012(xl) provides a commentary on Total licensed Capacity, including 1,300,000-1,500,000 tonnes per agricultural waste, acknowledging that national data is quite outdated and estimated ad-hoc activity annum acknowledged as being weak.
8.37 If a 'worst case' 50% C&D recycling target was used, this would mean that between 374,000 tonnes and 533,000 tonnes per annum would be landfilled depending on recycling performance. As inert waste is bulky and of relatively low value, a key driver for recycling is transportation cost,
xxxix The Environment Agency website estimates that there is nearly 8.5m tonnes inert landfill capacity at 2011. Source: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/142511.aspx xl Model of Waste Arisings and Waste Management Capacity For the North East of England Waste Planning Authorities (Urban Mines, July 2012).
64 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper How the Baseline has Changed 8
Low Level Radioactive Waste Report Decommissioning Authority are also reviewed in permitting and regulating the disposal of such wastes, together with the limited information available 8.41 DECC carried out a survey in 2008 on "solid low level waste from on this stream. the non-nuclear sector". This survey produced a very high level of arisings for County Durham without explanation, and similarly did not provide 8.46 It concludes that there are existing management routes to deal with explanation for the lack of arisings for large cities in the North East with arisings produced by key producers such as universities and hospitals in several universities and hospitals such as Newcastle. the North East and that commercial capacity exists outside the region to reduce reliance on the National Low Level Radioactive Waste Repository (xli) 8.42 The Urban Mines study of 2012 provides a definition and (LLWR) near Drigg and negate the need for provision of capacity within the commentary on radioactive waste, acknowledging that data is limited. North East until at least 2029.
8.43 As only limited information is available on Low Level Radioactive 8.47 Following the production of the study, Durham County Council carried Waste, a further North East regional study (led by Durham County Council) out a consultation exercise as part of the Duty to Co-operate on Low Level with Gateshead Council; Newcastle City Council; Northumberland County Radioactive Waste capacity with Local Authorities identified in the study. Council; South Tyneside Council and Sunderland City Council was The results of this exercise were summarised in a Briefing Note which was commissioned to identify producers and management routes. circulated to all the North East authorities involved in the study.
8.44 It is a follow-up to the report commissioned by the metropolitan Municipal Solid Waste Strategy (MSWS) Refresh authorities of Tyne and Wear, together with the unitary authorities of Durham and Northumberland which examined a number of scenarios for waste 8.48 County Durham has relied upon disposing most of its waste in landfill arisings and the waste management capacity available for the period to sites, but this has to change. There are a number of key strategic drivers 2030. This report focused on non-hazardous waste from commercial and for change, legislation (European and national), financial drivers, policies industrial sources and collected by local authorities. However, it is apparent (national, regional and local) in order to help reduce the impacts of waste that the data available on radioactive waste is currently inadequate for on the environment. planning purposes. The aim of the study is to address the data gaps. The aim is to produce a report which is robust enough to withstand scrutiny at 8.49 Since the 2010 update to the MSWS and its Addendum to reflect Examination. the changing circumstances including new targets and challenges for the (as then) new unitary authority, there has been a great deal of activity in 8.45 This study reviews both the definitions of low level radioactive waste the re-shaping of the County's waste management service. This has included (LLW) and very low level radioactive waste (VLLW), and the current policies the Waste Survey of 2011 to gauge public opinion; the introduction of a and regulations impacting on the production and management of such harmonised waste collection system through the countywide Alternate wastes. The roles of the Environment Agency and the Nuclear Weekly Collection project (saving over £2m in operational and disposal costs); the review of Household Waste Recycling Centres (HWRCs) in 2012; the introduction of new contractual arrangements for HWRC operation xli Model of Waste Arisings and Waste Management Capacity For the North East of England Waste Planning Authorities (Urban Mines, July 2012).
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 65 8 How the Baseline has Changed
and management, haulage and residual waste in June 2013 and the bringing will seek to quantify the carbon impacts of its waste services and look in-house of the four waste transfer station operations and Joint Stocks to set future targets and actions for reducing them. landfill site. Interim arrangements for dry recycling and green waste disposal have also been introduced. will seek to harmonise waste collection services across the County to maximise performance and ensure value for money. 8.50 A review/refresh of the Waste Strategy has therefore taken place in order to ensure it covers the new Municipal Waste contracts and consider will seek to improve both the service provided and performance the extent to which the 2010 Addendum has been delivered. achieved at HWRCs through site and service rationalisation, harmonisation and improvement. 8.51 The overall objectives of the Strategy were agreed to still have relevance: will work with Defra, its waste management partners and the wider waste industry, to deliver a residual waste treatment solution that will provide sustainable integrated waste collection and disposal services seek to maximise landfill diversion and create value from residual that protect human health and the environment; waste.
provide value for money in all waste management services while achieving and exceeding Government targets for waste; 8.53 These objectives have largely been achieved.
manage materials, as far as possible, in accordance with the waste 8.54 In March 2010, Cabinet approved the establishment of the Waste hierarchy, maximising the amount managed at higher levels of the Programme as the means for determining how the authority would seek to hierarchy; deliver the Waste Strategy and ensure the achievement of the objectives and targets to manage waste sustainably. manage municipal waste minimising transportation as far as possible; 8.55 The Programme has procured new contracts to replace those with enable flexibility to allow for new technology developments and Premier Waste Management and the Local Authority Waste Disposal changing legislation Company (LAWDC). This included re-procurement of the following:
Treatment and Disposal of Residual Waste (commenced 1st June 8.52 12. In addition to the aims and objectives, the Authority made the 2013) obligation that it would strive to meet the following commitments: Household Waste Recycling Centre (HWRC) Operating Contract Durham County Council: (commenced 1st June 2013)
welcomes the national policy aspirations for recycling, composting and Haulage of kerbside collected wastes from Waste Transfer Stations recovery and as part of the Strategy review process, will set clear to waste facilities (commenced 1st June 2013) actions to work towards these new targets.
66 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper How the Baseline has Changed 8
Materials Recycling Facilities (MRF) for kerbside collected recyclables 8.61 Of note, however, is the mothballing of Joint Stocks. This site is the remaining municipal waste landfill in the County and currently has spare Green Waste Facilities for kerbside collected garden wastes capacity. This capacity needs to be preserved to provide flexibility for (commenced 1st June 2013) planning for waste management in the future. The Council's approach to safeguarding is to safeguard any sites with planning permission, however, and therefore the site remains on the Appendix D list within the Plan. 8.56 The new contracts have removed risk, reduced costs and allow flexibility in meeting targets and managing waste sustainably. 8.62 As part of the mothballing of Joint Stocks, all site infrastructure has been removed. This affects the whole site, not merely the Municipal Solid 8.57 These changes are discussed in relation to sites below. Waste (MSW) related processes. This means that approximately 625,000 8.58 The Review of the Waste Management Strategy Report to Cabinet tonnes per annum of capacity has been lost (which included of 18 September 2013 sets out that this is the situation to 2020 and recovery/recycling and landfilling and encompassed commercial and recognises that further targets up to and beyond this date need to be industrial as well as municipal waste management capacity related to the carefully considered. This is particularly the case in relation to the 50% Council's Municipal Waste Management contract) and that there is no longer recycling target for 2020, which is acknowledged as currently being unlikely any waste processing being carried out at the site. to be met due to the cost of implementation of food waste collection in 8.63 In late 2012, the Council finalised contracts for the procurement of County Durham. new Municipal Waste management capacity. This involves (from 1st June 8.59 The County Durham Plan is therefore very important to the delivery 2013) the use of SITA's Energy from Waste plant in the Tees Valley until of the Waste Management Strategy. The importance of waste management at least 2021 and potentially through until 2025. The solution uses a variety in the County has also been recognised by the County Durham Partnership of treatment technologies however, and remaining waste will go to a by the adoption of several targets under two overarching objectives in the Mechanical and Biological Treatment (MBT) plant where it will create both Altogether Greener Action Plan 2011-2014. Refuse Derived Fuel and compost for the remediation of development sites. The residual Municipal waste contract is based on 140,000tpa with a Sites and capacity 100,000tpa guaranteed minimum tonnage, and is for 8 years with the option of up to two 2-year extensions. The contract includes a target of up to 90% 8.60 As waste management is controlled by the market, sites change diversion of waste away from landfill, with landfill tax payment remaining a hands, close and are permitted all the time. This is a continual process and contractor risk. any list of sites will therefore naturally be a snapshot in time. The Plan provides the flexibility to deal with this uncertainty and to take up any new 8.64 The loss of capacity at Joint Stocks therefore is not a concern, as capacity required. The 'capacity gap' for County Durham is set out in the the County Durham Plan remains flexible to grant capacity where it is Model of Waste Arisings and Waste Management Capacity for the North required. East of England Waste Planning Authorities report (Urban Mines, July 2012). A list of sites is contained within the Plan, and sites were set out in the original Waste Technical Paper (June 2010).
