INTRODUCTION Sikkim, Being the Second Smallest State of India With
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Chapter 2 Language Use in Nepal
CHAPTER 2 LANGUAGE USE IN NEPAL Yogendra P. Yadava* Abstract This chapter aims to analyse the use of languages as mother tongues and second lan- guages in Nepal on the basis of data from the 2011 census, using tables, maps, and figures and providing explanations for certain facts following sociolinguistic insights. The findings of this chapter are presented in five sections. Section 1 shows the impor- tance of language enumeration in censuses and also Nepal’s linguistic diversity due to historical and typological reasons. Section 2 shows that the number of mother tongues have increased considerably from 92 (Census 2001) to 123 in the census of 2011 due to democratic movements and ensuing linguistic awareness among Nepalese people since 1990. These mother tongues (except Kusunda) belong to four language families: Indo- European, Sino-Tibetan, Austro-Asiatic and Dravidian, while Kusunda is a language isolate. They have been categorised into two main groups: major and minor. The major group consists of 19 mother tongues spoken by almost 96 % of the total population, while the minor group is made up of the remaining 104 plus languages spoken by about 4% of Nepal’s total population. Nepali, highly concentrated in the Hills, but unevenly distributed in other parts of the country, accounts for the largest number of speakers (44.64%). Several cross-border, foreign and recently migrated languages have also been reported in Nepal. Section 3 briefly deals with the factors (such as sex, rural/ urban areas, ethnicity, age, literacy etc.) that interact with language. Section 4 shows that according to the census of 2011, the majority of Nepal’s population (59%) speak only one language while the remaining 41% speak at least a second language. -
UNIT 3 MARRIAGE Family
UNIT 3 MARRIAGE Family Contents 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Theoretical Part of which the Ethnography Notes on Love in a Tamil Family is an Example 3.3 Description of the Ethnography 3.3.1 Intellectual Context 3.3.2 Fieldwork 3.3.3 Analysis of Data 3.3.4 Conclusion 3.4 How does the Ethnography Advance our Understanding 3.5 Theoretical Part of which the Ethnography Himalayan Polyandry: Structure, Functioning and Culture Change: A Field Study of Jaunsar- Bawar is an Example 3.6 Description of the Ethnography 3.6.1 Intellectual Context 3.6.2 Fieldwork 3.6.3 Analysis of Data 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 How does the Ethnography Advance our Understanding 3.8 Summary References Suggested Reading Sample Questions Learning Objectives & After reading this unit, you will be able to understand the: Ø concept of cross-cousin marriage in South India; and Ø polyandry among the Jaunsar-Bawar. 3.1 INTRODUCTION Throughout the world, marriage is an institutional arrangement between persons, generally males and females, who recognise each other as husband and wife or intimate partners. Marriage is a human social institution and assumes some permanence and conformity to societal norms. Anthropologist William Stephens said marriage is (1) a socially legitimate sexual union, begun with (2) a public announcement, undertaken with (3) some idea of performance, and assumed with a more or less explicit (4) marriage contract, which spells out reciprocal obligations between spouses and between spouses and their children (Stephens, 1963). For the most part, these same normative conditions exist today, although many marriage-like relationships are not defined by everyone as socially legitimate, are not begun with any type of announcement, are not entered into 37 Kinship, Family and with the idea of permanence, and do not always have clearly defined contracts (written Marriage or non-written) as to what behaviours are expected. -
Rapid Climate Vulnerability Assessment of Gangtok, Sikkim
