Committed to the Green Economy

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Committed to the Green Economy Committed to the green economy ANNUAL REPORT 2020 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE “ In this unprecedented year, we have remained committed to our vision for a green economy and low-carbon future. A future where innovation creates products for tomorrow, energy is cleaner and where symbiosis drives cost leadership.” Rt Hon Lord Barker of Battle, Executive Chairman For more on sustainability please visit our webpage at www.enplusgroup.com/en/ sustainability/ CORPORATE GOVERNANCE We are committed to… Aluminium Generating Protecting Driving cost for tomorrow clean energy our people leadership 02 04 06 08 Strategic report Financial statements 02 Aluminium for tomorrow 128 Statement of Management’s Responsibilities 04 Generating clean energy 129 Independent Auditors’ Report 06 Protecting our people 133 Consolidated Statement of Profit or 08 Driving cost leadership Loss and Other Comprehensive Income 10 Chairman’s statement 135 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position 14 Pathway to net zero 136 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows 16 Meeting consumer demand 138 Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity 18 The journey of our products 140 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 20 CEO’s statement 22 Our strategy Appendix 24 At a glance 208 Glossary 26 Business model 215 Contacts 28 Key performance indicators 216 About the Report 30 Investment case 32 Business review Appendices 50 Financial review (provided as a separate document) 66 Sustainability review Appendix 1: Report on compliance with 68 Supporting the UN SDGs the Russian Corporate Governance Code 89 Internal Control and risk management Appendix 2: Information on material 95 Ethics and compliance transactions concluded by the Corporate Governance Company and its significant subsidiaries in 2020 96 Corporate Governance 104 Board of Directors Appendix 3: Energy resource 106 Committees of the Board consumption 108 Audit and Risk Committee Appendix 4: List of the 112 Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee Company’s branches 114 Remuneration Committee 117 Compliance Committee 118 Health, Safety and Environment Committee 120 Executive Management team 123 Information for shareholders and investors En+Group Annual Report 2020 01 We are committed to… Aluminium for tomorrow Aluminium is a major contributor to the transition towards a low-carbon future. En+ is leading the way and contributing to the green economy with its products. 02 En+Group Annual Report 2020 x3 150m REPORT STRATEGIC times more recycling by 2050 By 2050, the IAI expects the according to the International world demand for aluminium Aluminium Institute (IAI) to exceed 150 million tonnes from the current 60 million CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CORPORATE What we are doing We are the world’s largest producer of low-carbon aluminium. Aluminium is considered to be the material of the future as it has a tremendous potential to become a key material of a carbon-neutral and circular world. Aluminium is a game changer for the automotive industry, supporting the rise of electric and autonomous vehicles, and resulting in enhanced fuel savings and safety. The material also plays a vital role in the fast-evolving sustainable construction sector and green buildings. It is a key material for the healthcare sector, from medical equipment and oxygen bottles to drug packaging. Moreover, its hygienic STATEMENTS FINANCIAL properties and the need to drastically reduce the use of plastics increase the already important role of aluminium in the packaging and beverage industries. En+ Group remains strongly committed to leading the ‘hard to abate’ aluminium industry into the green economy via nine key initiatives, stated in the Group’s Green Aluminium Vision published in July 2020. How this contributes to a green economy We lead the way to decarbonisation with our ‘low-carbon’ aluminium products, ALLOW, that help customers achieve emissions reduction targets and contribute to more transparent APPENDIX climate disclosure. Aluminium is widely recycled, making it a ‘greener’ material, and supporting global sustainability efforts. Its lightness and high recyclability contribute to reducing the carbon footprint of entire value chains and to scaling up the circular economy model. To lead the industry into the low- carbon economy, we aim to develop a new asset class of ‘Green Aluminium’ – a strategic material for a future-proof sustainable economy which includes low-carbon primary aluminium and recycled aluminium. We actively engage in the global discussion around the future of the aluminium industry and the growing demand for low-carbon aluminium, and are supporters of the London Metal Exchange’s (LME) platform for the implementation of mandatory reporting on carbon emissions. p. 32 Business review Read more about our green vision in our manifesto ‘The Green Aluminium Vision‘ En+Group Annual Report 2020 03 >98% -35% of En+ Group aluminium Our commitment is to cut is made with hydropower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 35% by 2030 (Scopes 1 & 2 against a 2018 