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Software Studies: a Lexicon, Edited by Matthew Fuller, 2008 fuller_jkt.qxd 4/11/08 7:13 AM Page 1 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• S •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••new media/cultural studies ••••software studies •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• O ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• F software studies\ a lexicon ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• T edited by matthew fuller Matthew Fuller is David Gee Reader in ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• This collection of short expository, critical, Digital Media at the Centre for Cultural ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• W and speculative texts offers a field guide Studies, Goldsmiths College, University of to the cultural, political, social, and aes- London. He is the author of Media ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• thetic impact of software. Computing and Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and A digital media are essential to the way we Technoculture (MIT Press, 2005) and ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• work and live, and much has been said Behind the Blip: Essays on the Culture of ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• about their influence. But the very materi- Software. al of software has often been left invisible. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Contributors •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• R In Software Studies, computer scientists, Alison Adam, Morten Breinbjerg, Ted Byfield, Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, Geoff Cox, Florian Cramer, Cecile artists, designers, cultural theorists, pro- •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Crutzen, Marco Deseriis, Ron Eglash, Matthew Fuller, Andrew Goffey, Steve Goodman, Olga Goriunova, •••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••software studies\ a lexicon grammers, and others from a range of dis- Graham Harwood, Wilfried Hou Je Bek, Friedrich Kittler, Erna Kotkamp, Joasia Krysa, Adrian Mackenzie, E ciplines each take on a key topic in the •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Lev Manovich, Michael Mateas, Nick Montfort, Michael Murtaugh, Jussi Parikka, Søren Pold, Derek Robinson, •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• A Leonardo Book understanding of software and the work •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Warren Sack, Grzesiek Sedek, Alexei Shulgin, Matti Tedre, Adrian Ward, Richard Wright, Simon Yuill •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• that surrounds it. These include algo- S rithms; logical structures; ways of thinking ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• and doing that leak out of the domain of ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• logic and into everyday life; the value and T aesthetic judgments built into computing; ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• programming’s own subcultures; and the fuller, fuller, tightly formulated building blocks that ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• work to make, name, multiply, control, and U interweave reality. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• The growing importance of software requires a new kind of cultural theory that •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••The MIT Press Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 • http://mitpress.mit.edu •••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••edited by matthew fuller editor D can understand the politics of pixels or the ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• poetry of a loop and engage in the micro- analysis of everyday digital objects. The ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I contributors to Software Studies are both ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• literate in computing (and involved in some way in the production of software) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••978-0-262-06274-9 •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• and active in making and theorizing cul- E ture. Software Studies offers not only ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• studies of software but proposes an agen- ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• da for a discipline that sees software as an •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• S object of study from new perspectives. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Software Studies LEONARDO Roger F. Malina, Executive Editor Sean Cubitt, Editor- in- Chief A complete list of books published in the Leonardo series appears at the back of this book. Software Studies A Lexicon edited by Matthew Fuller The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2008 Matthew Fuller Individual texts © copyright of the authors, 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any elec- tronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information stor- age and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. For information about special quantity discounts, please email special_sales@mitpress .mit.edu This book was set in Garamond 3 and Bell Gothic by Graphic Composition, Inc. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Software studies : a lexicon / edited by Matthew Fuller. p. cm.—(Leonardo books) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 262- 06274- 9 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Computer software. 2. Comput- ers and civilization—Encyclopedias. 3. Programming languages (Electronic comput- ers)—Lexicography. 4. Technology and the arts. I. Fuller, Matthew. QA76.754.S64723 2008 005.1—dc22 2007039724 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents series foreword ix acknowledgments xi introduction Matthew Fuller 1 algorithm Andrew Goffey 15 analog Derek Robinson 21 button Søren Pold 31 class library Graham Harwood 37 code Friedrich Kittler 40 codecs Adrian Mackenzie 48 computing power Ron Eglash 55 concurrent versions system Simon Yuill 64 copy Jussi Parikka 70 data visualization Richard Wright 78 elegance Matthew Fuller 87 ethnocomputing Matti Tedre and Ron Eglash 92 function Derek Robinson 101 glitch Olga Goriunova and Alexei Shulgin 110 import / export Lev Manovich 119 information Ted Byfi eld 125 intelligence Andrew Goffey 132 interaction Michael Murtaugh 143 interface Florian Cramer and Matthew Fuller 149 internationalization Adrian Mackenzie 153 interrupt Simon Yuill 161 language Florian Cramer 168 lists Alison Adam 174 loop Wilfried Hou Je Bek 179 memory Warren Sack 184 Contents vi obfuscated code Nick Montfort 193 object orientation Cecile Crutzen and Erna Kotkamp 200 perl Geoff Cox and Adrian Ward 207 pixel Graham Harwood 213 preferences Søren Pold 218 programmability Wendy Hui Kyong Chun 224 sonic algorithm Steve Goodman 229 source code Joasia Krysa and Grzesiek Sedek 236 system event sounds Morten Breinbjerg 243 text virus Marco Deseriis 250 timeline (sonic) Steve Goodman 256 variable Derek Robinson 260 weird languages Michael Mateas 267 bibliography 277 about the contributors 313 index 321 Contents vii Series Foreword The arts, science, and technology are experiencing a period of profound change. Explosive challenges to the institutions and practices of engineering, art making, and scientifi c research raise urgent questions of ethics, craft, and care for the planet and its inhabitants. Unforeseen forms of beauty and under- standing are possible, but so too are unexpected risks and threats. A newly global connectivity creates new arenas for interaction between science, art, and technology but also creates the preconditions for global crises. The Leonardo Book series, published by the MIT Press, aims to consider these opportunities, changes, and challenges in books that are both timely and of enduring value. Leonardo books provide a public forum for research and debate; they con- tribute to the archive of art- science- technology interactions; they contribute to understandings of emergent historical processes; and they point toward future practices in creativity, research, scholarship, and enterprise. To fi nd more information about Leonardo / ISAST and to order our publica- tions, go to Leonardo Online at http: // lbs.mit.edu / or e- mail leonardobooks@ mitpress.mit.edu. Sean Cubitt Editor- in- Chief, Leonardo Book series Leonardo Book Series Advisory Committee: Sean Cubitt, Chair; Michael Punt; Eugene Thacker; Anna Munster; Laura Marks; Sundar Sarrukai; Annick Bureaud Doug Sery, Acquiring Editor Joel Slayton, Editorial Consultant Leonardo / International Society for the Arts, Sciences, and Technology (ISAST) Leonardo, the International Society for the Arts, Sciences, and Technology, and the affi liated French organization Association Leonardo have two very simple goals: 1. to document and make known the work of artists, researchers, and schol- ars interested in the ways that the contemporary arts interact with science and technology, and 2. to create a forum and meeting places where artists, scientists,
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