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Qiskit Backend Specifications for Openqasm and Openpulse
Qiskit Backend Specifications for OpenQASM and OpenPulse Experiments David C. McKay1,∗ Thomas Alexander1, Luciano Bello1, Michael J. Biercuk2, Lev Bishop1, Jiayin Chen2, Jerry M. Chow1, Antonio D. C´orcoles1, Daniel Egger1, Stefan Filipp1, Juan Gomez1, Michael Hush2, Ali Javadi-Abhari1, Diego Moreda1, Paul Nation1, Brent Paulovicks1, Erick Winston1, Christopher J. Wood1, James Wootton1 and Jay M. Gambetta1 1IBM Research 2Q-CTRL Pty Ltd, Sydney NSW Australia September 11, 2018 Abstract As interest in quantum computing grows, there is a pressing need for standardized API's so that algorithm designers, circuit designers, and physicists can be provided a common reference frame for designing, executing, and optimizing experiments. There is also a need for a language specification that goes beyond gates and allows users to specify the time dynamics of a quantum experiment and recover the time dynamics of the output. In this document we provide a specification for a common interface to backends (simulators and experiments) and a standarized data structure (Qobj | quantum object) for sending experiments to those backends via Qiskit. We also introduce OpenPulse, a language for specifying pulse level control (i.e. control of the continuous time dynamics) of a general quantum device independent of the specific arXiv:1809.03452v1 [quant-ph] 10 Sep 2018 hardware implementation. ∗[email protected] 1 Contents 1 Introduction3 1.1 Intended Audience . .4 1.2 Outline of Document . .4 1.3 Outside of the Scope . .5 1.4 Interface Language and Schemas . .5 2 Qiskit API5 2.1 General Overview of a Qiskit Experiment . .7 2.2 Provider . .8 2.3 Backend . -
Qubit Coupled Cluster Singles and Doubles Variational Quantum Eigensolver Ansatz for Electronic Structure Calculations
Quantum Science and Technology PAPER Qubit coupled cluster singles and doubles variational quantum eigensolver ansatz for electronic structure calculations To cite this article: Rongxin Xia and Sabre Kais 2020 Quantum Sci. Technol. 6 015001 View the article online for updates and enhancements. This content was downloaded from IP address 128.210.107.25 on 20/10/2020 at 12:02 Quantum Sci. Technol. 6 (2021) 015001 https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/abbc74 PAPER Qubit coupled cluster singles and doubles variational quantum RECEIVED 27 July 2020 eigensolver ansatz for electronic structure calculations REVISED 14 September 2020 Rongxin Xia and Sabre Kais∗ ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue 29 September 2020 University, West Lafayette, United States of America ∗ PUBLISHED Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. 20 October 2020 E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: variational quantum eigensolver, electronic structure calculations, unitary coupled cluster singles and doubles excitations Abstract Variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) for electronic structure calculations is believed to be one major potential application of near term quantum computing. Among all proposed VQE algorithms, the unitary coupled cluster singles and doubles excitations (UCCSD) VQE ansatz has achieved high accuracy and received a lot of research interest. However, the UCCSD VQE based on fermionic excitations needs extra terms for the parity when using Jordan–Wigner transformation. Here we introduce a new VQE ansatz based on the particle preserving exchange gate to achieve qubit excitations. The proposed VQE ansatz has gate complexity up-bounded to O(n4)for all-to-all connectivity where n is the number of qubits of the Hamiltonian. -
Arxiv:1812.09167V1 [Quant-Ph] 21 Dec 2018 It with the Tex Typesetting System Being a Prime Example
Open source software in quantum computing Mark Fingerhutha,1, 2 Tomáš Babej,1 and Peter Wittek3, 4, 5, 6 1ProteinQure Inc., Toronto, Canada 2University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa 3Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada 4Creative Destruction Lab, Toronto, Canada 5Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Canada 6Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Canada Open source software is becoming crucial in the design and testing of quantum algorithms. Many of the tools are backed by major commercial vendors with the goal to make it easier to develop quantum software: this mirrors how well-funded open machine learning frameworks enabled the development of complex models and their execution on equally complex hardware. We review a wide range of open source software for quantum computing, covering all stages of the quantum toolchain from quantum hardware interfaces through quantum compilers to implementations of quantum algorithms, as well as all quantum computing paradigms, including quantum annealing, and discrete and continuous-variable gate-model quantum computing. The evaluation of each project covers characteristics such as documentation, licence, the choice of programming language, compliance with norms of software engineering, and the culture of the project. We find that while the diversity of projects is mesmerizing, only a few attract external developers and even many commercially backed frameworks have shortcomings in software engineering. Based on these observations, we highlight the best practices that could foster a more active community around quantum computing software that welcomes newcomers to the field, but also ensures high-quality, well-documented code. INTRODUCTION Source code has been developed and shared among enthusiasts since the early 1950s. -
