DOCSLIB.ORG

BOEM 2017-066 Genomics of Arctic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BOEM 2017-066 Genomics of Arctic OCS Study BOEM 2017 -066 Genomics of Arctic Cod US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Alaska OCS Region OCS Study BOEM 2017-066 Genomics of Arctic Cod 30 September 2017 Authors Robert E. Wilson, George K. Sage, Sarah A. Sonsthagen, Meg C. Gravley, Damian M. Menning and Sandra L. Talbot Prepared under BOEM Award M14PG00008 By U. S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center 4210 University Drive Anchorage, AK 99508 USA US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Alaska OCS Region DISCLAIMER This study was funded, in part, by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Environmental Studies Program, Washington, DC, through Agreement Number M14PG00008 with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Bureau of Oceans Energy and Management. REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this report, go to the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Data and Information Systems webpage (https://marinecadastre.gov/espis/#) and search on 2017-066. CITATION Wilson, R.E, G.K. Sage, S.A. Sonsthagen, M.C. Gravley, D.M. Menning, and S.L. Talbot. 2017. Genomics of Arctic Cod. Anchorage, AK: US Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Alaska OCS Region. OCS Study BOEM 2017-066. 92pp. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the numerous staff at U.S. Geological Survey for providing samples and for laboratory and graphical assistance. The BOEM Alaska OCS Region contributed to this document. We thank Brenda Norcross (University of Alaska Fairbanks), Vanessa von Biela (USGS), Andrew Majewski (Fisheries and Ocean Canada), Tony Gharrett (University of Alaska Fairbanks), Noel Sme (University of Alaska Fairbanks), Lorena Edenfield (University of Alaska Fairbanks), and John Nelson (University of Victoria, Canada), University of Washington Burke Museum, Institute of Marine Science at the University of Alaska, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, and Fisheries and Ocean Canada for providing samples. Gabriel DeGange (USGS) provided laboratory support. We also thank Han Ming Gan (Deakin University) for mitogenome assembly support. This report has been reviewed and approved for publication consistent with USGS Fundamental Science Practices. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ iv List of Supplementary Tables....................................................................................................................... iv List of Abbrevations Acronyms and Symbols ............................................................................................... vi Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Notes on Terminology ......................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Notes on Taxonomy ............................................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Study Chronology ................................................................................................................................ 5 1.5 References .......................................................................................................................................... 5 2 Population Genetic Structure and Diversity of Arctic Cod ........................................................................ 8 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Methods: Population structure within Chukchi and Beaufort Sea ....................................................... 9 2.2.1 Sample Collection and DNA Extraction ....................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Laboratory Techniques – DNA Sequencing and Microsatellite Genotyping ................................ 9 2.2.3 Genetic Diversity and Population Subdivision – Among Seas .................................................. 10 2.3 Methods: Comparative Phylogeography – Mitogenome ................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Sample Collection and DNA Extraction ..................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 Mitogenome Sequencing and Annotations ................................................................................ 11 2.3.3 Mitogenome Assembly and Verification ..................................................................................... 11 2.3.4 Genetic Diversity and Population Structure ............................................................................... 12 2.3.5 Demographic History, Tests of Neutrality and Analyses of Selection on Mitochondrial DNA ... 12 2.4 Methods: ddRAD Sequencing – Species Identification .................................................................... 14 2.4.1 Sample Collection and DNA Extraction ..................................................................................... 14 2.4.2 ddRAD-seq Library Preparation ................................................................................................. 14 2.4.3 Bioinformatics ............................................................................................................................. 14 2.4.4 Level of Divergence ................................................................................................................... 15 i 2.5 Results: Population Structure within Chukchi and Beaufort Seas .................................................... 15 2.5.1 Effects of Sampling Time Periods .............................................................................................. 15 2.5.3 Genetic Diversity and Population Subdivision – Among Seas .................................................. 15 2.6 Results: Comparative Phylogeography within Alaskan waters ......................................................... 16 2.6.1 Mitogenome Assembly and Mapping ......................................................................................... 16 2.6.2 Genetic Diversity and Population Divergence ........................................................................... 