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Hosts of Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus Nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Central Georgia

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Hosts of Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus Nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Central Georgia COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY Hosts of Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Central Georgia 1 2 3 3 DAVID JENKINS, TED COTTRELL, DAN HORTON, AMANDA HODGES, AND GREG HODGES USDAÐARS, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008 Environ. Entomol. 35(1): 48Ð55 (2006) ABSTRACT Potential host plants for the larvae of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in central GeorgiaÕs peach producing region were surveyed. This fruit-attacking curculionid is reported to have a broad host range, including many plants in the Rosaceae and other families. However, our collections indicated that in this region plum curculio largely is limited to peach (Prunus persica) and plum (P. angustifolia and P. umbellata). Abandoned peach orchards and wild plum thickets are important hosts for the spring generation of plum curculio and are sources of subsequent infestations of managed peach orchards. However, only abandoned peach orchards were available to the summer generation of plum curculio. May haw, Crataegus aestivalis, was also a host, but other species of Crataegus were not used. Although the plum curculio was reported to be a signiÞcant pest of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) in North Carolina, New Jersey, and Delaware, they were only rarely used as a host in central Georgia. Apple (Malus domestica) and Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia), when available, were ovipositional hosts of plum curculio in central Georgia; however, no larvae emerged from these hosts. We report the Þrst records of plum curculio developing in Vaccinium stamineum and Vitis rotundifolia. Our results are compared with a previous survey conducted in the northeastern United States, as well as to data reported in the literature. KEY WORDS Prunus umbellata, Prunus angustifolia, Vaccinium stamineum, Vitis rotundifolia, peaches THE PLUM CURCULIO, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) Ericaceae (Stearns 1931, Mampe and Neunzig 1967, (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the most important Polavarapu et al. 2004). Prunus angustifolia Marshall insect pest of peaches in the southeastern United (Chickasaw plum), a thicket-forming species that oc- States (Horton and Ellis 1989). Current calendar- curs frequently on Þeld or woodline edges, is the based pest management options in peach orchards predominant native plum species in central Georgia suppress this pest to subeconomic levels of abun- and is believed to be the primary host for the over- dance; however, regulatory decisions have restricted wintering generation of plum curculio. Quaintance the availability or even eliminated the use of organo- and Jenne (1912) and Maier (1990) reported an array phosphate insecticides that have been the standard of host plant species for plum curculio including apple peach insecticides since the 1950s. These changes (Malus domestica Borkh.), pear (Pyrus communis L.), have prompted reexamination of plum curculioÕs bi- quince (Cydonia oblonga L.), plum (Prunus americana ology, seasonal history, and behavior to develop cost Marshall), peach (Prunus persica L.), nectarine effective and treat-as-needed management options for (Prunus persica variety nectarina L.), and apricot this pest. The ability of bivoltine plum curculio in the (Prunus armeniaca L.). In addition to these hosts, southeastern United States to survive on alternative Wylie (1966) reported the development of plum cur- hosts outside of the peach agrisystem should be a key culio in two nonfruit hosts, plum pockets and plum leaf consideration in any effort to develop less pesticide- curl, both diseases caused by the ascomycete fungus intensive management options. Taphrina communis (Sadeb.) (Taphrinales). Quain- Throughout its habitat, plum curculio uses a broad tance and Jenne (1912) also mentioned that plum range of hosts, including plants in the Rosaceae curculio oviposits in sparkleberry (Vaccinium ar- (Quaintance and Jenne 1912, Maier 1990) and in the boreum Marshall), grape (Vitis spp.), strawberry (Fra- garia spp.), gooseberry, currant (Ribes spp.), black 1 Corresponding author: USDAÐARS, Tropical Agriculture Re- knot fungus, and persimmon (Diospyros virginica L.), search Station, 2200 Pedro Albizu Campos Ave., Suite 201, Mayaguez, but its ability to develop in these hosts is uncertain Puerto Rico 00680Ð5470 (e-mail: [email protected]). because plum curculio will frequently oviposit in un- 2 University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 3 Entomology and Nematology Department IFAS, Gainesville, FL suitable hosts. Hallman and Gould (2004) exposed 22 32611. fruits from 16 families