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 67 8 How the Baseline has Changed
8.65 The Waste Transfer Stations which were operated by Premier Waste Management for Durham County Council have now been brought in-house. There are 4 at Thornley Crossing; Annfield Plain; Heighington Lane; and Stainton Grove.
8.66 There has been consolidation of the Council's Household Waste Recycling Centres (HWRCs). Three HWRCs have now closed - Broomsdene, Cragwood and Todhills. The original network of 15 HWRCs have gone down to 12; type of vehicles allowed on site has been amended; the permit scheme has been revised; and opening hours have been reduced to those most frequently used.
8.67 The Household Waste Recycling Centre contract to operate, manage and maintain the County's network of 12 HWRCs has been awarded to H W Martin (who bought this part of the business from Premier Waste Management). This is a 5 year contract with an optional 2 year extension. The contract has a target for the diversion of waste from landfill at 90% of which at least 75% will be recycled.
8.68 The Municipal Waste Haulage contract to manage the loading and hauling of municipal waste from the waste transfer stations to designated delivery points in the region has gone to SITA, sub-contracting to Hargreaves. The contract is for a 5 year timescale with possible extensions of up to 3 years.
8.69 Interim arrangements for the disposal of mixed dry recycling and glass at Material Recycling Facilities (MRFs) have been put in place. This arrangement enables recyclate collected from the kerbside to be either directly delivered to MRFs in the region or for recyclate to be delivered into the waste transfer stations and then hauled to MRFs via a municipal waste haulage service. A full procurement for the MRF contract is due to take place in autumn 2013. Interim arrangements are also in place to allow on-farm composting of green waste until November 2014.
68 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper The Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations Document 9
9.1 National planning policy requires the Council to provide for the future Plan (December 2000) and the County Durham Waste Local Plan (April needs for new mineral extraction and waste management. We intend to 2005). Once adopted the policies and provisions of the Minerals and Waste fulfil this requirement through the preparation of the Local Plan and a Policies and Allocations document will replace any remaining saved policies separate Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document. The role of the County Durham Minerals Local Plan and the County Durham Waste of these two documents are different. This Local Plan document will set out Local Plan. strategic policies for minerals and waste in County Durham over the Plan period and will: 9.4 The Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document will:
Identify the scale of future minerals extraction and waste management For waste, expand upon the overarching policies in the Local Plan, capacity that will need to be accommodated within the County over covering design of facilities and any specific issues and impacts arising the period to 2030; from development of waste management facilities. Address policies for low level radioactive waste following the completion of work Set out where and when new provision will be necessary; undertaken in Summer 2013 to consider arisings and inform need for specific facilities to manage this waste stream. This, together with the Provide clear guidance to enable site specific allocations and planning main Local Plan document, will enable the County Council to address applications to be considered in both locational and criteria based requirements of the National Waste Management Plan; and terms; and For minerals, expand upon the overarching policies in the Local Plan. Allocate Strategic Sites for new minerals and waste development, It will address a number of minerals which are not currently extracted where considered necessary. in County Durham for example vein minerals (barytes, fluorspar) and silica sand; provide the detailed policy framework to enable future applications for the appraisal, exploration and production of 9.2 The Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document will Conventional Oil and Gas Development, Shale Gas, Coalbed Methane, complement the minerals and waste policies of this Local Plan. It will set Methane from Coal Mines (Coal Mine Methane (CMM), Abandoned out specific policies for a number of minerals not addressed by the Local Mine Methane (AMM)), and Underground Coal Gasification (UCG). Plan e.g. Underground Coal Gasification and Shale Gas Extraction, will contain detailed development management policies for minerals and waste For both minerals and waste, set out any minerals and waste specific and in addition, if necessary, will allocate any non strategic mineral or waste development management policies which are required and not already site which are required to meet the longer term need. addressed by the general policies of the County Durham Plan. It is currently anticipated that the following policies will be developed: 9.3 Following the adoption of the Local Plan and in the interim until the Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document is adopted, planning Mineral exploration and mineral information; applications for new mineral working and waste development will be determined in accordance with the policies in the Local Plan and other The Benefits of Minerals Extraction and Waste Development; relevant policies and saved policies of the County Durham Minerals Local
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 69 9 The Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations Document
Overarching Minerals and Waste Development Management Local Liaison Groups; and Criteria; the Review of Mineral Permissions. Scope of rail use to transport Minerals;Traffic and Transport;
Mineral handling facilities; 9.5 Through this document, where justified and necessary, we will also Protection of Soil Resources and Agricultural Land; allocate new non-strategic minerals and waste sites.
Water Resources (including landfill location);
Bio-aerosols (relating to composting);
Noise;
Quarry Blasting;
Dust;
Minerals and Waste Development in the Green Belt;
Cumulative Impact;
On-site Mineral Processing;
Storage of Minerals;
Aviation Safety;
Borrow Pits;
Restoration, After use and Aftercare;
Planning Obligations;
70 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Saved Minerals and Waste Local Plan Policies A
A.1 This appendix sets out which policies of the County Durham Minerals Policy Number Policy Name Will this policy be Local Plan (December 2000) and County Durham Waste Local Plan (April replaced by provisions 2005) are currently saved. of the Minerals and Waste Policies and A.2 The majority of the policies of both Local Plans will be replaced by Allocations Document the provisions of the County Durham Local Plan, which reached its M4 Waste and recycled submission stage in April 2013. materials
A.3 The Council intends that a small number of policies will remain saved M5 Construction/demolition until they are replaced by the provisions of new policies in the forthcoming waste recycling facilities Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations document, which is currently being prepared and is scheduled for adoption in October 2016. M6 Areas of search for sand and gravel
County Durham Minerals Local Plan M7 Opencast coal and fireclay
A.4 Following application by the County Council for a direction under M8 Piecemeal working paragraph 1(3) of Schedule 8 to the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 in March 2007 the Secretary of State for Communities and Local M9 Drift mines Government has directed that the following policies of the County Durham M10 Preferred areas Minerals Local Plan are to be saved until they are replaced by the emerging policies in the County Durham Plan and the forthcoming Minerals and Waste M11 Todhills brickworks Policies and Allocations Document.(Please note the Policies which are not listed in the Schedule (namely policies M2, M20, M21, M25, M26, M48, M12 Proposals outside M49 and M53) expired on 18th April 2008.) identified areas M13 Borrow pits Yes Table 42 County Durham Minerals Local Plan M14 Preventing sterilisation Policy Number Policy Name Will this policy be replaced by provisions M15 Extraction in advance of of the Minerals and other development Waste Policies and Allocations Document M16 Mineral exploration Yes
M1 Maintenance of landbanks M17 Exploration outside site Yes boundaries M3 Extensions to mineral workings
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 71 A Saved Minerals and Waste Local Plan Policies
Policy Number Policy Name Will this policy be Policy Number Policy Name Will this policy be replaced by provisions replaced by provisions of the Minerals and of the Minerals and Waste Policies and Waste Policies and Allocations Document Allocations Document
M18 Conservation of high grade M35 Recreation mineral resources M36 Local amenity Yes M19 Concurrent working of minerals M37 Stand off distances Yes
M22 Area of outstanding natural M38 Water resources Yes beauty M39 Protection of rail routes M23 Areas of High Landscape Value M40 Scope for rail use in Yes planning applications M24 Local landscapes M41 Mineral disposal points M27 Locally important nature conservation sites M42 Road traffic Yes
M28 Wildlife corridors M43 Minimising traffic impacts Yes
M29 Conservation of nature M45 Cumulative impact Yes conservation value M46 Restoration conditions Yes M30 Listed buildings/conservation M47 After uses Yes areas M50 On site processing Yes M31 Archaeological field evaluations M51 Storage Yes
M32 Archaeological remains M52 Site management
M33 Recording of M54 Magnesian Limestone archaeological remains Escarpment