16 2.6.3 Neutrality Test ............................................................................................................................ 17 2.6.4 McDonald–Kreitman Tests ......................................................................................................... 17 2.6.5 Detecting Selection Using Codon Models.................................................................................. 17 2.6.6 Radical Changes in Physiological Properties ............................................................................ 17 2.7 Results: ddRAD sequencing – Species Identification ....................................................................... 18 2.7.1 Loci Recovered .......................................................................................................................... 18 2.7.2 Genetic divergence between species ........................................................................................ 18 2.8 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 18 2.8.1 Population Genetic (Stock) Structure and Diversity ................................................................... 18 2.8.2 Selection on the Mitogenome .................................................................................................... 19 2.8.3 Species Identification and Hybridization .................................................................................... 20 2.9 References ........................................................................................................................................ 21 3 A Transcriptome Resource for the Arctic Cod ........................................................................................ 52 3.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 52 3.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 52 3.3 Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 52 3.3.1 Sample Collection and Sequencing ..........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phylogeny Classification Additional Readings Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi
    Teleostei - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education http://www.accessscience.com/content/teleostei/680400 (http://www.accessscience.com/) Article by: Boschung, Herbert Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Gardiner, Brian Linnean Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom. Publication year: 2014 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.680400 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.680400) Content Morphology Euteleostei Bibliography Phylogeny Classification Additional Readings Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi The most recent group of actinopterygians (rayfin fishes), first appearing in the Upper Triassic (Fig. 1). About 26,840 species are contained within the Teleostei, accounting for more than half of all living vertebrates and over 96% of all living fishes. Teleosts comprise 517 families, of which 69 are extinct, leaving 448 extant families; of these, about 43% have no fossil record. See also: Actinopterygii (/content/actinopterygii/009100); Osteichthyes (/content/osteichthyes/478500) Fig. 1 Cladogram showing the relationships of the extant teleosts with the other extant actinopterygians. (J. S. Nelson, Fishes of the World, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 2006) 1 of 9 10/7/2015 1:07 PM Teleostei - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education http://www.accessscience.com/content/teleostei/680400 Morphology Much of the evidence for teleost monophyly (evolving from a common ancestral form) and relationships comes from the caudal skeleton and concomitant acquisition of a homocercal tail (upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin are symmetrical). This type of tail primitively results from an ontogenetic fusion of centra (bodies of vertebrae) and the possession of paired bracing bones located bilaterally along the dorsal region of the caudal skeleton, derived ontogenetically from the neural arches (uroneurals) of the ural (tail) centra.
    [Show full text]
  • Boreogadus Saida) and Safron Cod (Eleginus Gracilis) Early Life Stages in the Pacifc Arctic
    Polar Biology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02494-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Spatio‑temporal distribution of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and safron cod (Eleginus gracilis) early life stages in the Pacifc Arctic Cathleen D. Vestfals1 · Franz J. Mueter2 · Janet T. Dufy‑Anderson3 · Morgan S. Busby3 · Alex De Robertis3 Received: 24 September 2018 / Revised: 15 March 2019 / Accepted: 18 March 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and safron cod (Eleginus gracilis) are key fshes in the Arctic marine ecosystem, serving as important trophic links between plankton and apex predators, yet our understanding of their life histories in Alaska’s Arctic is extremely limited. To improve our knowledge about their early life stages (ELS), we described the spatial and temporal distributions of prefexion larvae to late juveniles (to 65 mm in length) in the Chukchi and western Beaufort seas based on surveys conducted between 2004 and 2013, and examined how their abundances varied in response to environmental factors. Species-specifc diferences in habitat use were found, with polar cod having a more ofshore and northern distribution than safron cod, which were found closer inshore and farther south. Polar cod prefexion and fexion larvae were encountered throughout the sampling season across much of the shelf, which suggests that spawning occurs over several months and at multiple locations, with Barrow Canyon potentially serving as an important spawning and/or retention area. Polar cod ELS were abundant at intermediate temperatures (5.0–6.0 °C), while safron cod were most abundant at the highest temperatures, which suggests that safron cod may beneft from a warming Arctic, while polar cod may be adversely afected.