baseline) What we are doing Our Power segment operates the largest and most cost- efficient network of power plants in the Siberian region, which allows us to efficiently and reliably cater to our core clients in Siberia, including the largest smelters operated by En+’s own Metals segment. This also allows the Group to engage in all major areas of the Russian power industry and makes En+ the largest independent hydropower producer globally. Our Power segment is also investing in R&D in the power generating sector, including the development of new types of perovskite-based solar panels. We continuously undertake investment projects to improve the reliability and safety of the Group’s hydropower plants, and increase the amount of energy produced from the same volumes of water passing through the hydropower turbines. How this contributes to a green economy Hydropower produces roughly 70% of all renewable electricity worldwide. Hydropower plants do not emit CO2 in the atmosphere and help reduce greenhouse emissions, making it a carbon-free source of energy. We use this clean energy source to produce low-carbon and recyclable aluminium – ALLOW – with a certified carbon footprint. The latest IEA forecasts to 2023 project that hydropower will remain the largest source of renewable electricity, followed by wind and solar. p. 32 Business review 04 En+Group Annual Report 2020 STRATEGIC REPORT STRATEGIC CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CORPORATE We are committed to… Generating STATEMENTS FINANCIAL clean energy Hydropower generates the largest share of clean energy worldwide. En+ supports this energy transition and maintains its leading position as an independent APPENDIX hydropower producer. En+Group Annual Report 2020 05 We are committed to… Protecting our people Our global workforce is at the heart of what we do. Our success depends on building an inclusive and diverse environment where our employees can thrive. 06 En+Group Annual Report 2020 c. 27% c. 90,000 REPORT STRATEGIC female representation in 2020 total number of employees CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CORPORATE What we are doing En+ Group is one of the largest employers in Russia, as well as in other countries where the Group operates large industrial complexes, including Jamaica, Ireland and Guinea. We are committed to… The Company currently employs nearly 90,000 people across two business segments in 12 countries. We seek to build a diverse workforce and are constantly striving to build an inclusive environment. We make every effort to create a fair working environment, provide equal employment opportunities and reward excellent performance. The Group has personnel training and development systems in place. STATEMENTS FINANCIAL The entire training system focuses on the development of professional skills, meeting high standards, ensuring safety and pioneering long-term technological development in the industry. The Company aspires to attract the best talent, enhance their professional skills and provide them with a variety of high-quality training tools and programmes. How this contributes to a green economy By developing the competencies and leadership skills of our employees, we are creating leaders of the future. We comply APPENDIX with relevant legal obligations across host jurisdictions for people with disabilities, providing all our employees with the appropriate working conditions. We respect individual freedoms and human rights, provide equal opportunities to all employees and do not tolerate any form of discrimination or child labour. To this end, the Company respects all labour laws and contractual obligations to its employees. En+ Group adheres to the Russian Labour Code and the Russian Constitution and pledges to combat child labour and provide human rights protections to all. The Company has drawn up a comprehensive set of corporate documents to regulate ethical compliance. p. 79 Our people En+Group Annual Report 2020 07 18% c. 80% Industry leading adjusted self sufficiency in bauxites EBITDA margin (37% adjusted and nephelines; over 100% EBITDA margin in the Power self sufficiency in alumina segment, 10% adjusted EBITDA margin in the Metals segment) What we are doing The symbiosis of the Power and Metals segments ensures our cost leadership position and allows us to maintain cash flow resilience. Cost control focus is one of our strategic objectives and En+ runs ongoing cost optimisation initiatives across the Group. The Group’s reliance on hydropower provides for exceptional financial efficiency. The combination with thermal power generation
Recommended publications
  • Specialised Asset Management