M34 Agricultural land Yes
72 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Saved Minerals and Waste Local Plan Policies A
Policy Number Policy Name Will this policy be Policy Number Policy Name Will this policy be replaced by provisions replaced by provisions of of the Minerals and the Minerals and Waste Waste Policies and Policies and Allocations Allocations Document Document
M55 Southern extension to W5 Safeguarding Sites Thrislington Quarry W6 Design Yes M56 Eastern extension to Thrislington Quarry W7 Landscape
W8 North Pennines Area of County Durham Waste Local Plan Outstanding Natural Beauty
A.5 The provisions of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 W9 Area of High Landscape saved all existing Waste Local Plan policies 18th April 2008 (three years Value and Heritage Coast from the date of adoption). Following the Secretary of State’s Direction under 1(3) Schedule 8 to the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004, W10 Green Belt (Waste Yes Development) the policies listed below are to be saved until they are replaced by policies in the County Durham Plan and the forthcoming Minerals and Waste Policies W13 Nature Conservation (Local and Allocations Document. (Please note the Policies which are not listed Designations) in the Schedule (namely policies W1, W11, W12, W15, and W57) expired on 18th April 2008.) W14 Nature Conservation (Wildlife Corridors)
Table 43 County Durham Waste Local Plan W16 Nature Conservation (Ancient Woodland) Policy Number Policy Name Will this policy be replaced by provisions of W17 Nature Conservation the Minerals and Waste (Minimisation of adverse Policies and Allocations impact) Document W18 Listed Buildings W2 Need W19 Conservation Area W3 Environmental Protection
W4 Location of Waste Management Facilities
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 73 A Saved Minerals and Waste Local Plan Policies
Policy Number Policy Name Will this policy be Policy Number Policy Name Will this policy be replaced by provisions of replaced by provisions of the Minerals and Waste the Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations Policies and Allocations Document Document
W20 Durham Cathedral and W33 Protecting Local Amenity Yes Castle World Heritage Site, Historic Battlefields and W34 Site Management Yes Historic Parks and Gardens. W35 Cumulative Impact Yes
W21 Archaeology W36 Household Waste Recycling Centres W22 Archaeology W37 Waste Recovery Facilities
W23 Archaeology W38 Waste Transfer Stations
W24 Rights of Way W39 Waste Recycling
W25 Agricultural Land W40 End of Life Vehicles
W26 Water Resources Yes W41 Indoor Composting
W27 Landfill/Landraise & Yes W42 Outdoor Composting groundwater vulnerability W43 Aerobic and anaerobic W28 Flood Risk Digestion
W29 Modes of Transport Yes W44 Small Scale aerobic & anaerobic Digestion W30 Modes of Transport W45 Energy from Waste W31 Environmental Impact of Yes W46 Landfill and Landraise Road Traffic W47 Agricultural Land W32 Planning Obligations for Yes controlling environmental W48 Energy from Landfill Gas impact of road traffic
74 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Saved Minerals and Waste Local Plan Policies A
Policy Number Policy Name Will this policy be replaced by provisions of the Minerals and Waste Policies and Allocations Document
W49 Incineration without energy recovery
W50 Mining of Waste
W51 Clinical Waste
W52 Sewage Treatment Works
W53 Incineration of Animal Carcasses
W54 Reclamation Conditions Yes
W55 After-use Yes
W56 Legal Agreements Yes
W58 Thrislington Quarry
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 75 B Minerals Sites in County Durham
B.1 This appendix provides basic information on all of the mineral sites Quarry Location Operator Commodity / Status with permission for working and dormant mineral sites and Interim (nearest Minerals Development Order (IDOs) sites in County Durham. settlement) Extracted
Mineral sites with permission for working Heights (including Eastgate Aggregate Carboniferous Active Cambokeels) Industries Limestone and Northern Fluorspar B.2 There are 31quarries and mineral sites with valid and up to date (xlii) planning permission for mineral extraction in County Durham . Permitted Hulands Bowes Aggregate Carboniferous Active reserves in these sites form part of the respective landbanks for crushed Industries Limestone rock and sand and gravel. The majority of these sites are currently active Northern although several are inactive and not currently been worked by operators. Kilmondwood Bowes Kearton Farms Carboniferous Active This table also includes some Interim Development Order sites (IDOs) Ltd Limestone where new scheme of conditions have been issued by the County Council (see table 44). Newlandside Stanhope Indigo Pacific Carboniferous Active Limestone (removal of heaps, Table 44 Mineral Sites with Planning Permission enabling working not extraction of (Position at 1 January 2014). new material).
Quarry Location Operator Commodity / Status Force Garth Middleton Cemex UK Dolerite Active (nearest Minerals -in- Materials Ltd settlement) Extracted Teesdale
Eldon Brickworks Eldon Wienerberger Brick shale Active Aycliffe East Aycliffe Stonegrave Magnesian Active Aggregates Limestone Long Lane (also Newfield Wienerberger Brick shale Active known as Todhills Bishop Bishop W & M Magnesian Active Brickworks) Middleham Middleham Thompson Limestone (Quarries) Ltd Long Lane (also Newfield, Wienerberger Brick shale Active known as Todhills Bishop Cornforth East Cornforth Lafarge Tarmac Magnesian Inactive Brickworks) Auckland Quarry Limestone Cornforth West Cornforth Lafarge Tarmac Magnesian Inactive Broadwood Frosterley Sherburn Stone Carboniferous Inactive Quarry Limestone Co Limestone Coxhoe (Raisby) Coxhoe Hope Magnesian Active Construction Limestone Materials
xlii This table excludes Rogerley Mine which is worked to produce ornamental specimen pieces of green fluorite.
76 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Minerals Sites in County Durham B
Quarry Location Operator Commodity / Status Quarry Location Operator Commodity / Status (nearest Minerals (nearest Minerals settlement) Extracted settlement) Extracted
Witch Hill Shadforth Sherburn Stone Magnesian Inactive Lingberry Staindrop Natural Stone Sandstone Active Co Limestone Quarries Ltd
Running Waters Sherburn Sherburn Stone Magnesian Inactive Shipley Banks Marwood, Shipley Quarries Sandstone Active Co Limestone (note Barnard new conditions Castle issued but site not operating under Stainton Stainton Stainton Quarry Sandstone Active new conditions). Ltd
Crime Rigg Shadforth Sherburn Stone Magnesian Active Windy Hill Marwood, Windy Hill Sandstone Active Co Limestone and Barnard Quarry sand Castle Construction Co
Thrislington Cornforth Lafarge Tarmac Magnesian Active Harthope Head St Johns Mr R Scott Ganister Active Quarry West and Limestone, sand Chapel East of the and Dolomite (a) A1(M) . Park Wall North Sunniside, UK Coal Mining Coal and fireclay Active Surface Coal Mine near Tow Ltd Hummerbeck West Hall Sand and Gravel Inactive Site Law Auckland Construction Weather Hill Stanhope Hobson Moulding Sand Inactive Old Quarrington Old Lafarge Tarmac Magnesian Active Brothers and Cold Quarrington Limestone and Knuckles Quarry sand a. Note: Through a legal agreement as part of the extension of Thrislington Quarry to the east of the A1(M), Rough Furze Quarry will be rendered inoperative and no quarrying, extraction of Baxton Law Hunstanworth Dunhouse Sandstone Active minerals or associated activated shall be carried out in Rough Furze. Quarry Co Ltd Dormant Mineral Sites Cat Castle Lartington Dunhouse Sandstone Active Quarry Co Ltd B.3 Records show that there are 46 dormant sites in County Durham. Dead Friars Stanhope Northumberland Sandstone Active Basic details of these sites are set out in table 45 below. Please note while Stone some of these sites are recorded as dormant they have been restored via landfill i.e. sites 37 and 38, Coxhoe (including Joint Stocks) and John Dunhouse Staindrop Dunhouse Sandstone Active O'Tooles (Leasingthorn Quarry). Quarry Co
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 77 B Minerals Sites in County Durham
Table 45 Dormant Mineral Sites (Position at 1 January 2014). No Site Name and Location. Mineral.
No Site Name and Location. Mineral. 14 White Hills, Ireshopeburn, Wear Carboniferous Limestone Valley 1 Lunehead, Teesdale Barytes 15 Cockfield, Teesdale Dolerite 2 St Bedes, Birtley, Brick Clay (restored landfill) Chester-le-Street. 16 Crossthwaite, Holwick, Teesdale Dolerite
3 Cobey Carr (Todhills) Newfield Brick shale (restored by landfill) 17 Greenfoot, Stanhope, Wear Dolerite Valley 4 Lumley Brickworks, Brick shale (restored landfill) Fencehouses, Chester-le-Street. 18 Middleton, Holwick, Teesdale Dolerite
5 Bollihope (Jopler Sykes), Carboniferous Limestone 19 Park End, Holwick, Teesdale Dolerite Frosterley, Wear Valley. 20 Stotsfieldburn, Rookhope, Wear Fluorpsar 6 Bollihope L20, Frosterley, Wear Carboniferous Limestone Valley. Valley. 21 Bollihope (Harnisha Burn & Yew Fluorspar 7 Bollihope L21, Frosterley, Wear Carboniferous Limestone Tree), Frosterley, Wear Valley. Valley. 22 Burtree Pasture, Cowshill, Wear Fluorspar 8 Carriers Hill, Killhope, Wear Carboniferous Limestone Valley. Valley. 23 Sedling Mine, Cowshill, Wear Fluorspar 9 Greenfield, Lanehead, Wear Carboniferous Limestone Valley. Valley. 24 Slitt Pasture, Westgate, Wear Fluorspar 10 Parson Byers, Stanhope, Wear Carboniferous Limestone Valley. Valley. 25 West Blackdene, Ireshopeburn, Fluorspar 11 Puddingthorn. Lanehead, Wear Carboniferous Limestone Wear Valley Valley 26 Castleside, Castleside. Ganister 12 Scutterhill, Westgate, Wear Carboniferous Limestone Valley 27 Cat Crag, Lanehead, Wear Ganister Valley. 13 Side Head, Westgate, Wear Carboniferous Limestone Valley 28 Doctors Gate, Wolsingham, Ganister Wear Valley/Teesdale.