February, 2018 RAPID CLIMATE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF GANGTOK, SIKKIM Developing Disaster Resilience Action Plan Through GIS & Prioritising Actions for Natural Disaster Risk Reduction in Urban Agglomerations of Shillong & Gangtok Gangtok City, Sikkim Gangtok, the capital city of Sikkim, is located in the eastern Himalayan range. The city is flanked on east and west by two streams, namely Roro Chu and Ranikhola, respectively, comprising 17 municipal wards. These two rivers divide the natural drainage into two parts, the eastern and western parts. Fig 1: Gangtok City map Gangtok City Characteristics Indicators Characteristics Classification of the city Hill Location 27°20’N 88°37’E Area 19.016 sq.km Climate Type Subtropical highland climate Temperature Average Annual Maximum Temperature - 27°C Average Annual Minimum Temperature - 19°C Rainfall Average annual : 3494 mm Height above Mean Sea Level 1,676 m above MSL Fig2: The main road connecting Gangtok to other cities Fig3: Gangtok M G Marg and towns Steep slopes, vulnerability to landslides, large forest cover and inadequate access to most areas characterize Gangtok. Unplanned urbanization and rapid construction on the hill slopes has increased the risk of environmental degradation in Gangtok. Hazard Exposure Sl. No Hazard Type Exposure 1 Flash Flood Y 2 Drought/ Heat Wave N 3 Earthquakes Y 4 Landslides Y 5 Forest Fires Y 6 Heavy Rainfall Y 7 Hailstorms/thundering Y Hazard Timeline Index Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Landslides Flash Flood Hailstorm/thundering Forest -
Probabilistic Travel Model of Gangtok City, Sikkim, India FINAL.Pdf
European Journal of Geography Volume 4, Issue2: 46-54, 2013 © Association of European Geographers ANALYSIS OF TOURISM ATTRACTIVENESS USING PROBABILISTIC TRAVEL MODEL: A STUDY ON GANGTOK AND ITS SURROUNDINGS Suman PAUL Krishnagar Govt. College, Department of Geography Nadia, West Bengal, India. Pin-741101 http://www.krishnagargovtcollege.org/ [email protected] Abstract: Tourism is now one of the largest industries in the world that has developed alongside the fascinating concept of eco-tourism. The concept of tourism could be traced back to ancient times when people travelled with a view to acquiring knowledge of unknown lands and people, for the development of trade and commerce, for religious preaching and also for the sheer adventure of discovery. In fact the system of tourism involves a combination of travel, destination and marketing, which lead to a process of its cultural dimension. Gangtok as a core centre of Sikkim has potential command area over different tourist spots in East Sikkim, which are directly linked by a network of roads centering Gangtok and are perfectly accessible for one-day trips. The tourist attractions of East Sikkim are clustered mostly in and around Gangtok, the state capital. This study shows the tourism infrastructure as well as seasonal arrival of tourists in the Gangtok city and to develop the probabilistic travel model on the basis of tourist perception which will help the tourism department for the further economic development of the area. KeyWords: Eco-tourism, command area, tourist attractions, probabilistic travel model 1. INTRODUCTION Tourism is now one of the largest industries in the world that has developed alongside the fascinating concept of eco-tourism. -
Khangchendzonga National Park
ASIA / PACIFIC KHANGCHENDZONGA NATIONAL PARK INDIA Sacred site in the Khangchendzonga National Park - © IUCN Tilman Jaeger India - Khangchendzonga National Park WORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION – IUCN TECHNICAL EVALUATION KHANGCHENDZONGA NATIONAL PARK (INDIA) – ID 1513 IUCN RECOMMENDATION TO WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: To inscribe the property under natural criteria. Key paragraphs of Operational Guidelines: Paragraph 77: Nominated property meets World Heritage criteria. Paragraph 78: Nominated property meets integrity and protection and management requirements. 