    specialised research and investment group Russian Power: The Greatest Sector Reform on Earth www.sprin-g.com November 2010 specialised research and investment group Specialised Research and Investment Group (SPRING) Manage Investments in Russian Utilities: - HH Generation - #1 among EM funds (12 Months Return)* #2 among EM funds (Monthly return)** David Herne - Portfolio Manager Previous positions: Member, Board of Directors - Unified Energy Systems, Federal Grid Company, RusHydro, TGK-1, TGK-2, TGK-4, OGK-3, OGK-5, System Operator, Aeroflot, etc. (2000-2008) Chairman, Committee for Strategy and Reform - Unified Energy Systems (2001-2008) Boston Consulting Group, Credit Suisse First Boston, Brunswick. * Top 10 (by 12 Months Return) Emerging Markets (E. Europe/CIS) funds in the world by BarclayHedge as of 30 September 2010 ** Top 10 (by Monthly Return) Emerging Markets (E. Europe/CIS) funds in the world by BarclayHedge as of 31 August 2010 2 specialised research and investment group Russian power sector reform: Privatization Pre-Reform Post-Reform Government Government 52% 1 RusHydro 1 FSK RAO ES RAO UES 58% 79% hydro generation HV distribution 53% Far East Holding control control Independent energos 53% 1 MRSK Holding 14 TGKs 0% (Bashkir, Novosibirsk, ~72 energos 0% generation (CHP) generation Irkutsk, Tat) 35 federal plants transmission thermal 11 MRSK distribution 51% hydro LV distribution 0% ~72 SupplyCos supply 6 OGKs other 0% generation 45% InterRAO 0% ~100 RepairCos Source: UES, Companies Data, SPRING research 3 specialised research
    [Show full text]
  • Sources and Pathways 4.1
    Chapter 4 Persistant toxic substances (PTS) sources and pathways 4.1. Introduction Chapter 4 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Assessment of distant sources: In general, the human environment is a combination Longrange atmospheric transport of the physical, chemical, biological, social and cultur- Due to the nature of atmospheric circulation, emission al factors that affect human health. It should be recog- sources located within the Northern Hemisphere, par- nized that exposure of humans to PTS can, to certain ticularly those in Europe and Asia, play a dominant extent, be dependant on each of these factors. The pre- role in the contamination of the Arctic. Given the spa- cise role differs depending on the contaminant con- tial distribution of PTS emission sources, and their cerned, however, with respect to human intake, the potential for ‘global’ transport, evaluation of long- chain consisting of ‘source – pathway – biological avail- range atmospheric transport of PTS to the Arctic ability’ applies to all contaminants. Leaving aside the region necessarily involves modeling on the hemi- biological aspect of the problem, this chapter focuses spheric/global scale using a multi-compartment on PTS sources, and their physical transport pathways. approach. To meet these requirements, appropriate modeling tools have been developed. Contaminant sources can be provisionally separated into three categories: Extensive efforts were made in the collection and • Distant sources: Located far from receptor sites in preparation of input data for modeling. This included the Arctic. Contaminants can reach receptor areas the required meteorological and geophysical informa- via air currents, riverine flow, and ocean currents. tion, and data on the physical and chemical properties During their transport, contaminants are affected by of both the selected substances and of their emissions.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Social Values Characteristics of Various Demographic Groups of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
    Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 9 (2017 10) 1308-1326 ~ ~ ~ УДК 304.444; 316.752 Ecological Social Values Characteristics of Various Demographic Groups of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Maria I. Bukova, Anastasia V. Kistova* and Natalia N. Pimenova Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia Received 14.07.2017, received in revised form 08.08.2017, accepted 21.08.2017 The main areas of topical researches in the field of ecological values of various social groups, their influence on pro-environmental behavior and connection with environmental knowledge in Russia and other countries are studied in the article. The existing ecological situation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is identified. The results of practical studies that reveal the contradictory nature of the value orientations of various demographic groups in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are considered. Conclusions about the current situation of this field of knowledge in the largest region of Siberia – both in the scientific community and in the public sphere are made. Keywords: ecological social values, pro-environmental behavior, ecological situation, demographic groups, the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The reported study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Government of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Krasnoyarsk Region Science and Technology Support Fund to the research project № 17-16-24601. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0138. Research area: сulturology. Introduction A detailed review of the development stages Environmental values studies are directly of various models of pro-environmental behavior related to the problems of climate change and in American science starting from the middle scientists’ attempts to develop ways of shaping of the 20th century is given in the work by Anja the population’s pro-environmental behavior, that Kollmuss and Julian Agyeman, who reveal a is, the responsible attitude of each person to the gap between the environmental knowledge, environment, manifested in appropriate actions.