    [Show full text]
  • The Minke Whale
    Status of Marine Mammals in the North Atlantic THE MINKE WHALE This series of reports is intended to provide information on North Atlantic marine mammals suitable for the general reader. Reports are produced on species that have been considered by the NAMMCO Scientific Committee, and therefore reflect the views of the Council and Scientific Committee of NAMMCO. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission Polar Environmental Centre N-9296 Tromsø, Norway Tel.: +47 77 75 01 80, Fax: +47 77 75 01 81 Email: [email protected], Web site: www.nammco.no MINKE WHALE (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) The minke whale is the smallest of the balaenopterids, or rorquals. It attains a length of 8-9 m and a weight of about 8 tonnes in the North Atlantic. As with all balaenopterids, the females are somewhat larger than the males. Minke whales are black or dark grey dorsally and white on the ventral side. A transverse white band is charachteristic for the species in the Northern Hemisphere. With a worldwide distribution, it is the most common of the rorquals. Distribution and Stock Definition: The minke whale is found throughout most of the North Atlantic, but is generally more common in coastal or shelf areas (Fig. 1). Although the migratory patterns of North Atlantic minke whales are not known, they tend to occupy higher latitudes in the summer and lower latitudes in the winter. Breeding and calving areas are not known. North Atlantic minke whales have been divided into four management stocks by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) (Donovan 1991) (See Fig. 1). The original stock divisions were not based on extensive biological information.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Systematics of Gadid Fishes: Implications for the Biogeographic Origins of Pacific Species
    Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 19 Molecular systematics of gadid fishes: implications for the biogeographic origins of Pacific species Steven M. Carr, David S. Kivlichan, Pierre Pepin, and Dorothy C. Crutcher Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships among 14 species of gadid fishes were investigated with portions of two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes, a 401 base pair (bp) segment of the cytochrome b gene, and a 495 bp segment of the cytochrome oxidase I gene. The molecular data indicate that the three species of gadids endemic to the Pacific Basin represent simultaneous invasions by separate phylogenetic lineages. The Alaskan or walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) is about as closely related to the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as is the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), which suggests that T. chalcogramma and G. macrocephalus represent separate invasions of the Pacific Basin. The Pacific tomcod (Microgadus proximus) is more closely related to the Barents Sea navaga (Eleginus navaga) than to the congeneric Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod), which suggests that the Pacific species is derived from the Eleginus lineage and that Eleginus should be synonymized with Microgadus. Molecular divergences between each of the three endemic Pacific species and their respective closest relatives are similar and consistent with contemporaneous speciation events following the reopening of the Bering Strait ca. 3.0–3.5 million years BP. In contrast, the Greenland cod (Gadus ogac) and the Pacific cod have essentially identical mtDNA sequences; differences between them are less than those found within G. morhua. The Greenland cod appears to represent a contemporary northward and eastward range extension of the Pacific cod, and should be synonymized with it as G.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Waste: from Problem to Valuable Resource
    marine drugs Review Fish Waste: From Problem to Valuable Resource Daniela Coppola 1 , Chiara Lauritano 1 , Fortunato Palma Esposito 1, Gennaro Riccio 1 , Carmen Rizzo 1 and Donatella de Pascale 1,2,* 1 Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (F.P.E.); [email protected] (G.R.); [email protected] (C.R.) 2 Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-081-5833-319 Abstract: Following the growth of the global population and the subsequent rapid increase in urbanization and industrialization, the fisheries and aquaculture production has seen a massive increase driven mainly by the development of fishing technologies. Accordingly, a remarkable increase in the amount of fish waste has been produced around the world; it has been estimated that about two-thirds of the total amount of fish is discarded as waste, creating huge economic and environmental