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Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Litsea Glutinosa

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Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Litsea Glutinosa International Journal of Pharmaceutical Applications ISSN 0976-2639. Vol 2, Issue 1, 2011, pp 105-114 http://www.bipublication.com EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LITSEA GLUTINOSA Poornima .V. Hosamath, Department of Biotechnology, Basaveshwar Science College, Bagalkot. Karnataka. Abstract Litsea glutinosa is widely available throughout India. Litsea glutinosa is called as Indian Laurel in English and as Medhasaka in Sanskrit belonging to the family Lauraceae. The powdered material of Litsea glutinosa bark was extracted separately by continuous hot extraction process using soxhlet apparatus with different solvents in increasing order of polarity from Petroleum ether, Ethanol, to finally water. After extraction the extracts were subjected to Lyophilization to get dry extract & preserved in aseptic condition. The dried extracts were subjected to various phytochemical analysis to detect the presence of different phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolic compounds. The petroleum ether extract, ethanolic extract and aqueous extracts of the Litsea glutinosa bark have the antibacterial & antifungal activity against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using reference standard like Procain pencillin,Gram negative like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, E-coli bacteria using reference standard like Streptomycine sulphate. And fungal species like Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans using reference standard like Griseofulvin. The bark of Litsea glutinosa, “ is one of the most popular of native drugs”, is considered to be capable of relieving pain, arousing sexual power & good for stomach are considered to be mildly astringent, include treatment of diarrohea & dysentery. Litsea glutinosa is widely used as a demulcent & as an emollient. Petroleum ether extract & Ethanolic extracts showed good activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aqueous extract & Petroleum ether extracts showed less activity as that of Ethanolic extract against Salmonella typhi. Then Ethanolic extract showed more effective activity against E-coli. Ethanolic extract had very high activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Likewise Petroleum ether extract of Litsea glutinosa effective in inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus & Candida albicans. The phytochemical constituents of bark of Litsea glutinosa showed the effective antibacterial & antifungal activity. Key words : Litsea glutinosa, Bark extracts, Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, Phytochemicals, Pathogens. Introduction Traditional knowledge regarding of cost of the drug, to overcome this problem medicinal plants and their use by indigenous plants growing around us are utilized without cultures are not only useful for conservation scientific validation. of cultural traditions and biodiversity but also for community healthcare and drug The use of higher plants and their extracts to development in the present and future. Due to treat infections is an age-old practice. the poor sanitary conditions, Sunburns Traditional medicinal practice has been Psoriasis and to the climatic conditions the known for centuries in many parts of the infections of the skin are common in the rural world. Ayurveda, the science of life, areas. Therapy with synthetic tropical prevention and longevity is the oldest and applications have most side effects and most holistic medical system available on the cannot be afford by the people due to import EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LITSEA GLUTINOSA planet today. Herbal medicines are gaining So we have used the Petroleum ether, interest because of their cost effective and Ethanolic, Aqueous extracts of the Litsea eco-friendly attributes[3]. glutinosa bark, these all extracts have antibacterial and antifungal activity against For a long period of time, plants have been a gram-positive S.aureus bacteria using valuable source of natural products for reference standard like Procaine penicillin, maintaining human health, especially in the gram-negative like P.aeruginosa, Salmonella last decade, with more intensive studies for thphi, E-coli bacteria using reference natural therapies. According to World Health standard like Streptomycine sulphate and [4] Organization , medicinal plants would be fungal species Aspergillus fumigatus. Cndida the best source to obtain a variety of drugs. albicans using reference standard like About 80% of individuals from developed Griseofulvin. countries use traditional medicine, which has compounds derived from medicinal plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS : Therefore, such plants should be investigated I. Preliminary