78 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Minerals Sites in County Durham B
No Site Name and Location. Mineral. No Site Name and Location. Mineral.
29 Harthope West, St John's Ganister 41 Page Bank, Byers Green, Wear Sand & Gravel Chapel, Wear Valley Valley
30 Howden Burn, Frosterley, Wear Ganister 42 Roger Hill, Derwent Bridge Wear Sand & Gravel Valley. Valley
31 Lintzgarth, Rookhope, Wear Ganister 43 Wolsingham, Wear Valley Sand & Gravel Valley. 44 Berry Bank, Edmondbyers ,Wear Sandstone 32 Muggleswick Common, Ganister Valley Stanhope, Derwentside. 45 Viewly Hill, High Stoop Quarry, Sandstone 33 Redmires, Wolsingham, Wear Ganister Wolsingham, Wear Valley Valley. 46 Wharnley Burn Farm, Castleside, Sandstone 34 Roundhill, Rogerley, Wear Ganister Derwentside. Valley.
35 Blanket Consent (Upper Lead Ore, Zinc Ore & Fluorspar Interim Development Order's in County Durham. Weardale & Rookhope), Wear Valley. B.4 Records show that there are 14 dormant sites in County Durham. Basic details of these sites are set out in table 46 below. 36 Tuthill Quarry, Haswell, Magnesian Limestone Easington Table 46 Interim Development Order's in County Durham.
37 Coxhoe (including Joint Stocks), Magnesian Limestone (now in process Site Name Mineral New Site Operator Coxhoe, Durham City of being restored by landfill and scheme operating landfilling). of under conditions new 38 John O'Tooles (Leasingthorn Magnesian Limestone (site also partially issued conditions Quarry), Bishop Auckland, Wear landfilled) Valley. 1 Land at Eldon Brickshale/ coal Yes Yes Wienerberger Brickworks 39 Houselop Beck, Wolsingham, Moulding Sand Wear Valley 2 Broadwood Quarry Carboniferous Yes Yes Sherburn (IDO 3/3/1) Limestone Stone Co 40 Hummerbeck, West Auckland, Sand & Gravel Teesdale
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 79 B Minerals Sites in County Durham
Site Name Mineral New Site Operator Site Name Mineral New Site Operator scheme operating scheme operating of under of under conditions new conditions new issued conditions issued conditions
3 Harrowbank Carboniferous No No Lafarge 13 Gypsy Lane Sand No No Rt Hon Earl of (IDO/3/1)(a) Limestone Tarmac (IDO/7/6)(h) Eldon (landowner) 4 Force Garth Dolerite Yes Yes Cemex Ltd (IDO/6/1/1) 14 Land south of Sand and gravel Yes Yes Lafarge Gladstone Terrace, Tarmac 5 Aycliffe East Quarry Magnesian Yes Yes Stonegrave Chilton Quarry (IDO/7/82) Limestone Aggregates (IDO7/3/1) 6 Running Waters Magnesian Yes No Sherburn a. Harrowbank Quarry - This quarry is currently inactive and has not been worked for many years. (b) (IDO/4/1/1) Limestone Stone Co Three extant Planning permissions exist at Harrowbank Quarry which require review under the requirements of the Planning and Compensation Act 1991 and the Environment Act 1995. The 7 Cornforth (east and Magnesian Yes Yes Lafarge site is an ‘active Phase 1’ as identified under the terms of the Environment Act 1995. New west) (IDO/7/5/1) Limestone Tarmac planning conditions have yet to be agreed. b. Running Waters - Under the terms of the Planning and Compensation Act 1991 a new Schedule (c) (IDO/7/5/1) of conditions for Running Waters Quarry was issued by Durham County Council on 30 July 1997. The new Schedule of conditions require a scheme of working to be submitted within 6 months 8 Aycliffe West Magnesian Yes Yes Stonegrave of the date of the conditions or prior to the recommencement of any further winning and working Quarry Limestone Aggregates of minerals whichever is the later. However, the site is not currently operating and has not done so for many years. It is not operating under the new schedule of conditions. (d) (IDO/7/8/1) c. Cornforth (east and west) - West Cornforth Quarry is currently inactive and has not been worked for many years (it was last worked in the 1980’s). One extant Planning permission exists at West 9 Hawthorn (IDO/5/1) Magnesian No No Lafarge Cornforth Quarry. This is an Interim Development Order (IDO). Under the terms of the Planning (e) Limestone Tarmac and Compensation Act 1991 a new Schedule of conditions for Cornforth West Quarry was issued by Durham County Council on 14 September 1994. The new Schedule of conditions requires a working and restoration scheme to be submitted prior to the commencement of extraction within 10 Witch Hill Quarry Magnesian Yes Yes Sherburn specified areas. Part of the permission area is to remain unworked. Conditions specified time (IDO4/2(1)1 Limestone Stone Co scales for the submission of blasting, restoration and aftercare schemes, given that the site operator has no immediate intention of working the site these dates have been amended. East Cornforth Quarry - Under the terms of the Environment Act 1995 a new Schedule of conditions 11 Old Town (also Magnesian No No Lafarge for Cornforth East Quarry was issued by Durham County Council on 10 June 1999. Through a known as Middridge Limestone Tarmac legal agreement linked to the approval of an extension at Raisby Quarry the site operator agreed Quarry) (IDO/7/7)(f) to the extinguishment of planning permission for working the northern part of the Planning Permission and to limit working in the remainder of the quarry in the period up to 2007. In addition no quarrying is to take place within that part of the permission area that lies to the west of the (g) 12 Chilton (IDO/7/4) Magnesian No No Lafarge A1(M). Limestone and Tarmac d. Aycliffe Quarry West - Site is restored and now in aftercare. sand
80 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Minerals Sites in County Durham B
e. Hawthorn Quarry - This quarry is currently inactive and has not been worked for some time. Five extant Planning permissions exist at Hawthorn Quarry which require review under the requirements of the Planning and Compensation Act 1991 and the Environment Act 1995. The site is an ‘active Phase 1’ as identified under the terms of the Environment Act 1995. New planning conditions have yet to be agreed. This cannot occur until an Environmental Statement has been submitted and assessed. On the 26 January 2010 Tarmac Northern submitted a Environmental Impact Assessment Scoping Report as part of the process of reviewing the permissions at this site. f. Old Town Quarry - One extant Planning permission exists at Old Town Quarry. The permission has been registered under the requirements of the Planning and Compensation Act 1991 but no new schedule of working and restoration conditions have been submitted and agreed. Working cannot lawfully recommence on the site until new conditions have been agreed. In March 2003 the site operator approached the County Council with proposals to restore the site without further commercial extraction and provided a basic restoration scheme for comment. Comments from the County Council were provided in a letter dated 17 December 2003. A site meeting took place in February 2004 between representatives of the County Council and the site operator. No further correspondence has been received from the site operator regarding restoration of the site. g. Chilton Quarry - At present the only relevant conditions relate to restoration and aftercare. The northern area of the site was restored in late 2004 by subcontractors working on behalf of the site operators. There are requirements for the operator to submit a restoration scheme for the southern part of the quarry. h. Gypsy Lane - One extant planning permission exists at this quarry. This is an Interim Development Order (IDO) permission and no working of the site can take place until there has been a determination of new conditions by the Minerals Planning Authority under the requirements of the Planning and Compensation Act 1991.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 81 C Safeguarded Relic Quarries
C.1 This appendix provides basic details of the relic sites identified by Quarry Name Commodity Bng_eastin Bng_northi Geology English Heritage through their Strategic Stone Study which the Council proposes to identify for safeguarding purposes. Salters Gate Sandstone 406,505.00 543,525.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Table 47 Relic Sites proposed for Safeguarding Hall Heads Sandstone 425,170.00 531,845.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Quarry Name Commodity Bng_eastin Bng_northi Geology Hall Heads Sandstone 425,085.00 531,865.00 Lower Coal Measures Woodburn Sandstone 408,250.00 543,820.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone Quarry Houses Sandstone 423,605.00 531,060.00 Lower Coal Measures Egglestone Limestone 406,420.00 515,070.00 Great Limestone Sandstone Abbey Quarry Westerton Sandstone 423,780.00 531,100.00 Lower Coal Measures Harehope Limestone 403,333.00 536,042.00 Great Limestone Sandstone
Redgate Sandstone 408,235.00 538,140.00 Stainmore Formation Westerton Sandstone 424,000.00 531,205.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
Wiserley Hill Sandstone 402,285.00 537,665.00 Stainmore Formation Westerton Sandstone 423,660.00 531,180.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