    [Show full text]
  • a Leading Energy Company in the Nordic Area
    - a leading energy company in the Nordic area Presentation for investors September 2007 Disclaimer This presentation does not constitute an invitation to underwrite, subscribe for, or otherwise acquire or dispose of any Fortum shares. Past performance is no guide to future performance, and persons needing advice should consult an independent financial adviser. 2 • Fortum today • European power markets • Russia • Financials / outlook • Supplementary material 3 Fortum's strategy Fortum focuses on the Nordic and Baltic Rim markets as a platform for profitable growth Become the leading Become the power and heat energy supplier company of choice Benchmark business performance 4 Presence in focus market areas Nordic Generation 53.2 TWh Electricity sales 60.2 TWh Distribution cust. 1.6 mill. Electricity cust. 1.3 mill. NW Russia Heat sales 20.1 TWh (in associated companies) Power generation ~6 TWh Heat production ~7 TWh Baltic countries Heat sales 1.0 TWh Poland Distribution cust. 23,000 Heat sales 3.6 TWh Electricity sales 8 GWh 2006 numbers 5 Fortum Business structure Fortum Markets Fortum's comparable Large operating profit in 2006 NordicNordic customers EUR 1,437 million Fortum wholesalewholesale Small Power marketmarket customers Generation Nord Pool and Markets 0% bilateral Other retail companies Deregulated Distribution 17% Regulated Transmission Power and system Fortum Heat 17% Generation services Distribution 66% 6 Strong financial position ROE (%) EPS, cont. (EUR) Total assets (EUR billion) 20 1.50 1.42 20.0 16.8 17.5 17.3 1.22 18 15.1
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring Oil Spill in Norilsk, Russia Using Satellite Data Sankaran Rajendran1*, Fadhil N
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Monitoring oil spill in Norilsk, Russia using satellite data Sankaran Rajendran1*, Fadhil N. Sadooni1, Hamad Al‑Saad Al‑Kuwari1, Anisimov Oleg2, Himanshu Govil3, Sobhi Nasir4 & Ponnumony Vethamony1 This paper studies the oil spill, which occurred in the Norilsk and Taimyr region of Russia due to the collapse of the fuel tank at the power station on May 29, 2020. We monitored the snow, ice, water, vegetation and wetland of the region using data from the Multi‑Spectral Instruments (MSI) of Sentinel‑2 satellite. We analyzed the spectral band absorptions of Sentinel‑2 data acquired before, during and after the incident, developed true and false‑color composites (FCC), decorrelated spectral bands and used the indices, i.e. Snow Water Index (SWI), Normalized Diference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Diference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The results of decorrelated spectral bands 3, 8, and 11 of Sentinel‑2 well confrmed the results of SWI, NDWI, NDVI, and FCC images showing the intensive snow and ice melt between May 21 and 31, 2020. We used Sentinel‑2 results, feld photographs, analysis of the 1980–2020 daily air temperature and precipitation data, permafrost observations and modeling to explore the hypothesis that either the long‑term dynamics of the frozen ground, changing climate and environmental factors, or abnormal weather conditions may have caused or contributed to the collapse of the oil tank. Te oil spill detection and tracking through satellite sensors have remarkable advances in utilizing the visible, shortwave to thermal infrared (optical) and the microwave radar bands. Surface identifcation and mapping of an oil spill are essential to evaluate the potential spread and foat from the source to the adjacent areas or endpoints1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Single-Industry Areas, Socio-Economic Development Based on Cluster Approach
    Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, volume 128 International Scientific Conference "Far East Con" (ISCFEC 2020) Industrial Single-Industry Areas, Socio-Economic Development Based on Cluster Approach A N Bikineeva1, O N Nedzelsky2, E N Bulakina2 1GAOU VO"Khakas state University", Russian Federation, Abakan 2Federal STATE Autonomous educational institution, "Siberian Federal University" Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The article presents research, socio-economic development of coal-mining areas of the Republic of Khakassia. It is proved that the increasing economic changes, overcoming the crisis phenomena of increasing variability of organizational and technological systems, determine the need to develop new methodological approaches to the assessment of the most important areas of specialization of the industrial region - the coal mining industry. As a priority direction in the process of industry diversification, the authors consider the cluster approach that contributes to the development of industrial areas. Newly created business entities can become a source of new jobs, tax revenues to the budget of single-profile territories. Currently, the project of development of polycentric Abakan-Montenegrin agglomeration is promising. The presence and nature of interaction is manifested in the intensity of labor and economic migration (labor and capital) between settlements. Particular attention is paid to the control of the implementation of innovation-oriented management strategy,