1. DOCUMENTATION Kangchenjunga Transboundary Conservation and Development Initiative in the Hindu Kush Himalayas. a) Date nomination received by IUCN: 16 March Prepared for TBPA. Krishna AP, Chhetri S, Singh KK 2015 (2002) Human Dimensions of Conservation in the Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve: The Need for b) Additional information officially requested from Conflict Prevention. Mountain Research and and provided by the State Party: Khangchendzonga Development 22(4):328-331. Lachungpa U (2009) National Park is nominated as a mixed site. ICOMOS Indigenous Lifstyles and Biodiversity Conservation wrote to the State Party in September, 2015 Issues in North Sikkim. Indian Journal of Traditional requesting supplementary information on a range of Knowledge 8(1): 51-55. Oli KP, Chaudhary S, Sharma issues related to the evaluation of cultural values. A UR (2013) Are Governance and Management Effective joint IUCN / ICOMOS progress report was then sent on within Protected Areas of the Kanchenjunga 17 December 2015 following the respective ICOMOS Landscape (Bhutan, India And Nepal)? PARKS 19(1): and IUCN Panel meetings. Requests were made of the 25-36. Sathyakumar S, Bashir T, Bhattacharya T, State Party to update the biodiversity inventory for Poudyal K (2011b) Mammals of the Khangchendzonga species within the property; consider changes to the Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim, India. -
A Structural Analysis of Dogri Temporal Markers
Dialectologia 23 (2019), 235-260. ISSN: 2013-2247 Received 11 April 2017. Accepted 8 OctoBer 2017. A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DOGRI TEMPORAL MARKERS Tanima ANAND & Amitabh VIKRAM DWIVEDI Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India** [email protected] / amitabhvikram @yahoo.co.in Abstract The present paper aims to investigate the structural and semantic properties of the temporal markers in Dogri language. It centralizes at investigating the modifications which are carried out in Dogri for the previous generalizations of the already formulated tense theories propounded by Comrie (1985), Olphen (1975), Guru (1982), Kuryɬowicz (1956), Partee (1973), and alike. The study focuses on the linguistic realization of tense in Dogri where the grammaticalization and lexicalization of temporal markers is discussed. It employs a quantitative approach and considers linguistic typology as a frame of reference to study the range of variation in tense, also taking into consideration the apparent anomalies and deviations which Dogri occupies within the boundaries of the already generated theories of grammatical tense. The present study involves the analysis of the discourse, both written and spoken. The discourse is corpus constituting the spontaneous Dogri spoken in the standardized form in the Jammu region. Keywords structural, semantic, cross-linguistic, typology, empirically, corpus, Dogri ANÁLISIS ESTRUCTURAL DE LOS MARCADORES TEMPORALES EN DOGRI Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar las propiedades estructurales y semánticas de los marcadores temporales en la lengua dogri. Se centra en la investigación de las modificaciones llevadas a cabo en dogri por las generalizaciones previas de las ya formuladas teorías sobre el tiempo verbal propuestas por Comrie (1985), Olphen (1975), Guru (1982), Kuryɬowicz (1956), Partee (1973) y otros. -
Kumaun Histories and Kumauni Identities C.1815–1990'S
Research Articles Kumaun Histories and Kumauni Identities c.1815–1990’s Vasudha Pande* The emergence of ‘History’ as a practice and as a fauna, geography, religious beliefs and caste practices. discipline, which transformed inherited oral traditions Atkinson’s understanding of the history of the region into textual products, has to be located in the modern was foundational and continues to resonate in histories of period.1I. Chambers says that history transcribed all Kumaun even today. It may be summarised as follows:- human practice- ‘it registered, transmitted and translated the original residents of the hills were the Dasyus, also the past, and it reordered and rewrote the world.’2The referred to as Doms, (aboriginal) ‘the Doms in the hills discipline, as it emerged in Europe, was predicated are not a local race peculiar to Kumaun, but the remains upon an understanding of the past as a period when of an aboriginal tribe conquered and enslaved by the men were not free, whereas the ‘modern’ present was immigrant Khasas.’7The Khasas were of, ‘an Aryan considered emancipatory because in modernity, ‘identity descent in the widest sense of that term much modified becomes more mobile, multiple, personal, self-reflexive by local influences, but whether they are to be attributed and subject to change and innovation.’3 The modern was to the Vedic immigration itself or to an earlier or later therefore understood as rupture, which made the writing movement of tribes having a similar origin, there is little of history possible.4 The extension of this project to the to show. It is probable, however, that they belong to a colonies also generated a history of the colonial peoples. -