Stainton Sandstone 407,075.00 518,830.00 Stainmore Formation Catty Crag Sandstone 394,918.00 517,018.00 Stainmore Formation Grange Sandstone Sandstone
Dead Friars 1 Sandstone 397,180.00 545,185.00 Stainmore Formation Yew Scar Sandstone 397,375.00 519,895.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone Sandstone
Butsfield Ganister 409,655.00 544,495.00 Lower Coal Measures Middleton Limestone 395,130.00 526,770.00 Great Limestone Quarry Sandstone Lunedale Limestone 395,310.00 523,880.00 Alston Formation Drovers Ganister 409,437.00 542,973.00 Lower Coal Measures Quarries Limestone Roadside Sandstone Quarry Banklands Limestone 397,070.00 522,990.00 Great Limestone
Hermitage Ganister 409,500.00 543,250.00 Lower Coal Measures Banklands Limestone 397,020.00 523,080.00 Great Limestone Ganister Sandstone Newlandsides Limestone 399,290.00 538,235.00 Great Limestone Harehope Limestone 403,650.00 536,200.00 Great Limestone Quarry Whinsike Limestone 384,315.00 538,130.00 Great Limestone
82 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Safeguarded Relic Quarries C
Quarry Name Commodity Bng_eastin Bng_northi Geology Quarry Name Commodity Bng_eastin Bng_northi Geology
West Town Sandstone 406,305.00 517,450.00 Stainmore Formation White Hall Sandstone 423,311.00 550,979.00 Main Post Sandstone Sandstone Congburn Sandstone 424,776.00 550,316.00 Middle Coal Measures Town Head Sandstone 405,795.00 517,100.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone Sandstone Blue House Sandstone 423,432.00 552,847.00 Main Post Sandstone Shipley Banks Sandstone 401,560.00 520,925.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone Rabbit Hills Sandstone 423,168.00 553,262.00 Main Post Sandstone
Baxtongill Sandstone 402,530.00 520,790.00 Stainmore Formation Smithydean Sandstone 424,754.00 549,459.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Quarries Sandstone
High Park Wall Sandstone 403,450.00 519,820.00 Stainmore Formation Smithydean Sandstone 424,550.00 549,563.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Quarries Sandstone
Hebburn Hall Sandstone 431,410.00 564,190.00 Lower Coal Measures Sniperley Sandstone 425,911.00 544,564.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
Heworth Sandstone 428,900.00 562,210.00 Grindstone Post Sniperley Sandstone 425,227.00 544,510.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
White House Sandstone 427,990.00 560,060.00 Grindstone Post Low Brasside Sandstone 430,391.00 545,990.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Moor Sandstone
Leam Lane Sandstone 428,714.00 559,760.00 Grindstone Post Brasside Sandstone 430,235.00 546,095.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Quarry Sandstone
Banklands East Limestone 397,185.00 523,015.00 Great Limestone Mallygill Quarry Sandstone 430,663.00 545,651.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Clints Sandstone 398,350.00 513,700.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone Woodwell Sandstone 429,860.00 545,041.00 Middle Coal Measures House Sandstone Urpeth Sandstone 423,120.00 553,492.00 Middle Coal Measures Common Sandstone Frankland Sandstone 429,474.00 544,956.00 Middle Coal Measures Wood Sandstone High Row Sandstone 424,517.00 552,112.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Frankland Sandstone 429,633.00 544,873.00 Middle Coal Measures Wood Sandstone Burnthouse Sandstone 425,393.00 551,807.00 Middle Coal Measures Quarries Sandstone
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 83 C Safeguarded Relic Quarries
Quarry Name Commodity Bng_eastin Bng_northi Geology Quarry Name Commodity Bng_eastin Bng_northi Geology
Kepier Wood Sandstone 429,584.00 544,737.00 Middle Coal Measures Lodge Wood Sandstone 411,301.00 541,695.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
Kepier Wood Sandstone 429,411.00 544,193.00 Middle Coal Measures Hutchet Wood Sandstone 410,453.00 541,996.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
New Pittington Sandstone 432,625.00 544,291.00 Middle Coal Measures Low Hermitage Sandstone 409,274.00 543,062.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
Kepier Quarries Sandstone 429,277.00 544,002.00 Middle Coal Measures East Brandon Sandstone 420,772.00 539,996.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Wood Sandstone
Low Hermitage Sandstone 409,522.00 543,196.00 Lower Coal Measures Brandon Hall Sandstone 423,243.00 539,956.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
Drover House Sandstone 409,375.00 542,545.00 Lower Coal Measures Littleburn Sandstone 425,802.00 539,965.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
Drover House Sandstone 409,398.00 542,574.00 Lower Coal Measures Borehole Wood Sandstone 425,905.00 539,956.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
Adelpi Sandstone 410,311.00 542,566.00 Lower Coal Measures Rabbit Hill Sandstone 420,842.00 539,158.00 Middle Coal Measures Plantations Sandstone Plantation Sandstone
Hermitage Sandstone 410,612.00 542,992.00 Lower Coal Measures Little Burn Sandstone 425,879.00 538,733.00 Middle Coal Measures Plantation Sandstone Sandstone
Coalford Sandstone 411,366.00 543,017.00 Lower Coal Measures Rabbit Hill Sandstone 420,924.00 539,154.00 Middle Coal Measures Quarry Sandstone Plantation Sandstone
Coalford Bridge Sandstone 411,481.00 543,201.00 Lower Coal Measures Brandon Sandstone 424,213.00 539,587.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Colliery Sandstone
Steeley Burn Sandstone 411,077.00 542,865.00 Lower Coal Measures Cascade Walk Sandstone 425,828.00 538,792.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
Kennel Wood Sandstone 411,027.00 542,260.00 Lower Coal Measures Long Hill Sandstone 420,327.00 540,751.00 Middle Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
84 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Safeguarded Relic Quarries C
Quarry Name Commodity Bng_eastin Bng_northi Geology Quarry Name Commodity Bng_eastin Bng_northi Geology
Pit Cottage Sandstone 427,346.00 543,091.00 Middle Coal Measures Cockfield Fell Sandstone 412,061.00 525,427.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
Crook Hill Sandstone 427,436.00 543,191.00 Middle Coal Measures Cockfield Fell Sandstone 412,721.00 525,153.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Sandstone
Green Hill Slate 384,791.00 529,570.00 Slate Lunedale Limestone 395,330.00 523,785.00 Alston Formation Quarries Limestone Rackwood Hill Sandstone 409,105.00 529,905.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Lunedale Limestone 395,395.00 523,880.00 Alston Formation Quarries Limestone Cockfield Fell Sandstone 412,169.00 524,629.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone East Middleton Limestone 414,552.00 512,701.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone Cockfield Fell Sandstone 412,333.00 524,589.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Wilson House Sandstone 408,203.00 511,868.00 Alston Formation Sandstone Butterknowle Sandstone 412,983.00 525,083.00 Lower Coal Measures Farm Sandstone Hutton Fields Limestone 413,495.00 511,707.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone Low Lands Sandstone 413,291.00 524,997.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Hutton Moor Limestone 413,009.00 510,773.00 Alston Formation Limestone Low Lands Sandstone 413,475.00 524,883.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Adam Hill Sandstone 409,039.00 510,028.00 Alston Formation Sandstone Charley Sandstone 411,914.00 524,342.00 Lower Coal Measures Pasture Quarry Sandstone Birk Hill Sandstone 408,223.00 509,602.00 Alston Formation Sandstone Peathrow East Sandstone 410,822.00 524,316.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone Langbrough Sandstone 407,383.00 509,524.00 Alston Formation Sandstone Oaky Bank Sandstone 409,939.00 524,383.00 Lower Coal Measures Quarry Sandstone Langbrough Sandstone 407,461.00 509,524.00 Alston Formation Sandstone Lower West Sandstone 411,043.00 524,574.00 Lower Coal Measures Garth Sandstone East Sandstone 407,277.00 509,402.00 Alston Formation Langbrough Sandstone Cockfield Fell Sandstone 412,028.00 525,483.00 Lower Coal Measures Sandstone
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 85 C Safeguarded Relic Quarries
Quarry Name Commodity Bng_eastin Bng_northi Geology Quarry Name Commodity Bng_eastin Bng_northi Geology
Standards Sandstone 385,580.00 522,280.00 Alston Formation Howe Gill Sandstone 402,696.00 522,418.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone Quarries Sandstone
Lune Head Limestone 384,931.00 520,683.00 Alston Formation Howe Gill Sandstone 402,565.00 522,389.00 Stainmore Formation Limestone Quarries Sandstone
Bail Hill Sandstone 396,901.00 522,220.00 Stainmore Formation Moss Close Sandstone 402,493.00 521,791.00 Stainmore Formation Quarries Sandstone Sandstone
Bail Hill Sandstone 397,058.00 522,260.00 Stainmore Formation Shipley Banks Sandstone 402,198.00 520,978.00 Stainmore Formation Quarries Sandstone Quarries Sandstone