    [Show full text]
  • Siberia and India: Historical Cultural Affinities
    Dr. K. Warikoo 1 © Vivekananda International Foundation 2020 Published in 2020 by Vivekananda International Foundation 3, San Martin Marg | Chanakyapuri | New Delhi - 110021 Tel: 011-24121764 | Fax: 011-66173415 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.vifindia.org Follow us on Twitter | @vifindia Facebook | /vifindia All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Dr. K. Warikoo is former Professor, Centre for Inner Asian Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He is currently Senior Fellow, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi. This paper is based on the author’s writings published earlier, which have been updated and consolidated at one place. All photos have been taken by the author during his field studies in the region. Siberia and India: Historical Cultural Affinities India and Eurasia have had close social and cultural linkages, as Buddhism spread from India to Central Asia, Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and far wide. Buddhism provides a direct link between India and the peoples of Siberia (Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Tuva, Altai, Urals etc.) who have distinctive historico-cultural affinities with the Indian Himalayas particularly due to common traditions and Buddhist culture. Revival of Buddhism in Siberia is of great importance to India in terms of restoring and reinvigorating the lost linkages. The Eurasianism of Russia, which is a Eurasian country due to its geographical situation, brings it closer to India in historical-cultural, political and economic terms.
    [Show full text]
  • Hygienic Assessment of Foods Quality and Safety Within the Territory of the Khakas Republic1
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE В мире научных открытий, Том 9, №3, 2017 19 DOI: 10.12731/wsd-2017-3-19-24 UDC 613.2 HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF FOODS QUALITY AND SAFETY WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF THE KHAKAS REPUBLIC1 Kondrashova E.A. The paper presents the results of the research within the territory of the Khakas Republic of foods in terms of chemical safety indicators. The rate of non-oncogenic risk in relation to food consumption was determined as well as the analysis of alimentary-dependent diseases levels was carried out. A num- ber of suggestions aimed at reducing dietary risk factors were made. Keywords: foods; alimentary-dependent pathology rate; nitrates; chemical safety; risk assessment; contaminant exposure; danger coefficient. Г И Г И Е Н И Ч Е С К А Я О Ц Е Н К А К АЧ Е С Т ВА И БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПрОдуктов питания НА ТЕрриторИИ рЕСПуБлИКИ Хакасия Кондрашова Е.А. В статье отражены результаты исследований на территории Ре- спублики Хакасия продуктов питания по показателям химической без- опасности. Установлена величина неканцерогенного риска в связи с по- треблением пищевых продуктов. Приведен анализ уровней алиментарно- зависимой заболеваемости. Изложены предложения по снижению али- ментарных факторов риска. Ключевые слова: продукты питания; алиментарно-зависимая забо- леваемость; нитраты; химическая безопасность; оценка риска; экспо- зиция контаминантом; коэффициент опасности. 1 Кондрашова Е.А. Гигиеническая оценка качества и безопасности продуктов питания на территории Республики Хакасия // В мире научных открытий, 2016. № 3(75). С. 20–26. doi:10.12731/wsd-2016-3-2. 20 Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Vol 9, №3, 2017 Environment, diet as well as lifestyle are considered to be significant fac- tors to affect public health.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Annual Report of PJSC Inter RAO / Report on Sustainable Development and Environmental Responsibility
    INFORMATION TRANSLATION Draft 2017 Annual Report of PJSC Inter RAO / Report on Sustainable Development and Environmental Responsibility Chairman of the Management Board Boris Kovalchuk Chief Accountant Alla Vainilavichute Contents 1. Strategic Report ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1. At a Glance .................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2. About the Report ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Differences from the Development Process of the 2016 Report ............................................................................................................ 11 Scope of Information ............................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Responsibility for the Report Preparation .............................................................................................................................................. 11 Statement on Liability Limitations .........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Public Joint-Stock Company Issuer’S Code: 10214-A