Classical Models for Quantum Light
Classical Models for Quantum Light Arnold Neumaier Fakult¨atf¨urMathematik Universit¨atWien, Osterreich¨ Lecture given on April 7, 2016 at the Zentrum f¨urOberfl¨achen- und Nanoanalytik Johannes Kepler Universit¨atLinz, Osterreich¨ http://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~neum/papers/physpapers.html#CQlight 1 Abstract In this lecture, a timeline is traced from Huygens' wave optics to the modern concept of light according to quantum electrodynamics. The lecture highlights the closeness of classical concepts and quantum concepts to a surprising extent. For example, it is shown that the modern quantum concept of a qubit was already known in 1852 in fully classical terms. 2 A timeline of light 0: Prehistory I: Waves or particles? (1679{1801) II: Polarization (1809{1852) III: The electromagnetic field (1862{1887) IV: Shadows of new times coming (1887{1892) V: Energies are sometimes quantized (1900{1914) VI: The photon as unitary representation (1926{1946) VII: Quantum electrodynamics (1948{1949) VIII: Coherence and photodetection (1955{1964) IX: Stochastic and nonclassical light (1964-2004) I picked for each period only one particular theme. 3 A timeline of light 0: Prehistory In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. And God said, "Let there be light", and there was light. (Genesis 1:1.3) It took him only 10 seconds... 10s after the Big Bang: photon epoch begins 2134 BC: oldest solar eclipse recorded in human history (2 Chinese astronomers lost their head for failing to predict it) ca. 1000 BC: It is the glory of God to conceal things, but the kings' pride is to research them. -
Building Your Quantum Capability
Building your quantum capability The case for joining an “ecosystem” IBM Institute for Business Value 2 Building your quantum capability A quantum collaboration Quantum computing has the potential to solve difficult business problems that classical computers cannot. Within five years, analysts estimate that 20 percent of organizations will be budgeting for quantum computing projects and, within a decade, quantum computing may be a USD15 billion industry.1,2 To place your organization in the vanguard of change, you may need to consider joining a quantum computing ecosystem now. The reality is that quantum computing ecosystems are already taking shape, with members focused on how to solve targeted scientific and business problems. Joining the right quantum ecosystem today could give your organization a competitive advantage tomorrow. Building your quantum capability 3 The quantum landscape Quantum computing is gathering momentum. By joining a burgeoning quantum computing Today, major tech companies are backing ecosystem, your organization can get a head What is quantum computing? sizeable R&D programs, venture capital funding start today. Unlike “classical” computers, has grown to at least $300 million, dozens of quantum computers can represent a superposition of multiple states at startups have been founded, quantum A quantum ecosystem brings together business the same time. This characteristic is conferences and research papers are climbing, experts with specialists from industry, expected to provide more efficient research, academia, engineering, physics and students from 1,500 schools have used quantum solutions for certain complex business software development/coding across the computing online, and governments, including and scientific problems, such as drug China and the European Union, have announced quantum stack to develop quantum solutions and materials development, logistics billion-dollar investment programs.3,4,5 that solve business and science problems that and artificial intelligence. -
`Nonclassical' States in Quantum Optics: a `Squeezed' Review of the First 75 Years
Home Search Collections Journals About Contact us My IOPscience `Nonclassical' states in quantum optics: a `squeezed' review of the first 75 years This article has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to see the full text article. 2002 J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 4 R1 (http://iopscience.iop.org/1464-4266/4/1/201) View the table of contents for this issue, or go to the journal homepage for more Download details: IP Address: 132.206.92.227 The article was downloaded on 27/08/2013 at 15:04 Please note that terms and conditions apply. INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING JOURNAL OF OPTICS B: QUANTUM AND SEMICLASSICAL OPTICS J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 4 (2002) R1–R33 PII: S1464-4266(02)31042-5 REVIEW ARTICLE ‘Nonclassical’ states in quantum optics: a ‘squeezed’ review of the first 75 years V V Dodonov1 Departamento de F´ısica, Universidade Federal de Sao˜ Carlos, Via Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 Sao˜ Carlos, SP, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Received 21 November 2001 Published 8 January 2002 Online at stacks.iop.org/JOptB/4/R1 Abstract Seventy five years ago, three remarkable papers by Schrodinger,¨ Kennard and Darwin were published. They were devoted to the evolution of Gaussian wave packets for an oscillator, a free particle and a particle moving in uniform constant electric and magnetic fields. From the contemporary point of view, these packets can be considered as prototypes of the coherent and squeezed states, which are, in a sense, the cornerstones of modern quantum optics. Moreover, these states are frequently used in many other areas, from solid state physics to cosmology. -