Grange Hill Sandstone 423,152.00 528,920.00 Middle Coal Measures Shipley Banks Sandstone 401,481.00 521,165.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone Quarries Sandstone
Brusselton Sandstone 419,658.00 525,275.00 Lower Coal Measures Shipley Banks Sandstone 401,500.00 521,078.00 Stainmore Formation Wood Sandstone Quarries Sandstone
Brusselton Sandstone 420,166.00 525,068.00 Lower Coal Measures Belle Vue Sandstone 404,484.00 519,358.00 Stainmore Formation Quarry Sandstone Sandstone
Brusselton Sandstone 420,305.00 525,089.00 Lower Coal Measures Knot Hill Sandstone 403,794.00 519,225.00 Stainmore Formation Wood Sandstone Sandstone
Brusselton Sandstone 419,266.00 525,362.00 Lower Coal Measures Knot Hill Sandstone 403,740.00 519,269.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone Sandstone
Brusselton Sandstone 420,627.00 525,040.00 Lower Coal Measures Knot Hill Sandstone 404,199.00 518,884.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone Sandstone
Latterington Sandstone 418,873.00 524,432.00 Lower Coal Measures Towler Hill Sandstone 403,760.00 517,656.00 Stainmore Formation Hall Sandstone Sandstone
Sewell Wood Sandstone 421,991.00 529,800.00 Middle Coal Measures Bowes Dunn Sandstone 411,195.00 519,308.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone House Quarry Sandstone
Shawbrow Hill Sandstone 422,154.00 527,336.00 Middle Coal Measures Dunn House Sandstone 411,133.00 519,256.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone Quarry Sandstone
86 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Safeguarded Relic Quarries C
Quarry Name Commodity Bng_eastin Bng_northi Geology Quarry Name Commodity Bng_eastin Bng_northi Geology
Dunn House Sandstone 411,153.00 519,170.00 Stainmore Formation Tinklers Quarry Sandstone 396,977.00 517,837.00 Stainmore Formation Quarries Sandstone Sandstone
North Wood Sandstone 411,459.00 523,718.00 Lower Coal Measures Barningham Sandstone 404,866.00 507,975.00 Alston Formation Sandstone Moor Sandstone
West View Sandstone 405,295.00 515,794.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone
Sealgill Sandstone 397,357.00 513,208.00 Stainmore Formation Quarries Sandstone
Brignall Banks Sandstone 404,270.00 511,583.00 Alston Formation Sandstone
Ling Plantation Sandstone 403,809.00 511,917.00 Alston Formation Sandstone
Brignall Sandstone 404,031.00 511,635.00 Alston Formation Quarries Sandstone
Moor House Limestone 404,878.00 511,792.00 Alston Formation Farm Limestone
Moor House Sandstone 405,214.00 511,768.00 Alston Formation Farm Sandstone
Brignall Banks Sandstone 405,415.00 511,300.00 Alston Formation Sandstone
Lily Hill Sandstone 406,026.00 511,812.00 Alston Formation Sandstone
Lily Hill Sandstone 406,063.00 512,111.00 Alston Formation Sandstone
Westwick Moor Sandstone 408,707.00 517,205.00 Stainmore Formation Sandstone
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 87 D Waste Sites in County Durham
Table 48 Waste Management Sites in County Durham Site Operator Type
Site Operator Type High Hedley Hope Farm, Composting (Anaerobic Horden Water Bishop Auckland Mr W J Drennan Digesters) Treatment Works Northumbrian Water Ltd Biological Treatment Facility Thornley Durham County Council Digesters Blue House Farm, West Old Quarrington Rainton Uk Waste Management Ltd Biological Treatment Facility Farm Johnson Brothers Digesters
Bunker Hill Farm Hackworth Road Northern ELV Recycling End Of Life Vehicles Leadgate R W Steele Composting Household Waste Recycling Conservation Potterhouse Lane H.W.Martin Centre Centre, Deepdale Teesdale Conservation Centre Composting Household Waste Recycling Joint Stocks Durham County Council Composting Heighington H.W.Martin Centre
Junction House Household Waste Recycling Farm P Hutchinson Composting Horden H.W.Martin Centre
Murton Hall Household Waste Recycling Farm, Trimdon Andrew Thompson Composting Mickleton H.W.Martin Centre
Todhills Farm, Household Waste Recycling Newfield Alan Etherington Composting Romanway H.W.Martin Centre
Aycliffe East Stonegrave Aggregates Ltd Composting Seaham Household Waste Recycling Strangford Road H.W.Martin Centre Emerald Biogas, Aycliffe Industrial Composting (Anaerobic Household Waste Recycling Estate Emerald Biogas Digesters) Tudhoe H.W.Martin Centre
Jobs Lodge Household Waste Recycling Farm, Woodland EVT Contractors Composting Coxhoe H.W.Martin Centre
Household Waste Recycling Hett Hills H.W.Martin Centre
88 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Waste Sites in County Durham D
Site Operator Type Site Operator Type
Household Waste Recycling North East Motor Thornley H.W.Martin Centre Salvage North East Motor Salvage Mixed MRS
Household Waste Recycling BCF Metals Ltd, Annfield Plain H.W.Martin Centre Littleburn Brennan & Coates Haulage Industrial Estate Ltd Mixed MRS Stainton Grove H.W.Martin Household Waste Recycling Centre Charles Newton Cars & Spares Charles Newton Mixed MRS Todhills H.W.Martin Household Waste Recycling Centre Seaham Harbour Dock Barford Camp F R Jackson Landfill Seaham Harbour Company Mixed MRS Bishop M & M Thompson (Quarries) Bells Breakers Middleham Ltd Landfill Autos Mr & Mrs Bell Mixed MRS Crime Rigg Sherburn Stone Co Ltd Landfill Block A, Joint Stocks Durham County Council Landfill Merrington Lane Ind Estate Foreman Recycling Ltd Recycling Kilmondwood Quarry, Bowes Cemex Uk Materials Ltd Landfill Joint Stocks Durham County Council Recycling
Aycliffe East Stonegrave Aggregates Ltd Landfill CPL Site, Hackworth Old Quarrington Industrial Estate, Quarry Lafarge Tarmac Landfill Shildon International Waste Metals Ltd Recycling
Wearhead Water Former NCB Treatment, Building, Unit Lartington Northumbrian Water Ltd Landfill S1a, Tursdale Bus Park Greencycle Recycling Unit N1 Tursdale Business Park Van Dalen (Durham) Metal Recycling Facility Old Quarrington Quarry Lafarge Tarmac Recycling Mountstar Cable Recycling European Metal Recycling Mixed MRS Thrislington Quarry Lafarge Tarmac Recycling
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 89 D Waste Sites in County Durham
Site Operator Type Site Operator Type
Unit 1, Tanfield Constantine Lea Industrial Gordell International Trading Farm, Crook William Marley Transfer Estate Co Ltd Recycling Eden Hall, John Warren, Animal Thornley Transfer Hamsterley By-products Ltd Transfer Station, Unit U, G. O'Brien & Sons Thornley (Nationwide Demolition Grove Industrial Industrial Estate Contractors) Ltd Recycling Estate T Lister Transfer
Hilltop Farm, Seaham Metals Seaham Metals Transfer Winston J & S Bainbridge Recycling Site S, Thornley PBU (Uk), Hutton Industrial Estate, House, PBU (Uk) Recycling Shotton Burn & Hewitt Contractors Transfer Sedgefield11 Unit 14, Old Brickworks, Hackworth Tanfield Colton Ltd Transfer Industrial Estate, 29 Bracken Hill, Shildon Mr T Shepherd Recycling South West Ind Thornley Durham County Council Transfer Est, Peterlee Dekura Ltd Transfer
Heighington Durham County Council Transfer Dragonville Transfer Station Durham County Council Transfer 5 Mill Hill, North Gem Plastics Transfer West Ind Est Aycliffe East Stonegrave Aggregates Ltd Transfer Annfield Plain Durham County Council Transfer Shaw Bank Waste Transfer Stainton Grove Durham County Council Transfer Station F & R Jackson Transfer Chilton Industrial Personnel Hygiene Services Estate Durham County Council Transfer Bracken Hill Ltd Transfer Garmondsway Harmire Road, Depot Veolia Ltd / Cleanaway Ltd Transfer Barnard Castle Glaxo Smithkline Transfer
90 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Waste Sites in County Durham D
Site Operator Type Site Operator Type
Daniels Corporation Charles Newton Sharpsmart International Ltd Transfer Car & Spares Charles Erbert Vehicle Dismantler
George Street Compound B Ara Stephanyan Vehicle Dismantler Transfer Station James Dent Transfer Coppycrooks Thistle Road, Yard Mr J Denham Vehicle Dismantler Langley Moor Ward Brothers Transfer Kemp JBT, Westline John Binks Transport Transfer Commercial Industrial Estate Spares Mccrombie & Kemp Vehicle Dismantler Eden Hall, Hamsterley T Warren Transfer Rooster Motorcycles Leslie Mavin Vehicle Dismantler Tursdale Industrial Estate Lumsden & Carroll Transfer Kevin Brunton Car & Unit 10, Langley Commercial Kevin Brunton Vehicle Dismantler Park Industrial Estate J Simpson Transfer First Aid Car & Commercial Mr D Herdman Vehicle Dismantler Unit 1, Westline Industrial Estate A & G Skip Hire Transfer Kevin Dixon Commercials Kevin James Dixon Vehicle Dismantler Unit 8, Seaview Ind Est, Horden Mr P Bellingham Transfer Johnsons Vauxhall Spares Stuart Johnson Vehicle Dismantler Stewart Storey Transfer Station Stewart Storey Transfer Autocraft Alec Gamble Vehicle Dismantler
Gers Metals Gerald Robinson Vehicle Dismantler Lister Scrap Metals James Alfred Lister Vehicle Dismantler Bells Breakers Stuart Bell Vehicle Dismantler Monte's Burnopfield Car Transport Spares Monte And Monte Vehicle Dismantler Dismantlers George Brough Vehicle Dismantler