concerns. For this reason, the disposal and recycling of these wastes has become a key issue to be resolved. With the growing attention of the circular economy, the exploitation of underused or discarded marine material can represent a sustainable strategy for the realization of a circular bioeconomy, with the production of materials with high added value. In this study, we underline the enormous role that fish waste can have in the socio-economic sector. This review presents the different compounds with high commercial value obtained by fish byproducts, including collagen, enzymes, and bioactive peptides, and lists their possible applications in different fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of the Arctic Ocean Codwshes Arctogadus Glacialis and Boreogadus Saida Reveal Oril and Trna Gene Duplications
    Polar Biol (2008) 31:1245–1252 DOI 10.1007/s00300-008-0463-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of the Arctic Ocean codWshes Arctogadus glacialis and Boreogadus saida reveal oriL and tRNA gene duplications Ragna Breines · Anita Ursvik · Marianne Nymark · Steinar D. Johansen · Dag H. Coucheron Received: 4 December 2007 / Revised: 16 April 2008 / Accepted: 5 May 2008 / Published online: 27 May 2008 © The Author(s) 2008 Abstract We have determined the complete mitochon- Introduction drial genome sequences of the codWshes Arctogadus gla- cialis and Boreogadus saida (Order Gadiformes, Family More than 375 complete sequenced mitochondrial genomes Gadidae). The 16,644 bp and 16,745 bp mtDNAs, respec- from ray-Wnned Wshes have so far (December 2007) been tively, contain the same set of 37 structural genes found in submitted to the database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), all vertebrates analyzed so far. The gene organization is and many of these sequences have contributed considerably conserved compared to other Gadidae species, but with one to resolving phylogenetic relationships among Wshes. Evo- notable exception. B. saida contains heteroplasmic rear- lutionary relationships at diVerent taxonomic levels have rangement-mediated duplications that include the origin of been addressed, including Division (Inoue et al. 2003; Miya light-strand replication and nearby tRNA genes. Examina- et al. 2003), Subdivision (Ishiguro et al. 2003), Genus tion of the mitochondrial control region of A. glacialis, (Doiron et al. 2002; Minegishi et al. 2005), and Species B. saida, and four additional representative Gadidae genera (Yanagimoto et al. 2004; Ursvik et al. 2007). identiWed a highly variable domain containing tandem The circular mitochondrial genomes from ray-Wnned repeat motifs in A.
    [Show full text]
  • Balaenoptera Acutorostrata ) in Icelandic Waters 2003-2007
    Paper 9 Víkingsson GA., Auðunsson GA., Elvarsson BT. and Gunnlaugsson T. (2013). Energy storage in common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata ) in Icelandic waters 2003-2007. -Chemical composition of tissues and organs. IWC. SC/F13/SP10. SC/F13/SP10 Energy storage in common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata ) in Icelandic waters 2003-2007 . – Chemical composition of tissues and organs. Gísli A. Víkingsson 1, Guðjón Atli Auðunsson 2, Bjarki Þór Elvarsson 1,3 , Þorvaldur Gunnlaugsson 1. 1Marine Research Institute, Skúlagata 4, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland 2Innovation Center Iceland, Dept.Ana.Chem., Árleynir 2-8, IS-112 Reykjavik, Iceland 3Science Institute, University of Iceland, Tæknigarður, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavík Iceland Abstract This report details studies on chemical composition (total lipids, protein and water) of various tissues in common minke whales ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata ). Energy deposition was demonstrated by an increase in the percentage of lipids in blubber, muscle, visceral fat and bones. As in other balaenopterids, most lipids were deposited dorsally behind the dorsal fin. In addition, large amounts of energy are apparently stored as visceral fats and within bone tissue. Highest levels of lipids were found in pregnant females. Spatial variation within the Icelandic continental shelf area might be explained by corresponding variation in diet composition. A significant decrease over the research period 2003-2007 in lipid content of posterior dorsal muscle could be a result of a decrease in prey availability Introduction The common minke whale ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata ) is the most abundant baleen whale species in the Icelandic continental shelf area. Like other Balaenopterids, minke whales are migratory animals spending the summer at relatively high latitude feeding areas and the winters at lower latitude breeding areas (Horwood 1990).