Student User Experience with the IBM Qiskit Quantum Computing Interface
Proceedings of Student-Faculty Research Day, CSIS, Pace University, May 4th, 2018 Student User Experience with the IBM QISKit Quantum Computing Interface Stephan Barabasi, James Barrera, Prashant Bhalani, Preeti Dalvi, Ryan Kimiecik, Avery Leider, John Mondrosch, Karl Peterson, Nimish Sawant, and Charles C. Tappert Seidenberg School of CSIS, Pace University, Pleasantville, New York Abstract - The field of quantum computing is rapidly Schrödinger [11]. Quantum mechanics states that the position expanding. As manufacturers and researchers grapple with the of a particle cannot be predicted with precision as it can be in limitations of classical silicon central processing units (CPUs), Newtonian mechanics. The only thing an observer could quantum computing sheds these limitations and promises a know about the position of a particle is the probability that it boom in computational power and efficiency. The quantum age will be at a certain position at a given time [11]. By the 1980’s will require many skilled engineers, mathematicians, physicists, developers, and technicians with an understanding of quantum several researchers including Feynman, Yuri Manin, and Paul principles and theory. There is currently a shortage of Benioff had begun researching computers that operate using professionals with a deep knowledge of computing and physics this concept. able to meet the demands of companies developing and The quantum bit or qubit is the basic unit of quantum researching quantum technology. This study provides a brief information. Classical computers operate on bits using history of quantum computing, an in-depth review of recent complex configurations of simple logic gates. A bit of literature and technologies, an overview of IBM’s QISKit for information has two states, on or off, and is represented with implementing quantum computing programs, and two a 0 or a 1. -
Resource-Efficient Quantum Computing By
Resource-Efficient Quantum Computing by Breaking Abstractions Fred Chong Seymour Goodman Professor Department of Computer Science University of Chicago Lead PI, the EPiQC Project, an NSF Expedition in Computing NSF 1730449/1730082/1729369/1832377/1730088 NSF Phy-1818914/OMA-2016136 DOE DE-SC0020289/0020331/QNEXT With Ken Brown, Ike Chuang, Diana Franklin, Danielle Harlow, Aram Harrow, Andrew Houck, John Reppy, David Schuster, Peter Shor Why Quantum Computing? n Fundamentally change what is computable q The only means to potentially scale computation exponentially with the number of devices n Solve currently intractable problems in chemistry, simulation, and optimization q Could lead to new nanoscale materials, better photovoltaics, better nitrogen fixation, and more n A new industry and scaling curve to accelerate key applications q Not a full replacement for Moore’s Law, but perhaps helps in key domains n Lead to more insights in classical computing q Previous insights in chemistry, physics and cryptography q Challenge classical algorithms to compete w/ quantum algorithms 2 NISQ Now is a privileged time in the history of science and technology, as we are witnessing the opening of the NISQ era (where NISQ = noisy intermediate-scale quantum). – John Preskill, Caltech IBM IonQ Google 53 superconductor qubits 79 atomic ion qubits 53 supercond qubits (11 controllable) Quantum computing is at the cusp of a revolution Every qubit doubles computational power Exponential growth in qubits … led to quantum supremacy with 53 qubits vs. Seconds Days Double exponential growth! 4 The Gap between Algorithms and Hardware The Gap between Algorithms and Hardware The Gap between Algorithms and Hardware The EPiQC Goal Develop algorithms, software, and hardware in concert to close the gap between algorithms and devices by 100-1000X, accelerating QC by 10-20 years. -
High Energy Physics Quantum Information Science Awards Abstracts
High Energy Physics Quantum Information Science Awards Abstracts Towards Directional Detection of WIMP Dark Matter using Spectroscopy of Quantum Defects in Diamond Ronald Walsworth, David Phillips, and Alexander Sushkov Challenges and Opportunities in Noise‐Aware Implementations of Quantum Field Theories on Near‐Term Quantum Computing Hardware Raphael Pooser, Patrick Dreher, and Lex Kemper Quantum Sensors for Wide Band Axion Dark Matter Detection Peter S Barry, Andrew Sonnenschein, Clarence Chang, Jiansong Gao, Steve Kuhlmann, Noah Kurinsky, and Joel Ullom The Dark Matter Radio‐: A Quantum‐Enhanced Dark Matter Search Kent Irwin and Peter Graham Quantum Sensors for Light-field Dark Matter Searches Kent Irwin, Peter Graham, Alexander Sushkov, Dmitry Budke, and Derek Kimball The Geometry and Flow of Quantum Information: From Quantum Gravity to Quantum Technology Raphael Bousso1, Ehud Altman1, Ning Bao1, Patrick Hayden, Christopher Monroe, Yasunori Nomura1, Xiao‐Liang Qi, Monika Schleier‐Smith, Brian Swingle3, Norman Yao1, and Michael Zaletel Algebraic Approach Towards Quantum Information in Quantum Field Theory and Holography Daniel Harlow, Aram Harrow and Hong Liu Interplay of Quantum Information, Thermodynamics, and Gravity in the Early Universe Nishant Agarwal, Adolfo del Campo, Archana Kamal, and Sarah Shandera Quantum Computing for Neutrino‐nucleus Dynamics Joseph Carlson, Rajan Gupta, Andy C.N. Li, Gabriel Perdue, and Alessandro Roggero Quantum‐Enhanced Metrology with Trapped Ions for Fundamental Physics Salman Habib, Kaifeng Cui1, -