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 91 D Waste Sites in County Durham
Site Operator Type Site Operator Type
J B Monte The Recycling Vehicle Centre,Hackworth Dismantler James Bernard Monte Vehicle Dismantler Industrial Park, Waste Transfer Station & Shildon Waste Stream International Recycling Centre Robbies Autos Robert Wright Vehicle Dismantler
Chilton Auto Table 49 Waste Infrastructure in County Durham by Site Type Breakers Kris Callaghan Vehicle Dismantler Site Type Not Operational Total Capacity S & M Motors David Morris Vehicle Dismantler Operational (tonnes per (tonnes per (tonnes per annum) annum) Sacriston Auto annum) Dismantlers William Chapman Brunton Vehicle Dismantler C&D recycling 20,000 175,000 195,000 T J Fast Lanes Valeting Thomas Jackson Lines Vehicle Dismantler Composting 85,000 233,220 318,220
Mount Pleasant Landfill (inert) 29,999 1,090,000 1,119,999 Garage, Stanley Crook Mulligans Vehicle Dismantler Landfill 491,960 491,960 (non-hazardous) Village Inn Garage Clifford Richardson Vehicle Dismantler Metal/ELV 102,499 432,624 535,123
Welfare Garage D Coats & Son Ltd Vehicle Dismantler Recycling 114,000 590,000 704,000
Burnopfield Special Waste 1,600 1,600 Metals Kenneth Clark Vehicle Dismantler Transfer (a) (b) Ross 4 X 4s William Rose Vehicle Dismantler Clinical Waste 33,183 33,183 Transfer Mainsforth Colliery Site AAA Skip And Plant Hire Waste Transfer Station Transfer 15,000 1,081,484 1,096,484 Treatment 98,000 772,308 870,308
Grand Total 464,498 4,901,379 5,335,877
92 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Waste Sites in County Durham D
a. Does not include GSK, Harmire Road; (Company's own facility and below licence threshold). b. Does not include GSK, Harmire Road; (Company's own facility and below licence threshold).
(xliii) Source: Model of Waste Arisings & Waste Management Capacity for the NE of England Waste Planning, Authorities, Urban Mines, 2012.
xliii Further capacity has been granted since the North East Study was conducted.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 93 E Glossary of Terms
Minerals Glossary d. significant harm is being caused or there is a possibility of such harm being caused; or After-care: Steps necessary to bring restored land up to the required e. ollution of controlled waters* is being, or is likely to be caused. (* standard for the intended after-use. controlled waters include the sea, up to 3 miles offshore, estuaries, water contained in underground strata, and most lakes, ponds, After-use: The ultimate use, after mineral workings are restored. reservoirs, rivers and other watercourses)
Aggregates: Sand, gravel, crushed rock and other bulk materials, used by Derelict Land: Land so damaged by industrial or other development that it the construction industry. is incapable of beneficial use without treatment. This covers disused or abandoned land requiring restoration works to bring it into use or to improve AWP Aggregates Working Party (AWP). A working group consisting of local its appearance. It does not include land which might have a derelict authority officers, representatives of the aggregates industry and central appearance from natural causes such as marshland, mud flats or sand government established to consider the supply and demand or aggregate dunes, neglected woods or farmland, waste land, generally land formerly minerals. affected by development but which, with time, has blended into the Ancillary Operations: Those activities associated with the winning and landscape. working of minerals e.g. processing plant. Disposal Point: Location for the loading, unloading or transhipment of Aquifer: A water bearing geological formation. minerals or mineral products on, from or between transport modes.
Area of Search: A broad area of mineral resources within which some Dolomite (mineral): A double carbonate of calcium and magnesium mineral extraction may be acceptable, subject to detailed consideration. (chemical formula Ca Mg (CO³)²) occurring as crystals in dolomite rock.
Borrow Pit: A temporary mineral working to supply material for a specific Dolomite (rock): Technically a rock containing in excess of 90% of mineral construction project. dolomite, but commonly applied to rock containing in excess of 15% of mineral dolomite. Bulk Fill: Filling material of low economic value used in construction projects. Dormant Site: A site with planning permission on which mineral operations Bund: Artificial embankment to screen mineral development or contain have temporarily or permanently ceased. New conditions are required to tipped materials. be agreed and issued by the local planning authority prior to working be resumed. Carboniferous: The period of geological time between 345 and 290 million years ago. Energy Minerals: Coal, oil and gas.
Contaminated Land: Any land which appears to the local authority in whose area it is situated to be in such a condition, by reason of substances in, on or under the land that:
94 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Glossary of Terms E
Established need: Established need is a need for a mineral when assessed Magnesian Limestone: Technically a limestone containing between 5 and against existing permitted reserves of suitable material e.g. sand and gravel. 15% of the mineral dolomite, the remaining part being largely the mineral Calculation of established need takes into account any sub-regional calcite. The term is also used to identify Permian age limestone and apportionments, local forecasts and existing permitted reserves. dolomite features in eastern England.
Export Terminal: Central collection point for final distribution for oil or gas Mineral: Minerals are defined in section 336 of the Town & Country Planning from a productive field. Act 1990 as ‘all substances of a kind ordinarily worked for removal by underground or surface working, except that it does not include peat cut Fines: Silt and clay sized fraction of a deposit finer than 60 microns. for sale’.
Geo-diversity: Variety of geological environments, phenomena and Minerals of local and national importance: Minerals which are necessary processes. to meet society’s needs, including aggregates, brickclay (especially Etruria Marl and fireclay), silica sand (including high grade silica sands), cement Geo-diversity Action Plan: A plan for the promotion of geo-diversity on a raw materials, gypsum, salt, fluorspar, shallow and deep-mined coal, oil county-wide or local scale. and gas (including hydrocarbons), tungsten, kaolin, ball clay, potash and local minerals of importance to heritage assets and local distinctiveness. Hard Rock: Consolidated rock such as limestone and granite. Mineral Safeguarding Area: An area designated by Minerals Planning High Grade Dolomite: Dolomite rock which has few impurities, particularly Authorities which covers known deposits of minerals which are desired to iron oxide, silica and alumina, so that when it is used for the production of be kept safeguarded from unnecessary sterilisation by non-mineral magnesia, as a steel flux, as an iron sinter, or in the glass making industry development. such impurities do not impair the quality of the subsequent product. Mineral Development: Any activity related to the exploration for or winning Interim Development Order: Interim Development Order (IDO). A permission and working of minerals, including tipping of spoil and ancillary operations granted under the Town and Country Planning (General Interim such as the use of processing plant. Development) Order 1946. Opencast Working: A form of surface mining to win minerals, where the Igneous: Rocks originating from a molten state which are characteristically overburden is literally 'cast' from the working face to the rear as the mineral of crystalline composition. is exposed. Landbank: A stock of mineral reserves with planning permission for their Overburden: Soil and other material that overlays a mineral deposit which winning and working. has to be excavated and either tipped or stockpiled to gain access to the MPA: Mineral planning authority. underlying mineral. Planning Conditions: Planning conditions are attached to a planning permission in order to regulate and control the development.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 95 E Glossary of Terms
Preferred Area: An area of mineral resources where there is a strong Best Value: A statutory duty on local authorities to deliver services, including presumption in favour of extraction. waste collection and waste disposal management, to clear standards on both cost and quality. Primary Aggregates: Naturally occurring sand, gravel and crushed rock used for construction purposes. Composting: An aerobic process by which biologically degradable wastes, such as kitchen and garden waste, are broken down to form a stable, Permian: The period of geological time between 290 and 248 million years granular material containing valuable organic matter, to improve the soil ago. structure and to enhance its biological activity.