    QUARTERLY REPORT "Interregional Distribution Grid Company of Centre", Public Joint-Stock Company Issuer’s code: 10214-A for Quarter 1, 2016 Location of the issuer: 2nd Yamskaya, 4, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127018 The information containing in this quarterly report is subject to disclosure in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on securities ____________ O.Y. Isaev General Director signature Date: 13 May 2016 Chief Accountant - Head of Financial and Tax Accounting and ____________ L.A. Sklyarova signature Reporting Department Date: 13 May 2016 Contact person: Principal Specialist of Corporate Office of the Department for Corporate Governance and Interaction with Shareholders, Yulia Dmitrievna Naumova Phone: (495) 747-9292 #3286 Fax: (495) 747-9295 E-mail: [email protected] Internet site used by the issuer for the information disclosure, containing in this quarterly report: http://www.e-disclosure.ru/portal/company.aspx?id=7985; http://www.mrsk-1.ru/ru/information/. 1 Table of contents Table of contents .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Section I. Data on bank accounts, on the auditor, appraiser and financial adviser of the issuer, and also persons, who signed the quarterly report ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Bitcoin Mining in Russia
    The State of Bitcoin Mining in Russia 1 The State of Bitcoin Mining in Russia CONTRIBUTORS RESEARCH TEAM John Lee Quigley​ is the Lead Author of this report and the Director of Research at HASHR8. John leads all Bitcoin mining research initiatives. Whitney Gibbs​ is the CEO at HASHR8, and co-founder of the Compass Bitcoin mining and hosting platform. Thomas Heller​ is the COO at HASHR8, and co-founder of the Compass Bitcoin mining and hosting platform. Paul Gosker​ is the Lead Developer at HASHR8, and co-founder of the Compass Bitcoin mining and hosting platform. CONTRIBUTORS This report would not have been possible without the contributions of leading professionals in the Russian mining industry. Thank you to​ Igor Runets ​(CEO of BitRiver), ​Max Matrenitski​ (CEO of Cyberian Mine), ​Jahon​ ​Khabilov​ (CEO of Sigmapool), ​Artem Eremin​ (Founder of Chilkoot), ​Didar Behbauov​ (Founder of Xive),​ Alan Dorjiyev​ (Head of Data Center Association of Kazakhstan), and ​Darek Piotrowski​ (COO of 2Miners). 2 The State of Bitcoin Mining in Russia ABSTRACT By some estimates, Russian miners rank among the top-three countries in terms of their contribution to the Bitcoin network hashrate. We analyze the dynamics underpinning the Russian Bitcoin mining industry. Russia’s Siberian region houses the dominant share of the country’s mining facilities. A significant energy surplus from advanced hydropower infrastructure in the region enables miners to secure extremely competitive electricity rates. A federal law passed in 2020 clearly defines Bitcoin mining as an economic activity but will require entities to operate in a specific manner. Mining hardware that will be used for proprietary mining must be owned in the name of a foreign entity.
    [Show full text]
  • Update on the Clean-Up Following the Accident at a Fuel Storage of Norilsk Nickel October 2020 Disclaimer
    Update on the Clean-up Following the Accident at a Fuel Storage of Norilsk Nickel October 2020 Disclaimer The information contained herein has been prepared using information available to PJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel (“Norilsk Nickel” or “Nornickel” or “NN”) at the time of preparation of the presentation. External or other factors may have impacted on the business of Norilsk Nickel and the content of this presentation, since its preparation. In addition all relevant information about Norilsk Nickel may not be included in this presentation. No representation or warranty, expressed or implied, is made as to the accuracy, completeness or reliability of the information. Any forward looking information herein has been prepared on the basis of a number of assumptions which may prove to be incorrect. Forward looking statements, by the nature, involve risk and uncertainty and Norilsk Nickel cautions that actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. Reference should be made to the most recent Annual Report for a description of major risk factors. There may be other factors, both known and unknown to Norilsk Nickel, which may have an impact on its performance. This presentation should not be relied upon as a recommendation or forecast by Norilsk Nickel. Norilsk Nickel does not undertake an obligation to release any revision to the statements contained in this presentation. The information contained in this presentation shall not be deemed to be any form of commitment on the part of Norilsk Nickel in relation to any matters contained, or referred to, in this presentation. Norilsk Nickel expressly disclaims any liability whatsoever for any loss howsoever arising from or in reliance upon the contents of this presentation.
    [Show full text]