Himalayan Aromatic Medicinal Plants: a Review of Their Ethnopharmacology, Volatile Phytochemistry, and Biological Activities
medicines Review Himalayan Aromatic Medicinal Plants: A Review of their Ethnopharmacology, Volatile Phytochemistry, and Biological Activities Rakesh K. Joshi 1, Prabodh Satyal 2 and Wiliam N. Setzer 2,* 1 Department of Education, Government of Uttrakhand, Nainital 263001, India; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-256-824-6519; Fax: +1-256-824-6349 Academic Editor: Lutfun Nahar Received: 24 December 2015; Accepted: 3 February 2016; Published: 19 February 2016 Abstract: Aromatic plants have played key roles in the lives of tribal peoples living in the Himalaya by providing products for both food and medicine. This review presents a summary of aromatic medicinal plants from the Indian Himalaya, Nepal, and Bhutan, focusing on plant species for which volatile compositions have been described. The review summarizes 116 aromatic plant species distributed over 26 families. Keywords: Jammu and Kashmir; Himachal Pradesh; Uttarakhand; Nepal; Sikkim; Bhutan; essential oils 1. Introduction The Himalya Center of Plant Diversity [1] is a narrow band of biodiversity lying on the southern margin of the Himalayas, the world’s highest mountain range with elevations exceeding 8000 m. The plant diversity of this region is defined by the monsoonal rains, up to 10,000 mm rainfall, concentrated in the summer, altitudinal zonation, consisting of tropical lowland rainforests, 100–1200 m asl, up to alpine meadows, 4800–5500 m asl. Hara and co-workers have estimated there to be around 6000 species of higher plants in Nepal, including 303 species endemic to Nepal and 1957 species restricted to the Himalayan range [2–4]. -
18Th May Town Relaxation
GOVERNMENT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH OFFICE OF THE DEPUTY COMMISSIONER, CHAMBA DISTRICT CHAMBA (H.P.) No.CBA-DA-2(31)/2020-14085-14160 Dated: Chamba the 18th May, 2020 ORDER Whereas, the Government of Himachal Pradesh has decided to increase the lockdown measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 across the state. However, to mitigate the hardships to the general public due to restrictions already in place, I, Vivek Bhatia, District Magistrate, Chamba in exercise of the powers conferred upon me under Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 and in partial modification of the order No. CBA-DA-2(31)/ 2020-5368-77 dated 22.04.2020 and its subsequent amendments, do hereby order the following with immediate effect: 1. Only one way entry shall be allowed between Main Chowk opposite Dogra Bazar to Post Office for people to avail the services of facilities thereby. 2. Both the ends of the roads between Chowgan No. 2 and 3, as well as between Chowgan No. 3 and 4 will be opened one/two way as per enforcement demand for facilitating transition between Kashmiri Mohalla and Main Bazar. 3. The vehicular traffic shall be managed as per the existing mechanism till further orders. These orders are strictly conditional and shall be subject to maintenance of social distancing in the core market areas. The Police department shall ensure the same and report if anything adverse is witnessed on the ground. This order shall come into force with immediate effect and shall remain in force till further orders. Issued under my hand and seal on 18th May, 2020. -
Secondary Indian Culture and Heritage
