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Distilleries Final Draft TECHNICAL EIA GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR DISTILLERIES Prepared for Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India by IL&FS Ecosmart Limited Hyderabad September 2009 PROJECT TEAM Project Coordination Dr. (Mrs.) Nalini Bhat Ministry of Environment & Forests Advisor, Ministry of Environment and Forests Dr. (Mrs.) T. Chandni Director, Ministry of Environment and Forests Core Project Coordination Team Mr. Mahesh Babu IL&FS Environment CEO Mr. N. Sateesh Babu Vice President & Project Director Dr. A. L. Aggarwal Senior Consultant, Former Dy. Director NEERI Mr. B.S.V. Pavan Gopal Manager –Technical Ms. Tamil Ezhil .G Environmental Planner Ms. Suman Benedicta Thomas Technical Writer Resource Person Prof. B. Subba Rao President, Environmental Protection Research Foundation and International School of Environmental Management Studies Expert Core & Peer Committee Chairman Dr. V. Rajagopalan, IAS Principal Secretary Government of Uttar Pradesh Core Members Dr. R. K. Garg Former Chairman, EIA Committee, Ministry of Environment and Forests Mr. Paritosh C. Tyagi Former Chairman, Central Pollution Control Board Prof. S.P. Gautam Chairman, Central Pollution Control Board Dr. Tapan Chakraborti Director, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Mr. K. P. Nyati Former Head, Environmental Policy, Confederation of Indian Industry Dr. G.K. Pandey Advisor, Ministry of Environment and Forests Dr. (Mrs.) Nalini Bhat Advisor, Ministry of Environment and Forests Dr. G.V. Subramaniam Advisor, Ministry of Environment and Forests Dr. B. Sengupta Former Member Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board Dr. R. C. Trivedi Former Scientist, Central Pollution Control Board Peer Member Prof. N.J.Rao Director, JAYPEE Institute of Engineering and Technology Member Convener Mr. N. Sateesh Babu Project Director TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE TECHNICAL EIA GUIDANCE MANUALS PROJECT ........................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Purpose....................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.2 Project Implementation.............................................................................................. 1-3 1.3 Additional Information .............................................................................................. 1-3 2. CONCEPTUAL FACETS OF EIA................................................................................ 2-1 2.1 Environment in EIA context ...................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Pollution Control Strategies....................................................................................... 2-1 2.3 Tools for Preventive Environmental Management.................................................... 2-2 2.3.1 Tools for assessment and analysis ................................................................. 2-2 2.3.2 Tools for action.............................................................................................. 2-5 2.3.3 Tools for communication............................................................................... 2-9 2.4 Objectives of EIA .................................................................................................... 2-10 2.5 Types of EIA............................................................................................................ 2-10 2.6 Basic EIA Principles................................................................................................ 2-11 2.7 Project Cycle............................................................................................................ 2-13 2.8 Environmental Impacts ............................................................................................ 2-13 2.8.1 Direct impacts .............................................................................................. 2-14 2.8.2 Indirect impacts............................................................................................ 2-14 2.8.3 Cumulative impacts ..................................................................................... 2-15 2.8.4 Induced impacts ........................................................................................... 2-15 2.9 Significance of Impacts............................................................................................ 2-15 2.9.1 Criteria/methodology to determine the significance of the identified impacts.... ...................................................................................................................... 2-16 3. DISTILLERIES............................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................3-1 3.1.1 Industrial distillation process – history.......................................................... 3-2 3.1.2 Ethanol production– world scenario .............................................................. 3-2 3.2 Indian context............................................................................................................. 3-3 3.3 Distilling Processes Based on Raw Materials............................................................ 3-6 3.3.1 Distilled liquor based on cereals.................................................................... 3-6 3.3.2 Distilled liquor based on molasses................................................................. 3-7 3.4 Process of Distilleries Based on Molasses............................................................... 3-12 3.4.1 Alcohol......................................................................................................... 3-12 3.4.2 Rectified spirit.............................................................................................. 3-14 3.5 Ethanol ..................................................................................................................... 3-16 Technical EIA Guidance Manual for Distillery Industry i September 2009 Table of Contents 3.5.1 Cellulosic ethanol.........................................................................................3-17 3.5.2 Grades of ethanol ......................................................................................... 3-17 3.5.3 Sequence of steps for production of ethanol................................................ 3-18 3.6 Raw Material Inputs in the Production Line............................................................ 3-21 3.7 Industrial Processes of Various Products of Distillery Industry.............................. 3-23 3.7.1 Manufacturing process of spirits (whisky, vodka & gin) ............................ 3-23 3.7.2 Gin manufacturing process.......................................................................... 3-28 3.7.3 Vodka manufacturing process......................................................................3-29 3.7.4 Brandy manufacturing process .................................................................... 3-29 3.7.5 Beer production processes ........................................................................... 3-29 3.7.6 Wine manufacturing process........................................................................3-31 3.8 In Plant Practices...................................................................................................... 3-32 3.9 Emissions from Distillery Industry.......................................................................... 3-33 3.9.1 Emissions from beer & wine industries....................................................... 3-33 3.10 In plant Pollution Control in Distilleries.................................................................. 3-36 3.10.1 Fermenter sludge.......................................................................................... 3-37 3.10.2 Spent wash................................................................................................... 3-38 3.11 Classification of Distilleries for Wastewater Treatment Methods........................... 3-39 3.11.1 Treatment schemes....................................................................................... 3-40 3.12 Summary of Applicable National Regulations ........................................................ 3-40 3.12.1 General description of major statutes .......................................................... 3-40 4. OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF EIA.......................................................................... 4-42 4.1 Coverage of Distillery Industry Under the Purview of Notification........................ 4-42 4.2 Screening.................................................................................................................. 4-46 4.2.1 Applicable conditions for Category B projects............................................ 4-46 4.2.2 Criteria for classification of Category B1 and B2 projects.......................... 4-46 4.2.3 Application for prior environmental clearance............................................ 4-47 4.2.4 Siting guidelines........................................................................................... 4-47 4.3 Scoping for EIA Studies .......................................................................................... 4-48 4.3.1 Pre-feasibility report.................................................................................... 4-50 4.3.2 Guidance for Filling
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