to females of the plum curculio February 2006 JENKINS ET AL.: PLUM CURCULIO HOSTS 49 Table 1. Fruit collected in middle Georgia in 2002, 2003, and chards, public forests/recreational areas, and on the 2004 grounds of the Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Lab- oratory in Byron, GA. From March through Septem- Fruit family and species Common name ber in 2002Ð2004, fruits of these plants were collected Rosaceae weekly when available. During the survey, new host Prunus persica L. Peach P. angustifolia Marshall Chickasaw plum plants and sites were added as they were encountered, P. umbellata Elliot Hog plum whereas some were lost to land use (e.g., road wid- Prunus caroliniana Aiton Laurel cherry ening projects) or discarded because of poor fruit Crataegus aestivalis (Walter) May haw production. Depending on the availability of fruit, Crataegus sp. Hawthorns Malus angustifolia (Aiton) Crab-apple between 20 and 150 fruits were randomly selected M. domestica Borkhausen Apple directly from plants and from the ground when Pyrus calleriana Decaisne Bradford pear dropped fruit were available (many fruit abscise when P. pyrifolia (Burman f.) Asian pear infested with plum curculio; Quaintance and Jenne Amelanchier arborea (Michaux f.) Serviceberry Rosa carolina L. Wild rose 1912, Levine and Hall 1977). These fruit were col- Ericaceae lected randomly from each tree if Ͻ10 trees were Vaccinium stamineum L. Deerberry present (most plum thickets) and from at least 10 trees V. corymbosum L. Highbush blueberry in the case of abandoned peach orchards. Fruit were V. elliottii Chapman ElliottÕs blueberry V. arboreum Marshall Sparkleberry examined for the presence of characteristic plum cur- Vitaceae culio oviposition scars (Quaintance and Jenne 1912), Vitis rotundifolia Michaux Muscadine and placed on a wire mesh (3-mm openings) over a Ampelopsis arborea L. Pepper-vine plastic container. The pubescence of peach, P. persica, especially on small, early season fruit, made identiÞ- cation of oviposition scars difÞcult; thus, oviposition in Florida and, although the adults caused feeding scars were not enumerated on this species. Also, the damage to the majority of the fruits, they only ovi- varying stages of decay of dropped fruit did not allow posited in members of the Rosaceae, including apple, us to accurately identify oviposition scars on these M. domestica Borkhausen, peach, P. persica L., plum, fruits. Because it was common to Þnd plum fruits with P. domestica L., and loquat, Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. multiple oviposition scars, in 2004 we recorded the Although their study was not deÞnitive, it showed the number of scars per fruit each week. Feeding damage oligophagous nature of the plum curculio. by adult plum curculio was not reliably identiÞable, so Appreciation for the potential impact of wild host it was not evaluated. The plastic containers were plants on peach pests is not new. Wild plum species, stored in an environmental chamber with a photo- primarily Prunus angustifolia and P. umbellata Elliot, period of 16:8 (L:D) at 25 Ϯ 1ЊC. The containers were have long been regarded as likely host reservoirs for monitored daily for 60 d after fruit collection for the plum curculio, leafhopper species that transmit phony appearance of C. nenuphar larvae, which were placed peach disease (Xylella fastidiosa) (McClure 1980), into a moistened mixture of potting soil and vermic- and brown rot (Monolinia fructicola). In the 1950s, ulite (2:1) in a 950-ml glass jar covered with a glass eradication of wild plum was aggressively pursued to petri dish. Each jar was monitored daily for the emer- reduce insect and disease pressure in cultivated or- gence of adult C. nenuphar. Voucher specimens from chards (D.H., unpublished data). 2002 were placed in the Florida State Collection of The purpose of this study was to survey the prev- Arthropods (FSCA) museum in Gainesville, FL. alence (percent of fruits infested) of plum curculio in Voucher specimens from 2003 and 2004 were retained fruits of various plant species that were fruiting in at the USDA-ARS, SE Fruit and Nut Laboratory in central Georgia at key times during this pestÕs life Byron, GA. cycle, namely when adults of the bivoltine southern To monitor seasonal ßuctuations of C. nenuphar strain of plum curculio emerge from overwintering abundance in 2002, 30 circle traps, 30 TeddersÕ traps, sites in the spring and when the progeny of this spring and 30 cone emergence traps (Tedders and Wood generation emerge from the soil in the summer. We 1994, Mulder et al. 2000, Bloem et al. 2002) were set up assessed ovipositional injury and successful emer- in one abandoned peach orchard and nine plum gence of adults from fruit. We compare our results thickets to capture adults (three of each type of trap with those of a similar study done in the northeastern per site). Circle traps were placed on random trees in United States (Maier 1990). the thicket or orchard, TeddersÕ traps were
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