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal Ecology in Ice-Covered Arctic Seas - Considerations for Spill Response Decision Making
    Accepted Manuscript Seasonal ecology in ice-covered Arctic seas - Considerations for spill response decision making Magnus Aune, Ana Sofia Aniceto, Martin Biuw, Malin Daase, Stig Falk-Petersen, Eva Leu, Camilla A.M. Ottesen, Kjetil Sagerup, Lionel Camus PII: S0141-1136(17)30699-2 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.004 Reference: MERE 4594 To appear in: Marine Environmental Research Received Date: 14 November 2017 Revised Date: 9 March 2018 Accepted Date: 3 September 2018 Please cite this article as: Aune, M., Aniceto, A.S., Biuw, M., Daase, M., Falk-Petersen, S., Leu, E., Ottesen, C.A.M., Sagerup, K., Camus, L., Seasonal ecology in ice-covered Arctic seas - Considerations for spill response decision making, Marine Environmental Research (2018), doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.004. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 Seasonal ecology in ice-covered Arctic seas - considerations for spill 2 response decision making 3 Magnus Aune 1,6, Ana Sofia Aniceto 1,2 , Martin Biuw 3, Malin Daase 4, Stig Falk-Petersen 1,4, 4 Eva Leu 5, Camilla A.M. Ottesen 4, Kjetil Sagerup 1, Lionel Camus 1 5 6 1Akvaplan-niva
    [Show full text]
  • Highly Diversified Late Cretaceous Fish Assemblage Revealed by Otoliths (Ripley Formation and Owl Creek Formation, Northeast Mississippi, Usa)
    Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy) vol. 126(1): 111-155. March 2020 HIGHLY DIVERSIFIED LATE CRETACEOUS FISH ASSEMBLAGE REVEALED BY OTOLITHS (RIPLEY FORMATION AND OWL CREEK FORMATION, NORTHEAST MISSISSIPPI, USA) GARY L. STRINGER1, WERNER SCHWARZHANS*2 , GEORGE PHILLIPS3 & ROGER LAMBERT4 1Museum of Natural History, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71209, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] 3Mississippi Museum of Natural Science, 2148 Riverside Drive, Jackson, Mississippi 39202, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 4North Mississippi Gem and Mineral Society, 1817 CR 700, Corinth, Mississippi, 38834, USA. E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author To cite this article: Stringer G.L., Schwarzhans W., Phillips G. & Lambert R. (2020) - Highly diversified Late Cretaceous fish assemblage revealed by otoliths (Ripley Formation and Owl Creek Formation, Northeast Mississippi, USA). Riv. It. Paleontol. Strat., 126(1): 111-155. Keywords: Beryciformes; Holocentriformes; Aulopiformes; otolith; evolutionary implications; paleoecology. Abstract. Bulk sampling and extensive, systematic surface collecting of the Coon Creek Member of the Ripley Formation (early Maastrichtian) at the Blue Springs locality and primarily bulk sampling of the Owl Creek Formation (late Maastrichtian) at the Owl Creek type locality, both in northeast Mississippi, USA, have produced the largest and most highly diversified actinopterygian otolith (ear stone) assemblage described from the Mesozoic of North America. The 3,802 otoliths represent 30 taxa of bony fishes representing at least 22 families. In addition, there were two different morphological types of lapilli, which were not identifiable to species level.