Culture: An Introduction MODULE - I Understanding Culture Notes 1 CULTURE: AN INTRODUCTION he English word ‘Culture’ is derived from the Latin term ‘cult or cultus’ meaning tilling, or cultivating or refining and worship. In sum it means cultivating and refining Ta thing to such an extent that its end product evokes our admiration and respect. This is practically the same as ‘Sanskriti’ of the Sanskrit language. The term ‘Sanskriti’ has been derived from the root ‘Kri (to do) of Sanskrit language. Three words came from this root ‘Kri; prakriti’ (basic matter or condition), ‘Sanskriti’ (refined matter or condition) and ‘vikriti’ (modified or decayed matter or condition) when ‘prakriti’ or a raw material is refined it becomes ‘Sanskriti’ and when broken or damaged it becomes ‘vikriti’. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson you will be able to: understand the concept and meaning of culture; establish the relationship between culture and civilization; Establish the link between culture and heritage; discuss the role and impact of culture in human life. 1.1 CONCEPT OF CULTURE Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the things Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course 1 MODULE - I Culture: An Introduction Understanding Culture that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture. -
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand
234127/2018/CD-III No.CD-III- 17- 1/2018-CD. III $TIkt R6'R/Government of India qR"rT qf qrq furv qTrd-q Ministry of Women & Child Development Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi-l, Dated: 5th April, 2018 To Principal Secretaries/ Secretaries in-charge of Anganwadi Services (under Umbrella ICDS) in the States/UTs of Andhra Pradesh, A&N Islands, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, D&N Haveli, Daman & Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh & West Bengal Subiect: Allocation of foodgrains to States/UTs under Wheat Based Nutrition Programme (WBNP) and National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 to meet the Supplementary Nutrition under the Anganwadi Services [Umbrella Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Schemel during the 1* & 2n'r quafters of the year 2018-19. Sir/Madam, I am directed to convey the approval of the Ministry of Women & Child Development, Government of India for total allocation of 3$LgO4 (Three Lakh sixty one Thousand six Hundred & Four) MTs of wheat [1,80,802 MTs for 1$ quarter plus 1,80,802 MTs for 2nd quafterl and 2,82,460 (Two Lakh Eighty Two Thousand Four Hundred & sixty) MTs of Rice [1,41,230 MTs for 1$ quarter plus L,4L,230 MTs for 2no quafterl to the State Governments/UT Administrations as per the quantities mentioned against each, under the Wheat Based Nutrition Programme (WBNP) and National Food Security Act (NFSA) at the subsidised price not exceeding t 3/- per kg for Rice and { 2l' per kg for wheat, for the 1$ & 2nd quarters of the year 2017-18: MTs s. -
BHADARWAHI:AT YPOLOGICAL SKETCH Amitabh Vikram DWIVEDI
BHADARWAHI: A TYPOLOGICAL SKETCH Amitabh Vikram DWIVEDI Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India [email protected] Abstract This paper is a summary of some phonological and morphosyntactice features of the Bhadarwahi language of Indo-Aryan family. Bhadarwahi is a lesser known and less documented language spoken in district of Doda of Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir State in India. Typologically it is a subject dominant language with an SOV word order (SV if without object) and its verb agrees with a noun phrase which is not followed by an overt post-position. These noun phrases can move freely in the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. The indirect object generally precedes the direct object. Aspiration, like any other Indo-Aryan languages, is a prominent feature of Bhadarwahi. Nasalization is a distinctive feature, and vowel and consonant contrasts are commonly observed. Infinitive and participle forms are formed by suffixation while infixation is also found in causative formation. Tense is carried by auxiliary and aspect and mood is marked by the main verb. Keywords: Indo-Aryan; less documented; SOV; aspiration; infixation Povzetek Članek je nekakšen daljši povzetek fonoloških in morfosintaktičnih značilnosti jezika badarvahi, enega izmed članov indo-arijske jezikovne družine. Badarvahi je manj poznan in slabo dokumentiran jezik z območja Doda v regiji Jammu v Kašmirju. Tipološko je zanj značilen dominanten osebek in besedni red: osebek, predmet, povedek. Glagoli se povečini ujemajo s samostalniškimi frazami, ki lahko v stavku zavzemajo katerikoli položaj ne da bi spremenile pomen stavka. Nadaljna značilnost jezika badarvahi je tudi to, da indirektni predmeti ponavadi stojijo pred direktnimi predmeti.