Recycled Aggregates: Aggregates produced from recycled construction Energy from Waste (EfW): The conversion of waste into a useable form of waste such as crushed concrete, planings from tarmac roads, etc. energy, e.g. heat or electricity. Common conversion processes are incineration and anaerobic digestion. Restoration: Operations associated with the winning and working of minerals designed to return the area to an acceptable environmental state, whether Environment Agency: Aims to prevent or minimise the effects of pollution for the resumption of the former land use or for a new use. Restoration on the environment and issues permits to monitor and control activities that includes events which take place before and during mineral extraction, such handle or produce waste within the scope of the Environmental Protection as soil handling, and later operations such as filling and contouring, or the Act 1990. It also provides up to date information on waste arisings and the creation of planned water areas and after-care. extent of, and need for management and disposal facilities.
Secondary Aggregates: By-product waste, synthetic materials and soft rock Gasification: A means of recovering energy from waste. The process used with or without processing. converts carbon-containing material into a gas which can be used as a fuel to generate electricity or steam. Sterilisation: When a change of use, or the development, of land prevents possible mineral exploitation in the foreseeable future. General Industrial Use: Areas identified for industrial development, including B2 uses. Tonnes: Metric weight, equivalent to 1000kg, 2204 pounds or 0.984 tons. Groundwater: An important part of the natural water cycle and present Waste Glossary within underground strata known as aquifers. Groundwater has a substantial strategic significance in public water supply. It also provides supplies for Aerobic Digestion: Biological degradation of organic material in the presence private, industrial and agricultural abstractors who cannot obtain, or prefer of oxygen, producing a residue suitable for use as a soil improver. not to use, water from the public mains. Anaerobic Digestion: Biological degradation of organic material in the absence of oxygen, producing methane gas used to generate electricity and a residue suitable for use as a soil improver.
96 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Glossary of Terms E
Household Waste Recycling Centre (HWRC): A facility provided by the Leachate: Water which seeps through a landfill, and by doing so extracts Waste Disposal Authority which is available to the public to deposit waste substances from the deposited waste. Physical and chemical characteristics which cannot be collected by the normal household waste collection round. of the leachate depend on the fill materials and the degradation process Also referred to as Civic Amenity Site or Household Waste Disposal taking place in the landfill. Leachate is polluting substance. Compound. Life Cycle Assessment: A method for evaluating the materials, inputs and Incineration: The controlled burning of waste. The fuel used in incinerators emissions relating to the whole life of a product from raw material acquisition, is usually MSW, but could include other carbon based waste streams. through manufacture, distribution, retail, use, re-use, maintenance, recycling Energy may also be recovered from incineration in the form of heat. This and waste management. Environmental impacts and costs are taken into process leaves an ash residue which can be recycled and/or used in the account. Life-cycle analysis involves the collection of data to produce an construction industry. inventory, life-cycle assessment to the evaluation of the output.
Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (IPPC): Designed to prevent or Materials Recycling Facility (MRF): A specialist plant which separates, reduce pollution by integrating permitting processes based on the application processes and stores recyclables which have been collected either of best available techniques (BAT). It gives priority to prevention at source, separately from waste (a "clean" MRF) or unsorted (a "dirty" MRF). and ensuring prudent management of natural resources, in compliance with the "polluter pays principle". The Directive covers emissions to air, MWMSCD: The Municipal Waste Management Strategy for County Durham. land & water. See PPC. PPC - Pollution, Prevention and Control: The regime which implements the Kerbside Collection: The collection by the local authority of recyclable goods EU Directive on integrated pollution prevention and control. directly from households, or occasionally industrial or commercial premises. Precautionary Principle: Taking action now to avoid possible environmental Landfill:The controlled deposit of waste to land. damage when the scientific evidence for acting is inconclusive but the potential damage could be great. Landfill Directive: Set of European Community Rules on landfill to ensure high standards for disposal and to stimulate waste prevention, via recycling Previously Developed Land (PDL): Land which is or was occupied by a and recovery. permanent structure (excluding agricultural or forestry buildings), and associated fixed surface infrastructure. The definition covers the curtilage Landfill Gas:The gas generated in any landfill site accepting biodegradable of the development. Previously developed land may occur in both built-up organic matter. It consists of a mixture of gases, predominantly methane and rural settings. The definition includes defence buildings and land used and carbon dioxide. It has an offensive odour due to traces of organosulphur for mineral extraction and waste disposal where provision for restoration compounds, and is explosive. has not been made through development control procedures.
The definition excludes land and buildings that are currently in use for agricultural or forestry purposes, and land in built-up areas which has not been developed previously. Also excluded is land that was previously
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 97 E Glossary of Terms
developed but where the remains of any structure or activity have blended Recycling: A means of recovering value from waste where materials which into the landscape in the process of time (to the extent to which it can would otherwise become waste are separated collected and processed reasonably be considered as part of the natural surroundings), and where into useable material or product. there is a clear reason that could outweigh the re-use of the site – such as its contribution to nature conservation – or it has subsequently been put to Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF): A fuel product produced from the combustible an amenity use and cannot be regarded as requiring redevelopment. fraction of household waste.
Producer Responsibility Obligations: Requires those producing and selling Regional Self-Sufficiency: Most waste should be treated or disposed of goods to take greater responsibility for those goods at the end of the within the region in which it is produced. products life. Regional Technical Advisory Body (RTAB): Until its abolition the RTAB Priority Habitats and Species: Priority habitats and species benefit from a provided specialist advice on waste to Regional Planning Bodies on options higher degree of protection than other habitats and species protected under and strategies for dealing with the waste that needs to be managed within the Habitats Directive and are indicated by an asterisk in Annexes I and II the region. of the Habitats Directive. Restoration: The works carried out at a site to create a final landform, and Proximity Principle: Waste should generally be disposed of as near as replacement of soils, prior to commencement of aftercare. possible to its place of production. Source Protection Zones: The Environment Agency has identified three Reclamation: Operations which are designed to return the area to an groundwater Source Protection Zones. Zone 1 (Inner Source Protection); acceptable environmental condition, whether for the resumption of a former Zone II (Outer Source Protection) and Zone III (Source Catchment). Zone land use or for a new use. The term ‘Reclamation’ includes both restoration I (Inner Source Protection) is located immediately adjacent to the and aftercare as defined in the 1990 Act. Reclamation can also include groundwater resource. It is designed to protect against the effects of human events which occur prior to some operations taking place such as soil activity which might have an immediate effect upon the source. This area stripping etc. is defined by a 50-day travel time from any point below the water table to the source and as a minimum of 50 metres radius from the source. This 50 Recovery: Value can be recovered from waste by recovering materials day travel time zone is based on the time it takes for biological contaminants through recycling, composting, or recovery of energy. Energy can be to decay. Zone II (Outer Source Protection) is larger than Zone 1 and is the recovered from waste, through: incineration; use as a fuel substitute; area defined by a 400 day travel time from any point below the water table materials recovery (with energy released as a by-product;) and, waste to the source. The travel time is based upon that required to provide delay disposal (with fuel recovered as a by-product of the process). and attenuation of slowly degrading pollutants. Zone III (Source catchment) covers the complete catchment area of a groundwater source. All Recyclable: Material with potential to be recycled. groundwater within it will eventually discharge to the source. Recyclate: Materials collected for recycling.
98 Minerals and Waste Technical Paper Glossary of Terms E
Sustainable Development/sustainability: Development which meets the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Tonnes: Metric weight, equivalent to 1000kg, 2204 pounds or 0.984 tons.
Transfer Stations: A place to which waste is delivered for sorting prior to transfer to a place for recycling, treatment or disposal.
Waste Collection Authority: All have a duty to collect household waste except in certain prescribed areas. They also have a duty to collect commercial waste if requested to do so and may also collect industrial waste. Durham County Council is both a collection and disposal authority.
Waste Hierarchy: This is a theoretical framework which acts as a guide to waste management options. This is set out in the revised European Waste Framework Directive, and reflected in PPS10. It sets out that prevention should be followed by preparing for re-use; recycling; other recovery and finally disposal as a last resort.
Waste Planning Authority (WPA): Durham County Council, and any authority responsible for waste planning,whether County or unitary.
WEEE: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment.
Minerals and Waste Technical Paper 99
To find out more about the County Durham Plan contact:
Write to: Spatial Policy Team Durham County Council County Hall, Durham, DH1 5UQ
Telephone: 03000 261 908
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.durham.gov.uk/cdp
Interactive Website: http://durhamcc-consult.limehouse.co.uk/portal/planning
[email protected] 0300 123 70 70