    [Show full text]
  • Percomorph Phylogeny: a Survey of Acanthomorphs and a New Proposal
    BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 52(1): 554-626, 1993 PERCOMORPH PHYLOGENY: A SURVEY OF ACANTHOMORPHS AND A NEW PROPOSAL G. David Johnson and Colin Patterson ABSTRACT The interrelationships of acanthomorph fishes are reviewed. We recognize seven mono- phyletic terminal taxa among acanthomorphs: Lampridiformes, Polymixiiformes, Paracan- thopterygii, Stephanoberyciformes, Beryciformes, Zeiformes, and a new taxon named Smeg- mamorpha. The Percomorpha, as currently constituted, are polyphyletic, and the Perciformes are probably paraphyletic. The smegmamorphs comprise five subgroups: Synbranchiformes (Synbranchoidei and Mastacembeloidei), Mugilomorpha (Mugiloidei), Elassomatidae (Elas- soma), Gasterosteiformes, and Atherinomorpha. Monophyly of Lampridiformes is justified elsewhere; we have found no new characters to substantiate the monophyly of Polymixi- iformes (which is not in doubt) or Paracanthopterygii. Stephanoberyciformes uniquely share a modification of the extrascapular, and Beryciformes a modification of the anterior part of the supraorbital and infraorbital sensory canals, here named Jakubowski's organ. Our Zei- formes excludes the Caproidae, and characters are proposed to justify the monophyly of the group in that restricted sense. The Smegmamorpha are thought to be monophyletic principally because of the configuration of the first vertebra and its intermuscular bone. Within the Smegmamorpha, the Atherinomorpha and Mugilomorpha are shown to be monophyletic elsewhere. Our Gasterosteiformes includes the syngnathoids and the Pegasiformes
    [Show full text]
  • Fishmonger Practice Display and Merchandising
    Fishmonger Practice DISPLAY AND MERCHANDISING Draft Materials This is a typescript from the 1989 Training Manual developed by Seafish. The manual will be updated later in 2018, and until then this typescript will be made available to potential users. The contents of this file remain the intellectual property of the Sae Fish Industry Authority. General Objective: On completion of this training programme trainees will be able to apply basic display and merchandising principles in order to create effective displays of fish and fish products. Session Outline Session Title Time Indicator 1. Scope and purpose of display 1.0 hour 2. Display communication 1.0 hour 3. Product display properties 2.0 hours 4. Display equipment and accessories 3.5 hours 5. Product arrangement 5.0 hours 6. Display maintenance 1.5 hours Total Time Indicator 14.0 hours Contents Page TRAINER’S GUIDE Benefits of systematic training 1 Guide to the manual 2 How to design a training session 7 Setting objectives 9 Use of questions in training 10 Correction coaching 12 SESSION OUTLINES 1. Scope and purpose of display 14 Information sheets 23 2. Display communication 41 Information sheets 49 3. Product display properties 68 Information sheets 87 4. Display equipment and accessories 117 Information sheets 186 5. Product arrangement 224 Information sheets 255 6. Display maintenance 304 Information sheets 331 VISUAL AIDS ADDITIONAL TRAINING RESOURCES 338 Benefits of systematic training This instructor’s manual has been designed to assist the on-the-job training of staff employed in fish retail establishments. Below are listed some of the benefits which can be obtained by following a programme of systematic training.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Otoliths from the Late Maastrichtian Kemp Clay (Texas, Usa)
    Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy) vol. 126(2): 395-446. July 2020 FISH OTOLITHS FROM THE LATE MAASTRICHTIAN KEMP CLAY (TEXAS, USA) AND THE EARLY DANIAN CLAYTON FORMATION (ARKANSAS, USA) AND AN ASSESSMENT OF EXTINCTION AND SURVIVAL OF TELEOST LINEAGES ACROSS THE K-PG BOUNDARY BASED ON OTOLITHS WERNER SCHWARZHANS*1 & GARY L. STRINGER2 1Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Ahrensburger Weg 103, D-22359 Hamburg, Germany, [email protected] 2 Museum of Natural History, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71209, USA, [email protected] *Corresponding author To cite this article: Schwarzhans W. & Stringer G.L. (2020) - Fish otoliths from the late Maastrichtian Kemp Clay (Texas, USA) and the early Danian Clayton Formation (Arkansas, USA) and an assessment of extinction and survival of teleost lineages across the K-Pg boundary based on otoliths. Riv. It. Paleontol. Strat., 126(2): 395-446. Keywords: K-Pg boundary event; Gadiformes; Heterenchelyidae; otolith; extinction; survival. Abstract. Otolith assemblages have rarely been studied across the K-Pg boundary. The late Maastrichtian Kemp Clay of northeastern Texas and the Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, and the early Danian Clayton Formation of Arkansas therefore offer new insights into how teleost fishes managed across the K-Pg boundary as reconstructed from their otoliths. The Kemp Clay contains 25 species, with 6 new species and 2 in open nomenclature and the Fox Hills Formation contains 4 species including 1 new species. The two otolith associations constitute the Western Interior Seaway (WIS) community.
    [Show full text]