Quantum Computing with the IBM Quantum Experience with the Quantum Information Software Toolkit (Qiskit) Nick Bronn Research Staff Member IBM T.J
Quantum Computing with the IBM Quantum Experience with the Quantum Information Software Toolkit (QISKit) Nick Bronn Research Staff Member IBM T.J. Watson Research Center ACM Poughkeepsie Monthly Meeting, January 2018 1 ©2017 IBM Corporation 25 January 2018 Overview Part 1: Quantum Computing § What, why, how § Quantum gates and circuits Part 2: Superconducting Qubits § Device properties § Control and performance Part 3: IBM Quantum Experience § Website: GUI, user guides, community § QISKit: API, SDK, Tutorials 2 ©2017 IBM Corporation 25 January 2018 Quantum computing: what, why, how 3 ©2017 IBM Corporation 25 January 2018 “Nature isn’t classical . if you want to make a simula6on of nature, you’d be:er make it quantum mechanical, and by golly it’s a wonderful problem, because it doesn’t look so easy.” – Richard Feynman, 1981 1st Conference on Physics and Computation, MIT 4 ©2017 IBM Corporation 25 January 2018 Computing with Quantum Mechanics: Features Superposion: a system’s state can be any linear combinaon of classical states …un#l it is measured, at which point it collapses to one of the classical states Example: Schrodinger’s Cat “Classical” states Quantum Normalizaon wavefuncon Entanglement: par0cles in superposi0on 1 ⎛ ⎞ ψ = ⎜ + ⎟ can develop correlaons such that 2 ⎜ ⎟ measuring just one affects them all ⎝ ⎠ Example: EPR Paradox (Einstein: “spooky Linear combinaon ac0on at a distance”) 5 ©2017 IBM Corporation 25 January 2018 Computing with Quantum Mechanics: Drawbacks 1 Decoherence: a system is gradually measured by residual interac0on with its environment, killing quantum behavior Qubit State Consequence: quantum effects observed only 0 Time in well-isolated systems (so not cats… yet) Uncertainty principle: measuring one variable (e.g. -
An Atomic Source of Quantum Light
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2012-10-25 An Atomic Source of Quantum Light MacRae, Andrew MacRae, A. (2012). An Atomic Source of Quantum Light (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/24840 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/310 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY An Atomic Source of Quantum Light by Andrew John MacRae A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY INSTITUTE FOR QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE CALGARY, ALBERTA October, 2012 �c Andrew John MacRae 2012 Abstract This thesis presents the experimental demonstration of an atomic source of narrowband nonclassical states of light. Employing four-wave mixing in hot atomic Rubidium vapour, the optical states produced are naturally compatible with atomic transitions and may be thus employed in atom-based quantum communication protocols. We first demonstrate the production of two-mode intensity-squeezed light and ana lyze the correlations between the two produced modes. Using homodyne detection in each mode, we verify the production of two-mode quadrature-squeezed light, achieving a reduction in quadrature variance of 3 dB below the standard quantum limit. -
Quantum Circuits for Maximally Entangled States
Quantum circuits for maximally entangled states Alba Cervera-Lierta,1, 2, ∗ José Ignacio Latorre,2, 3, 4 and Dardo Goyeneche5 1Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC). 2Dept. Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 3Nikhef Theory Group, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 4Center for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 5Dept. Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Casilla 170, Antofagasta, Chile. (Dated: May 16, 2019) We design a series of quantum circuits that generate absolute maximally entangled (AME) states to benchmark a quantum computer. A relation between graph states and AME states can be exploited to optimize the structure of the circuits and minimize their depth. Furthermore, we find that most of the provided circuits obey majorization relations for every partition of the system and every step of the algorithm. The main goal of the work consists in testing efficiency of quantum computers when requiring the maximal amount of genuine multipartite entanglement allowed by quantum mechanics, which can be used to efficiently implement multipartite quantum protocols. I. INTRODUCTION nique, e.g. tensor networks [9], is considered. We believe that item (i) is fully doable with the current state of the There is a need to set up a thorough benchmarking art of quantum computers, at least for a small number strategy for quantum computers. Devices that operate of qubits. On the other hand, item (ii) is much more in very different platforms are often characterized by the challenging, as classical computers efficiently work with number of qubits they offer, their coherent time and the a large number of bits.