phytochemical screening: to better understand their properties, safety Phytochemistry is the chemistry dealing with and efficiency[1]. plants or plant products or natural products. The natural products comprise different The use of plant extracts and phytochemicals, therapeutically active (alkaloids, glycosides, both with known antimicrobial properties, flavonoids etc.) or inactive (starch, cellulose can be of great significance in therapeutic etc.) chemical constituents. The extract was treatments. In the last few years, a number of subjected to preliminary qualitative chemical studies have been conducted in different tests[7][ 9]. countries to prove such [6][8][12)[2][14][11][10] efficiency . Many plants have Carbohydrates: been used because of their antimicrobial Carbohydrates are the most abundant class of properties, which are due to compounds organic compounds found in living synthesized in the secondary metabolism of organisms. Chemically, carbohydrates are plant. These products are known by their simple organic compounds that are aldehydes active substances, for example, the phenolic or ketones with many hydroxyl groups added compounds which are part of the essential and composed of carbon, hydrogen and [5] [13] oils , as well as in tannin . oxygen. The basic carbohydrate units are called monosaccharides and general Litsea glutinosa is widely available stoichiometric formula of an unmodified throughout India. The fresh dried stem barks monosaccharide is (CH2O)n i.e. hydrates of were collected from the forests of carbon. Carbohydrates are mainly grouped in Ananthanahalli near Harapanahalli, to two major classes as simple sugars Karnataka. The bark was subjected to coarse (saccharides) and polysaccharides[7][ 9]. powdered (#:44) to obtain uniform texture. Chemical tests: The sieved powder was stored in air tight & 1. Molisch’s Test (General test): The test is high density polyethylene containers before positive for soluble as well as insoluble extraction. The powdered material of Litsea carbohydrates. To 2-3 ml of aqueous glutinosa bark was extracted separately by extract add few drops of Molisch’s continuous hot extraction process using reagent (alpha-naphthol in alcohol) and soxhlet apparatus with different solvents in concentrated sulphuric acid along sides increasing order of polarity from petroleum of test tube – Voilet colour ring at the ether, ethanol & aqueous extracts were junction of two liquids. subjected to lyophilization to get dry extract 2. Test for reducing sugars & preserved in aseptic conditions. The dried i. Fehling’s Test: Mix 1ml of T.S.+ 1ml of extracts reconstituted in DMSo. Fehling’s solution A + 1ml of Fehling’s solution B and boil on water bath for 5- Poornima .V. Hosamath 106 EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LITSEA GLUTINOSA 10 min – First a yellow, then brick red Glycosides: ppt is observed. Glycosides are the organic compounds from ii. Benedict’s Test: Mix equal volume of plants or animal sources which on enzymatic Benedict’s reagent and test solution in or acid hydrolysis gives one or more sugar test tubes and heat on boiling water bath moieties (glycone) along with non- sugar for 5 min. Solution appears green, yellow moieties (aglycone or genin). Chemically, or red depending on amount of reducing they are the acetals or sugar ethers formed by sugar present in test solution. interaction of hydroxyl group each of non- 3. Test for monosaccharides sugar and sugar moieties, with a loss of water i. Barfoed’s Test: Mix equal volume of molecule. The linkage between glycone and Barfoed’s reagent and test solution. Heat aglycone is called glycosidic linkage and on on boiling water bath for 1-2 min and the basis of this linkage, alpha and beta cool. Red colour ppt is observed. stereoisomers are assigned[7][ 9]. 4. Test for non- reducing sugars Chemical tests: i. Test solution does not give response to 1. Keller Killiani Test (for deoxysugars): To Fehling’s and Benedict’s tests. 2 ml of extract add few drops of glacial Alkaloids : acetic acid, 1 drop of 5% FeCl3 solution Alkaloids are heterogeneous group of natural and conc. H2SO4. Reddish brown color substances which are basic in nature and appears at the junction of two liquid contain one or more nitrogen atoms and layers and upper layer appears bluish possess specific physiological actions when green. used in small quantities. The qualitative 2. Legal’s Test (test for cardenoloids): To chemical tests used for detection of alkaloids aqueous or alcoholic extract, add 1 ml of are depends on characteristics of alkaloids to pyridine and 1ml of sodium nitroprusside give precipitates as salts of organic acids or solution. Pink to red color appears. with compounds of heavy metals like gold, 3. Modified Borntragger’s Test (for C- platinum, mercury etc. the different reagents glycosides): To 5 ml of extract, add 5 ml used are Mayer’s reagent (potassium- of 5% FeCl3 and 5 ml dil. HCl.
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